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5736328f6c16ec1900b929a1_aug | Hunting | The Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act of 1934 was signed by Franklin Roosevelt and was intended to increase the number of stamp purchases by hunters over the age of 16. They are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork selected through an annual contest. They make a significant part of habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly to purchase or lease wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System. In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds. [citation not in English] | What act was signed in 1934? | {
"text": [
"Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5736328f6c16ec1900b929a2_aug | Hunting | The Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act of 1934 was enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 16, 1934. The stamps are made by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They pay a large part of all funds generated by their sale go directly to purchase or lease wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System. In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds. (citations not provided). | What President signed this act? | {
"text": [
"Franklin D. Roosevelt"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
5736328f6c16ec1900b929a3_aug | Hunting | On March 16, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which required an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. These stamps were created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They also play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System. In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds. [citation needed] | What is the requirement of the act? | {
"text": [
"annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
5736328f6c16ec1900b929a4_aug | Hunting | It is now a requirement for all hunters over the age of sixteen to purchase a stamp every year. The stamps were created by the USPS and portray wildlife artwork selected through an annual contest. They do this by putting a dollar in each of their sales toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System. In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds. (citation needed) | What do the stamps depict? | {
"text": [
"wildlife artwork"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
5736328f6c16ec1900b929a5_aug | Hunting | It is now mandatory that all hunters over the age of 16 purchase a stamp every year. These stamps were created by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They also play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale are used to purchase or lease wetland habitat in the National Wildlife Refuge System. In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds. [citation needed] | What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds. | {
"text": [
"one third"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
5735190cacc1501500bac401_aug | Hunting | Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps are also considered collectors items often purchased outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales come from hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is carried out by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. | How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934? | {
"text": [
"$670 million"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
5735190cacc1501500bac402_aug | Hunting | The sale of Federal Duck Stamps has resulted in $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. These stamps are often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, since hunters are required to purchase them. It is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. | How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934? | {
"text": [
"5,200,000 acres"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
5735190cacc1501500bac403_aug | Hunting | The sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. Stamps are used as a license to hunt migratory birds, and are also considered collectors items often purchased outside of the hunting and birding communities. Duck Stamps are sold by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. | What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do? | {
"text": [
"hunt migratory birds"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
5735190cacc1501500bac404_aug | Hunting | The sale of Federal Duck Stamps has brought in $670 million so far, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. These stamps are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales come from hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. The Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC) is responsible for disbursing the funds. | Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps? | {
"text": [
"hunters"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
5735190cacc1501500bac405_aug | Hunting | The sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. These stamps are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although many non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. | Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps? | {
"text": [
"Migratory Bird Conservation Commission"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
57363293012e2f140011a217_aug | Hunting | The sale of Fed Duck Stamps has brought in over $670 million since 1934, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps are also purchased for collectors items often purchased outside of the hunting and birding communities. Eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. The MBCC is responsible for disbursing the funds. | How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act? | {
"text": [
"$670 million"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
57363293012e2f140011a218_aug | Hunting | The sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres of habitat. The stamps are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although duck stamps are not sold by many hunters, eighty-seven percent of their sales are made by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. | How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase? | {
"text": [
"5,200,000 acres"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
57363293012e2f140011a219_aug | Hunting | The sale of Federal Duck Stamps has brought in over $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps are a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is reasonable, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. | What do the Duck Stamps serve as? | {
"text": [
"license to hunt migratory birds"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
57363293012e2f140011a21a_aug | Hunting | The sale of Federal Duck Stamps has produced $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters. The distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. | What percent of sales are contributed by hunters? | {
"text": [
"eighty-seven"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
57363293012e2f140011a21b_aug | Hunting | The sale of Federal Duck Stamps has brought in $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps are an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic purposes outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are made by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. This work is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC). | Who manages distribution of funds? | {
"text": [
"Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
573519d9879d6814001cab2b_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx is a species of large antelope. It once lived in many desert areas in the Middle East. However, its striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild only due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx did not follow suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts like captive breeding. | What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East? | {
"text": [
"The Arabian oryx"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573519d9879d6814001cab2c_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx is a large antelope that once lived in much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it an attractive target for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts. | Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt? | {
"text": [
"the species' striking appearance"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
573519d9879d6814001cab2d_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, its striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit and the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts including captive breeding. | When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting? | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
573519d9879d6814001cab2e_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once lived in desert areas in the Middle East and North Africa. However, its striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage, speed, and they became extinct in the wild solely due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts like captive breeding. | How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution? | {
"text": [
"use of automobiles and high-powered rifles"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
573519d9879d6814001cab2f_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once lived in many desert areas in the Mideast. However, its striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially executives of oil companies working in the region. [citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed. They were extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts like captive breeding. | What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable"? | {
"text": [
"Arabian oryx"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5736342b506b47140023658c_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once lived in much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx, which is threatened by habitat loss, followed suit. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts and captive breeding. | What is a species of large antelope? | {
"text": [
"Arabian oryx"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5736342b506b47140023658d_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once lived in much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, its striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, and the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and has been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts. | What did the large antelope species once inhabit? | {
"text": [
"much of the desert areas of the Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
5736342b506b47140023658e_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, lived in many desert areas in the Middle East. However, its striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts such as captive breeding. | What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed. | {
"text": [
"automobiles and high-powered rifles"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
5736342b506b47140023658f_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once lived in many desert areas of the Middle East. However, its striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx also followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts like captive breeding. | When did the Arabian oryx become extinct? | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
5736342b506b471400236590_aug | Hunting | The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once lived in much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, its striking appearance made it a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they ceased to exist in the wild solely due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and has been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" because of conservation efforts such as captive breeding | What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable? | {
"text": [
"conservation efforts"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
} |
57351a8aacc1501500bac40b_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large bovid that lived in much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the number of bison killed to a few hundred by the 1880s. The bison population has increased, but the population is still in danger of extinction. | What type of creature is the American bison? | {
"text": [
"a large bovid"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
57351a8aacc1501500bac40c_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large and ancient mammal that lived in much western North America prior to the 1800s. SEP> They lived on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. However, conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase. | What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s? | {
"text": [
"western North America"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
57351a8aacc1501500bac40d_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large large animal, it lived in a great area of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only and left the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. However, the bison population is still very small. | What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do? | {
"text": [
"rot"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
57351a8aacc1501500bac40e_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large animal that lived much of western North America prior to the 1800s, and lived in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the mid-19th century. However, conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase. | What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters? | {
"text": [
"several million"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
57351a8aacc1501500bac40f_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large, omnivorous mammal that lived in much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. The bison population has increased, but the bison remains near-threatened. | What is the current status of bison? | {
"text": [
"near-threatened"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
5736357e506b471400236596_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large bovid that lived in much of Western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Due to conservation efforts, the population has increased. | What did large herds of bison attract? | {
"text": [
"market hunters"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
5736357e506b471400236597_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large bovid which lived much of western North America prior to the 1800s. SEP> They lived on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only and left the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population of these animals down to a few hundred by the 1880s. However, the bison population is still near-threatened. | What part of North America did the bison live? | {
"text": [
"western"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
5736357e506b471400236598_aug | Hunting | It was one of the largest and most widely distributed of the large bovids that lived in much of western North America prior to the 1800s. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population of bison in the United States to a few hundred by the 1880s. However, the bison population is still low due to conservation efforts. | Why were the bison killed? | {
"text": [
"for their hides"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
5736357e506b471400236599_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large animal that lived in much of western North America prior to the 1800s. SEP> They lived on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed many bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to few hundred by the 1880s. The bison population has been stabilized, although conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase. | What did hunter do with the rest of the bison? | {
"text": [
"leaving the rest to rot"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
5736357e506b47140023659a_aug | Hunting | The American bison is a large rodeo animal that lived in much of western North America prior to the 1800s, mostly in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds; the population dropped rapidly from several million in the beginning 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. However, the bison population remains near-threatened. | What do bison still remain? | {
"text": [
"near-threatened"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
57351b51acc1501500bac416_aug | Hunting | Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting due to a dramatic decline in wildlife. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. The government of Botswana says that trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but that there are many other factors that can be blamed. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting was lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers? | {
"text": [
"antelope"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
57351b51acc1501500bac417_aug | Hunting | Botswana recently been forced to ban trophy hunting after a dramatic decline in game population. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. Many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda has also done so, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting was lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable? | {
"text": [
"hippopotamus"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
57351b51acc1501500bac418_aug | Hunting | Botswana recently had to ban trophy hunting following a sharp decline in population. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. The government of Botswana does not blame trophy hunting alone, but many other factors such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana? | {
"text": [
"poaching, drought and habitat loss"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
57351b51acc1501500bac419_aug | Hunting | According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, trophy hunting has been banned in Botswana for the past several years due to a sharp decline in the number of elephants and lions in the country. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda similarly did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting was lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting? | {
"text": [
"Uganda"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
573636bf9c79961900ff7e06_aug | Hunting | Botswana recently was forced to ban trophy hunting following a sharp decline in its population. Some studies have shown a decline in antelope numbers across Botswana, and a decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What Botswana was resently forced to do? | {
"text": [
"ban trophy hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
573636bf9c79961900ff7e07_aug | Hunting | Botswana recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a dramatic decline in wildlife population. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting was lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What animal declined across Botswana? | {
"text": [
"antelope"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
573636bf9c79961900ff7e08_aug | Hunting | Botswana recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a drastic decline in its population. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What animal numbers have increased in Botswana? | {
"text": [
"hippopotamus"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
573636bf9c79961900ff7e09_aug | Hunting | Botswana recently banned trophy hunting following a dramatic decline in game numbers. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting was lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana? | {
"text": [
"elephant"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
573636bf9c79961900ff7e0a_aug | Hunting | Botswana recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a dramatic decline in wildlife population. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers. However, elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. Many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting was lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." | What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? | {
"text": [
"poaching"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
57359bbcdc94161900571ee9_aug | Kathmandu | Kathmandu is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar and Nagar-Metropolitan City. Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley, including Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur, and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known as KTM or the Tri-city. Kathmandu Metropolitan City is located in the Indian state of Kathmandu. It has a population of 975,453 and is 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi). | What country is Kathmandu the capital of? | {
"text": [
"Nepal"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
57359bbcdc94161900571eea_aug | Kathmandu | Kathmandu is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar, as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City), or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. Kathmandu is the major urban area of Kathmandu Valley. It is made up of several smaller communities. Kathmandu is also called KTM or the "tri-city." It has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi). | What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English? | {
"text": [
"Sub-Metropolitan City"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
57359bbcdc94161900571eeb_aug | Kathmandu | Kathmandu is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar, which is also a Sub-Metropolitan City. Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal and the most populous city in the Kathmandu Valley.The city is composed of five tumultuous cities, Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known as KTM or the "tri-city". It has a population of in total it has 975,453, and it is 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi). | Along with "KTM," what is another nickname of Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"tri-city"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
57359bbcdc94161900571eec_aug | Kathmandu | Kathmandu is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation. It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to other cities such as Kathmandu and Bhairu. Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu is surrounded by four other cities and villages and also has many smaller communities. Kathmandu is also referred to as either KTM or the Tri-city. The city has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi). | How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011? | {
"text": [
"975,453"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
57359bbcdc94161900571eed_aug | Kathmandu | Kathmandu is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It is also the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City). Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration, located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also also called KTM or the tri-city. According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and is 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi). | How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"49.45"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
57359c16e853931400426a34_aug | Kathmandu | The city has a long history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. This festival is a major part of the lives of people living in Kathmandu. Many of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religions as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in Nepal. Kathmandu's educated residents are able to understand English well. Historic areas of Kathmandu were greatly damaged by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015. | About how long has Kathmandu existed? | {
"text": [
"2000"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
57359c16e853931400426a35_aug | Kathmandu | Inscriptions found in the valley indicate that the city has a long history, spanning nearly 2000 years. Cultural and religious festivities form a major part of the lives of people living in Kathmandu. Many of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religions as well. Nepali is the most spoken language in the city. Kathmandu's educated residents understand English well. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015. | What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is? | {
"text": [
"inscriptions"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57359c16e853931400426a36_aug | Kathmandu | The city has a long history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Kathmandu's religious and cultural festivals are a major part of the lives of people living in Kathmandu. Many people in Kathmandu follow Hinduism and a few others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religions as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most spoken language in Nepal. Kathmandu's educated residents can understand English well. Historic areas of Kathmandu were severely damaged by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015. | What is Kathmandu's majority religion? | {
"text": [
"Hinduism"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
57359c16e853931400426a37_aug | Kathmandu | The city has a long history, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religion and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people who reside in Kathmandu. Many people follow Hinduism and Buddhism. There are people of other religions as well. Nepali is the most spoken language in Nepal. Kathmandu's educated residents are able to understand English. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015. | What do most Kathmandu residents speak? | {
"text": [
"Nepali"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
57359c16e853931400426a38_aug | Kathmandu | The city has a long history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. There are different religious and cultural festivals celebrated by the Kathmandu people. Many people in Kathmandu follow Hinduism and some follow Buddhism. There are people of other religions as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most spoken language in Nepal. Kathmandu's educated residents can understand English well. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015. | What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak? | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
57359c97e853931400426a3e_aug | Kathmandu | The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple which is located in Durbar Square. Kastha () in Sanskrit means "wood" and Mandap (/) means "covering shelter". This temple was built in 1596 by Laxmi Narsingh Malla. It was made entirely of wood, and had no iron nails or supports. All the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from one single tree. The structure collapsed during the earthquake that occurred on 25 April 2015. | What does काष्ठ mean in English? | {
"text": [
"wood"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
57359c97e853931400426a3f_aug | Kathmandu | The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple. Kastha () means "wood" in Sanskrit and Mandap (/) means "covered shelter". This temple was built in 1596 by Laxmi Narsingh Malla. This two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and had no iron nails or supports. It is believed that all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from one single tree. It collapsed due to the earthquake on April 25, 2015. | What is the English translation of Mandap? | {
"text": [
"covered shelter"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
57359c97e853931400426a40_aug | Kathmandu | The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. Kastha (), the meaning of "wood" in Sanskrit, is a combination of Mandap () and Kastha (). It was built in 1596 by Laxmi Narsingh Malla, and is also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language. The structure was built in two stories with no iron nails or supports. According to legend, the entire pagoda was built using only one tree. It collapsed during the 25 April 2015 earthquake. | What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple? | {
"text": [
"Maru Satal"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
57359c97e853931400426a41_aug | Kathmandu | It is named after the Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. Kastha () in Sanskrit means "wood" and Mandap (/) means "covered shelter". It was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two storey structure was made entirely of wood and had no iron nails or supports. The legend is that all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from one tree. It collapsed during the major earthquake on April 25, 2015. | Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple? | {
"text": [
"King Laxmi Narsingh Malla"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
57359c97e853931400426a42_aug | Kathmandu | The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple which is located on Durbar Square. Kastha () is a kind of wood and Mandap (/) is a shelter. This temple was built in 1596 by Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two storey structure was made entirely of wood, and had no iron nails or supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from one tree. The structure collapsed on 25 April 2015. | On what date was Maru Satal destroyed? | {
"text": [
"25 April 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
57359cf7e853931400426a48_aug | Kathmandu | The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th Century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar is a city of the historical city of Mung kashmir nagar and Mahanagar agra city. The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur. This name is derived from two Sanskrit words Kanti and Pur. "Kanti" is used in Hinduism and means place. | What is the ancient name of Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"Kasthamandap Mahanagar"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
57359cf7e853931400426a49_aug | Kathmandu | The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar is a city in the state of Mahanagar. It is located in the major city of Mahanagar. This city is named after a vow that Buddhist monks still recite to this day. Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur. It is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and Pur. "Kanti" is said to be the name of Lakshmi, and "pur" is the place where she was born. | How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English? | {
"text": [
"Kantipur"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
57359cf7e853931400426a4a_aug | Kathmandu | Ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar city is a city of t a city and is considered as one of the biggest city in the world. They vow to live here to this day. Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur. This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and Pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of Lakshmi, and "pur" means place. | Who is also called Kanti? | {
"text": [
"Lakshmi"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
57359cf7e853931400426a4b_aug | Kathmandu | Ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city" in Agra. The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur. This name is derived from two Sanskrit words. "Kanti" is a feminine name, and "pur" means place. | How do you say place in Sanskrit? | {
"text": [
"pur"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
57359d61e853931400426a52_aug | Kathmandu | The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake called Nagdaha, which was full of snakes. He drained the lake and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometime, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was once again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal and killed Banasur. He had brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal. | According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"lake"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
57359d61e853931400426a53_aug | Kathmandu | The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, Kathmandu used to be a huge and deep lake named "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was removed out from there. SEP> He established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After some time, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley became again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He had brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal. | What animals notably resided in Nagdaha? | {
"text": [
"snakes"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
57359d61e853931400426a54_aug | Kathmandu | Traditional myths and legends tell of the ancient history of Kathmandu. According to Purana, present-day Kathmandu was a huge and deep lake named "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there. Bodhisatwa Manjusri established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometime, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet of the valley and the valley became again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He had brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal. | Who was the founder of Manjupattan? | {
"text": [
"Bodhisatwa Manjusri"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
57359d61e853931400426a55_aug | Kathmandu | The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake named "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. At this time Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword cut the lake in half and drained it, leaving a large area of land in the process. After sometime, a demon named Banasur closed it, and the valley was once again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal and killed Banasur. Bhuktaman was brought with him, and he became the king of Nepal. | What type of creature was Banasur? | {
"text": [
"demon"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
57359d61e853931400426a56_aug | Kathmandu | The history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake named "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Manjusri with his sword and the water was relieved. He established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometime a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley became a lake again. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal and killed Banasur. He had brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal. | Who was Banasur's murderer? | {
"text": [
"Krishna"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
57359ddbe853931400426a5c_aug | Kathmandu | There are very few historical records of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was an ancient eponymous dynasty that ruled from the city of Yalamber in present-day Iraq and Syria. Yambu is a settlement in the northern part of Kathmandu, which is now part of the National Capital Region. In some Chinese and Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement, called Yengal was present in the south half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley during the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti. SEP> Buddhist monks established a forest monastery at Sankhu. | Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Yalamber"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
57359ddbe853931400426a5d_aug | Kathmandu | History of this period does not include much. Among the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants and Somavanshi. The Kirata Empire was established by Yalamber. Yambu is an important village in the northern part of Kathmandu, which was once the capital of the Kirata era. In some Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu during the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti. | What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy? | {
"text": [
"northern"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
57359ddbe853931400426a5e_aug | Kathmandu | This period was short lived, and very few historical records survive. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, the ancestors of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was a dynasty that controlled land and court in present day Libya. Yambu was a settlement in the northern part of Kathmandu during the Kirata era. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. In the southern part of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan, another smaller settlement called Yengal was present. Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu during the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti. | Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu? | {
"text": [
"Sino-Tibetan"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
57359ddbe853931400426a5f_aug | Kathmandu | There are few historical records available of the period before the Licchavis rulers. According to his work, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. This dynasty was established by Yalamber. Yambu was an important settlement during the Kirata Era. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another small settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu during the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti. | Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located? | {
"text": [
"southern half"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
57359ddbe853931400426a60_aug | Kathmandu | There are very few historical records of the period prior to the medieval Licchavis rulers. The history of Nepali monarchs can be traced to the people of Kathmandu Valley who ruled it before the Licchavis. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber, the son of Aylamber. A settlement called Yambu existed in the northern part of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley during the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti. | What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to? | {
"text": [
"Buddhist"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
57359e82e853931400426a66_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavis came from the Indo-Gangetic plain and migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavis dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors moved north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. The surviving Sanskrit Buddhist tradition in the world. This era is known as the Licchavi era. | Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas? | {
"text": [
"Licchavis"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
57359e82e853931400426a67_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavis dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal, and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the oldest and most complete Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram, and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era. | Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be? | {
"text": [
"Koliyas"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
57359e82e853931400426a68_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavis, who were a very strong and powerful people, moved north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavis dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu. From Sankhu, they moved to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and founded the first Buddhist monasteries in Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the oldest Buddhist tradition still existing in the world. During the Licchavi era, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram. | What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit? | {
"text": [
"Newar"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
57359e82e853931400426a69_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavis of India migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavis dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu. The Buddhist monasteries in Kathmandu were founded by them from Sankhu as a retreat center in the year 1223. It is the oldest Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era. | Who killed the Shakyas? | {
"text": [
"Virudhaka"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
57359e82e853931400426a6a_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavis, who had migrated north from the Indo-Gangetic plains, defeated the Kiratas and established a dynasty of Licchavis. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they moved to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries in Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram; Yengal and its surrounding area was called Dakshin Koligram. | Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal? | {
"text": [
"Dakshin Koligram"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
57359eeae853931400426a70_aug | Kathmandu | Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram to form the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. Ajimas guarded the city for several days. This barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. See archives of travelers and monks who lived during this era for detailed descriptions of buildings. The palace was described by the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang. The trade route also led to cultural exchanges. The artistry of the Newar people—the native inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, a princess of Nepal who married Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet. | Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements? | {
"text": [
"Dakshin Koligram"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
57359eeae853931400426a71_aug | Kathmandu | Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram to form the city of Kathmandu. It was built in the shape of Manjushri's sword. The city was guarded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. This barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. The descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan are found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For instance, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma in his epic The Great Hall (Kalaskut Bhawan). The trade route also led to cultural exchange. The artistry of the Newar people became highly sought after during this era, both within the valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists traveled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. Araniko regularly traveled with his group of artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet. | Who is Kathmandu's historical founder? | {
"text": [
"Gunakamadeva"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
57359eeae853931400426a72_aug | Kathmandu | The city of Kathmandu was founded by the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva and Koligram. The city was designed in the shape of Manjushri's sword. The city was guarded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. The barracks are still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. The palace had been described by the famous Chinese traveller Xuanzang in his 7th century Chinese chronicle. The trade route also led to cultural exchange. The artistry of the Newar people—the native inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. In particular, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the Princess of Nepal who married Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet. | Who did Chandrahrasa belong to? | {
"text": [
"Manjushri"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
57359eeae853931400426a73_aug | Kathmandu | When the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva came to power, he decided to merge Koligram with Dakshin Koligram, hence the name of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of manjushri. The city was guarded by eight barracks. Among the barracks in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city has been a transit point for trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of Buddhist monks who lived during this era. The palace of Licchavi king Amshuverma is described in detail by the Chinese traveller Xuanzang in his book "The Palace of Licchavi King Amshuverma" (About 875 CE). Cultural exchanges were also a result of the trade route. The artistry of the Newar people, who are the original inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley, became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet. | How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
57359eeae853931400426a74_aug | Kathmandu | In the end, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram to form the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Manjushri's sword. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. The barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point for the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. Some people think that this palace was once the residence of Licchavi king Amshuverma and is considered to be his last residence. Cultural exchanges were also facilitated by the trade route. The artistry of the Newar people—the native inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. In fact, he led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet. | Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"India and Tibet"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
57359f64e853931400426a7a_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavi era ended with the Malla era. On being attacked by Muslims, rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. The Malla era was characterized by their intermarrying with Nepali royalty. In the first years of the Malla era there was a lot of raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of more than half the Kathmandu population. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the Licchavi architecture (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Kathmandu rose to prominence again and during most of the Malla era it was the biggest trade center between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade. | Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi? | {
"text": [
"Malla"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
57359f64e853931400426a7b_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. On being attacked by Muslims, the rulers of Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. These peoples intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were chaotic, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake that killed a third of Kathmandu's population and left the king Abhaya Malla dead. They also resulted in the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade. | Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period? | {
"text": [
"Turk Muslims"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
57359f64e853931400426a7c_aug | Kathmandu | Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. On being attacked by Muslims, rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. Early years of the Malla era were extremely difficult, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. The earthquake also killed a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi period (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Kathmandu rose to prominence again during the Malla era and was the major trade center between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade. | What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake? | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
57359f64e853931400426a7d_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavi era ended with the Malla era. After being attacked by Muslims, the rulers from Tirhut fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla rule. The first years of the Malla era were tumultuous, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. A third of Kathmandu's population died due to the earthquake. It led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Kathmandu rose to prominence again and during the period of the Malla era, Kathmandu became India's trade capital. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade. | Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake? | {
"text": [
"Kailashkut Bhawan"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
57359f64e853931400426a7e_aug | Kathmandu | The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. On being attacked by Muslims, rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. Early years of the Malla era were tumultuous, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. The earthquake of 17 April 1657 also killed a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era which was a result of flooding. Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade. | What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake? | {
"text": [
"Abhaya Malla"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
57359fece853931400426a84_aug | Kathmandu | During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade. SEP> This resulted in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, institutionalizing trusts, the codification of laws, and the writing of dramas. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, and history. Amarkosh has also been found. Some architecturally notable buildings from this period include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others. | How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
57359fece853931400426a85_aug | Kathmandu | During the later part of the Malla era of Kathmandu Valley had four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, which contributed to tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples. A stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla shows evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakyan), medicine (e.g. ), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashdev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh was also a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary that was found in 1588 AD. Among the buildings that are of architectural interest during this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others. | In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley? | {
"text": [
"Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
57359fece853931400426a86_aug | Kathmandu | During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, institutionalization of trusts, the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe are also found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric practice Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldev is a professor of law, morals, and history. Amarkosh's inscription was also found. Architecturally important buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others. | What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era? | {
"text": [
"India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
57359fece853931400426a87_aug | Kathmandu | It had four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Nepalese confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade. SEP> As a result of this, Great Britain was developed. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, institutionalization of trusts, the codification of laws, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakyan), medicines (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. An inscription dating from 1381 AD, also mentions that it is written in Sanskrit language. A number of important buildings during this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, and others. | What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period? | {
"text": [
"Haramekhala"
],
"answer_start": [
822
]
} |
57359fece853931400426a88_aug | Kathmandu | During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Kirtipur. These were the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the institution of water spouts, the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric traditions (e.g. Tantrakyan), medicine (e.g. religion (e.g. He is a professor of Law, morals, and history. Amarkosh is thought to have written a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD. Architecturally significant buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, and others. | When does Amarkosh date to? | {
"text": [
"1381"
],
"answer_start": [
947
]
} |
5735a06de853931400426a8e_aug | Kathmandu | The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern period in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu became the capital of the Gorkha Empire, and the Empire itself was dubbed Nepal. Kathmandu had a distinctive culture during the early part of this era. Many Nepali buildings, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continued war with neighboring nations. The British supported France against Great Britain, which led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-story Dharahara tower is said to have been built during this era. | Who won the Battle of Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"Gorkha Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5735a06de853931400426a8f_aug | Kathmandu | After the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768, the Gorkha rulers started to subordinate themselves to the Malla confederation. This was the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was a decisive victory for the Gorkhas over the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was chosen as the capital of the Gorkha Empire, and it was also referred to as Nepal. During this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. These buildings, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continuing war with neighboring nations. This led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. It was originally built during this period. | What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha? | {
"text": [
"Kirtipur"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
5735a06de853931400426a90_aug | Kathmandu | The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. It was the first battle between Gorkha and Brahmins to conquer the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu became the capital of the Gorkha Empire, and the Empire itself was dubbed Nepal. Kathmandu, like other ancient cities, had a distinctive culture during the early part of this era. These buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continued war with neighboring nations. This led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. It is a tower of 9 storeys with a total height of. | How many stories high was the Basantapur tower? | {
"text": [
"nine"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
5735a06de853931400426a92_aug | Kathmandu | The Gorkha Kingdom ended its confederation with the Malla confederation in 1768. This event marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquerors over the Kathmandu Valley. The city of Kathmandu was taken as the capital of the Gorkha Empire, and the name of the empire itself was Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continued war with neighboring nations. This led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The Dharahara tower was built during this era. | How many stories made up the Dharahara tower? | {
"text": [
"nine"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
5735a122e853931400426a98_aug | Kathmandu | It is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River. The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan), with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley. | What river is south of Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"Bagmati"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
5735a122e853931400426a99_aug | Kathmandu | It is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley. The average elevation is 1,400 m (4,600 ft). The city is directly bounded by several other Municipalities of the Kathmandu valley south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan), with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road. To the north, the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban area extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley. | What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"northwestern"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
5735a122e853931400426a9a_aug | Kathmandu | Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley. The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan), with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area is divided into several Village Development Committees. The urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e.g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley. | About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu? | {
"text": [
"4,600"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |