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climate_fever

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[ { "evidence_id": "Consciousness:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Consciousness", "evidence": "After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: \"We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intelligent design:212", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intelligent design", "evidence": "Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Media coverage of global warming:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Media coverage of global warming", "evidence": "But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Media coverage of global warming:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Media coverage of global warming", "evidence": "As Stephen Schneider put it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.” Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thomas Kuhn:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Thomas Kuhn", "evidence": "Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic \"paradigm shifts\" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cryosphere:139", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cryosphere", "evidence": "The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:87", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "He further stated that a lower limit on \"dangerous anthropogenic interference\" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:599", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:607", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Houston:735", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Houston", "evidence": "\"Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Houston:85", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Houston", "evidence": "The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:238", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:84", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:354", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:355", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice shelf:25", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice shelf", "evidence": "In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice shelf:33", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice shelf", "evidence": "Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:365", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:174", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jupiter:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jupiter", "evidence": "At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:396", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:104", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:99", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:129", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:224", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:112", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:166", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The projections apply to the end of the 21st century (2090–99), relative to temperatures at the end of the 20th century (1980–99).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:279", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report", "evidence": "This ocean warming accounts, with high confidence, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Portable Network Graphics:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Portable Network Graphics", "evidence": "If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rise of the Olympian:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rise of the Olympian", "evidence": "She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rise of the Ottoman Empire:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rise of the Ottoman Empire", "evidence": "Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rise of the Planet of the Apes:123", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", "evidence": "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed \"twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rise of the Planet of the Apes:82", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", "evidence": "In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, \"We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:6", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:339", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Captain Planet and the Planeteers:133", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Captain Planet and the Planeteers", "evidence": "Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "City:641", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "City", "evidence": "Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "City:779", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "City", "evidence": "But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marvel Universe:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Marvel Universe", "evidence": "The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Orbital ring:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Orbital ring", "evidence": "This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:1029", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "\"Dirty Money, Oil Companies and Special Interests Spend Millions to Oppose Climate Legislation\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:232", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Several large corporations within the fossil fuel industry provide significant funding for attempts to mislead the public about the trustworthiness of climate science.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:247", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "The coalition was financed by large corporations and trade groups from the oil, coal and auto industries.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:78", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:99", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:253", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "\"The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "1250, during the European Middle Ages.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Eocene:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The cause of the warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short term warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:161", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:147", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mars ocean hypothesis:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mars ocean hypothesis", "evidence": "Despite a weak early Sun, the greenhouse effect from a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, if bolstered with small amounts of methane or insulating effects of carbon-dioxide-ice clouds, would have been sufficient to warm the mean surface temperature to a value above the freezing point of water.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the \"Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soon and Baliunas controversy:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soon and Baliunas controversy", "evidence": "The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by Hughes and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years", "evidence": "This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years", "evidence": "When the IPCC TAR was still in draft, Fred Singer held a press event saying \"We don't accept this\" with Wibjörn Karlén who alleged that MBH99 showed neither a Medieval Warm Period nor a Little Ice Age, an inaccurate claim echoed soon afterwards by John Lawrence Daly.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "He said that there was nothing \"hidden or inappropriate\" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical tests and matched thermometer readings taken over the past 150 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:477", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "Mann said, \"Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion.\"", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick graph:252", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick graph", "evidence": "Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that \"late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick graph:259", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick graph", "evidence": "published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick graph:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick graph", "evidence": "Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:258", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:269", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:279", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that \"Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:71", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The IPCC has published five comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science, as well as a number of special reports on particular topics.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research", "evidence": "The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research", "evidence": "The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research", "evidence": "Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:184", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of climate scientists:115", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of climate scientists", "evidence": "He has provided evidence that large, abrupt global climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the Earth’s history and has contributed to our understanding of the driving mechanisms of these changes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:200", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1008", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:98", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:691", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:41", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit", "evidence": "In August 2009 its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from National Meteorological Organisations that made money from selling the data.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:458", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "The AR4 SPM statement was that \"Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:488", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Phil Jones (climatologist):16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Phil Jones (climatologist)", "evidence": "He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:134", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and \"expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Rajendra Pachauri, as chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC in December 2009 that he considered the affair to be \"a serious issue\" and that they \"will look into it in detail\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:302", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that \"Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:511", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:24", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ganges:364", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ganges", "evidence": "In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:183", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:258", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:325", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The final WG I report was released on 30 April 2007 and the final AR4 Synthesis Report was released on 17 November 2007.Rajendra Pachauri, the IPCC chair, admitted at the launch of this report that since the IPCC began work on it, scientists have recorded \"much stronger trends in climate change\", like the unforeseen dramatic melting of polar ice in the summer of 2007, and added, \"that means you better start with intervention much earlier\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed \"1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers\".", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:94", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:279", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:189", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name \"hockey stick graph\" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:455", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "It concluded, \"The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:46", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Heat flux sensor:89", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat flux sensor", "evidence": "While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Load cell:173", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Load cell", "evidence": "ISO9000 and most other standards specify a maximum period of around 18 months to 2 years between re-calibration procedures, dependent on the level of load cell deterioration.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microphone:365", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microphone", "evidence": "Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sound reinforcement system:297", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sound reinforcement system", "evidence": "This tool is usually used by piping pink noise into the system and measuring the result with a special calibrated microphone connected to the RTA.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Surveying:267", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Surveying", "evidence": "Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Emergency management:350", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Emergency management", "evidence": "TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Emergency management:402", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Emergency management", "evidence": "The National Institute of Disaster Management is a policy think-tank and training institution for developing guidelines and training programs for mitigating disasters and managing crisis response.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global governance:301", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global governance", "evidence": "Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled \"Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:93", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "The scientists declared \"climate emergency\" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:181", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "1660), and Laki (1783).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "(2012) state that cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300, followed by \"a substantial intensification\" from 1430 to 1455.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:130", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:291", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:665", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Institute of Biology policy page 'Climate Change' \"there is scientific agreement that the rapid global warming that has occurred in recent years is mostly anthropogenic, ie due to human activity.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:71", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "However, this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs, which have slower characteristic rates.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soil:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soil", "evidence": "As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1383", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus\" (PDF).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "\"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts.\"", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:188", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:12", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:123", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:103", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Palm oil:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Palm oil", "evidence": "However palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, including deforestation, loss of natural habitats, and greenhouse gas emissions which have threatened critically endangered species, such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Palm oil:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Palm oil", "evidence": "The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting biodiversity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind turbine:233", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Wind turbine", "evidence": "Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind turbine:235", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind turbine", "evidence": "In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cloud:328", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cloud", "evidence": "The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:206", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:268", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of wind power", "evidence": "Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate of Argentina:20", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate of Argentina", "evidence": "These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:379", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "This was associated with a 1.5 °C fall in temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) and an observed increase in El Niño frequency.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Malnutrition:148", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Malnutrition", "evidence": "Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on humans:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on humans", "evidence": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:224", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:57", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:117", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:124", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Extratropical cyclone:40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extratropical cyclone", "evidence": "The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-pressure area:75", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Low-pressure area", "evidence": "Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Monsoon of South Asia:57", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Monsoon of South Asia", "evidence": "Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:113", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:75", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "20th century:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "20th century:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:62", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level", "evidence": "It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m. Historically, adjustments were made to sea-level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223-month eclipse cycle on the tides.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea surface temperature:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea surface temperature", "evidence": "The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather buoy:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Weather buoy", "evidence": "Both moored buoys and drifting buoys (drifting in the open ocean currents) are used.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather station:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Weather station", "evidence": "Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:236", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change adaptation is \"the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Australian residential architectural styles:201", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Australian residential architectural styles", "evidence": "Darker colours were originally used but, as the years went by, new brighter paint served as a welcoming change to open up the spaces and brighten up the homes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "City:297", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "City", "evidence": "For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth shelter:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth shelter", "evidence": "Earth houses can be built using wide glass façades and dome-lights, allowing rooms to become bright and suffused with light.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Homelessness:405", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Homelessness", "evidence": "The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the \"heat island effect\", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Homelessness:410", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Homelessness", "evidence": "Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2014 in science:254", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2014 in science", "evidence": "Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2015 in science:330", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2015 in science", "evidence": "20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:371", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "\"June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of weather records:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of weather records", "evidence": "According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Berlin:143", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Berlin", "evidence": "Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris", "evidence": "Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Seville:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Seville", "evidence": "The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Seville:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Seville", "evidence": "Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Valencia:35", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Valencia", "evidence": "March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2012) attributed the 2010 Moscow and 2011 Texas heat waves to human-induced global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change, industry and society:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change, industry and society", "evidence": "Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:155", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:180", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:183", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:715", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:126", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:129", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:871", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Antilla 2005: \"One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:721", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "\"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:184", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "They state further that the \"continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:692", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural disaster:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural disaster", "evidence": "A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:137", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:693", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:715", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season:158", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season", "evidence": "Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season:176", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season", "evidence": "Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atlantic hurricane:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic hurricane", "evidence": "While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Agnes:23", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hurricane Agnes", "evidence": "The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Carolina:238", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Carolina", "evidence": "North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain, and flooding.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:396", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:14", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Widespread coastal flooding is expected with several degrees of warming sustained for millennia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:207", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:227", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Sea level rise causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city that already spent more than 6 billion$ on the flood barrier system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:232", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "When this turns to rain, it tends to come in heavy downpours potentially leading to more floods.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:99", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New York City:243", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New York City", "evidence": "The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663 mm) of rainfall.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vermont:76", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Vermont", "evidence": "According the Vermont state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Assam:249", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Assam", "evidence": "According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is ₹6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and ₹10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Macau:167", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Macau", "evidence": "Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Malaysia:234", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Malaysia", "evidence": "Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Kingdom:406", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Kingdom", "evidence": "This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vietnam:447", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Vietnam", "evidence": "In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:369", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "“The bottom line is that things are not that complicated,” Dr. Knutti said.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:59", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:193", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "This is especially true for smaller (seasonal and regional) scales and weather and climate extremes, and for important hydroclimatic variables such as precipitation and water availability.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:228", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:721", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Futures studies:183", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Futures studies", "evidence": "\"Wild cards\" refer to low-probability and high-impact events, such as existential risks.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human extinction:69", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human extinction", "evidence": "Nick Bostrom argues that it would be \"misguided\" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be \"a tall order\" for the human race to \"get our precautions sufficiently right the first time\", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nick Bostrom:75", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Nick Bostrom", "evidence": "This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Risk:248", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Risk", "evidence": "Measurement of uncertainty: A set of probabilities assigned to a set of possibilities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Risk:256", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Risk", "evidence": "The measure of uncertainty refers only to the probabilities assigned to outcomes, while the measure of risk requires both probabilities for outcomes and losses quantified for outcomes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Mind Meld:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mind Meld", "evidence": "Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mind–body dualism:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mind–body dualism", "evidence": "Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mind–body dualism:163", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mind–body dualism", "evidence": "Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quantum mind:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Quantum mind", "evidence": "The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses which proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quantum mind:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Quantum mind", "evidence": "He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Environmental sociology:152", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental sociology", "evidence": "They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Future of Earth:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Future of Earth", "evidence": "Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:161", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global catastrophic risk", "evidence": "The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global catastrophic risk", "evidence": "Those that are at least \"trans-generational\" (affecting all future generations) in scope and \"terminal\"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global issue:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global issue", "evidence": "A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:269", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "2014 California wildfires:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014 California wildfires", "evidence": "In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extreme weather:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Extreme weather", "evidence": "Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "A heat wave is considered extreme weather that can be a natural disaster, and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate of Asia:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of Asia", "evidence": "The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed].", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Desert:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Desert", "evidence": "A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Humid subtropical climate:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Humid subtropical climate", "evidence": "Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Humid subtropical climate:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Humid subtropical climate", "evidence": "Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Monsoon:119", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Monsoon", "evidence": "Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Bioterrorism:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Bioterrorism", "evidence": "These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Influenza A virus:233", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Influenza A virus", "evidence": "A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "National security:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National security", "evidence": "These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "National security:85", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National security", "evidence": "For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared: \"Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pandemic:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pandemic", "evidence": "A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cold War:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cold War", "evidence": "The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cold War:361", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cold War", "evidence": "The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Nations in popular culture:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Nations in popular culture", "evidence": "This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vietnam War:152", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Vietnam War", "evidence": "It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Violence:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Violence", "evidence": "War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:263", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:282", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:227", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require \"deep emissions reductions\", \"rapid\", \"far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:229", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:231", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:121", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:639", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tipping points in the climate system", "evidence": "For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:81", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tipping points in the climate system", "evidence": "A 2019 UNEP study indicates that now at least for the Arctic and the Greenland ice sheet a tipping point has already been reached.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Human impact on the environment:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human impact on the environment", "evidence": "Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural environment:105", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Natural environment", "evidence": "Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural environment:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural environment", "evidence": "Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural environment:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural environment", "evidence": "In biology, the science of living organisms, \"life\" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural environment:139", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Natural environment", "evidence": "Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Agriculture:220", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Agriculture", "evidence": "The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report states that \"[a]agricultural operations, excluding land use changes, produce approximately 13 per cent of anthropogenic global GHG emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:101", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "With a market share of 30% and (potentially) clean electricity, heat pumps could reduce global CO 2 emissions by 8% annually.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:255", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Botany:129", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Botany", "evidence": "The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:182", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The end of the PETM was met with a very large sequestration of carbon dioxide into the forms of methane clathrate, coal, and crude oil at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, that reduced the atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "A sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide was observed with a maximum of 4000 ppm: the highest amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide detected during the Eocene.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Earth:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmosphere of Earth", "evidence": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Mars:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmosphere of Mars", "evidence": "It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95.32%), molecular nitrogen (2.6%) and argon (1.9%).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Venus:27", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmosphere of Venus", "evidence": "The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:187", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:137", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:286", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:42", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Energy subsidy:106", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Energy subsidy", "evidence": "Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Energy subsidy:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Energy subsidy", "evidence": "Because fossil fuels are a leading contributor to climate change through greenhouse gases, fossil fuel subsidies increase emissions and exacerbate climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fossil fuel", "evidence": "Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:175", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Renewable energy commercialization", "evidence": "The Solar updraft tower (SUT) is a renewable-energy power plant for generating electricity from low temperature solar heat.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:252", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Renewable energy commercialization", "evidence": "Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Net metering:353", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Net metering", "evidence": "The energy can be generated from a variety of renewable sources including solar, wind, and hydro.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:344", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind power:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind power", "evidence": "However, the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Zero-energy building:10", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Zero-energy building", "evidence": "Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Zero-energy building:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Zero-energy building", "evidence": "The production of goods under net zero fossil energy consumption requires locations of geothermal, microhydro, solar, and wind resources to sustain the concept.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Electrical grid:108", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Electrical grid", "evidence": "Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Electrical grid:152", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Electrical grid", "evidence": "In this way, a microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation, especially renewable energy sources, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Smart grid:105", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Smart grid", "evidence": "The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Smart grid:108", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Smart grid", "evidence": "Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Smart grid:94", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Smart grid", "evidence": "While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:105", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Environmental impact of wind power", "evidence": "Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on the environment:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human impact on the environment", "evidence": "These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Raptor conservation:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Raptor conservation", "evidence": "Because they are opportunistic carnivores, birds of prey are at high risk of secondary poisoning by eating organisms that have been killed or debilitated by pesticides.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind turbine:233", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind turbine", "evidence": "Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind turbine:238", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind turbine", "evidence": "damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:214", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary habitability:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Planetary habitability", "evidence": "The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary habitability:145", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Planetary habitability", "evidence": "If a day takes years, the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced, and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary nebula:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Planetary nebula", "evidence": "This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:368", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:82", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctica:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "West Antarctica", "evidence": "It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains and is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:156", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Global Change Research Program concluded that \"[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced.\"", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:443", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:462", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "\"U.N. Report: Global Warming Man-Made, Basically Unstoppable\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:837", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:54", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:182", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John D. Hamaker:238", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John D. Hamaker", "evidence": "The next ice age may be virtually upon us – a natural 100,000 year cycle which we are accelerating in many ways.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural environment:191", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural environment", "evidence": "Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely plant-based diets in order to help mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatology:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatology:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "Climatology deals with the aggregate data that meteorology has collected.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatology:44", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatology:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Western Journal:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "The Western Journal", "evidence": "In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged \"Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:0", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):213", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:236", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:241", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:78", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Comments from climate scientists reported in The Washington Post showed strong agreement in attributing the warming primarily to anthropogenic climate change, with some contribution from El Niño warming, though there were differing views on the significance of individual records.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:84", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Syracuse, New York:104", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Syracuse, New York", "evidence": "The latter was the warmest winter day on record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:5", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:82", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "(2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Regional effects of global warming:0", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Regional effects of global warming", "evidence": "Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:62", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:117", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Peak oil:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Peak oil", "evidence": "Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Peak oil:459", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Peak oil", "evidence": "\"Oil Production Is at Record Levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Eocene:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:218", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:41", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:0", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Drought:81", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Drought", "evidence": "Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:350", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:845", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wild fisheries:136", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Wild fisheries", "evidence": "A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: \"Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In 2015, a study by Professor James Hansen of Columbia University and 16 other climate scientists said a sea level rise of three metres could be a reality by the end of the century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Regional effects of global warming:428", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Regional effects of global warming", "evidence": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:471", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:500", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu ... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels is critical.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "International Energy Agency:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "International Energy Agency", "evidence": "This publication on renewable energy – \"which is now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix and accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide – will join annual medium-term reports on oil, gas and coal, which the IEA already produces\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "International Energy Agency:132", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "International Energy Agency", "evidence": "\"Fatih Birol ushers in new era for IEA—Takes office as Executive Director of global energy authority\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "International Energy Agency:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "International Energy Agency", "evidence": "The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "International Energy Agency:62", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "International Energy Agency", "evidence": "Environmental groups have become critical of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending that it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "International Energy Agency:70", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "International Energy Agency", "evidence": "He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "1906 San Francisco earthquake:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "1906 San Francisco earthquake", "evidence": "An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "San Francisco Bay:35", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "San Francisco Bay", "evidence": "As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "San Francisco Bay:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "San Francisco Bay", "evidence": "By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tide:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tide", "evidence": "Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tide:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tide", "evidence": "To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctic ice sheet:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctic ice sheet", "evidence": "The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctic ice sheet:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctic ice sheet", "evidence": "The general trend shows that a warming climate in the southern hemisphere would transport more moisture to Antarctica, causing the interior ice sheets to grow, while calving events along the coast will increase, causing these areas to shrink.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctic ice sheet:26", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctic ice sheet", "evidence": "A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctic ice sheet:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctic ice sheet", "evidence": "Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Second Grinnell expedition:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Second Grinnell expedition", "evidence": "The brig was periodically chain-lifted above the ice to prevent it from being crushed by the growing ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:363", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:365", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:88", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:92", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:719", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate variability:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate variability", "evidence": "Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate variability:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate variability", "evidence": "During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global Energy and Water Exchanges:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global Energy and Water Exchanges", "evidence": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1337", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2015 in science:286", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2015 in science", "evidence": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2015 in science:330", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2015 in science", "evidence": "20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2015 in science:412", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2015 in science", "evidence": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2019 in science:207", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2019 in science", "evidence": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "evidence": "Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Australia:1011", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Australia", "evidence": "\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Australia:136", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Australia", "evidence": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Australia:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Australia", "evidence": "Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Australia:141", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Australia", "evidence": "January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate of Australia:237", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate of Australia", "evidence": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:74", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New Year:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New Year", "evidence": "New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical year:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical year", "evidence": "A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Year:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Year", "evidence": "This is currently on or close to January 1.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Year:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Year", "evidence": "Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:52", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:310", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:70", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:148", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "At the global level, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases have increased sharply since the Industrial Revolution.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "\"Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:672", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:717", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]