Datasets:

ccdv

/

patent-classification

like 17

natural products that contain an inhibitor of the f3k enzyme and / or a 3dg inactivator may be used to advantage for treating or preventing conditions or disease states that are linked to 3dg which is produced as a by - product of f3k activity . the disease states that may be treated or prevented by the methods of the invention include inflammatory disorders , complications of diabetes , diseases of aging , hypertension , stroke , neurodegenerative disorders , circulatory disease , atherosclerosis , osteoarthritis and cataracts . the method described herein may also be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of skin conditions , particularly those associated with intrinsic or extrinsic aging . intrinsic aging of the skin is the gradual deterioration that results from the normal aging process , which produces change in the chemical structure of proteins , including collagen and elastin , due , in part , to the formation of ages . a number of extrinsic factors , often acting in conjunction with the normal aging process , cause premature aging of the skin . most extrinsic aging is brought about by sun exposure or “ photoaging ”; however , other factors , such as repetitive facial expressions and smoking can contribute to such premature aging . a variety of different natural products can be used for treating or preventing a condition or disease state that is alleviated by inhibiting the enzymatic conversion of fructoselysine to fructoselysine - 3 - phosphate and / or by inactivating 3dg in vivo . the term “ natural product ”, as used herein , refers to a chemical substance found in nature , such as a substance obtained from tissues of terrestrial plants , marine animals or plants , and other living organisms , as well as derivatives of such substances . representative examples of natural products ( and extracts thereof ) which may be used in the practice of this invention include materials of plant and animal origin , polypeptides , oligopeptides , vitamins , provitamins and the like . natural product extracts are commercially available from various sources and may be prepared using the extraction methods generally described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 485 , 756 to aust and wilmott . natural products suitable for practicing this invention can be identified using the f3k assay described hereinbelow . the results of performing this assay on a wide range of natural products are as set forth in tables 1 and 1a , below . alternative assays for determining f3k inhibitory activity , by direct measurement of fructoselysine - 3 - phosphate production , are described in the aforementioned u . s . pat . no . 6 , 004 , 958 . supplemental active agents may be administered in conjunction with the natural products described herein , if desired . suitable supplemental active agents include , by way of example , anesthetics , antibiotics , anti - allergenics , anti - fungals , antiseptics , anti - irritants , anti - inflammatory agents , anti - microbials , analgesics and anti - hypertensive agents , e . g ., ace inhibitors . the natural products described herein , along with any supplemental active agent ( s ), may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective to inhibit enzymatic 3dg production . the exact amount to be administered may vary depending on the species , age , and general condition of the patient , the nature of the condition or disease state being treated , the specific natural product used and its mode of administration . as used herein , the term “ patient ” refers to animals , including mammals , preferably humans and domestic animals . the effectiveness of the amount of natural product administered to a patient can be assessed by feeding to the patient , either human or animal , a food rich in glycated lysine residues or fl and measuring the amount of 3dg and 3df in their urine , both before and after feeding . patients that have an effective inhibitory amount of f3k inhibitor in their systems will exhibit decreased secretion of both 3dg and / or 3df and increased urinary secretion of fl , as compared to levels secreted by the same patients prior to administration of the natural product ( s ). the natural products used in the practice of this invention are commonly available in powder form . as such , they may readily be formulated for topical or oral administration , topical administration being preferred . topical formulations including any of various dermatologically acceptable excipients may be prepared in the form of an emulsion , a cream , a balm , a gloss , a lotion , a salve , a mask , a serum , a toner , an ointment , an oil , a mousse , a gel , a pomade , a solution , a liquid spray , a wax - based stick or a towelette . such formulations may beneficially include any ingredient conventionally used in the cosmetics field . these ingredients include preservatives , aqueous phase thickeners , fatty - phase thickeners , fragrances , hydrophilic and lipophilic active agents , as well as pigments , fillers , oils , one or more waxes or gums , or mixtures of any of the foregoing . in addition , the aforementioned formulations may include one or more of the following : a skin penetration enhancer , a dermal delivery system , an emollient , a skin plumper , an optical diffuser , a sunscreen , an exfoliation promoter and an antioxidant . a dermal delivery system may be liposomes , nanosomes , phosopholipid - based non - liposome compositions ( e . g ., selected cochleates ), among others . details with respect to these and other suitable cosmetic ingredients can be found in the international cosmetic ingredient dictionary and handbook ( icid ), 10 th ed ., cosmetic , toiletry and fragrance association , at 2177 - 2299 ( 2004 ). these natural products can also be incorporated into a transdermal patch or similar delivery system . the transdermal patch can be of conventional construction , e . g ., of the type used to deliver sustained doses of estrogen , nitroglycerine , fentenyl , or the like . in other embodiments of the invention , the benefits of 3dg - containing natural products for use as food , cosmetic , pharmaceutical or dietary supplement ingredients can be enhanced by purifying or refining processes that reduce the 3dg content thereof . the 3dg concentration of natural products can be determined using the measurement technique described in example 2 , below . the purification or refining processing contemplated by the present invention involves admixture of the natural product with at least one 3dg inactivating agent . representative examples of suitable 3dg inactivating agents are listed in table 3 , below . arginine is a preferred 3dg inactivating agent for use in practicing this embodiment of the invention . in view of the potential harmful health effects of 3dg , any measurable reduction in the 3dg content of natural products used as food , cosmetic , pharmaceutical , or dietary supplement ingredients will provide a benefit . this same method can be utilized to reduce the 3dg content of foods , food additives or beverages , such as carbonated beverages , which may be fermented ( e . g ., beer , ale or the like ) or not ( e . g ., colas ), as well as non - carbonated beverages , which may be fermented ( e . g ., wine ) or not ( e . g ., fruit juice , fruit punch , vegetable juice or tea ). the following methodologies and experimental data are provided to describe the various embodiments of the invention in further detail . these methods and data are provided for illustrative purposes only and should in no way be construed as limiting the invention . fructosamine - 3 - kinase ( f3k ) phosphorylates fructoselysine to form fructoselysine - 3 - p , which spontaneously decomposes to give lysine , pi , and 3dg . the assay is performed in a 96 - well plate , with each well containing 100 μl of 50 mm hepes , ph 8 . 0 , 1 mm mg - atp , and 0 . 20 mm fructoselysine ( dynamis therapeutics ). five μl of test inhibitor sample was added and the reaction initiated with 120 nm human recombinant f3k enzyme ( dynamis therapeutics ). the plate was incubated at 37 ° c . for 24 hours to allow f3k to produce fl3p and then to decompose releasing pi and 3dg . 3dg was measured as in example 2 . aqueous extracts were prepared from various commercially available natural products . concentrations of the resulting extracts are given below on a weight - per - weight basis , unless otherwise indicated . lfk extract and powder is from lysed enterococcus faecalis fk - 23 . fresh fruits and vegetable extracts were made in a juicer machine ( juiceman automatic juice extractor ). strawberry leaf extract ( 50 % w / w in water ) was similarly made . samples were allowed to settle or were centrifuged ( 12 , 000 × g , 10 min ) before removing an aliquot of the supernatant for analysis . f3k activity was measured in the presence of various natural product extracts using the above - described assay . the percent inhibition is shown in tables 1 and 1a . extracts from chestnut skin , lychee seed , grapeseed , gooseberry , peanut skin , cat &# 39 ; s claw and rose inhibited f3k activity by more than 90 %. the results are set forth in table 3 . several chemicals and natural product extracts showed 3dg inactivating activity . samples with the most amount of 3dg inactivating activity were arginine , clam extract , chestnut skin extract , pig and fish collagens , pyridoxal - 5 ′- phosphate , grapeseed extract , lychee seed extract , peanut skin extract and cat &# 39 ; s claw extract . most of the chestnut skin 3dg inactivating activity was in the supernatant after centrifugation . some samples showed high intrinsic levels of 3dg including chitosan l , glucosamine , rafuma extract , broccoli extract and herb mixture . 3dg levels were measured in various brand name beverages and foods ; results are shown in table 4 . miso soup , soy sauce and all non - alcoholic beverages except diet soda and one brand of green tea contain high levels of 3dg (& gt ; 50 μm ). all beers contain & gt ; 300 μm 3dg and dark beers contain the highest levels of 3dg (& gt ; 600 μm ). plum wine contained high levels of 3dg and red wine had relatively low levels of 3dg . a number of patent and non - patent publications are cited in the foregoing specification in order to describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains . the entire disclosure of each of these publications is incorporated by reference herein . while certain of the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described and specifically exemplified above , it is not intended that the invention be limited to such embodiments . various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention , as set forth in the following claims . furthermore , the transitional terms “ comprising ”, “ consisting essentially of ” and “ consisting of ” define the scope of the appended claims , in original and amended form , with respect to what unrecited additional claim elements or steps , if any , are excluded from the scope of the claims . the term “ comprising ” is intended to be inclusive or open - ended and does not exclude additional , unrecited elements , methods step or materials . the phrase “ consisting of ” excludes any element , step or material other than those specified in the claim , and , in the latter instance , impurities ordinarily associated with the specified materials . the phrase “ consisting essentially of ” limits the scope of a claim to the specified elements , steps or materials and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ) of the claimed invention . all compositions or formulations identified herein can , in alternate embodiments , be more specifically defined by any of the transitional phases “ comprising ”, “ consisting essentially of ” and “ consisting of ”.

0Human Necessities

the invention relates to a high strength alpha - beta alloy having an improved combination of strength , machinability and ballistic properties . titanium base alloys are used in applications requiring high strength - to - weight ratios , along with elevated temperature properties and corrosion resistance . these alloys may be characterized as alpha phase alloys , beta phase alloys , or alpha - beta alloys . the alpha - beta alloys contain one or more alpha stabilizing elements and one or more beta stabilizing elements . these alloys can be strengthened by heat treatment or thermo - mechanical processing . specifically , the alloys may be strengthened by rapid cooling from a high temperature in the alpha - beta range or above the beta transus temperature . this procedure , known as solution treatment , is followed by an intermediate - temperature treatment , termed aging , to result in a desired mixture of alpha and transformed beta phases as the principle phases in the microstructure of the alloy . it is desirable to use these alloys in applications requiring a combination of high strength , good machinability and ballistic properties . it is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an alpha - beta titanium - based alloy having this desired combination of properties . balance titanium and incidental elements and impurities with each being less than 0 . 1 wt % and 0 . 5 wt % total . the alloys in accordance with the invention have aluminum as an essential element within the composition limits of the invention . if aluminum is lower than 4 . 5 %, sufficient strength will not be obtained . likewise , if aluminum is higher than 5 . 5 %, machinability will be inferior . vanadium is an essential element as a beta stabilizer in the alpha - beta titanium alloys in accordance with the invention . if vanadium is less than 3 . 0 %, sufficient strength will not be obtained . likewise , if vanadium is higher than 5 . 0 %, the beta - stabilizer content of the alloy will be too high resulting in degradation of machinability . iron is present as an effective and less expensive beta stabilizing element . normally , approximately 0 . 1 % iron results from the sponge titanium and other recycle materials used in the production of the alloy in accordance with the invention . otherwise , iron may be added as steel or as ferro - molybdenum master alloy since the alloy of the invention has molybdenum as an essential element . if iron is higher than about 1 . 2 %, machinability will be adversely affected . molybdenum is an effective element to stabilize the beta phase , as well as providing for grain refinement of the microstructure . if molybdenum is less than 0 . 3 %, its desired effects will not be obtained . likewise , if molybdenum is higher than 1 . 8 %, machinability will be degraded . oxygen is a strengthening element in titanium and its alloys . if oxygen is lower than 0 . 12 %, sufficient strength will not be obtained , and if oxygen is higher than 0 . 25 %, brittleness will occur and machinability will be deteriorated . ten 8 inch diameter ingots including ti - 6al - 4v were made with double var ( vacuum arc remelting ) methods in a laboratory scale . the chemical compositions of these ingots are shown in table 1 . in the table , alloys a , b , c and e are invented alloys . alloys d and f through j are controlled alloys . alloy j is ti - 6al - 4v , which is the most common alpha - beta alloy . these ingots were forged and rolled to ¾ ″ square bars or ¾ ″ thick plates with alpha - beta processing . a part of the materials was mill annealed at 1300f for 1 hour followed by air cooling in order to examine basic characteristics of each alloy . in addition , solution treatment and aging ( sta ) was carried out for each bar , and then mechanical properties were evaluated to examine the hardenability of the alloys . table 2 shows tensile properties of the alloys after mill anneal . alloys a , b , c and e show equivalent strength ( uts or 0 . 2 % ps ) to ti - 6al - 4v . ductility ( ei and ra ) of a , b , c and e are better than that of ti - 6al - 4v . table 3 shows tensile properties of experimental alloys after sta together with ti - 6al - 4v . alloys a , b and c show higher strength ( uts or 0 . 2 % ps ) than that of ti - 6al - 4v by at least 10 ksi . the higher strength after sta is due primarily to the improved hardenability by addition of mo and / or fe . however , if mo and / or fe content is too high , ductility becomes low as seen in alloys g , h , and i . mill annealed plates with the thickness of ¾ ″ were machined to ⅝ ″ thickness plates . drill test was performed on these plates in order to evaluate the machinability of the alloys . high speed steel drills ( aisi m42 ) were used for the test . the following are the conditions of the drill test . drill life was determined when the drill could not drill any holes due to the damage of its tip . the results of the drill tests are set forth in table 4 . relative drill index in table 4 is an average of 2 to 3 tests . the drill test was terminated when its relative index became higher than about 4 . 0 . the drill test indicated that the invention alloys possess significantly superior machinability than ti - 6al - 4v and other alloys outside of the chemical composition of the alloy of the present invention . inferior machinability of alloy f is due to high content of oxygen . a plate with a thickness of approximately 0 . 43 ″ was produced by alpha - beta processing starting from a laboratory 8 inch diameter ingot . this plate was mill annealed followed by pickling . a 50 - caliber fsp ( fragment simulating projectile ) was used as a projectile . a v 50 , which is a velocity of projectile that gives a 50 % chance of complete penetration , was determined for each plate and compared with the specification . the results are shown in table 5 . the δv 50 in the table indicates the difference of v 50 between measured value and specification . therefore , a positive number indicates superiority against the specification . as shown in the table , alloy k exhibits a superior ballistic property to ti - 6al - 4v . other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein . it is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only , with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims .

2Chemistry; Metallurgy

fig1 illustrates a scavenging medical hood 10 of the invention . as seen in fig1 a patient 12 , an infant , is undergoing respiratory therapy in conjunction with the hood 10 of the invention . the scavenging medical hood 10 can be broken down into several major components . these include a patient enclosure means or multi - sided hood 14 , a collar means or collar 16 attached to the hood 14 and a vacuum means consisting of vacuum tubing generally indicated with the numeral 18 and a vacuum and filter unit generally indicated at the numeral 20 . not shown in fig1 would be a suitable supply of respiratory breathing gas and a nebulizer for the introduction of an aerosolized medicinal agent into that respiratory gas . such units are common and are commercially available . a suitable respiratory gas containing an aerosolized medicinal agent is introduced into the hood 14 via a gas inlet conduit 22 . the hood 14 is composed of a top side 24 , a right side 26 , a left side 28 , a back side 30 , a front side 32 , and an open bottom side 34 ( see fig2 ). a bottom flange 36 extends around the periphery of the bottom side 34 . an air baffle means or baffle 38 is integrally formed with the front side 32 . the baffle 38 can be broken down into an arched shaped curving extensior 40 which has a flange 42 on its periphery distal from the wall 32 of the hood 14 . the hood 14 , including its component sides 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , and 32 ( excluding the open bottom side 34 , but including the bottom flange 36 ) as well as the baffle 38 are integrally formed from a single piece of material . particularly preferred for use to form the hood 14 is a clear , transparent polysulfone plastic . such material can be advantageously utilized within a hospital environment because it is impervious to detergents , can be disinfected with quaternary ammonium solutions , steam autoclaved ( to about 274 ° f .) or disinfected with ethylene oxide gas . located near the top of the back side 30 is a gas inlet port 44 which together with the conduit 22 comprise a gas inlet port means . this serves as a connection for the inlet conduit 22 to supply respiratory gas or a respiratory gas containing an aerosolized medicinal agent to the interior of the hood 14 . an arched insert 46 is sonic welded to the inside of a curving shoulder 48 at the juncture of the extension 40 to the front wall 32 . after sonic welding the arch insert 46 can thus be considered as being integral with the remainder of the hood 14 . the arch insert 46 includes an arch shaped patient opening 50 centrally located in the insert 46 . a plurality of stainless steel male snaps 52 are symmetrically located about the patient opening 50 . the patient collar 16 includes a like plurality of stainless steel female snaps 53 which engage and reversibly lock to the male snaps 52 . the patient collar 16 is preferably formed of a material sold under the trademark &# 34 ; gore - tex &# 34 ; available from w . l . gore and associates . this material is suitable to withstand the rigors of the above sterilization procedures noted for the hood 14 . additionally however , they are flexible and are compatible for skin contact with a patient . as is evident from fig2 once the insert 46 is sonic welded to the remainder of the hood 14 , the arch baffle 38 projects outwardly from the insert 46 with the flange 42 of the air baffle 38 projecting inwardly toward the patient opening 50 as seen in fig3 . with the hood 14 placed over the patient 12 the patient collar 16 is allowed to drape over the patient and contact , as for instance , the neck of the patient to form a gas seal which , while not perfectly gas tight , is a passive seal which tends to inhibit the gas flow adjacent to the body surface of the patient from the interior of the hood to the exterior . located on the left and right bottom edges of the insert 46 just outboard of the patient opening 50 are right and left gas outlets 54 and 56 respectively . the gas outlets 54 and 56 are positioned between the patient opening 50 and the arch baffle 38 . further , the gas outlet openings 54 and 56 are open to the ambient air . this is very important with respect to operation of the device . gas introduced within the interior of the hood 14 via the gas inlet port 44 is freely discharged from the interior of the hood 44 through the outlets 54 and 56 to the ambient air . gas flow through the hood 14 is therefore governed only by gas pressure at the inlet port 44 . the volume of gas discharged via the gas inlets 54 and 56 exactly equals volume of gas input to the hood 14 via the gas inlet port 44 . any fluctuation of the input flow rate via the inlet port 44 is automatically compensated by the gas outlet flow at the outlet orifices 54 and 56 . contrary to other prior attempts to scavenge exit gasses from respiratory hoods or tents there is no negative pressure at the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 . flow rates between the outlet orifices 54 and 56 and the inlet port 44 never have to be equalized , adjusted or compensated for . the scavenging medical hood 10 of the invention is therefore self regulating . operation personnel need only to set the flow rate of the inlet gas at the inlet port 44 in the manner they would normally use for a typical oxygen tent or oxygen hood . since the outlet orifices 54 and 56 are completely open to the ambient atmosphere external to the hood and are unencumbered in exhausting to the ambient atmosphere , they form an obstruction free gas passage between the interior of the enclosure and the ambient air exterior to the enclosure . further , the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 also serve as safety orifices for allowing for introduction of respiratory air to the interior of the hood 14 should the flow of respiratory gasses via the conduit 22 be blocked or in any other way be inhibited . thus , having the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 open to ambient air at ambient air pressure additionally serves as a further safety measure for the scavenging medical hood 10 of the invention . the hood 10 rests on a suitable surface , as for instance , crib surface 58 of fig1 to seal the open bottom side 34 of the hood 14 . before positioning of the device 10 over a patient the patient opening 50 is contiguous with the open bottom of this hood . positioning of the hood 14 over a patient resting on the surface 58 concurrently essentially seals the hood to the surface 58 and the patient . the seal formed between the bottom flange 36 and the surface 58 in conjunction with the seal between the collar 16 and the patient 12 is suitably formed simply and maintained by the pressure exerted by the mass of the hood 14 and the adherence of the collar 16 to the neck and / or trunk of the patient 12 . since the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 are completely open to atmospheric pressure little or no gas and aerosolized medicinal agent contained therein will escape around the bottom flange 36 or the patient collar 16 . the path of least resistance formed by directly venting the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 to the ambient air therefore further insures that residual aerosolized medicinal agent contained within the gas introduced into the hood 14 will exit via the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 and will not be forced under pressure underneath the bottom flange 36 or around the seal of the collar 16 to the patient 12 . located just external of and at a right angle to the right and left outlet orifices 54 and 56 are right and left vacuum ports 60 and 62 . each of the vacuum ports 60 and 62 includes a vacuum orifice collectively identified by the numeral 64 as , for instance seen in fig2 . the vacuum tubing 18 is split via a tee joint 66 such that it connects to both of the vacuum ports 60 and 62 . from the tubing tee 66 the vacuum tubing 18 leads to the vacuum and filter unit 20 . as seen in fig4 the vacuum and filter unit 20 includes an input port 68 integrally formed as part of a top 70 of a filter unit 72 . the filter unit 72 is formed from a glass fiber which is fan folded in radially extending flutes forming a multi pointed star pattern . this is connected using an appropriate glue to the top 70 as well as to a filter bottom plate 74 . the filter 72 rests inside the outer housing 76 of the vacuum unit directly over an interior baffle 78 having an opening in its center . the opening in the baffle 78 is directly over a vacuum impeller 80 connected to electric motor 82 . operation of the electric motor spins the impeller 80 creating a vacuum in the opening within the baffle 78 . this vacuum in turn pulls gas through the filter unit 72 from the input port 68 . vacuum is thus created at input port 68 which is transferred via the tubing 18 to the vacuum ports 60 and 62 on the hood 14 . upon application of vacuum to the orifices 64 in the vacuum ports 60 and 62 they draw or aspirate gas in to them . since these orifices are located in direct association with the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 leading to the interior of the hood 44 and are oriented at an angle to the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 , any gas and residual aerosolized medicinal agent contained therein which is expelled out of the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 is aspirated into the gas flow flowing into the gas ports 60 and 62 . from there any residual aerosolized medicinal agent is conducted downstream to the vacuum filter 72 . the vacuum ports 60 and 62 like the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 are open to the ambient air . because of this ambient air is incorporated into the aspirate gas which is aspirated into the vacuum ports 60 and 62 along with exhaust gas from the outlet orifices 54 and 56 and any residual medicinal agent located therein . the volume of flow of gas aspirated through the vacuum unit 20 is selected to be greater than the volume of flow of respiratory gas introduced via the conduit 22 and the inlet port 44 to the interior of the hood 14 . this insures that a sufficient volume of gas is aspirated into the vacuum filter unit 20 which exceeds any volume of gas which is exited to the ambient at the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 . typically the volume of gas aspirated into the vacuum and filter unit 20 would be a large multiple of the volume of gas which is output at the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 . for a scavenging medical unit 10 for use with infants as is shown in fig1 the volume of the aspirated gas vacuumed through the filter 72 would be selected to be at least ten times greater , preferably 12 to 15 times greater , than the volume of gas introduced into the hood 14 and thus discharged out of the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 . typically medical personnel may adjust the gas flow at the inlet port 44 of the device 10 to be about 15 liters per minute . use of a 185 liters per minute vacuum and filter unit 20 would thus insure at least 12 volumes of ambient air would be aspirated across the gas inlet orifices 54 and 56 to each volume of outlet gas which is expelled from the gas orifices 54 and 56 . this insures that all gas and any residual medicinal agent contained therein which is expelled out of the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 is incorporated into the gas stream which is aspirated through the filter 72 . typically medicinal agents are nebulized into suitable gas such that particle sizes of about 1 to 2 microns of the medicinal agent are suspended in the respiratory gas . gas filter elements suitable for the filter 72 are commercially available which are designed for filtering particles sizes of from 0 . 5 microns to 20 microns . such a filter is thus easily suitable for filtration of residual medicinal agent in particle sizes typically output by a typical commercial nebulizer . as particles are swept through the filter 22 they impact on the glass fibers of the filter impaling themselves thereon and thus are removed from the gas stream which is aspirated through the filter . gas exhausted at exhaust ports 84 of the filter 20 has thus been cleansed of any residual medicinal agent which was expelled from the hood 14 via the outlet orifices 54 and 56 . the filter is fabricated of disposable material . residual medicinal agent collected on the filter is conveniently and safely disposed of with the filter . since there is an overwhelming ratio of the aspirate gas flow through the vacuum and filter unit 20 compared to the outlet at the outlet orifices 54 and 56 , medical personnel are free to choose a variety of flow rates for respiratory gasses introduced into the interior of the hood 14 while still maintaining a high degree of safety and insure that any residual medicinal agent not utilized by the patient within the hood 14 is safely removed from the exhaust respiratory gasses which are aspirated at the outlet orifices 54 and 56 . other filtering membranes , as for instance , a hepa filter medium could be used for the medium for the filter 72 if desired . however , for purging of aerosolized medicinal agents a typical commercial glass filter is normally sufficient in removing such agents from the gas stream aspirated through the filter . fig6 shows a clip which is utilized to maintain the two arms of the tubing 18 adjacent to the sides 26 and 28 of the hood 14 during operation of the device 10 . a u shaped bracket 86 is sonic welded to the side panels 26 and 28 of the hood 14 . the bracket 86 is sized and shaped to accept a locking arm 88 of clip 90 . the locking arm 88 fits within the bracket 86 to fix the clip 90 to the hood 14 . the tubing 18 can then be wedged under slight pressure into the clip 90 to maintain the tube 18 neatly tucked to the sides of the hood 14 . fig5 illustrates a port through the walls of the hood 14 allowing for the introduction of tubes , wires and the like of other medical devices which might be desirable to use inside the hood 14 such devices might be oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration probes , temperature probes and the like . a square sided raised section 92 is formed in the bottom flange 36 on both the left and right side of the hood 14 . the material corresponding to the left and right sides 26 and 28 is absent in the center of the raised sections 92 . this forms two tunnels generally indicated by the numeral 94 through the bottoms of the right and left sides 26 and 28 . a small opening 96 is formed on the top of the raised section 92 . a silicone rubber sleeve 98 having a detent 100 on its bottom center fits over the raised section 92 with the detent 100 locking into the opening 96 . the back wall 102 of the sleeve 98 seals the tunnel 94 against ingress or egress of gas whether it be respiratory gas out of the device 10 or ambient air into the device 10 . the sleeve 98 is formed of a material as , for instance , a very flexible silicone rubber allowing it to deform slightly to allow for positioning of tubes , wires or the like through the tunnels 94 . the back wall 102 of the sleeve 98 deforms over such tubes or wires , however , this deformation is limited to simply that sufficient to allow for passage of the tube or wire through the tunnel 94 . alternately , the user of the hood 10 can cut a slit in the wall 102 and pass the tube or wire through the slit . since the hood 14 rests over the patient on the surface 58 it can easily be placed over or removed from the patient by simply lifting up of the same . it is preferable , at least for infants , to size the hood 14 such that it fits over the head , neck and possibly portions of the upper trunk of the patient . this allows for easy access to the lower trunk area of the patient for diaper changing and the like . the scavenging medical hood 10 of the invention is distinguished from prior known devices since all gasses from the interior of the hood 14 are expelled only to the ambient air and driven only by the pressure differential between the gas inlet pressure and the ambient pressure . in the device 10 no direct vacuum linkages to the interior of the hood 14 are necessary and consequently no adjustment of vacuum gas flows nor equalization of gas flows need be effected by the medical personnel utilizing the scavenging medical hood 10 of the invention . further , when aerosolized medication is not being delivered the scavenging hood 10 of the invention can be utilized as a conventional oxygen delivery hood . in such instance it may or may not be desirable to concurrently utilize the vacuum and filter unit 20 . when the vacuum and filter unit 20 are being utilized to scavenge residual aerosolized medicinal agent , the air baffle 38 serves to passivate air currents in the ambient air proximal to both the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 and the patient opening 50 . this increases the efficiency of aspiration of residual aerosolized medicinal agent contained in the gas discharged from the outlet orifices 54 and 56 or around an imperfect seal formed between the collar 16 and the patient 12 . by locating the vacuum ports 60 and 62 at an angle to the outlet orifices 54 and 56 aspirate efficiency is achieved . thus the flow of gas aspirated into the vacuum ports 60 and 62 is specifically drawn across the surfaces of the gas outlet orifices 54 and 56 to insure that all gas and any residual medicinal agent contained therein expelled from the hood 14 through the outlet orifices 54 and 56 is incorporated into the aspirate gas aspirated into the vacuum and filter unit 20 .

0Human Necessities

depicted in fig7 is a first embodiment of the invention according to which the bias circuit comprises a transistor m10 acting as an equivalent resistor and whose drain is connected to the output 10 of the circuit and also to a capacitor c . the source of this transistor m10 is linked to a source 11 of a bias voltage v polref and also to the source of another transistor m11 . the gate of the transistor m10 is connected both to that of the transistor m11 and to the drain of the latter . the transistor m10 conducts a current i and engenders a voltage drop δu between its source and drain terminals . the bias circuit also comprises a current source 12 sinking a bias current i pol into the transistor m11 . according to the invention , the circuit comprises means making it possible to impose the amplitude and shape of the ac voltage of the signal to be biased on at least one of the nodes of the circuit , or in other words to modulate the current i passing through the transistor m10 . in the circuit of fig7 these means are formed by a capacitive voltage divider 13 comprising two capacitors c1 and c2 in series . this divider is linked between the earth 14 of the circuit and its input 15 to which the ac voltage to be biased is applied . the node between the capacitors c1 and c2 is connected to the node between the current source 12 and the transistor m11 . according to a variant of this circuit , the capacitor c ( referenced ca and represented dashed in fig7 ), can be connected between the input terminal and the divider 13 , rather than between this divider and the output terminal 10 . in this case , the point common to the capacitor ca and to the capacitor c1 is connected to the terminal 10 . in the circuit just described , the ac voltages of all the nodes are fixed by the capacitances of the capacitors of the voltage divider 13 and especially that of the gate of the transistor m10 . these voltages are therefore not influenced by the conductances of the various components , such as those of the transistors m10 and m11 . thus , it is possible to use very weak dc bias currents creating likewise very weak conductances in the active elements . these components therefore only very lightly load not only dc but also ac voltage sources . by thus modulating the gate of the transistor m10 at the same time as its drain , a transfer characteristic of the transistor m10 is obtained , the shape of which results from fig8 . it can be seen that , as compared with the characteristic of fig4 this curve takes a dynamic form with very good symmetry in relation to the axes . it should be noted that in this respect there is no need to consider the capacitive components of the current i , since these are zero on average and are therefore not involved in developing the mean dc voltages . another noteworthy property of the circuit according to the invention consists in that , contrary to the prior art circuits described above , the proper operation of the circuit can be guaranteed upwards of a certain minimum frequency . the choice between the circuit configuration using the capacitor c and that using the capacitor ca depends on the stray capacitances associated with the functional capacitances of the circuit , on the relative magnitudes of these capacitances , on the allowable loads at the input 15 and at the output 10 and on the decay which can be tolerated at the level of the output 10 . the ratio of the voltage divider 13 can be chosen on the basis of requirements . advantageously , by using a network of capacitors in the integrated circuit , this ratio can be made adjustable by conventional programing techniques . consequently , the function d umean = f ( u ac ) becomes programable . the bias circuit according to the embodiment of the invention represented in fig9 is of the differential type . in this case , the circuit comprises a pair of n - type transistors m12 and m13 and another pair of p - type transistors m14 and m15 , the transistor m12 forming the equivalent resistor r . the current source 12 delivering the current i pol is connected to the sources of the transistors m12 and m13 , to which the middle point of the capacitive divider 13 is likewise linked . the source 11 of reference voltage v polref is connected to the gate of the transistor m13 . the two transistors m14 and m15 are connected respectively in series with the transistors m12 and m13 . the node between the transistors m12 and m14 constitutes the output terminal 10 of the circuit , whereas this output terminal is linked to the input terminal 15 by way of the capacitor c . the circuit of fig9 has the advantage of requiring a weaker supply voltage than in the case of fig7 for the same voltage v polref . the circuit of fig1 is a variant of the circuit of fig7 in which the node 16 between the transistors m10 and m11 is joined to the drain of a third transistor m16 which is also connected to the middle point of the voltage divider 13 . moreover , this transistor m16 is connected in series with the transistor m11 . this series arrangement is connected in parallel with a capacitor c4 . in this case , the bias voltage v polref is &# 34 ; implicit &# 34 ; and close to the threshold voltage of the n mos transistors . the bias circuit according to the embodiment of fig1 includes a current mirror composed of the transistors m17 and m18 . the transistor m19 acts as an equivalent resistor . the node between the transistors m18 and m19 is here connected to the middle point of the voltage divider 13 . each of the branches of the circuit comprises a current source , 17 and 18 resp . the current in the transistor m19 is determined by the current source i p1 . the current mirror serves to maintain the mean dc potential of the node 13 at a value close to zero . the bias circuit according to the embodiment of fig1 comprises a transistor m20 acting as an equivalent resistor and two other transistors m21 a m22 linked in series and whose gates form a common node 19 which is earthed via a capacitor c6 . this node 19 is also connected to a first current source 20 sinking into the series arrangement of the transistors m21 and m22 . the node 21 between the respective drain and respective source of the transistors m21 and m22 is linked to the middle point of the capacitive divider 13 . a second current source 23 sinks into the transistor m20 . fig1 shows another embodiment of the bias circuit in the context of its use in a quartz oscillator . this arrangement includes a quartz 23 connected to a transistor m23 . this arrangement likewise comprises a transistor m24 acting as an equivalent resistor . the gate of this transistor m24 is connected to the middle point of the capacitive divider 13 and also to a bias node 24 which is the junction point between a current source 25 and two bias transistors m25 and m26 which are arranged in series . the gate of the transistor m23 is connected to a node 26a situated between the capacitors c and c1 . this node is at a voltage which is in phase opposition with respect to the node 26b between the transistors m23 and m24 . moreover , capacitors c7 , c8 and c9 are connected between earth and the respective nodes 15 , 25 and 10 . by virtue of the invention , it is therefore possible to impose , with good accuracy , the value of the dc component of an ac voltage or of a difference of ac voltages , without having to use ohmic resistors for this purpose . for a given amplitude of the input voltage , the value of the equivalent resistor created in the circuits according to the invention can be determined by a current or a voltage . the bias circuit according to the invention can operate with very weak dc currents . by appropriately dimensioning the transistors of the circuit , it is possible to minimize the ohmic losses due to the real part of the admittance seen by the input voltage at the working frequency . this property is particularly attractive in the circuit of fig1 and more generally in quartz oscillators in which the losses may be particularly troublesome from the standpoint of consumption and frequency stability . given that , in the circuit according to the invention , the presence of an ohmic resistor of high value is avoided , a saving of space is obtained in the integrated circuit which is all the larger the smaller the resistivity in the circuit . furthermore , it has been possible to observe that the overall capacitance to earth of the circuit according to the invention , incorporated into an integrated circuit , can be smaller than the stray capacitance of a circuit which uses an ohmic resistor made in a resistive layer . it has also been seen that the shape of the transfer curve of the active component forming the equivalent resistor can be programed by appropriately modifying the values of the capacitances of the capacitive divider 13 . furthermore , the slope of this characteristic is hardly dependent on the currents present in the components of the arrangement . finally , the circuit has favourable behaviour in terms of frequency , since the offset in the dc level of the output voltage is independent of frequency in as much as the latter exceeds a predetermined lower limit .

7Electricity

in accordance with this invention , a novel substance is described , which is prepared by growing under controlled conditions , with , as a substrate avermectin bla , avermectin blb or 22 , 23 - dihydro avermectin bla , a known strain of microorganism , nocardia autotrophica sub . sp . canberrica ma - 6181 . the compounds are obtained by fermentation and recovered in substantially pure form as described herein . the culture designated ma - 6181 is in the culture collection of merck & amp ; co ., inc ., rahway , n . j . a sample of this culture , capable of producing the herein described compound , is available in the permanent culture collection of the american type culture collection at 12301 parklawn drive , rockville , md . 20852 , and has been assigned the accession number atcc 35203 . the instant compounds are produced from avermectin bla , avermectin blb or 22 , 23 - dihydro avermectin bla during the aerobic fermentation of suitable aqueous nutrient media under conditions described hereinafter , with a strain of nocardia autotrophica ma - 6181 . aqueous media such as those used for the production of many antibiotic substances are suitable for use in this process for the production of these macrocyclic compounds . such nutrient media contain sources of carbon and nitrogen assimilable by the microorganism and generally low levels of inorganic salts . in addition , the fermentation media may contain traces of metals necessary for the growth of the microorganisms , and production of the desired compounds . these are usually present in sufficient concentrations in the complex sources of carbon and nitrogen , which may be used as nutrient sources , but can , of course , be added separately to the medium if desired . in general , carbohydrates such as sugars , for example dextrose , sucrose , maltose , lactose , dextran , cerelose , corn meal , oat flour , and the like , and starches are suitable sources of assimilable carbon in the nutrient media . the exact quantity of the carbon source which is utilized in the medium will depend , in part , upon the other ingredients in the medium , but it is usually found that an amount of carbohydrate between 0 . 5 and 5 % by weight of the medium is satisfactory . these carbon sources can be used individually or several such carbon sources may be combined in the same medium . various nitrogen sources such as yeast hydrolysates , yeast autolysates , yeast cells , tomato paste , corn meal , oat flour , soybean meal , casein hydrolysates , yeast extracts , corn steep liquors , distillers solubles , cottonseed meal , meat extract and the like , are readily assimilable by nocardia autotrophica ma - 6181 in the production of the instant compounds . the various sources of nitrogen can be used alone or in combination in amounts ranging from 0 . 2 to 6 % by weight of the medium . among the nutrient inorganic salts , which can be incorporated in the culture media are the customary salts capable of yielding sodium , potassium , magnesium , ammonium , calcium , phosphate , sulfate , chloride , carbonate , and like ions . also included are trace metals such as cobalt , manganese , and the like . it should be noted that the media described hereinbelow and in the examples are merely illustrative of the wide variety of media , which may be employed , and not intended to be limitative . the following are examples of media suitable for growing strains of nocardia autotrophica ma - 6181 . ______________________________________dextrose 1 . 0 gdextrin ( fisher ) 10 . 0 gbeef extract ( difco ) 3 . 0 gyeast autolysate ( ardamine ph , 5 . 0 gyeast prod . ) nz amine type e ( sheffield ) 5 . 0 gmgso . sub . 4 . 7h . sub . 2 o 0 . 05 gphosphate buffer 2 mlcaco . sub . 3 0 . 5 gdh . sub . 2 o 1000 mlph 7 . 0 - 7 . 2______________________________________phosphate buffer : kh . sub . 2 po . sub . 4 91 . 0 g na . sub . 2 hpo . sub . 4 95 . 0 g dh . sub . 2 o 1000 mlph 7 . 0______________________________________ ______________________________________yeast extract ( difco ) 4 . 0 gmalt extract ( difco ) 10 . 0 gdextrose 4 . 0 gdh . sub . 2 o 1000 mlagar 20 gph 7 . 2______________________________________ ______________________________________basal______________________________________sucrose 103 gk . sub . 2 so . sub . 4 0 . 25 gglucose 10 gl - asparagine 1 . 8 gcasamino acids ( difco ) 0 . 1 gmgcl . sub . 2 . 6h . sub . 2 o 10 . 12 gtrace element mix a 2 mldh . sub . 2 o to 700 mlagar 22 . 0 g______________________________________post - sterilization additions , per 700 ml basal : ______________________________________100 ml of cacl . sub . 2 solution ( 29 . 5 g / 1000 ml dh . sub . 2 o ) 100 ml of kh . sub . 2 po . sub . 4 solution ( 0 . 5 g / 1000 ml dh . sub . 2 o ) 100 ml of tes solution ( 0 . 3 g tris hcl + 0 . 1 g edta + 0 . 14 g nacl in 1000 ml dh . sub . 2 o , adjust to ph 8 . 0 ) ______________________________________trace element mix a composition : ______________________________________fe ( so . sub . 4 ). sub . 3 . 7h . sub . 2 o 250 mgmncl . sub . 2 . 4h . sub . 2 o 500 mgcucl . sub . 2 . 2h . sub . 2 o 25 mgcacl . sub . 2 . 2h . sub . 2 o 1000 mgh . sub . 3 bo . sub . 3 50 mg ( nh . sub . 4 ). sub . 6 mo . sub . 7 o . sub . 24 . 4h . sub . 2 o 20 mgznso . sub . 4 . 7h . sub . 2 o 100 mgco ( no . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 . 6h . sub . 2 o 20 mg0 . 1 n hcl 1000 ml______________________________________ ______________________________________dextrin ( fisher ) 40 gdistillers solubles ( grain processing 7 gcorp . ) yeast extract ( oxoid ) 5 gcocl . sub . 2 . 6h . sub . 2 o 50 mgdh . sub . 2 o 1000 mlph 7 . 3______________________________________ ______________________________________dextrose 45 gpeptonized milk ( sheffield ) 24 gardamine ph ( yeast products , inc .) 2 . 5 gpolyglycol 2000 ( dow ) 2 . 5 mld / h . sub . 2 o 1000 mlph 7 . 0______________________________________ ______________________________________dextrose 2 . 0 % yeast extract ( difco ) 2 . 0casamino acids ( difco ) 2 . 0kno . sub . 3 0 . 2mgso . sub . 4 . 7h . sub . 2 o 0 . 05nacl 0 . 05feso . sub . 4 . 7h . sub . 2 o 0 . 0025cacl . sub . 2 . 2h . sub . 2 o 0 . 002znso . sub . 4 . 7h . sub . 2 o 0 . 001mnso . sub . 4 . h . sub . 2 o 0 . 0005d h . sub . 2 o 1000 mlph 7 . 0 with naoh______________________________________ ______________________________________dextrose 0 . 1 % soluble starch ( fisher ) 1 . 0beef extract ( difco ) 0 . 3yeast autolysate ( ardamine ph 0 . 5yeast products ) nz amine type e ( sheffield ) 0 . 5mgso . sub . 4 . 7h . sub . 2 o 0 . 005kh . sub . 2 po . sub . 4 0 . 0182na . sub . 2 hpo . sub . 4 0 . 0190caco . sub . 3 * 0 . 05d h . sub . 2 o 1000 mlph 7 . 0 - 7 . 2 with naoh______________________________________ * added after ph adjustment the fermentation employing nocardia autotrophica ma - 6181 can be conducted at temperatures ranging from about 20 ° c . to about 40 ° c . for optimum results , it is most convenient to conduct these fermentations at a temperature in the range of from about 24 ° c . to about 30 ° c . temperatures of about 27 °- 28 ° c . are most preferred . the ph of the nutrient medium suitable for producing the instant compounds can vary from about 5 . 0 to 8 . 5 with a preferred range of from about 6 . 0 to 7 . 5 . small scale fermentations are conveniently carried out by placing suitable quantities of nutrient media in a flask employing known sterile techniques , inoculating the flask with either spores or vegetative cellular growth of nocardia autotrophica ma - 6181 loosely stoppering the flask with cotton and permitting the fermentation to proceed in a constant temperature room of about 28 ° c . on a rotary shaker at from 95 to 300 rpm for about 2 to 10 days . for larger scale work , it is preferable to conduct the fermentation in suitable tanks provided with an agitator and a means of aerating the fermentation medium . the nutrient medium is made up in the tank and after sterilization is inoculated with a source of vegetative cellular growth of nocardia autotrophica ma - 6181 . the fermentation is allowed to continue for from 1 to 8 days while agitating and / or aerating the nutrient medium at a temperature in the range of from about 24 ° to 37 ° c . the degree of aeration is dependent upon several factors such as the size of the fermentor , agitation speed , and the like . generally the larger scale fermentations are agitated at about 95 to 500 rpm and about 2 to 20 cubic feet per minute ( cfm ) of air . the separation of the novel compounds from the whole fermentation broth and the recovery of said compounds is carried out by solvent extraction and application of chromatographic fractionations with various chromatographic techniques and solvent systems . the instant compounds have slight solubility in water , but are soluble in organic solvents . this property may be conveniently employed to recover the compounds from the fermentation broth . thus , in one recovery method , the whole fermentation broth is combined with approximately an equal volume of an organic solvent . while any organic solvent may be employed , it is preferable to use a water immiscible solvent such as ethyl acetate , methylene chloride , chloroform and the like . generally several extractions are desirable to achieve maximum recovery . the solvent removes the instant compounds as well as other substances lacking the antiparasitic activity of the instant compounds . if the solvent is a water immiscible one , the layers are separated and the organic solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure . if the solvent is water miscible , it can be extracted with a water immiscible solvent to separate the entrained water . this solvent can then be concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue is placed onto a chromatography column containing preferably , silica gel . the column retains the desired products and some impurities , but lets many of the impurities , particularly the nonpolar impurities , pass through . the column is washed with a moderately polar organic solvent such as methylene chloride or chloroform to further remove impurities , and is then washed with a mixture of methylene chloride or chloroform and an organic solvent of which acetone , ethyl acetate , methanol , and ethanol and the like are preferred . the solvent is evaporated and the residue further chromatographed using column chromatography , thin layer chromatography , preparative layer chromatography , high pressure liquid chromatography preferably reverse phase , and the like , with silica gel , aluminum oxide , dextran gels and the like , as the chromatographic medium , with various solvents and combinations of solvents as the eluent . thin layer , high pressure , liquid and preparative layer chromatography may be employed to detect the presence of , and to isolate the instant compound . the use of the foregoing techniques as well as others known to those skilled in the art , will afford purified compositions containing the instant compound . the presence of the desired compound is determined by analyzing the various chromatographic fractions for biological activity against selected parasites , or physicochemical characteristics . the structure of the instant compounds has been determined by detailed analysis of the various spectral characteristics of the compounds , in particular their nuclear magnetic resonance , mass , ultraviolet and infrared spectra . fig1 and 3 attached hereto are the nuclear magnetic spectra of the compounds obtained in the instant invention identified below as compounds a , b and c respectively . based on these experimental data , the instant compounds are believed to have the following structural formula based upon the immediately preceding analytical data : the compounds are assigned the names : ( a ) 27 - hydroxy - 22 , 23 - dihydro avermectin bla ; ( b ) 27 - hydroxy avermectin bla ; and ( c ) 26 hydroxy avermectin blb . ______________________________________hr - ms found calculated for assignment______________________________________a 890 . 5023 890 . 5028 c . sub . 48 h . sub . 74 o . sub . 15 m . sup .+ b 870 . 4767 870 . 4766 c . sub . 48 h . sub . 70 o . sub . 14 m . sup .+ c 856 . 4606 856 . 4609 c . sub . 47 h . sub . 68 o . sub . 14 m . sup .+ ______________________________________ the structure is as follows : ## str1 ## wherein r 1 , r 2 , r 3 and the broken line at the 22 , 23 - positions have the following meanings : a -- r 1 = h , r 2 = oh , r 3 = ch 3 , 22 , 23 - single bond b -- r 1 = h , r 2 = oh , r 3 = ch 3 , 22 , 23 - double bond the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum for these compounds are found in the attached fig1 - 3 respectively and were originally recorded in cdcl 3 at ambient temperature on a varian xl - 400 nmr spectrometer . chemical shifts are shown in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane as an internal standard at zero ppm . the novel compounds of this invention have significant parasiticidal activity as an anthelmintic , insecticide and acaricide , in human and animal health and in agriculture . the disease or group of diseases described generally as helminthiasis is due to infection of an animal host with parasitic worms known as helminths . helminthiasis is a prevalent and serious economic problem in domesticated animals such as swine , sheep , horses , cattle , goats , dogs , cats and poultry . among the helminths , the group of worms described as nematodes causes widespread and often times serious infection in various species of animals . the most common genera of nematodes infecting the animals referred to above are haemonchus , trichostrongylus , ostertagia , nematodirus , cooperia , ascaris , bunostomum , oesophagostomum , chabertia , trichuris , strongylus , trichonema , dictyocaulus , capillaria , heterakis , toxocara , ascaridia , oxyuris , ancylostoma , uncinaria , toxascaris and parascaris . certain of these , such as nematodirus , cooperia , and oesophagostomum attack primarily the intestinal tract while others , such as haemonchus and ostertagia , are more prevalent in the stomach while other such as dictyocaulus are found in the lungs . still other parasites may be located in other tissues and organs of the body such as the heart and blood vessels , subcutaneous and lymphatic tissue and the like . the parasitic infections known as helminthiasis lead to anemia , malnutrition , weakness , weight loss , severe damage to the walls of the intestinal tract and other tissues and organs and , if left untreated , may result in death of the infected host . the compounds of this invention have unexpectedly high activity against these parasites , and in addition are also active against dirofilaria in dogs , nematospiroides , syphacia , aspiculuris in rodents , arthropod ectoparasites of animals and birds such as ticks , mites , lice , fleas , blowfly , in sheep lucilia sp ., biting insects and such migrating dipterous larvae as hypoderma sp . in cattle , gastrophilus in horses , and cuterebra sp . in rodents . the instant compounds are also useful against parasites which infect humans . the most common genera of parasites of the gastro - intestinal tract of parasites of man are ancylostoma , necator , ascaris , strongyloides , trichinella , capillaria , trichuris , and enterobius . other medically important genera of parasites which are found in th blood or other tissues and organs outside the gastro - intestinal tract are the filiarial worms such as wuchereria , brugia , onchocerca and loa , dracunculus and extra intestinal stages of the intestinal worms strongyloides and trichinella . the compounds are also of value against arthropods parasitizing man , biting insects and other dipterous pests causing annoyance to man . the compounds are also active against household pests such as the cockroach , blatella sp ., clothes moth , tineola sp ., carpet beetle , attagenus sp . and the housefly musca domestica . the compounds are also useful against insect pests of stored grains such as tribolium sp ., tenebrio sp . and of agricultural plants such as spider mites , ( tetranychus sp . ), aphids ( acyrthiosiphon migratory orthopterans such as locusts and immature stages of insects living on plant tissue . the compounds are useful as a nematocide for the control of soil nematodes and plant parasites such as meloidogyne spp . which may be of importance in agriculture . these compounds may be administered orally in a unit dosage form such as a capsule , bolus or tablet , or as a liquid drench where used as an anthelmintic in mammals . the drench is normally a solution , suspension or dispersion of the active ingredient usually in water together with a suspending agent such as bentonite and a wetting agent or like excipient . generally , the drenches also contain an antifoaming agent . drench formulations generally contain from about 0 . 001 to 0 . 5 % by weight of the active compound . preferred drench formulations may contain from 0 . 01 to 0 . 1 % by weight . the capsules and boluses comprise the active ingredient admixed with a carrier vehicle such as starch , talc , magnesium stearate , or dicalcium phosphate . where it is desired to administer the instant compounds in a dry , solid unit dosage form , capsules , boluses or tablets containing the desired amount of active compound usually are employed . these dosage forms are prepared by intimately and uniformly mixing the active ingredient with suitable finely divided diluents , fillers , disintegrating agents and / or binders such as starch , lactose , talc , magnesium stearate , vegetable gums and the like . such unit dosage formulations may be varied widely with respect to their total weight and content of the antiparasitic agent depending upon factors such as the type of host animal to be treated , the severity and type of infection and the weight of the host . when the active compounds are to be administered via an animal feedstuff , they are intimately dispersed in the feed or used as a top dressing or in the form of pellets which may then be added to the finished feed or optionally fed separately . alternatively , the antiparasitic compounds of our invention may be administered to animals parenterally , for example , by intraruminal , intramuscular , intratracheal , or subcutaneous injection in which event the active ingredient is dissolved or dispersed in a liquid carrier vehicle . for parenteral administration , the active material is suitably admixed with an acceptable vehicle , preferably of the vegetable oil variety such as peanut oil , cotton seed oil and the like . other parenteral vehicles such as organic preparations using solketal , glycerol , formal and aqueous parenteral formulations are also used . the active compounds are dissolved or suspended in the parenteral formulation for administration ; such formulations generally contain from 0 . 005 to 5 % by weight of the active compound . although the antiparasitic agents of this invention finds its primary use in the treatment and / or prevention of helminthiasis , it is also useful in the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by other parasites , for example , arthropod parasites such as ticks , lice , fleas , mites and other biting insects in domesticated animals and poultry . they are also effective in treatment of parasitic diseases that occur in other animals including humans . the optimum amount to be employed for best results will , of course , depend upon the species of animal to be treated and the type and severity of parasitic infection or infestation . generally , good results are obtained with our novel compounds by the oral administration of from about 0 . 001 to 10 mg per kg of animal body weight , such total dose being given at one time or in divided doses over a relatively short period of time such as 1 - 5 days . with the preferred compounds of the invention , excellent control of such parasites is obtained in animals by administering from about 0 . 025 to 0 . 5 mg per kg of body weight in a single dose . repeat treatments are given as required to combat re - infections and are dependent upon the species of parasite and the husbandry techniques being employed . the techniques for administering these materials to animals are known to those skilled in the veterinary field . when the compounds described herein is administered as a component of the feed of the animals , or dissolved or suspended in the drinking water , compositions are provided in which the active compound is intimately dispersed in an inert carrier or diluent . by inert carrier is meant one that will not react with the antiparasitic agent and one that may be administered safely to animals . preferably , a carrier for feed administration is one that is , or may be , an ingredient of the animal ration . suitable compositions include feed premixes or supplements in which the active ingredient is present in relatively large amounts and which are suitable for direct feeding to the animal or for addition to the feed either directly or after an intermediate dilution or blending step . typical carriers or diluents suitable for such compositions include , for example , distillers &# 39 ; dried grains , corn meal , citrus meal , fermentation residues , ground oyster shells , wheat shorts , molasses solubles , corn cob meal , edible bean mill feed , soya grits , crushed limestone and the like . the active compound is intimately dispersed throughout the carrier by methods such as grinding , stirring , milling or tumbling . compositions containing from about 0 . 005 to 2 . 0 % by weight of the active compound are particularly suitable as feed premixes . feed supplements , which are fed directly to the animal , contain from about 0 . 0002 to 0 . 3 % by weight of the active compounds . such supplements are added to the animal feed in an amount to give the finished feed the concentration of active compound desired for the treatment and control of parasitic diseases . although the desired concentration of active compound will vary depending upon the factors previously mentioned , the compounds of this invention are usually fed at concentrations of between 0 . 00001 to 0 . 002 % in the feed in order to achieve the desired anti - parasitic result . in addition , where the instant compound is to be added to an animal &# 39 ; s feed , it is possible to utilize the dried mycelial cake from the fermentation broth . the mycelia contain a preponderance of the activity and since the level of the activity of the mycelia can be determined , it can be added directly to the animal &# 39 ; s feed . the compounds of this invention have a broad spectrum of activity against many internal parasites at low dosage levels and in many different animals . at levels of about 2 . 5 mg per kg of animal body weight , concentrated mixtures of the instant compounds are fully active in sheep against haemonchus contortus , ostertagia circumcincta , trichostrongylus axei , trichostrongylus colubriformis , cooperia spp ., and oesophagostomum columbianum . similarly in cattle at dosages as low as 0 . 043 mg / kg the instant compounds are fully active against ostertagia ostertage , trichostrongylus axei , trichostrongylus colubriformis , oesophagostomum radiatum and dictyocaulus viviparus . in addition , horses infected with bots ( gastrophilus intestinalis and gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis ), large and small strongylus and oxyuris are successfully treated with 10 mg / kg ( about 1 % active compound by weight ) of a mixed concentrate of the instant compounds , and dogs infected with the microfilarial stage of heartworm ( dirofilaria immitis ) are successfully treated with a single oral dose at 10 mg / kg ( about 1 % active compound by weight ) of a concentrate of the instant compound . in rodents , such as mice , infections of syphacia , nematospiroides and aspiculuris are successfully treated by the oral administration of the instant compound or of the concentrate obtained from the extraction of the mycelia . the compounds of this invention are also useful in combatting agricultural pests that inflict damage upon crops while they are growing or while in storage . the compounds are applied using known techniques as sprays , dusts , emulsions and the like , to the growing or stored crops to effect protection from such agricultural pests . the anthelmintic activity of the instant compounds may be determined by orally administering via the feed , a sample of the individual compound , a concentrated extract , and the like to a mouse which had been infected 3 days earlier with nematospiroides dubius . at 11 , 12 and 13 days afer the initiation of the medication , the feces of the mouse are examined for n . dubius eggs , and on the next day the mouse is sacrificed and the number of worms present in the proximal portion of the small intestine are determined . an active compound is observed when there is a significant reduction of egg and worm counts when compared to infected , unmedicated controls . the following examples are being provided in order that the instant invention may be more fully understood . such examples are not to be construed as being limitative of the invention . ______________________________________media : g / l______________________________________seed medium adextrose 4 . 0 gnutrient broth 4 . 0 gyeast extract 4 . 0 gmalt extract 10 . 0 g1000 ml distilled h . sub . 2 o ph 7 . 3slant medium bmedium a plus agar 20 . 0 gtransformation medium csame as medium a , plus 0 . 25 gsubstrate at______________________________________ a lyophile tube was aseptically opened and grown in seed medium a ( 20 ml in a 250 ml 3 - baffle erlenmyer flask ) for 48 hours on a rotary shaker ( 220 rpm ) at 27 ° c . this seed was then used to inoculate slants ( medium b ), transformation flasks ( medium c ), and to prepare frozen vials for future studies . the substrate was added post sterilization and prior to inoculation . methanol was used to solubilize the substrate for filter sterilization and addition . the transformation flasks ( 40 ml medium c in 250 ml 3 - baffle erlenmyer flask ) were incubated for 7 days with agitation ( 220 rpm ) at 27 ° c . following incubation , the whole broths were extracted as follows : a . 50 ml methylene chloride were added to 40 ml whole broth and mechanically agitated for 15 minutes . the emulsion was broken by centrifugation and methylene chloride separated . step &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; was repeated 3 times . b . the pooled methylene chloride extracts were taken to dryness under vacuum . c . the dried methylene chloride fraction was solubilized with 25 ml ( x3 ) ethanol / 0 . 1m k 2 hpo 4 , ph 7 . 0 ( 40 / 60 ). three extracts pooled . d . the phosphate buffer : ethanol fraction was extracted with 25 ml cyclohexane ( x3 ) to remove the residual substrate . the cyclohexane fractions were pooled and taken to dryness under vacuum . the residue was solubilized with a known volume of methanol , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and , where appropriate , total radioactivity determined by scintillation counting . e . the phosphate buffer : ethanol fraction previously extracted with cyclohexane , was then extracted with 25 ml methylene chloride ( x3 ) to separate the altered substrate . the methylene chloride fractions were pooled and taken to dryness under vacuum . the residue was solubilized with a known volumn of methanol , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and total , where appropriate , radioactivity determined by scintillation counting . f . all organic fractions were submitted for hplc analysis to determine and isolate non - substrate avermectins . substrate : 25 mg 22 , 23 , dihydro avermectin bla twenty five flasks pooled and extracted for product isolation and identification . the final methylene chloride extract residue , sample d from example 1b was dissolved in 400 microliters of 85 / 15 v / v methanol / water , filtered and the filtrate subjected to preparative hplc chromatography on a dupont zorbax ods reverse phase c 18 column 0 . 94 × 25 cm , at room temperature , using a solvent system of 85 / 15 v / v methanol / water at a flow rate of 4 ml / minute . the effluent stream was monitored at 243 nm using an ldc spectromonitor ii with a one mm path length cell at a setting of 0 . 64 aufs , and a spectra - physics sp4100 computing integrator . eleven fractions were collected . fraction ten , 22 . 5 minutes to 25 . 5 minutes , was concentrated to dryness . the residue was taken up in 1 ml of methanol and labeled sample e . the cyclohexane extract residue , sample c from example 1b was dissolved in 700 mcl of 85 / 15 v / v methanol / water , filtered and the filtrate subjected to preparative hplc chromatography on a dupont zorbax ods reverse phase c 18 column 0 . 94 × 25 cm , at room temperature using a solvent system of 85 / 15 v / v methanol / water at a flow rate of 4 ml / minute . the effluent stream was monitored at 243 nm using an ldc spectromonitor ii with a one mm path length cell at a setting of 0 . 32 aufs , and a spectra - physics sp4100 computing integrator . eleven fractions were collected . fraction three , 23 minutes to 25 . 5 minutes , was concentrated to dryness . the residue was taken up in one - half ml of methanol and labeled sample f . samples e and f were combined in 5 ml of methanol and labeled g . ultraviolet quantitation of solution carried out as follows : assaying at a dilution of 1 : 5 in methanol . ## equ1 ## sample g from example 3 was concentrated to dryness and the residue taken up in 200 mcl of methanol and subjected to preparative hplc chromatography on a dupont zorbax ods c 18 reverse phase column 0 . 94 × 25 cm at room temperature using a solvent system of 85 / 15 v / v methanol / water at a flow rate of 4 ml / minute for thirty - four minutes followed by a gradient of 85 % methanol to 100 % methanol over five minutes at 4 ml / minute and maintaining at 100 % methanol for seventy - six minutes . the effluent system was monitored at 243 nm using an ldc spectromonitor ii with a one mm path length cell at a setting of 0 . 32 aufs , and a spectraphysics sp4100 computing integrator . seven fractions were collected . fraction six , 27 minutes to 29 minutes was concentrated to dryness . the residue was taken up in 10 ml of methanol and diluted 1 : 5 with methanol for ultra - violet quantitation . sample labeled h . ## equ2 ## sample h assigned the structure 27 - hydroxy - 22 , 23 - dihydro avermectin bla . fig1 is the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum for this compound . the transformation and extraction methodology of example 1 was repeated for the following specific examples . substrate : 45 mg avermectin bla forty - five flasks pooled for product isolation and identification . substrate : 50 mg avermectin bla fifty flasks pooled for product isolation and identification sample e from specific example e was concentrated to 0 . 5 ml in methanol and filtered . the filter was washed with 0 . 1 ml of methanol and the filtrate and wash combined . the combined filtrate and wash was subjected to preparative hplc chromatography on a dupont zorbax ods c18 column 0 . 94 × 25 cm . maintained at room temperature . the chromatography was carried out using a solvent of 80 / 20 v / v methanol / water at a flow rate of 4 ml / minute . the effluent stream was monitored at 243 nm using an l . d . c . spectro - monitor - ii with a 1 mm path length cell and a setting of 0 . 64 aufs . thirty - one fractions were collected based on the ultra - violet trace . selected fractions were concentrated to dryness and taken up in 1 ml of methanol for quantitation . the samples were quantitated using an analytical hplc system of 80 / 20 v / v methanol / water at 1 ml / minute and a dupont zorbax ods c18 column 0 . 46 × 25 cm maintained at 27 ° c ., monitoring the effluent at 243 nm . the sample concentrations were calculated as follows : ## equ3 ## fractions 13 and 14 were found to contain 1 . 53 and 0 . 24 mg respectively of the desired compound . fractions 13 and 14 were combined and labeled sample e - 1 which was identified as 27 - hydroxy - avermectin - bla . fig2 is the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum for this compound . the transformation and extraction methodology of example 1 was repeated for the following specific examples : substrate : 45 mg avermectin blb forty - five flasks pooled for product isolation and identification . sample f from specific example i was concentrated to dryness and the residue taken up in 0 . 5 ml of methanol . this solution was filtered and the filtrate subjected to preparative hplc chromatography on a dupont zorbax ods c18 column 0 . 94 × 25 cm at room temperature . the chromatography was carried out at 4 ml / minute using the following gradient developed by an dupont 8800 gradient controller . gradient : 75 / 25 methanol / water for 68 minutes than a linear gradient over one minute to 77 / 23 methanol / water , hold for 23 minutes , then a linear gradient over one minute to 79 / 21 methanol water , hold for 30 minutes then linear gradient to 100 % methanol over 10 minutes , hold for 30 minutes . the effluent stream was monitored at 243 nm using an l . d . c . spectro - monitor - ii with a 1 mm path length cell and a setting of 1 . 28 aufs . thirty fractions were collected based on the ultra - violet trace . selected fractions were concentrated to dryness and taken up in 1 ml of methanol for quantitation . the selected fractions were quantitated using an analytical hplc system of 80 / 20 v / v methanol / water at 1 ml / minute and a dupont zorbax ods c18 column 0 . 46 × 25 cm maintained at 27 ° c ., monitoring the effluent at 243 nm . the sample concentrations were calculated as follows : ## equ4 ## fraction 10 contained 1 . 3 mg of 26 - hydroxy - avermectin - blb and fraction 23 contained 0 . 61 mg of 3 &# 34 ;-- o -- desmethyl - avermectin - blb . fig3 is the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum for 26 - hydroxy - avermectin blb .

2Chemistry; Metallurgy

the following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit application and uses . furthermore , there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background or summary or the following detailed description . the motor vehicle schematically represented in fig1 is a passenger car by way of example . it comprises a body 1 and a passenger cell 2 that with respect to the vehicle longitudinal direction ( x ) extends between a front wheel 5 and a rear wheel 6 . in fig1 , a floor structure 3 is represented in interrupted lines , which in the region of the rear wheel 6 merges into a rear frame structure 4 . in fig2 and fig3 , a support structure component 11 , which as an example is a cross member is shown in perspective or sectional representation . this support structure component 11 can for example be configured as a rear axle cross member , which structurally interconnects the side members of the floor structure of the motor vehicle body 1 substantially extending in vehicle longitudinal direction ( x ) in vehicle transverse direction ( y ). the support structure component 11 , as shown in fig2 and fig3 , comprises a support element 10 of sheet metal , into which a plastic fastening structure 30 is inserted . the support element 10 in this case comprises an approximately u - shaped cross - sectional profile which is almost completely filled out by the plastic fastening structure 30 . furthermore , the support structure component 11 in this case is connected to a base portion 16 projecting upwards of a floor panel 12 extending above the support structure components 11 , preferably welded . above the floor panel 12 , a u - profile - like or top - hat profile - like reinforcement profile 14 is provided . towards the front , facing in travelling direction , a profile portion 18 projecting downwards adjoins the base portion 16 and a connecting flange 15 of the support element 10 projecting towards the front , which in the embodiment according to fig2 provides a trough 20 , for example for receiving a starter battery . on the support structure component 11 provided with the plastic fastening structure 30 , a further motor vehicle component 22 is fastened . the latter in the configuration according to fig2 and fig3 comprises an approximately c - shaped profile , which at least in regions projects into the cross - sectional contour of the support element 10 . according to the geometrical configuration and the provided positioning and connection of the further motor vehicle components 22 , the plastic fastening structure 30 is recessed approximately l - shaped . the l - shaped recess 31 of the plastic fastening structure 30 makes possible an almost full area contact and bracing of the motor vehicle component 22 , which in this case can be designed for example as a fastening profile of a pull - out load carrier . for fastening the motor vehicle component 22 to the support structure component 11 , at least one fastening element 36 is provided in the region of the plastic fastening structure 30 , which can interact with a counter - fastening element 37 of the motor vehicle component 22 for fastening the latter to the support structure component 11 . for example , the plastic fastening structure 30 can be designed as a plastic molding , in particular as a plastic injection molding and comprise individual embedded fastening elements 36 enclosed by the plastic or embedded in and / or projecting there from , such as for example fastening screws or fastening nuts , clips , straps , bands or similar fastening device , with which the motor vehicle component 22 can be fastened to the support structure component 11 . the plastic fastening structure 30 is preferably connected to the support element 10 , in particular glued over the full area , i . e ., with almost all outer contours that come into contact with the support element 10 . the connection of plastic fastening structure 30 and support element 10 is preferably effected with a thermally activatable adhesive 42 , as is schematically indicated in fig5 a to fig5 c . with the help of the thermally activatable adhesive 42 , a mutual , preferably non - detachable connection of plastic fastening structure 30 and support element 10 can be effected within the course of a drying process following the painting process of the body . during the assembly of the support structure components 11 , the respective plastic fastening structure 30 adapted to the provided motor vehicle component 22 has to be selected and fixed to the support element 10 at least for the duration of the production process of the body 1 , for example , with the help of fixing elements 26 forming a positive connection . the further embodiment according to fig4 shows the connection of another motor vehicle component 24 , which is provided for example for fastening a liquefied gas tank below the floor panel 12 . compared with the motor vehicle component 22 shown in fig3 , the motor vehicle component 24 has a completely different type of geometrical configuration and requires a corresponding connection to the support structure component 11 . such a configuration - specific body - side connection can be effected in particular by selecting a plastic fastening structure 32 adapted to the motor vehicle component 24 provided here . similar to the plastic fastening structure 30 , this can be inserted into the support element 10 which compared with the embodiment according to fig3 is unchanged . compared with the plastic fastening structure 30 , the plastic fastening structure 32 provides an entirely different type of fastening structure with different or differently positioned fastening elements 36 . with the help of a fastening element 37 for example designed as a screw , the motor vehicle component 24 can be exclusively fastened to the support structure component 11 by way of the plastic fastening structure 32 . adapting the body 1 with respect to its sheet metal components to different vehicle configuration - specific motor vehicle components 22 , 24 can be advantageously omitted in this respect . the sheet metal body - in - white structure can always be formed substantially identically and invariable despite a high degree of the diversification of vehicle configurations , so that a corresponding cost and effort savings in the body - in - white construction can be achieved . the sequence of fig5 a , fig5 b and fig5 c illustrates in simplified and schematic representation different connection concepts , which can be provided with the help of different plastic fastening structures 30 , 32 , 34 each of which can be inserted in one and the same support element 10 and / or connected therewith . thus , the plastic fastening structure 30 according to fig5 a altogether comprises four fastening elements 36 of the same type , which for example can each be formed as a screw nut embedded in the plastic fastening structure 30 . as a modification thereof , the embodiment according to fig5 b shows a further plastic fastening structure 32 , in which comparable fastening elements 36 are provided in different positions compared with the embodiment according to fig5 a . in fig5 c , a variant is finally shown in which different types of fastening elements 38 , 40 are provided . for example , the fastening element 38 can provide an elongated hole guide for example in the form of a guide rail embedded in the plastic fastening structure 34 , by the fastening element 40 provides a standardized connection , for example for a strap tie or clamping tie for fastening a fuel tank . in all embodiments of the support structure component 11 according to fig5 a to fig5 c , one and the same support element 10 of sheet metal can be employed here . a mutual connection of the support element 10 to the likewise fiber - reinforced plastic fastening structure 30 , 32 , 34 formed as an injection molding can take place by means of a thermally activatable adhesive 42 , which advantageously can already be provided in a preassembled manner on the plastic fastening structure 30 , 32 , 34 in the form of an outer coating . while at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing summary and detailed description , it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist . it should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples , and are not intended to limit the scope , applicability , or configuration in any way . rather , the foregoing summary and detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment , it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope as set forth in the appended claims and their legal equivalents .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

referring to fig1 there is illustrated a portion of a spa 10 having a general tub enclosure shape with side wall 12 and a bottom wall 14 . the side wall has a customary lip 16 about its upper edge and a plurality of fluid jet nozzles generally indicated at 18 . each fluid jet nozzle includes a trim ring 20 on the inside surface of the wall 12 and a nozzle body 22 which communicates with a fluid distribution conduit 24 . there are various shapes and designs on the jet nozzles available ; typical of jet nozzles are those shown in u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 297 , 025 ; 3 , 745 , 994 ; and 4 , 349 , 923 . regardless of the particular jet nozzle employed in the therapeutic spa , the typical therapeutic spa includes a fluid circulation system such as the water circulation system generally indicated as 26 in the figures . this includes a water return line 28 from a drain 30 or similar outlet port of the tub enclosure 10 which leads to a pump , typically a centrifugal pump 40 , having a suitable drive 42 , typically an electric motor drive . the pump discharge 34 is connected to the water distribution conduit 24 , previously described which is in open communication with each of the plurality of jet nozzles 18 . most of the modern therapeutic spas include a provision for induction of air into the pressure water line immediately prior to discharge of the water as a jet into the spa . this is illustrated in the figure where an air distributor conduit 36 is illustrated with a plurality of branch conduits 38 that extend into open communication with the nozzle portion 22 of the plurality of jet nozzles 18 . in some of these applications , the air introduction conduit is positioned at a low pressure point in the jet nozzle and the air is inducted into the nozzle which functions similar to a venturi . in alternative embodiments , the air is supplied with a blower 40 having a suitable motor drive 42 which supplies a pressured source of air for introduction into the nozzles immediately prior to discharge into the spa . the massage unit of the invention is generally indicated at 44 and comprises a casing 46 having a vibrating pad undersurface 48 and a dependent handle 50 . preferably , handle 50 also supports a operator 52 for a valve in the fluid supply line to casing 46 . the portable massager is interconnected to the spa system by sleeve 54 which can be detachably interconnected to one of the plurality of jet nozzles 18 . as illustrated , sleeve 54 has a slightly tapered or conical shape for insertion into the generally conical shape of jet nozzle 18 , thereby permitting secure insertion of sleeve 54 to a jet nozzle 18 . a flexible hose 56 interconnects sleeve 54 to handle 50 whereby the pressured fluid delivered from the jet nozzle 18 is transmitted to the interior of casing 46 for operation of the fluid motor therein , described hereinafter in greater detail . referring now to fig2 an alternative construction is provided for the connecting sleeve 55 . as there illustrated , hose 56 carries a sleeve 55 provided with external threads 57 . the latter are received within the internally threaded fitting 59 of the jet nozzle 18 . this construction is typical of that shown in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 349 , 923 and is a preferred construction because of the secure attachment of the sleeve and portable massage unit 44 . referring now to fig3 the massage unit 44 is illustrated in greater detail . as illustrated , casing 46 has a generally inverted cup - shape configuration with side walls such as 60 and a top wall 62 . the upper portion of the casing 46 has a fluid inlet port 64 which communicates with the hollow interior of handle 50 and with serially connected flexible hose 56 . a suitable shut - off valve ( not shown ) is also included in handle 50 with a button valve operator 52 whereby the fluid supply through handle 50 can be controlled by the user . the fluid under pressure is discharged through the inlet port 64 to impinge against a plurality of curvalinear radial blades 66 and 68 which are mounted on opposite sides of a disk 69 that is rotatably mounted in the casing by its dependent shaft 73 . disk 69 and the plurality of blades 66 and 68 thus provide a turbine blade in casing 46 and , together with the fluid pressure delivery system , provide a fluid motor for operation of the massager unit . a transverse partition 70 is provided at an intermediate elevation in the casing 44 . this partition is perforate , with apertures 72 , to permit discharge of the pressured fluid such as water from the motor chamber 74 . the shaft of the turbine blade is rotatably mounted in the transverse partition 70 , preferably by suitable bearing means 78 and 79 such as a lubricated bronze bushing and the like . shaft 73 distally supports a spur gear 80 which is meshed with driven gear 82 carried on shaft 84 . one end of shaft 84 is received in a suitable bearing 86 in transverse partition 70 and the opposite end supports spur gear 88 . a second transverse partition 90 , also with perforations 72 , is provided beneath transverse partition 70 to provide support for the shafts of the gear transmission means of the massager unit such as shaft 87 which is received in bearing 89 . the spur gear 88 is meshed with gear 91 which is rotatably mounted to transverse partition 90 by stub shaft 94 , which also can be supported in a bearing . cam wheel 92 has a cam follower 96 projecting downwardly from its undersurface . the follower 96 can be a pin or can be a roller 97 carried on a shaft that is secured to the cam wheel 92 . the lower end of the follower 96 is received in a straight , lateral or transverse slot 98 of the massage pad 100 . the massage pad 100 is mounted for reciprocating movement in the assembly between side rails 102 and 104 , each of which have a lateral groove 106 on their inside faces to receive a longitudinal tongue 108 on the mating or coacting edges of the massage pad 100 . in a preferred embodiment , massage pad 100 has an undersurface which supports a soft rubber pad 110 that can be formed of a suitable elastomer or , preferably , is formed of a sponge material . in operation , the release of pressured fluid through the inlet port of the massage unit imparts a high speed rotation to the turbine blade in the motor chamber 76 . this movement is transmitted through the transmission gears to the massage pad 110 which reciprocates to provide a suitable massaging action , the intensity of which can be controlled by valve operator 52 . as shown in fig4 the turbine blade 71 has a plurality of radial vanes or blades such as 66 having a slightly arcuate curvature . the inlet port 64 is provided with deflecting baffles 63 and 65 that direct the pressured fluid such as water and air into reaction against the blades 66 of the turbine fan 71 . preferably , baffles 63 and 65 converge slightly as shown to impart a suitable velocity to the fluid discharged against the turbine blades . referring now to fig5 the massage unit can be provided with a replacement massage pad generally indicated at 120 . this massage pad includes a plate 122 having longitudinal tongues 124 and 126 for reception in the longitudinal grooves 106 of the opposite side rails 102 and 104 mounted on the bottom edges of the casing 44 . the particular massage unit shown in fig5 includes a plurality of rollers 128 that are rotatably mounted on shafts 130 carried by downwardly dependent legs 132 which project from the undersurface of the plate 122 . fig5 also illustrates the transverse groove 98 in the plate 122 which receives the cam follower pin 96 as previously described . preferably , this groove 98 has a slightly curved portion 134 which serves to arrest the motion of the slide momentarily during its reciprocating movement and provides a smoother vibratory action . the cam and slot thus provide what is commonly known as an inverse cam drive relationship . referring now to fig6 there is illustrated an alternative massage pad 136 . this pad has a plate 138 similar to the plate 122 with a transverse cam groove 98 to receive the cam follower pin 96 . plate 136 also has similar longitudinal tongues 124 and 126 to adapt the plate for reciprocating movement mounting in the casing 44 . the undersurface of the plate 138 bears a plurality of bristles 140 whereby the massage unit can provide a brushing action . the invention has been described with reference to the illustrated and presently preferred embodiments . it is not intended that the invention be unduly limited by this disclosure of presently preferred embodiments . instead , it is intended that the invention be defined by the means , and their obvious equivalents , set forth in the following claims .

0Human Necessities

in one embodiment , as shown in fig1 , a first projectile , for example , a proton projectile , is accelerated in the linear accelerator ( s 1 ). the projectile is emitted at a target , generating a first radioactive isotope ( s 2 ). in one exemplary embodiment , a carbon isotope 11 c is generated when a nitrogen target is used with the proton projectile , via the nuclear reaction 14 n ( p , α ) 11 c . radiopharmaceuticals and biomarkers for performing a pet examination are produced ( s 5 ). for example , the carbon isotope 11 c , which is a short - lived isotope , with a half - life of 20 minutes , is used to produce radiopharmaceuticals and biomarkers for performing a pet examination . in one embodiment , it is optional , as indicated by the dashed - line arrow , to make a change of the target ( s 6 ). in one exemplary embodiment , it is possible to optionally replace the nitrogen target with an oxygen target , so that via the nuclear reaction 16 o ( p , α ) 13 n , instead of the carbon isotope , a nitrogen isotope is generated . in this exemplary embodiment , a suitable radiopharmaceutical or biomarker can be produced using the nitrogen isotope . since the nitrogen isotope 13 n has a half - life of 10 minutes , the production of the radioactive isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals or biomarkers is suitably completed directly on - site , for example , in a hospital or a clinical device that performs the nuclear medicine examination . in one embodiment , any suitable nuclear reaction may used to produce any suitable radiopharmaceutical or biomarker . in one embodiment , a second projectile , for example , a deuteron projectile , is accelerated ( s 3 ). the linear accelerator that is used is suitable for accelerating a plurality of projectiles . in one embodiment , a second isotope is generated ( s 4 ). in one exemplary embodiment , the second isotope is generated using a nuclear reaction 20 ne ( d , α ) 18 f , in which the radioisotope 18 f , with a half - life of 110 minutes , is generated . the first isotope ( s 2 ) and the second isotope ( s 4 ) are used to produce radiopharmaceuticals and / or biomarkers ( s 5 ). in one embodiment , a lightweight , compact linear accelerator is used . the minimal radiation protection requirements of the linear accelerator allow the linear accelerator to be operated without difficulties , for example , in hospitals , clinics and / or examination devices . in this embodiment , the suitable radiopharmaceuticals and biomarkers are flexibly available as needed . in one embodiment shown in fig2 , the clinical device 1 includes a linear accelerator 3 , which is operated as needed with different projectiles 4 . pet examinations may be performed in the clinical device 1 . the linear accelerator 3 that serves to produce radioactive isotopes for pet is operated as a function of specifications 5 . the specifications 5 include the quantity and type of radioactive isotopes 2 to be generated . in one embodiment , the linear accelerator 3 , which may be operated with the various projectiles 4 , generates various radioactive isotopes 2 . in one embodiment , as shown in fig2 , the radioactive isotopes 2 are processed in a processing device 6 either by , for example , one or more employees 7 , automatically , or semiautomatically , to make radiopharmaceuticals and / or biomarkers 8 . the radiopharmaceuticals and / or biomarkers 8 , depending on the type of projectile 4 or target used , include different radioactive isotopes . the radiopharmaceuticals and / or biomarkers 8 may include radioactive isotopes with longer and / or shorter half - lives , which are each specifically suitable for specific diagnostic examinations . in one embodiment , the radiopharmaceuticals and / or biomarkers 8 , which have thus been generated “ on demand ”, for example , on - site in the clinical device 1 , are sent to the examination sites 9 . the examination sites 9 include patients 10 that are examined in pet scanners 11 . in one embodiment , radiopharmaceuticals and / or biomarkers 8 and the functional imaging of the pet makes early detection of tumors possible . in one embodiment , any suitable radiopharmaceuticals and / or biomarkers 8 may be produced . for example , radiopharmaceuticals and / or biomarkers 8 may be especially produced for external pet scanners 12 , which utilize pet examination devices 13 , but that has an incidence of examination that is too low to justify operating a linear accelerator of its own . the transport to the external pet scanner 12 is completed by the transport device 14 , for example , an automobile . in one embodiment , the transport is limited to pet scanners 12 in the vicinity of the clinical system 1 . in this embodiment , the closeness , in terms of location , of the external pet scanner is better than in previous distribution centers because linear accelerators are more readily available . in this embodiment , a better supply of radioactive isotopes 2 , or radiopharmaceuticals and biomarkers 8 may be distributed to the external pet scanner because the transport time is reduced . in one embodiment , the linear accelerator 3 may be integrated without major effort or expense into clinical devices 1 because of its lightweight , compact construction and substantial avoidance of neutron flows because of the use of a plurality of projectiles . the particular suitable radiopharmaceutical and / or the suitable biomarker 8 is available on demand for performing a specific examination . the particular suitable radiopharmaceutical and / or the suitable biomarker 8 is not limited to one long - lived or short - lived isotope . in one embodiment , a long - lived and / or short - lived isotope may be used . in one embodiment , as shown in fig3 , the linear accelerator is operated with a plurality of different projectiles . the source 15 , which is operated with a plurality of different projectiles , is adjoined by the rfq region 16 . in the rfq region , the radiation loss is limited by the upper limit of 10 %. this rfq region is adjoined by the ih tank 17 . the ih tank 17 is limited by the upper limit for the radiation loss of 1 %. the abbreviations “ rfq ” and “ ih ” stand for “ radiofrequency quadrupole ” and “ interdigital h field ”, respectively . in one embodiment , alternatively to the ih tank , in another acceleration resonator operated in the h mode , any suitable tank is provided for example , a ch tank . in this embodiment , the resonator may be operated in the crossbar h mode . in one embodiment , effective radiation protection is achieved because of the limitations to the losses in the various sections downstream of the source . while the invention has been described above by reference to various embodiments , it should be understood that many changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention . it is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting , and that it be understood that it is the following claims , including all equivalents , that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention .

6Physics

selected embodiments of the present invention will now be explained with reference to the drawings . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that the following descriptions of the embodiments of the present invention are provided for illustration only and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents . referring initially to fig1 – 7 , a front portion of a bicycle 10 is illustrated that is equipped with a front suspension fork 12 and a front dynamo hub 14 in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention . a bicycle electrical cord 16 is installed in the front suspension fork 12 for interconnecting at least two electrical components . preferably , the bicycle electrical cord 16 is connected to the front dynamo hub 14 ( one electrical component ) by an electrical cord connector 18 for powering a bicycle lamp 20 ( another electrical component ) in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention . as seen in fig1 , the front portion of the bicycle 10 has an upper end of the front suspension fork 12 movably coupled to a main bicycle frame 22 and a lower end of the front suspension fork 12 coupled to the front dynamo hub 14 . the front dynamo hub 14 is part of a front wheel 26 , which is rotatably mounted to the front suspension fork 12 by the front dynamo hub 14 in conventional manner . a handlebar 28 is fixed to the front suspension fork 12 in a conventional manner to turn the front suspension fork 12 relative to the main bicycle frame 22 . the bicycle electrical cord 16 is arranged to extend through an internal area of the front suspension fork 12 as explained below . in the illustrated embodiment , as best seen in fig2 and 6 – 7 , the bicycle electrical cord 16 has a first cord portion 16 a and a second cord portion 16 b with a switch unit 30 electrically coupled between the first and second cord portions 16 a and 16 b . the first cord portion 16 a has a lower end electrically coupled to the front dynamo hub 14 via the electrical cord connector 18 and an upper end electrically coupled to the switch unit 30 . the second cord portion 16 b has one end electrically coupled to the lamp 20 and the other end electrically coupled to the switch unit 30 . the switch unit 30 is mounted on the top of a portion of the front suspension fork 12 as discussed below . the switch unit 30 is used to connect and disconnect electrical power electrically from the front dynamo hub 14 to the bicycle lamp 20 . the front suspension fork 12 basically includes a pair of telescoping struts 31 and 32 that are interconnected by an upper crown 33 which is coupled to a steerer tube 34 . the steerer tube 34 is coupled to the main bicycle frame 22 in a conventional manner and has the handlebar 28 coupled to its upper end in a conventional manner . as explained below , the basic constructions of the struts 31 and 32 are identical , except that the strut 31 is configured and arranged to act as a shock absorber and the strut 32 is configured and arranged to act as a protective conduit for protecting the first cord portion of the electrical cord 16 . as best seen in fig2 , 4 and 5 , the strut 31 includes an inner ( upper ) telescoping member or tube 36 and an outer ( lower ) telescoping member or tube 38 telescopically coupled to the inner telescoping tube 36 . the inner and outer telescoping tubes 36 and 38 are constructed of hard rigid materials that are conventionally used for struts . the inner and outer telescoping tubes 36 and 38 of the strut 31 are configured and arranged to form a variable volume chamber having a dampening unit 40 located therein . the dampening unit 40 is configured and arranged to absorb impacts on the front suspension fork 12 due to engagement with a rock , a hole , a bump or a like . the dampening unit 40 can be any conventional dampening unit such as one or more compression springs , a combination of dampening elements and / or the like . accordingly , the dampening unit 40 will not be discussed or illustrated in detail herein . basically , the inner telescoping tube 36 includes an upper end portion 36 a and a lower end portion 36 b with an upper internal passage 36 c located between the upper and lower end portions 36 a and 36 b . the outer telescoping tube 38 includes an upper end portion 38 a , a lower end portion 38 b and a lower internal passage 38 c located between the upper and lower end portions 38 a and 38 b . the internal passages 36 c and 38 c form the variable volume chamber with the dampening unit 40 located therein . the upper end portion 36 a of the inner telescoping tube 36 is fixedly coupled to the upper crown 33 , while the lower end portion 36 b of the inner telescoping tube 36 is slideably coupled within the upper end portion 38 a of the outer telescoping tube 38 . a seal ( not shown ) is configured and arranged in a conventional manner between the lower end portion 36 b of the inner telescoping tube 36 and the upper end portion 38 a of the outer telescoping tube 38 to allow for the relative sliding movement of the inner and outer telescoping tubes 36 and 38 . the upper end portion 36 a of the inner telescoping tube 36 also has internal treads that adjustably secures an adjustment member 49 . the adjustment member seals the opening of the upper end portion 36 a of the inner telescoping tube 36 . thus , the variable volume chamber of the strut 31 is a closed chamber . the outer telescoping tube 38 includes an upper end portion 38 a , a lower end portion 38 b and a lower internal passage 38 c located between the upper and lower end portions 38 a and 38 b . the lower end portion 38 b has a wheel mount or dropout 38 d for attaching one end of the front dynamo hub 14 thereto . as best seen in fig2 , 3 and 5 , the strut 31 contract and expand together with the dampening unit 40 to act as a shock absorber for the entire structure of the front suspension fork 12 . more specifically , a telescoping motion occurs between the inner and outer tubes 36 and 38 to compress the dampening unit 40 , which is configured and arranged within the inner and outer tubes 36 and 38 to absorb impacts on the front suspension fork 12 due to engagement with a rock , a hole , a bump or a like . in other words , as the telescoping strut 31 is compressed to absorb a shock , the lower end portion 36 b of the inner telescoping tube 36 travels towards the lower end portion 38 b of the outer telescoping tube 38 , thus reducing the volume of the variable volume chamber formed between the inner and outer telescoping tubes 36 and 38 . similarly , when the telescoping strut 31 expands to return to its neutral position , the lower end portion 36 a of the inner telescoping tube 36 travels away from the lower end portion 38 b of the outer telescoping tube 38 to increase the volume of the variable volume chamber formed by the inner and outer telescoping tubes 36 and 38 . preferably , the strut 32 does not include a dampening unit , but rather has the first cord portion 16 a of the electrical cord 16 running therethrough . of course , if needed and / or desired , a second dampening unit can be installed in the strut 32 that does not interfere with the electrical cord 16 . the strut 32 basically includes an inner ( upper ) telescoping member or tube 46 and an outer ( lower ) telescoping member or tube 48 telescopically coupled to the inner telescoping tube 46 . the inner and outer telescoping tubes 46 and 48 are constructed of hard rigid materials that are conventionally used for struts . the inner and outer telescoping tubes 46 and 48 of the strut 32 are configured and arranged to form a variable volume chamber having a majority of the first cord portion 16 a of the electrical cord 16 located therein . the outer telescoping tubes 38 and 48 are interconnected by a bridge member 50 that is integrally formed with the outer telescoping tubes 38 and 48 . of course , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the bridge member 50 can be a separate member that is fixed to the outer telescoping tubes 38 and 48 . thus , the bridge member 50 interconnects the struts 31 and 32 together such that they act as a single unit . in other words , the struts 31 and 32 contract and expand together with the dampening unit 40 acting as a shock absorber for the entire structure of the front suspension fork 12 . more specifically , a telescoping motion occurs between the inner tubes 36 and 46 and the outer tubes 38 and 48 to compress the dampening unit 40 . accordingly , the dampening unit 40 is configured and arranged to absorb impacts on the front suspension fork 12 due to engagement with a rock , a hole , a bump or a like . basically , the inner telescoping tube 46 includes an open upper end portion 46 a and an open lower end portion 46 b with an upper internal passage 46 c located between the upper and lower end portions 46 a and 46 b . the outer telescoping tube 48 includes an upper end portion 48 a , a lower end portion 48 b and a lower internal passage 48 c located between the upper and lower end portions 48 a and 48 b . the internal passages 46 c and 48 c form an enclosed chamber with the first cord portion 16 a of the electrical cord 16 extending therethrough . the first cord portion 16 a of the electrical cord 16 is configured and arranged within the internal passages 46 c and 48 c of the telescoping tubes 46 and 48 such that sufficient slack is provided in the first cord portion 16 a to accommodate expansion and contraction of the inner and outer telescoping tubes 46 and 48 . the upper end portion 46 a of the inner telescoping tube 46 is fixedly coupled to the upper crown 33 , while the lower end portion 46 b of the inner telescoping tube 46 is slideably coupled within the upper end portion 48 a of the outer telescoping tube 48 . the inner telescoping tube 46 is open at its upper end such that an upper end portion of the first cord portion 16 a of the electrical cord 16 extends outwardly therefrom for connection with the switch unit 30 as seen in fig1 . a seal ( not shown ) is provided between the lower end portion 46 b of the inner telescoping tube 46 and the upper end portion 48 a of the outer telescoping tube 48 in a conventional manner to allow the relative sliding movement of the inner and outer telescoping tubes 46 and 48 . the outer telescoping tube 48 includes an upper end portion 48 a , a lower end portion 48 b and a lower internal passage 48 c located between the upper and lower end portions 48 a and 48 b . the lower end portion 48 b has a wheel mount or dropout 48 d for attaching one end of the front dynamo hub 14 thereto . also as best seen in fig1 , the outer telescoping tube 48 is provided with a cord opening 48 e at its lower end such that a lower end portion of the first cord portion 16 a of the electrical cord 16 extends outwardly from the lower internal passage 48 c of the outer telescoping tube 48 . referring now to fig8 – 11 , the upper crown 33 includes a top cover 52 that is fixedly coupled thereto for covering the upper open end of the inner telescoping tube 46 . preferably , the top cover 52 is secured to the upper crown 33 by a fastener such as a screw 53 that threads into an internally threaded hole 54 formed in the upper crown 33 . thus , the top cover 52 is configured and arranged to be selectively removed from a position covering the upper end opening of the inner telescoping tube 46 for accessing the switch unit 30 . the switch unit 30 is preferably fixedly coupled to the top cover 52 . the switch unit 30 includes a push button switch 55 that projects outwardly from an upper surface of the top cover 52 and an electrical connector 56 protruding downwardly from an inner surface of the top cover 52 . preferably , the electrical connector 56 of the switch unit 30 projects into partially into the upper end portion 46 a of the inner telescoping tube 46 . the electrical connector 56 is electrically coupled to the electrical cord 16 that is connected between the front dynamo hub 14 and the bicycle lamp 20 . the push button switch 55 is a conventional switch that is selectively pushed to connect and disconnect a pair of electrical contacts ( not shown ) in the electrical connector 56 . in other words , electrical power to the lamp 20 is interrupted by pushing the push button switch 55 when the push button switch 55 is in the contact closed position that supplies electrical power to the lamp 20 . the push button switch 55 is pushed again to disconnect electrical power to the lamp 20 when the push button switch 55 is in the contact open position that interrupts electrical power to the lamp 20 . referring now to fig1 – 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 10 – 12 and 16 – 19 , the electrical cord 16 is a conventional electrical cord with a pair of insulated conductor wires w 1 and w 2 having an outer elastomeric cover or sheath c . in the area of the switch unit 30 , the elastomeric cover or sheath c of the electrical cord 16 is split into two pieces that define the first and second cord portions 16 a and 16 b . as best seen in fig1 – 3 , the first cord portion 16 a of the electrical cord 16 is located in the internal passages 46 c and 48 c of the inner and outer telescoping tubes 46 and 48 , and is arranged with sufficient slack to accommodate expansion and contraction of the inner and outer telescoping tubes 46 and 48 . thus , the first cord portion 16 a of the electrical cord 16 is protected and does not interfere with the normal operation of the bicycle 10 and its components . as seen in fig5 – 7 and 16 – 19 , the lower ends of the conductor wires w 1 and w 2 are electrically coupled to the electrical connector 18 as discussed below . the upper ends of the conductor wires w 1 and w 2 are electrically coupled to the lamp 20 using conventional push clips ( not shown ). the conductor wire w 1 is split into two pieces with the switch unit 30 electrically coupling the two pieces of conductor wire w 1 together . in particular , the electrical contacts ( not shown ) in the electrical connector 56 are connected to the two pieces of the conductor wire w 1 . referring now to fig1 , the front dynamo hub 14 is preferably a substantially conventional member , except for its electrical connector 60 . thus , the front dynamo hub 14 will not be discussed or illustrated in detail herein . as seen in fig6 , 7 and 19 , the electrical connector 60 has an insulating body portion 60 a and a pair of electrical contacts 60 b that are electrically coupled to a dynamo portion of the front dynamo hub 14 in a conventional manner . the insulating body portion 60 a supports the electrical contacts 60 b in a protected manner for coupling with the electrical connector 18 as seen in fig1 . the electrical connector 60 is configured and arranged as a male connector . basically , the front dynamo hub 14 comprises an internal stator assembly 61 and an external rotor assembly 62 that form the dynamo portion of the front dynamo hub 14 . the internal stator assembly 61 comprises a hub axle 63 , a pair of stator yokes 64 , a bobbin 65 with a wound coil 66 , a cylindrical core yoke 67 and two separate disks 68 . the internal stator assembly 61 is fixed to the front suspension fork 12 by the hub axle 63 . the hub axle 63 is preferably a quick release hub axle having an adjustment nut 63 a coupled to one end and a cam lever 63 b coupled to the other end . the electrical connector 60 , the stator yokes 64 , the cylindrical core yoke 67 and the separation disks 68 are all fixed to this hub axle 63 so they do not rotate with the wheel 26 . the external rotor assembly 62 comprises a pair of frame portions 69 and a cap 70 integrated as shown in fig1 . the external rotor assembly 62 is rotatably fixed to the hub axle 63 with the aid of bearings b . the flanges formed on the outer peripheral portion of the frame portions 69 are attached to a plurality of spokes 26 a of the front wheel 26 . a permanent magnet m comprising four magnets spaced at equal intervals in the circumferential direction is fixed to the cap 70 . in this permanent magnet m , the north ( n ) and south ( s ) poles are intermittently formed at equally spaced intervals . a total of twenty - eight poles of each type face the stator yokes 64 . the operation of the front dynamo hub 14 is explained in more detail in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 409 , 197 ( assigned to shimano , inc .). referring now to fig1 – 19 , the electrical connector 18 is configured and arranged as a female connector . the electrical cord connector 18 includes an outer housing part 71 , an inner housing part 72 and a pair of electrical contacts 73 . preferably , each of the inner and outer housing parts 71 and 72 is constructed as a one - piece , unitary member from an insulating plastic material such that the outer and inner housing parts 71 and 72 insulate the contacts 73 from each other . preferably , the material of the inner and outer housing parts 71 and 72 is a rigid insulating material with limited flexibility . the inner and outer housing parts 71 and 72 are connected together by a snap fit as explained below with the electrical contacts retained between abutting surfaces of the inner and outer housing parts 71 and 72 . referring now to fig2 – 27 , the outer housing part 71 is preferably a one piece , unitary member that has a main body section 74 and a cord receiving section 75 that are integrally formed as a one piece , unitary member . the main body section 74 has a substantially rectangular outer cross - sectional shape with an internal space or cavity 76 that is sized to retain the inner housing part 72 therein . thus , the main body section 74 has first end wall 81 , a first side wall 82 , a second end wall 83 and a second side wall 84 that define the rectangular cavity 76 that receives and retains the inner housing part 72 . the end wall 81 is provided with a gripping tab 81 a and a retaining opening 81 b . the end wall 83 is provided with a gripping tab 83 a and a retaining opening 83 b . also , the interior surfaces of the end walls 81 and 83 are preferably step shaped to form two abutments 81 c and 83 c , respectively , which limit the movement of the inner housing part 72 when the inner housing part 72 is being snap fitted into the outer housing part 71 . the cord receiving section 75 has a substantially cylindrical cord receiving bore 85 that is in communication with the interior cavity 76 of the main body section 71 . the cord receiving bore 85 has a lower portion of the electrical cord 16 located therein . preferably , the interface between the cover c of time electrical cord 16 and cord receiving bore 85 is watertight . a cord retaining ring 86 is located on the lower portion of the electrical cord 16 that is located in the interior cavity 76 of the main body section 74 to prevent the electrical cord 16 from being pulled out of the electrical connector 18 . referring now to fig2 – 36 , the inner housing part 72 has a substantially rectangular overall exterior shape in cross - section that is dimensioned to be press - fitted into the interior cavity 76 of the outer housing part 71 by a snap fit . in particular , the inner housing part 72 has a first end wall 91 , a first side wall 92 , a second end wall 93 and a second side wall 94 that are sized slightly smaller than the interior cavity 76 of the outer housing part 71 . theses walls define a connector receiving recess or cavity 90 that is dimensioned to frictionally retain the connector 60 of the front dynamo hub 14 therein . the end wall 91 includes a retaining protrusion 95 that is a generally triangularly shaped member that include an abutment surface 95 a extending perpendicular to the end wall 91 and a ramp surface 95 b that is inclined to the end wall 91 . the end wall 93 includes a retaining protrusion 96 that is a generally triangularly shaped member that include an abutment surface 96 a extending perpendicular to the end wall 91 and a ramp surface 96 b that is inclined to the end wall 93 . the ramp surfaces 95 b and 96 b are designed to allow easier insertion of the inner housing part 72 into the internal cavity 76 of the outer housing part 71 . when the inner housing part 72 is inserted into the outer housing part 71 , the protrusions 95 and 96 are received in the retaining openings 81 b and 83 b of the outer housing part 71 . preferably , the protrusions 95 and 96 are attached in a cantilevered fashion to the end walls 91 and 93 such that the protrusions 95 and 96 are resiliently coupled to the end walls 91 and 93 to flex inwardly relative to the longitudinal axis of the inner housing part 72 when the inner housing part 72 is inserted into the interior cavity 76 of the outer housing part 71 . the side wall 92 has a pair of contact receiving grooves 97 and a pair of through openings 98 . the contact receiving grooves 97 are configured and arranged to tightly receive the electrical contacts 73 therein . the through openings 98 are configured and arranged in the side wall 92 along center portions of the contact receiving grooves 97 . these openings 98 allow the electrical contacts 73 to be deformed for fixedly securing the electrical contacts 72 to the inner housing barn 72 as discussed below . referring now to fig1 – 19 and 37 – 39 , the electrical contacts 73 are preferably identical . thus , each of the contacts 73 has a wire connection end 73 a and an electrical contact end 73 b with a center section or fixing portion 73 c extending between the wire connection end 73 a and the electrical contact end 73 b . preferably , the electrical contacts 73 are constructed as a one - piece , unitary member from a metallic sheet material having good electrical conductive characteristics . the wire connection end 73 a is provided with a hole for receiving one of the conductors of the conductor wires w 1 and w 2 that is preferably soldered thereto . the connection end 73 a is also preferably provided with a reduced section so that the connection end 73 a can be deformed or bent out of the initial plane of a center section 73 c of the contact 73 of as shown in fig1 . the contact end 73 b is preferably part - shaped such that the free end of the contact end 73 b is cantilevered to be resiliently deflected towards the center section 73 c of the contact 73 when the electrical connector 18 is connected to the electrical connector 60 of the front dynamo hub 14 as seen in fig1 . in particular , when the contacts 73 are slide into the contact receiving grooves 97 of the inner housing part 72 , the contact ends 73 b extend around a front edge of the side wall 92 and then the free end of the contact ends 73 b extend rearwardly into the interior cavity 76 of the inner housing part 72 . the portions of the contact ends 73 b located in the interior cavity 76 of the inner housing part 72 are spaced from the interior surface of the side wall 92 of the inner housing part 72 . this arrangement allows the contact ends 73 b to be resiliently deflected towards the interior surface of the side wall 92 of the inner housing part 72 when the electrical connector 18 is connected to the electrical connector 60 of the front dynamo hub 14 as seen in fig1 . each electrical contact 73 is also provided with a cutout 73 d in the center section or fixing portion 73 c to form a retaining tab 73 e . the retaining tabs 73 e are designed to be bent or deformed into the openings 98 of the side wall 92 of the inner housing part 72 to secure the contacts 73 to the inner housing part 72 prior to the inner housing part 72 being coupled to the outer housing part 71 . the bicycle lamp 18 is a conventional bicycle lamp . thus , bicycle lamp 18 will not be discussed or illustrated in detail herein . however , the bicycle lamp 18 is powered by the electrical energy generated by the front dynamo hub 14 . the bicycle 10 and its various components are well known in the prior art , except for those components that relate to the present invention . thus , the bicycle 10 and its various components will not be discussed or illustrated in detail herein , except for those components that relate to the present invention . as used herein , the following directional terms “ forward , rearward , above , downward , vertical , horizontal , below and transverse ” as well as any other similar directional terms refer to those directions of a bicycle equipped with the present invention . accordingly , these terms , as utilized to describe the present invention should be interpreted relative to a bicycle equipped with the present invention . the terms of degree such as “ substantially ”, “ about ” and “ approximately ” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed . these terms should be construed as including a deviation of at least ± 5 % of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies . while only selected embodiments have been chosen to illustrate the present invention , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims . furthermore , the foregoing descriptions of the embodiments according to the present invention are provided for illustration only , and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

the present invention will be described in terms of complementary metal oxide semiconductor ( cmos ) technology . cmos is commonly used in integrated circuit technology . the invention , however , may be used in other integrated circuit technologies . cmos generally refers to an integrated circuit in which both n - channel and p - channel metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors ( mosfets ) are used in a complementary fashion . cmos integrated circuits are typically formed with a lightly doped p - type silicon substrate or a lightly doped n - type silicon substrate . the present invention will be described using lightly doped p - type silicon as the starting material , although the invention may be implemented with other substrate materials . if other substrate materials are used , then there may be corresponding differences in materials and structures of the device as is well known in the art . the formation of integrated circuits includes photolithographic masking and etching . this process consists of creating a photolithographic mask containing the pattern of the component to be formed , and coating the semiconductor substrate with a light - sensitive material called photoresist . the photoresist that coats the semiconductor substrate is then exposed to ultra - violet light or to standard i - line processing through the mask to soften or harden parts of the photoresist ( depending on whether positive or negative photoresist is used ). the softened parts of the photoresist are then removed , which is followed by etching to remove the materials left unprotected by the photoresist , and then stripping the remaining photoresist . this photolithographic masking and etching process is referred to herein as patterning and etching . in the following discussion , some well - known aspects of dram fabrication have been simplified . for example , the structure of the doped source / drain regions generally will be more complex than shown . in addition , the particular materials , structures and processes are intended only to illustrate the invention so that it can be fully understood . an embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to fig1 - 9 . referring to fig1 , a semiconductor substrate 10 comprises a silicon substrate 12 with a gate insulating layer 14 , field oxide regions 16 , active or source / drain regions 18 a and 18 b , and access transistors 20 . each access transistor 20 has a gate electrode 24 , one or more insulating protective layers 26 and 28 , and insulating spacers 30 that are formed on the sides thereof . a lower bulk insulator layer 36 is then deposited and if necessary , planarized . lower bulk insulator layer 36 is preferably made of a dielectric material such as borophosphosilicate glass ( bpsg ), phosphosilicate glass ( psg ), borosilicate glass ( bsg ), or spin on glass ( sog ). referring to fig2 , lower bulk insulator layer 36 is patterned and etched to define a volume 56 in which a capacitor is to be formed in lower bulk insulator layer 36 . volume 56 exposes portions of substrate 12 at source / drain regions 18 a . referring to fig3 , a storage plate 40 is deposited . storage plate 40 , which is substantially composed of an electrically conductive material , is preferably composed of doped polysilicon or doped rough textured polysilicon . referring to fig4 , storage plate 40 has been subjected to an planarizing process , such as chemical mechanical polishing , to form a storage node layer 42 . referring to fig5 , a capacitor cell dielectric layer 44 is deposited . capacitor cell dielectric layer 44 , which is intended to form a portion of dielectric material for a capacitor , is preferably made of si 3 n 4 or other electrically insulative suitable material such as ta 2 o 5 , or barium strontium titanate ( bst ). a cell plate layer 46 is then deposited . cell plate layer 46 is intended to form a cell plate portion of a capacitor in an integrated circuit . a cell plate insulating layer 48 is deposited over cell plate layer 46 so as to electrically insulate portions of cell plate layer 46 . cell plate insulating layer 48 is preferably substantially composed of si 3 n 4 , but may also be substantially composed of silicon dioxide or other suitable electrically insulative materials . preferably , etching processing , which may follow in the process flow , will be selective to the materials of which capacitor cell plate insulating layer 48 is composed . as such , cell plate insulating layer 48 need not necessarily be composed of silicon nitride , but can be composed of another dielectric that resists a bpsg etch or a dielectric etch that is selective to lower bulk insulator layer 36 . the method of forming a first preferred embodiment of the present invention is set forth below and illustrated in fig6 - 11 . fig6 is a section 100 taken from fig5 and expanded to illustrate greater detail . referring to fig6 , there is illustrated lower bulk insulator layer 36 , capacitor cell dielectric layer 44 , cell plate layer 46 , and cell plate insulating layer 48 which is deposited over cell plate layer 46 . referring to fig7 , there is illustrated a first etch step wherein a photoresist layer 60 is spun on , exposed , and selectively removed during development to expose a preferred bit line contact site . the first etch step etches cell plate layer 46 and may involve the use of an isotropic component , resulting in an undercut into capacitor cell dielectric layer 44 . the first etch step penetrates the noted conductive and insulative layers and partially penetrates into lower bulk insulator layer 36 . the first step , however , will preferably be anisotropic so as to form a contact hole 70 with no undercut into cell plate layer 46 or less than is illustrated in fig7 . similar to that which is illustrated in fig1 as an anisotropic etch extending through layers 36 , 44 , 46 , and 48 , it is preferable that an anisotropic etch be performed through layers 36 , 44 , 46 , and 48 seen in fig7 so as to form straight side walls of the etched contact hole 70 . the etch process through layers 36 , 44 , 46 , and 48 seen in fig7 , however , can performed so as to have an isotropic component so as to leave contact hole 70 without straight side walls , although such an isotropic etch is not preferred . referring to fig8 , the next step of the present invention method is carried out in which the remaining portions of photoresist layer 60 have been removed , and then a sleeve insulator layer 50 is deposited upon the uppermost surface of cell plate insulating layer 48 and also within the blcc . an ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition ( cvd ) process can be used to assist in lateral deposition of sleeve insulator layer 50 upon the sidewalls of the blcc . other methods , however , can be employed that are calculated to achieve suitably conformal depositions . a preferred cvd substance for sleeve insulator layer 50 is si 3 n 4 , sio 2 ( by decomposition of a tetraethylorthosilicate precursor ), ta 2 o 5 , or barium strontium titanate ( bst ), although the etchant used to etch lower bulk insulator layer 36 should be selective to the substance of sleeve insulator layer 50 . referring to fig9 , a second etch step , which is anisotropic , is carried out to remove substantially all of the horizontally exposed portions of sleeve insulator layer 50 from the bottom of the partially formed blcc . sleeve insulator layer 50 thus covers the exposed portions of capacitor cell dielectric layer 44 , cell plate layer 46 , and cell plate insulating layer 48 that are within contact hole 70 . the structure represented in fig9 illustrates a first embodiment of the present invention wherein sleeve insulator layer 50 is formed into a hardened vertical sleeve and cell plate insulating layer 48 is formed into a horizontal plate . as such , sleeve insulator layer 50 with cell plate insulating layer 48 function as a self - aligning contact site that will resist being removed in a subsequent etch step that etches the remainder of lower bulk insulator layer 36 . such an etch of lower bulk insulator layer 36 will form a conduit from the upper surface of cell plate insulating layer 48 to the upper surface of the semiconductor substrate , and will not expose cell plate layer 46 at the edges of the blcc . sleeve insulator layer 50 will thereby insulate cell plate layer 46 from the effects of errant charge leakage and from shorting once the blcc is filled with conductive material and put into service as a bit line contact . the embodiment of the invention seen in fig9 is not limited to bit line contact formation , but can be used where self - aligned contacts are desirable , such as contacts to an active region , a transistor gate , or to a contact plug . fig1 illustrates an example of a second embodiment of the present invention . cell plate layer 46 maximizes its capacitative effect upon storage node layer 42 by its being wrapped conformally around two opposing vertical faces of storage node layer 42 . in this embodiment , the cell - to - cell bridging of cell plate layer 46 is deeper in the structure . a cell plate insulating layer 48 is deposited upon an upper bulk insulator layer 51 . then , a partial etch is made through cell plate insulating layer 48 into upper bulk insulator layer 51 and stopping within a lower bulk insulator layer 36 so as to form a contact hole 70 . a secondary sleeve insulator layer 50 is then deposited upon cell plate insulating layer 48 and within contact hole 70 . an anisotropic etch removes secondary sleeve insulator layer 50 from the bottom of contact hole 70 and other laterally exposed portions thereof . the anisotropic etch stops on insulator layer 48 , leaving secondary sleeve insulator layer 50 as a liner on the sidewalls of contact hole 70 . a subsequent openings contact to active region 18 b and a contact plug is formed through secondary sleeve insulator layer 50 and in contact with active region 18 b . fig1 illustrates a third embodiment of the present invention in which a cell plate structure is like the second embodiment , but also has a cell plate insulating layer 48 disposed on top of cell plate layer 46 . the upper surface of cell plate layer 46 is partially insulated by cell plate insulating layer 48 . this third embodiment may be preferred where a neighboring site requires cell plate insulating layer 48 , such as where cell plate insulating layer 48 is useful or convenient so as to avoid masking for deposition of cell plate insulating layer 48 . cell plate insulating layer 48 should be composed of a material different from capacitor cell dielectric layer 44 so as to best facilitate the partial etch into lower bulk insulator layer 36 . a primary insulator layer 49 is deposited a upper bulk insulator layer 51 . then , a partial etch is made through primary insulator layer 49 into upper bulk insulator layer 51 and stopping within a lower bulk insulator layer 36 so as to form a contact hole 70 . a secondary sleeve insulator layer 50 is then deposited upon primary insulator layer 49 and within contact hole 70 . an anisotropic etch removes secondary sleeve insulator layer 50 from the bottom of contact hole 70 and other laterally exposed portions thereof . the anisotropic etch stops on primary insulator layer 49 , leaving secondary sleeve insulator layer 50 as a liner on the sidewalls of contact hole 70 . a subsequent etch can be performed upon each of the structures seen in fig1 and 11 so as to open a contact to active area 18 b on silicon substrate 12 through contact hole 70 . a conductive plug ( not shown ) is then formed within contact hole 70 upon active area 18 b on silicon substrate 12 so as to be electrically insulated from cell plate layer 46 by sleeve insulator layer 50 . fig1 - 14 illustrate the function of the first embodiment of the present invention as it provides a self - aligning contact hole site for further processing . referring to fig1 - 14 , there are illustrated qualitative process flow examples of which both proper alignment and misalignment in the formation of a contact plug in a contact hole . the misalignment example is set forth to illustrate the self - alignment feature of the invention . fig1 shows large and small off - set alignment circles 82 , 86 that are meant to indicate an etching process through a layer of insulation material ( not shown ) above cell plate insulating layer 48 so as to form contact hole 70 defined within sleeve insulator layer 50 . a center line 83 represents the axis through the center of small off - set alignment circle 82 , and a center line 87 represents the axis through the center of large off - set alignment circle 86 . as seen in fig1 , center line 83 and center line 87 are off set one from the other . a center line 71 represents the axis of contact hole 70 . small off - set alignment circle 82 shows a misalignment distance δ 1 from center line 83 to center line 71 . large off - set alignment circle 86 shows a misalignment distance δ 2 from center line 87 to center line 71 . the self - alignment of the etch process to form contact hole 70 is due to the selectivity of the etchant in the etch process to both sleeve insulator layer 50 and cell plate insulating layer 48 as the etch process etches lower bulk insulator layer 36 , which defined the termination of contact hole 70 . fig1 shows that an upper bulk insulator layer 51 is deposited within the area defined by sleeve insulator layer 50 and upon cell plate insulating layer 48 . a patterned photoresist layer 60 has been formed upon upper bulk insulator layer 51 . the pattern in patterned photoresist layer 60 is intended to be aligned with respect to sleeve insulator layer 50 so that a subsequent etch will open a contact through upper bulk insulator layer 51 and lower bulk insulator layer 36 to expose a contact on active area 18 b . patterned photoresist layer 60 , however , maybe misaligned with respect to sleeve insulator layer 50 , as was illustrated by the foregoing discussion of fig1 . the etch through patterned photoresist layer 56 forms the blcc via contact hole 70 seen in fig1 - 15 . it is desirable that contact hole 70 , which extends to active area 18 b through sleeve insulator layer 50 , is formed such that the blcc is in alignment with contact hole 70 through cell plate layer 46 . when so aligned , the etch has a diameter d seen in fig1 which extends to the sidewall of sleeve insulator layer 50 , and the largest possible contact to active area 18 b is achieved . sleeve insulator layer 50 enables the inventive method to form sub - photolithography resolution limit critical dimensions , such as is seen in fig1 . referring to fig1 , a circle 80 illustrates in phantom a cross - section of an etch hole through upper bulk insulator layer 51 . a center line 81 represents an axis passing through the center of circle 80 . in fig1 , center line 71 represents the axis passing through the center of sleeve insulator layer 50 . the symbol δ 3 represent the misalignment from the center of circle 80 to the center of sleeve insulator layer 50 . fig1 demonstrates that , although the etch hole is misaligned with respect to sleeve insulator layer 50 , the etch is still self - aligned with sleeve insulator layer 50 due to the selectivity of the etch with respect to the material from which sleeve insulator layer 50 is composed and due to the etch selectivity to the material of which cell plate insulating layer 48 is composed . the self - alignment of the etch through sleeve insulator layer 50 and the stopping of the etch on cell plate insulating layer 48 in effect assures an electrical insulation of cell plate layer 46 that prevents an electrical short with an electrically conductive bit line contact 92 within the blcc . bit line contact 92 , which is preferably a conductive plug , can be formed by filling the blcc with tungsten deposited by chemical vapor deposition with germanium - doped aluminum reflowing , and with other materials and processes . additionally , a refractory metal silicide may be formed at the bottom of the blcc upon active area 18 b . after the material forming bit line contact 92 has been formed within contact hole 70 , a planarizing operation may be conducted to confine the material of bit line contact 92 within contact hole 70 as illustrated in fig1 - 15 . bit line contact 92 extends through contact hole 70 created by the prior etch process to make direct contact with active area 18 b . fig1 illustrates that , although the maximum contact size is not achieved when the etch is misaligned , electrical insulation protection is still provided by cell plate insulating layer 48 and sleeve insulator layer 50 so as to prevent shorting of cell plate layer 46 with bit line contact 92 . the process creating the structure seen in fig1 is substantially the same as that creating the structure seen in fig1 . in fig1 , a circle 90 illustrates in phantom a cross - section of an etch hole through upper bulk insulator layer 51 . the etch hole is aligned with respect to sleeve insulator layer 50 . also , the etch is self - aligned with sleeve insulator layer 50 due to the selectivity of the etch with respect to the material from which sleeve insulator layer 50 is substantially composed , and due to the etch selectivity to the material of which cell plate insulating layer 48 is composed . as was described with respect to fig1 , the self - alignment of the etch through sleeve insulator layer 50 in effect assures electrical insulation of cell plate layer 46 to prevent an electrical short with electrically conductive bit line contact 92 within the blcc . fig1 illustrates the maximum contact size on active area 18 b , as dictated by the diameter of the area defined within sleeve insulator layer 50 . electrical insulation protection of bit line contact 92 is provided by cell plate insulating layer 48 and sleeve insulator layer 50 so as to prevent shorting of cell plate layer 46 with bit line contact 92 . fig1 shows the divergent types of contacts that can be made using the invention , although all of the depicted contacts need not be present in the same structure nor be situated as depicted in fig1 . in fig1 , circle 90 illustrates in phantom a cross - section of an etch hole , made by conventional etch processes , through upper bulk insulator layer 51 . a contact plug 72 in upon source / drain region 18 b . electrically conductive bit line contact 92 is situated within contact hole 70 and passes through sleeve insulator layer 52 to terminate upon contact plug 72 . circle 94 illustrates in phantom a cross - section of a contact hole 98 , made by conventional etch processes , through upper bulk insulator layer 51 and into a transistor so as to stop on a gate electrode 24 beneath an insulating protective layer 28 of a transistor . electrically conductive contact 100 is situated within contact hole 98 and passes through a sleeve insulator layer 52 to make contact with gate electrode 24 . circle 104 illustrates in phantom a cross - section of a contact hole 106 , made by conventional etch processes , through upper bulk insulator layer 51 and into storage node layer 42 . electrically conductive contact 102 is situated within contact hole 106 and passes through a sleeve insulator layer 53 to make contact with storage node layer 42 . sleeve insulator layer 53 insulates electrically conductive contact 102 from cell plate layer 46 . the fabrication method steps of the self - aligning feature , which are illustrated in fig1 - 9 and described above , constitute a fourth embodiment of the present invention . the fifth and sixth embodiments of the present invention , illustrated respectively in fig1 and 11 , comprise a larger surface area deposition of cell plate layer 46 that requires a deeper penetrating partial etch to create the self - aligning feature . these embodiments vary from the fourth embodiment in that a selective etch step is required to remove most of lower bulk insulator layer 36 so as to expose external lateral surfaces of cell plate layer 46 . in the fifth embodiment seen in fig1 , upper bulk insulator layer 51 is deposited and planarized and then a sleeve insulator layer 50 is deposited upon upper bulk insulator layer 51 and within contact hole 70 . as was discussed above , a conductive plug ( not shown ) is formed within contact hole 70 once an etch exposes active area 18 b . the conductive plug is electrically insulated from cell plate layer 46 by sleeve insulator layer 50 and could also be so insulated by primary insulator layer 48 . the sixth embodiment , seen in fig1 differs from the fifth embodiment seen in fig1 in that a cell plate insulating layer 48 is over cell plate layer 46 for off - site coverage where it is useful or inconvenient to mask out deposition upon cell plate layer 46 . other materials , structures , and processes may be substituted for the particular ones described . for example , silicon nitride , preferably si 3 n 4 , may be used instead of silicon dioxide for insulating protective layer 28 and spacers 30 . spin - on glass ( sog ), polyamide insulator ( pi ), chemical vapor - deposited ( cvd ) oxide or other insulators such as boron silicate glass ( bsg ) or phosphosilicate glass ( psg ) may be used in place of borophosphosilicate glass ( bpsg ) for lower bulk insulator layer 36 . other satisfactory materials may be substituted for any of the above . or , additional materials , structures , and processes may also be added to those disclosed . the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics . the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrated and not restrictive . the scope of the invention is , therefore , indicated by the appended claims and their whole or partial combination rather than by the foregoing description . all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope .

7Electricity

the system of the present invention is a compact long lifetime power source which will enable the implementation of many applications , including but not limited to wireless network systems that will no longer require battery changes or replacement . the present invention preferably comprises several components including energy storage ( including but not limited to batteries and supercapacitors ), energy harvesting and / or generation sources ( including but not limited to vibrational ( piezoelectric , capacitive or inductive ), thermal ( thermoelectric ), radioisotope ( betavoltaic ), solar ( photovoltaic ), fuel cells , microcombustion , or biochemical sources ), and ultra - low power electronics for functions including but not limited to charging of energy storage devices , power conditioning , rectification , power management , monitoring state of charge , and / or voltage step - up . the present invention may be configured using different combinations of the above components depending on the intended application . the energy harvesting component will generate power from the ambient environment , which power is then preferably stored in the energy storage components . the ultra - low power electronics preferably control how this power is used or delivered . the present invention can be packaged in many common form factors ( battery sizes such as aa , aaa , c , d , 9v , etc ), as well as in custom sizes , and are preferably capable of plugging directly into a wireless system / component , just like a battery , in order to provide a long lifetime power source . the present invention preferably combines energy harvesting , energy storage in ( for example ) batteries and supercapacitors , and ultra - low power electronics to condition the output from the harvester and carefully charge the storage devices . batteries ( or microbatteries ) provide back - up energy to accommodate periods without ambient energy , while supercapacitors ( or microsupercapacitors ) provide excellent power delivery capabilities to handle high and / or pulsed loads . the electronics circuitry is preferably designed to draw only a very small portion of the harvested energy so that the remainder may be directed for storage , as described above , or for immediate use by the system it is powering . furthermore , once it is fully charged , the battery can be switched out of the circuit to serve as a back - up source , and the energy generated by the harvester is then preferably used to power the application load ( i . e ., sensor ) and accommodate any charge leakage in the supercapacitor . because it is harvesting energy from its environment , the present invention provides a long - lived energy source , far out - lasting conventional batteries . the system may be designed to have a custom form factor or to fit a standard battery configuration , including but not limited to aa , aaa , 9v , li123 , c , d , and others , so it can be used in systems already configured for these types of batteries with little to no modification . moreover , as advanced packaging and integration technologies deliver smaller sensor nodes , the present invention is also expected to evolve through similar miniaturization strategies and will , therefore , be compatible with future generations of miniaturized sensors . as used throughout the specification and claims , the term “ battery ” means battery , microbattery , thin film battery , and the like , whether planar or volumetric . as used throughout the specification and claims , the term “ supercapacitor ” means capacitor , supercapacitor , microsupercapacitor , microcapacitor , ultracapacitor , electric double layer capacitor ( edlc ), and the like . as used throughout the specification and claims , the term “ energy source ” means an energy harvester or energy generator , such as vibrational ( including piezoelectric , electrostatic and inductive methods ), thermal ( thermoelectric ), solar ( various forms of photovoltaics ), radioisotope , chemical , biochemical , fuel cell , microturbine , adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) converters ( atp is a biomolecule able to store and transport chemical energy within cells ), magnetic , electromagnetic ( or rf ) induction ( emi ), and microcombustion generators and the like . fig1 shows a broad schematic of the present system , which preferably comprises three sections : energy harvesting and / or generation ( e / h ), energy storage , and control electronics to rectify the input power ( if necessary ) and safely charge the storage devices . energy generation and / or harvesting may be accomplished using a hardware component which is capable of converting ambient energy into electrical energy . the present invention may contain one or more units of the same type of energy harvesting hardware ( for example , two vibration harvesters ), or contain a combination of two or more pieces of hardware capable of different types of energy harvesting ( for example one piece of hardware harvests vibrational energy while another piece of hardware harvests thermal energy ). using two or more energy harvesting components may provide higher levels of available power and / or may decrease the likelihood that the system will be subjected to periods of time with no available harvestable ambient energy . the electrical energy from the harvester ( s ) is stored , initially , in a supercapacitor ( or supercapacitors ), then in a rechargeable battery . these two energy storage devices provide complementary features : supercapacitors deliver energy efficiently ( high specific power ), while batteries store energy efficiently and so provide back - up power when the harvester is not providing enough power . the supercapacitors in the system of the present invention are preferably used as the first stage energy storage component because they can be discharged and recharged more efficiently and more often than batteries , and are also preferably used for energy delivery because of their low impedance . a low - power digital control module ( dcm ) preferably monitors the state of charge ( soc ) of both the battery and supercapacitor ( s ), and simultaneously dynamically adjusts the operation of the charging module to accommodate any fluctuations in the level of energy delivered by the harvester ( s ). the digital control module is preferably programmable and preferably comprises a microcontroller . as used throughout the specification and claims , the term “ control module ” means a dcm , an ultra - low power microcontroller , a low power field programmable gate array ( fpga ), a low power microprocessor , programmable logic designed into an application specific integrated circuit ( asic ), and the like . the charging module in the present invention preferably comprises a charge pump , but could include other devices and architectures such as piezoelectric transformers , dc - dc converters and the like . should the incoming energy not be sufficient to recharge the supercapacitors , the control module preferably switches in the battery to maintain charge on the supercapacitor . because energy harvesters only produce very small amounts of power , this circuitry ( the charge pump , in particular ) preferably operates extremely efficiently to transfer as much of the available power as possible to the energy storage devices without wasting it in the charger . the use of a control module imparts capabilities to the system that conventional power sources such as batteries and other energy harvesting power supplies do not provide . for example , in addition to monitoring the soc and the input energy source , it can provide state of health monitoring for the whole system , as well as communication with the host sensor or application . for example , with appropriate sensor hardware , the control module may optionally detect a sharp temperature excursion or an unusual vibration pattern that may indicate a tamper event , optionally triggering power down . for sensors , communications with the host sensor mote could enable sophisticated system management capabilities not possible with other power solutions . for example , the complex interaction of soc and input energy variables may be used to determine whether the sensor should enter power conservation or power down modes . as discussed , energy storage is preferably accomplished using at least one secondary ( rechargeable ) battery ( including but not limited to lithium - ion , lithium polymer , thin film lithium ion , nickel metal hydride ( nimh ), and nickel / cadmium ( nicd )) preferably in combination with at least one supercapacitor ( also known as an ultracapacitor or electrochemical double layer capacitor ( edlc ), comprising , for example , aqueous or organic based electrolyte chemistries and symmetric or asymmetric types ). the energy storage components of the present invention preferably store the energy generated by the harvester components for use at a later time . the different characteristics of batteries and supercapacitors make them suitable for different functions of energy storage and delivery . if the energy must be stored for a long time , and released slowly , for example as back - up in case there is no harvestable ambient energy ( e . g ., at night when the energy harvester is a solar cell ), a battery would be the preferred energy storage device . if the energy must be delivered quickly , as in a pulse for a radio frequency ( rf ) communication module , but long term storage is not critical , use of a supercapacitor is preferable . the system can employ i ) a battery ( or several microbatteries ) alone , ii ) a supercapacitor ( or supercapacitors ) alone , or iii ) any combination of batteries , microbatteries and supercapacitors appropriate for the application of interest . improvements in materials , construction , etc . for lithium ion and some lithium polymer batteries are resulting in devices that are capable of delivering pulsed loads as well as steady state loads . these devices may be capable of fulfilling both back up and pulse load delivery functions which are currently preferably accomplished using a combination of microbatteries and supercapacitors . however , as shown in fig2 , in order to maximize the life of the battery , separate devices preferably fulfill these functions . fig2 shows pulsed load delivery from a cr2320 lithium coin cell ; the pulses are 105 mw with a 1 . 5 second pulsewidth and 5 second repetition rate . the lifetime of the battery when used with a supercapacitor is greatly increased over that of a battery when used alone . the present invention may use commercially available ( off - the - shelf ) batteries and supercapacitors or custom designed devices depending on the anticipated usage parameters of the system . parameters that may influence energy storage selection include the power profile , availability and consistency of ambient energy and environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity . moreover , some novel thin film batteries exist , both as research devices and commercial products ( e . g ., oak ridge micro and powerpaper ). these devices tend to have high discharge rate ( high power ) capability , but their capacity values on a per unit area basis are low , meaning that large footprint devices are needed to meet useful energy storage capabilities . for certain applications , these devices may prove to be appropriate . one embodiment of the present invention may combine a volumetric battery for energy back - up with a thin film battery in place of the supercapacitor to provide pulse power . fig3 shows a more detailed block diagram of the device . the circuitry will operate for both ac ( e . g ., vibration , rotational ) and dc ( e . g ., solar , thermal ) sources . an incoming ac signal is rectified preferably using low forward - bias - voltage diodes to minimize losses . these may comprise silicon schottky diodes , germanium p - n diodes or other specially engineered components . the control electronics circuitry primarily fulfills two functions : determining how the energy generated by the energy - harvesting component is to be directed ( to storage and / or directly to the load ) and safely and efficiently charging the energy storage devices without overloading , overcharging , or otherwise damaging them or the generator . it is preferred that the circuits consume very little of the incoming power . small scale energy harvesters that are of interest for use in wireless sensors and other microsystems generally deliver low levels of power ( typically on the order of a few hundred microwatts ). it is important that the charging and power management circuitry delivers as much of that power as possible to the energy storage or the sensor device rather than consuming it in its own operation . the circuitry preferably comprises a charge - switching module for charging a supercapacitor energy storage device and a battery charging circuit , controlled by the control module . energy for operation of the control module is preferably stored in an intermediate energy storage device , for example a conventional capacitor ( typically a few μf to a few hundred μf ). the charge switching module preferably prevents irreversible damage to the supercapacitors ( for example c 19 and c 21 in fig7 ) by carefully controlling their charging in order to avoid overcharging them past a desired threshold voltage , preferably approximately 3 . 3v . during charging , supercapacitor c 21 optionally provides low - voltage power to the load , or alternatively the control module may optionally switch output power off until the supercapacitors reach the desired charging threshold . connecting a supercapacitor directly to an energy source delivering voltage v will draw a current i equal to v / esr , where esr is the equivalent series resistance of the supercapacitor ( typically a few ohms , and ideally & lt ;& lt ; 1ω ). as a low esr is a desirable characteristic of supercapacitors for power delivery , the supercapacitor would draw a high instantaneous current , overloading the energy source . as the system of the present invention may sit on the shelf for some time before being deployed , it is not possible to store the supercapacitor in the charged state , and the charge - switching module preferably controls the current draw in order to prevent damaging the generator on initial deployment . once they are fully charged , the supercapacitors then preferably serve as an energy “ cache ” for charging the battery . this keeps the average current draw very low . before charging the battery , the parallel supercapacitors are preferably intermittently switched in series to increase the voltage . then the battery , for example a li - ion battery , is charged , preferably in two stages . first , a constant current charge increases the battery voltage until a target voltage ( for example 4 . 2v ), preferably monitored by the control module , is reached . this stage usually delivers about 70 % of the total capacity of the battery . the battery is then trickle - charged at a constant voltage . charging is typically terminated once the current level falls below 10 % of the initial charging current . by employing a control module that operates at extremely low power , various functions or conditions of the present system can be periodically monitored both during the charging cycles and during operation , including but not limited to the state of charge of both the battery and supercapacitor and whether or not the generator is producing power . once the battery is fully charged it may be removed from the circuit so that the present invention provides power to the sensor or other load via the energy source and supercapacitor ( s ) only . if the control module detects that the energy cell has ceased to provide power ( e . g . during periods of darkness in the case of a solar cell , or in the case that ambient vibrations cease ), then the control module preferably switches in the battery to provide back - up power . in this case , the battery preferably trickle charges the supercapacitor and provides quiescent power to the sensor until the ambient energy source is restored . the battery is preferably designed to be able to store sufficient energy to provide back - up power for the entire time the system is anticipated to be without ambient energy . this time would vary for different applications , but may range from a few hours to several days or weeks . in the event that the stored energy in the battery drops below a predetermined level , a low battery condition is preferably communicated to the sensor , allowing the sensor to shut down or go into a power conservation mode , for example . finally , current is preferably delivered to the load through the supercapacitor which can supply both steady state and high power pulse current , depending on the demand from the load . for steady state operation , the energy source ( or the battery if there is no energy from the generator or harvester ) preferably delivers energy to trickle charge the supercapacitor , and compensates for the energy delivered to the load or lost through the supercapacitor &# 39 ; s internal leakage . as discussed previously , the supercapacitors &# 39 ; low impedance makes them well suited for delivering high power bursts when needed by the load . thus , the present invention preferably utilizes one or more supercapacitors as primary energy storage devices , and one or more batteries as secondary energy storage devices , which are preferably used to recharge the supercapacitor ( s ). the primary energy storage device preferably provides a higher power output than the secondary storage device , while the secondary storage device provides a greater total energy storage than the primary device . that is , the load is preferably powered only from the supercapacitor ( s ), and not from the battery . the supercapacitors can deliver both pulsed and steady state power , depending on the requirements of the load , and have higher power delivery and lower equivalent series resistance than the battery , thereby increasing efficiency ( especially for pulsed power applications ). in the present invention , the battery ( secondary storage device ) is used to charge the supercapacitor ( s ) ( primary storage device ). this configuration also permits the use of supercapacitors with reduced capacitances , and thus reduced leakages , enabling charging from low power energy sources . preferred features , advantages and benefits of the present invention , listed in table 1 , address concerns that manufacturers and end users of wireless sensors and other applications have identified as potential barriers to adoption of this kind of technology . for example , while not having to change batteries periodically is desirable for many wireless sensor applications , the vulnerability of energy harvesting to a lack of ambient energy ( e . g ., darkness for solar cells ) is also concern for many users . the present invention addresses these concerns at low cost . electronics of the present invention preferably convert ultra - low power from environmental sources into higher voltage , high power output power with smart , programmable control . the present invention preferably accepts either ac or dc power input with voltages as low as approximately 1 . 5v , and current as low as approximately 5 - 15 μa , and preferably employ dynamic self - modification of the conversion control to efficiently convert and store the input energy in high energy density supercapacitors and backup batteries . the voltage regulation of the present invention is preferably not dependent on the maximum voltage supplied by the energy source used , and is preferably programmable to provide steady state dc output voltages up to 5vdc or greater with current output many orders of magnitude greater than that of the input after storage . the present invention is preferably programmable to provide any desired voltage ( not only one or two discrete voltages ), either at the time of delivery or in the field . thus the same system can be used for a wide range of loads and energy storage elements suitable for use in different applications . as shown in fig5 , the present invention preferably accepts and rectifies ac or dc current input into an initial charge storage capacitor . the present device also preferably uses a charge pump with dynamically self - modifying switch rates to very efficiently transfer the charge into one , two , or more high - energy - density capacitors ( or supercapacitors ) at up to about four times the highest input voltage . the dynamic switch rate of the charge pump is preferably controlled by the control module . the control module preferably measures the relevant voltages and controls the switching rate of the charge pump , the final voltage level of the stored energy , and the charging of the backup battery module . the control module preferably dynamically controls the operation of the charge pump to efficiently store very low power energy from the energy source ( s ). for dynamic control of the charge pump switch rate , the control module preferably periodically measures the supercapacitor voltage and computes the rate - of - change of the voltage . if the rate is above a specified level , the switch rate is preferably kept sufficiently high to pump as much charge as is available . if the voltage rate - of - change falls below that level , the switch rate is preferably correspondingly decreased so that the charge pump supercapacitors can maintain 90 % of the highest voltage level prior to switching . as the supercapacitor voltage increases , the potential differences in the charge pump decrease , and so the control module preferably further decreases the switch rate in order to accumulate as much charge as possible in the switching capacitors prior to the switch cycle . also , if the current available at the source increases , the control module preferably senses this as the voltage storage rate increases , and preferably increases the switch rate dynamically as before , in order to take advantage of the greater available quantity of charge flow . if more than one supercapacitor is used , the supercapacitors , when charged to the programmed final voltage level , may optionally be switched in series to provide twice the voltage for subsequent backup battery charging via the battery charging circuit , or for higher voltage output . power output ( on or off ) and battery charging is preferably controlled by the control module . when input power is unavailable , the control module may be programmed to turn off the output or recharge the supercapacitors from the backup battery module for continued operation . in general , the charge pump of the present invention stores low level charge obtained from the energy source ( s ) and boosts the voltage , enabling the supercapacitor to charge at the higher voltage level . in contrast , the charging voltage of many existing systems is limited to the output voltage of the energy source , whatever that may be . for low power energy sources , for example a solar cell exposed only to low light , this voltage may not be sufficient to charge the supercapacitor to its threshold voltage ( for example due to leakage of the supercapacitor ). thus these other systems simply won &# 39 ; t work with low voltage or low power energy sources . the charge pump preferably incorporates intermediate charge storage for increased efficiency , and preferably does not utilize resistors for signal control or limiting . other designs as described in the prior art use resistors or inductors for voltage control between the energy source ( s ) and the energy storage components , resulting in limited current flow and therefore lower efficiency , or use no voltage control at all . in addition , it is preferable that the charge pump comprises mosfets , which require voltage , not current , for switching . the embodiment of the high voltage capacitive charge pump pictured in fig6 preferably follows an input voltage rectifier . the operation of the charge pump is preferably dynamically controlled by the control module ( fig5 ), based on the voltage level of the supercapacitors c 19 and c 21 measured by the control module . the capacitors c 6 , c 8 , c 10 , c 11 in the charge pump preferably have a low capacitive value and low leakage , allowing the system to scavenge low charge levels presented by both high impedance , low power environmental generators such as piezoelectric vibration sources , as well as low impedance higher available charge generators such as photovoltaic cells under a high intensity source . in order to present the supercapacitors with a high charging voltage , the flux of current from the charge pump capacitors during switching is preferably controlled by the switching rate , which is preferably dynamically changed with time by the control module . for example , when little charge is available from the generators , the switch rate is preferably decreased . when there is ample charge available , the switch capacitors achieve their final value very quickly , and the switch rate is preferably increased . this dynamic control allows the system to take advantage of very low levels of ambient energy while maintaining a high charge voltage into the supercapacitors . if desired , the storage capacitors c 6 , c 8 , c 10 and c 11 in the charge pump are switched from parallel to series preferably by using low resistance , low gate - source voltage mosfets . to increase the efficiency of the transistors , the gate signals are preferably conditioned by ultra - low current op - amps u 15 and u 16 , thereby increasing transistor saturation and decreasing the channel resistance . when the control module determines that the desired system voltage level has been obtained , or conversely that no energy is available at the input , switching of the charge pump is preferably halted to conserve power . in greater detail , an embodiment of the voltage charge pump circuit of the present invention , shown in fig6 , is preferably operated by switching off fet q 45 and switching on fets q 36 and q 37 , thereby switching capacitors c 8 and c 6 from parallel into series and providing a current flow path to charge capacitors c 11 and c 10 in parallel with fet q 46 on and fets q 39 and q 38 off . the gates of q 36 , q 45 and q 37 are preferably exactly out of phase with the gates of q 39 , q 46 , and q 38 . after the charge is transferred into c 11 and c 10 at the higher voltage , the process is preferably reversed , with fets q 36 and q 37 turning off and q 45 turning on so that capacitors c 8 and c 6 are recharged in parallel , while simultaneously fet q 46 is turned off and q 39 and q 38 are turned on , thereby switching capacitors c 11 and c 10 from parallel into series and providing a current flow path discharging c 11 and c 10 into the supercapacitors through diode d 27 at the higher voltage . diodes d 22 and d 23 block the back - flow of charge from capacitors c 6 when in series with c 8 , and c 10 when in series with c 11 . diode d 21 blocks the back - flow of charge from capacitors c 8 and c 6 . an fet gate conditioner circuit is also depicted in fig6 . saturation of the charge pump switching fets is typically only possible with gate - source voltage levels that go as high as the highest levels seen by the sources of the respective transistors . this is preferably accomplished with gate voltage conditioning provided by the fet gate conditioner circuit . this circuit preferably takes the digital voltage switching signals provided by the control module , utilizing ultra - low - power operational amplifiers in the saturated or comparator mode , or alternatively transistors in a totem - pole configuration , to swing the signals to the positive rail provided by either ( 1 ) vcc when the supercapacitors are at low voltage and charging , or ( 2 ) the supercapacitor voltage when it exceeds vcc . this higher gate - source voltage differential preferably saturates the fets in the charge pump when switching , allowing for the low channel impedances necessary for highly efficient switching with very low current drain . this action preferably allows the charge pump to operate on very small quiescent current , enabling the pump to charge to higher voltages with less input power . when necessary , the control module may switch the energy storage supercapacitors into series , at least doubling the output voltage at high power levels . this action can drive higher voltage loads , or provide the higher voltage necessary for backup battery charging . in this case , a voltage output and doubling circuit , shown in fig7 , is preferably employed . the signal preferably drives low the gates of fets q 32 and q 43 , thereby switching the capacitors c 21 and c 19 into series . diode d 28 blocks the back - flow of current from c 19 to c 21 . an output signal from the control module preferably drives high the gate of fet q 44 , pulling low the gate of fet q 50 , turning on the output of power from c 19 to the output pin . fig8 depicts an embodiment of a backup battery charging module circuit , which preferably provides the voltages and currents necessary to charge the backup battery module as described above . unlike other implementations of charging circuits , which often use power hungry transformers , this circuit preferably comprises low power op - amps . although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments , other embodiments can achieve the same results . variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover all such modifications and equivalents . the entire disclosures of all patents and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference .

7Electricity

as required , detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein ; however , it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention , which may be embodied in various forms . therefore , specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting , but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriate manner , including employing various features disclosed herein in combinations that might not be explicitly disclosed herein . in an embodiment of this approach as shown in fig1 through fig7 , miniature receptacle terminals , generally shown as 20 , have a connection section 30 for connection to a conductor such as a wire conductor ( not shown ) and an opposing box - shaped mating section 40 for mating with a complementary male terminal ( fig7 ). connection section 30 has sidewalls 32 for securely engaging , such as by crimping , to a conductor such as the conductor of an insulated wire . the connection section can have individual arms 34 which can wrap around the insulation of the insulated wire , for example . terminal 20 has a length ( l 1 ) suitable for a miniature receptacle terminal that can be , for example , between about 17 mm and about 23 mm , suitably between about 18 mm and about 20 mm . mating section 40 has a body portion , generally shown as 42 . body portion 42 has length ( l 2 ) which can be , for instance , between about 6 mm and about 12 mm , suitably between about 7 mm and about 10 mm . body portion 42 also has width ( w 1 ) that can be , for example , between about 3 mm and about 5 mm , typically between about 3 . 5 mm and about 4 . 5 mm . body portion 42 , in addition , has height ( h 1 ) that can be , for instance , between about 1 mm and about 5 mm , usually between about 2 mm and about 4 mm . in the illustrated embodiment shown in fig6 , unmated miniature receptacle terminal 20 has at least one primary contact beam 50 , typically two primary contact beams 50 positioned in parallel within body portion 42 . by in effect splitting primary beam in two ( or more ) narrower beams , insertion force can be reduced when suitable while maintaining advantageous mechanical advantage and angular relationships of the overall beam structure . primary contact beam or beams 50 are cantilevered from a first location on a support platform 44 . primary beam or beams 50 extend from a longitudinal insertion axis 38 at an angle “ b 1 .” a secondary beam 60 is positioned above primary contact beam or beams 50 . secondary beam 60 is cantilevered from a second location on support platform 44 , which can be formed by folding a metal blank to provide a first location 45 from which the primary beam extends and a second location 47 from which the secondary beam extends . secondary beam 60 extends from longitudinal insertion axis 38 at an angle “ a 1 .” in this embodiment , angle “ a 1 ” is larger than angle “ b 1 ” wherein a portion of secondary beam 60 makes contact with primary contact beam 50 in the unmated position . in a typical example , angle “ a 1 ” is between about 5 degrees and 30 degrees , while angle “ b 1 ” is between about 1 degree and 25 degrees . as shown , the respective end portions of the respective beams 50 and 60 are spaced apart from each other where these end portions connect to the support platform 44 by a selected distance 62 , while their respective free end portions engage each other . it will be noted the selected distance 62 corresponds to the spacing between first location 45 and second location 47 and defines the space or gap between the respective cantilever locations for the beams 50 and 60 . as shown in fig7 , contact beams 50 further have a contact surface 52 that engages a male pin 65 when mated within the receptacle terminal . each contact beam 50 has an upwardly extending tip portion 54 to aid in guiding male pin 65 during insertion and to protect the pin and contact beams 50 from damage . when it is desired to provide overstress protection , upwardly extending tip portion 54 can engage the interior surface of top wall 51 when male pin 65 is inserted , thereby preventing contact beam 50 and top beam 60 from overextending in the upward direction . this engagement between the interior surface and the tip portion can also help provide good contact force by stopping movement of the edge of the tip portion 54 while the curve adjacent thereto on the primary contact beam can provide flexure and bias against the inserted pin 65 . in the non - preloaded embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 , the body portion also has a protective flap 56 to further aid in guiding male pin 65 during insertion and to protect the pin and contact beam 50 from damage . in this illustrated embodiment , protective flap 56 is be sized and shaped to provide a gap 55 between upwardly extending tip 54 and protective flap 56 in the unmated position ( fig6 ) so that the tip portion 54 and flap 56 do not engage each other in normal operation . in the illustrated embodiment , body portion 42 further includes a wall 48 , considered a bottom wall , with one or more raised or inwardly extending bumps 46 a to aid in guiding male pin 65 and to bias the mating pin upwards . as male pin 65 is inserted into mating section 40 , male pin 65 is moved towards contact surfaces 52 by one or more bumps 46 . the height of each bump can be varied as desired as shown in fig6 b and 6c for example . varying the height of the bump can allow the force on contact beams 50 to be kept within a specific range while varying the thickness of male pin 65 for example . a lower height of each bump 46 b could be used when a thicker male pin 65 is used for example ( fig6 b ). a higher height of bump 46 c could be used when a thinner male pin 65 is used for example ( fig6 c ). alternatively , bottom wall 48 can be without any inwardly extending bumps as shown in fig6 a . as noted in fig7 , when male pin 65 is further inserted into mating section 40 , male pin 65 engages contact surfaces 52 that are urged to move in a direction considered upward . in the fully mated position , secondary beam 60 extends from support platform 44 at an angle “ a 2 ” and each primary contact beam 50 extends away from support platform 44 at an angle “ b 2 ,” wherein angle “ a 2 ” is larger than angle “ b 2 .” in a typical example , angle “ a 2 ” is between about 1 degree and 20 degrees , while angle “ b 2 ” is between about 0 degrees and 15 degrees . due to the features of the primary contact beam 50 and secondary beam 60 as generally discussed herein , the upward movement of primary contact beam 50 is resisted such that the contact engagement or holding force on the pin increases to levels similar to the pin contact engagement or holding force of larger conventional receptacle terminals that require more bulk to provide a contact engagement or holding force of this magnitude . in the illustrated embodiment , bottom wall 48 has a primary lock up surface 72 that can be used to secure the miniature receptacle terminal 20 to a connector housing 80 for example of a type shown in fig1 . top wall 51 has a polarizing projection 70 for proper mounting of receptacle terminal 20 in a connector housing or panel as shown in fig1 and 14 . polarizing projection 70 extends upward from only a portion of top wall 51 . a connector housing may be sized and shaped such that polarizing projection 70 can only be inserted into the connector housing in one particular orientation , thereby ensuring that the miniature receptacle terminal 20 cannot be inserted incorrectly . top wall 51 also has one or more secondary lock up surfaces 74 that can be used to further secure the miniature receptacle terminal 20 to a connector housing . a terminal front stop 73 is located on polarizing projection 70 as shown in fig1 . such a polarizing projection facilitates proper orientation of the receptacle terminal in a connector housing while the front stop helps to control receptacle terminal insertion . a terminal front stop 173 could be located on top wall 51 as shown in fig1 . either terminal front stop 73 , 173 engages a surface of connector housing 80 as receptacle terminal 20 is fully inserted into connector housing 80 , thereby preventing receptacle terminal 20 from being inserted any further into connector housing 80 . fig1 further shows an embodiment of a receptacle terminal 20 with a terminal position assurance member . after receptacle terminal 20 is fully inserted into connector housing 80 and primary locking member 82 engages with primary lock up surface 72 , a terminal position assurance member , generally designated 92 , can be inserted into connector housing 80 . in the illustrated embodiment , this terminal position assurance member 92 can be considered a front or an end terminal position assurance member . the illustrated member 92 includes a projecting portion 96 and a support portion 98 that allows for securement of the terminal position assurance member 92 to the assembly while the projecting portion 96 is within open space 97 adjacent the primary locking member 82 . in this way , the terminal position assurance member 92 restricts outward movement of the primary locking member 82 . any such movement is less than that needed to disengage the primary locking member 82 . more specifically , front terminal position assurance member 92 prevents primary locking member 82 from disengaging with primary lock up surface 72 . thus this front terminal positioning member can be considered a blocking member having a blocking surface 99 . alternatively , as shown in fig1 , an embodiment of receptacle terminal 20 has a secondary locking member that is a terminal position assurance member , generally designated 94 , that can be considered a side terminal position assurance member having blocking surface 199 . this member 94 is inserted into an opening 198 into the connector housing 80 that is generally adjacent to the secondary lock up surface 74 . after receptacle terminal 20 is fully inserted into connector housing 80 and primary locking member 82 engages with primary lock up surface 72 , the terminal position assurance member 94 is inserted through the opening 198 . insertion continues until the blocking surface 199 of terminal position assurance member 94 is in position to engage secondary lock up surface 74 . typically , such engagement occurs if force is put on receptacle terminal 20 in the opposite direction of the insertion direction , thereby preventing receptacle terminal 20 from substantial movement within connector housing 80 . body portion 42 has side walls 49 . a beam support 76 ( fig1 , 3 , 6 , 6 a and 7 - 11 ) projects from a housing side wall 49 to provide support to each primary contact beam 50 and the secondary beam 60 . in the illustrated embodiment , a flap support 78 ( fig1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 6 a and 7 - 11 ) also projects from a housing side wall 49 to provide support to the protective flap 56 . a tab 58 ( fig2 ) extends down from a portion of top wall 51 to prevent deformation of top wall 51 from excessive force , such as terminal nose stubbing during insertion of the receptacle terminal into a housing for example . the bottom edge 59 of tab 58 engages with housing side wall 49 as top wall 51 is biased downward . in the illustrated embodiment shown in fig8 , unmated miniature receptacle terminal 120 has at least one primary contact beam 150 , typically two primary contact beams 150 positioned in parallel within body 42 . primary contact beam or beams 150 are cantilevered from a first location on support platform 44 . primary beam or beams 150 extend from a longitudinal insertion axis 38 at an angle “ d 1 .” a secondary beam 160 is positioned above primary contact beam or beams 150 . secondary beam 160 is cantilevered from a second location on support platform 44 . secondary beam 160 extends from longitudinal insertion axis 38 at an angle “ c 1 .” in this embodiment , angle “ c 1 ” is larger than angle “ d 1 ” wherein a portion of secondary beam 160 makes contact with primary contact beams 150 in the unmated position . in a typical example , angle “ c 1 ” is between about 5 and 30 degrees , while angle “ d 1 ” is between about 1 and 25 degrees . as shown , the respective end portions of the respective beams 150 and 160 are spaced apart from each other where these end portions connect to support platform 44 by a selected distance 62 between first and second locations 45 and 47 , while their respective free end lengths engage each other . as shown in fig8 , an upwardly extending tip portion 154 is engaged with a protective flap 156 such that upwardly extending tip 154 is biased upward in a preloaded condition prior to insertion of a male pin 165 ( fig9 ). such preloading of the primary contact beam or beams 150 may reduce the insertion force required to mate with male pin 165 due to the force component of the insertion load force of the beam or beams 150 that is taken up by the flap 156 as it engages the beam tip portion 154 . as shown in fig9 , contact beams 150 further have a contact surface 152 that engages male pin 165 when mating . the tip portion 154 of the contact beam 150 has an upwardly extending tip end to aid in guiding male pin 165 during insertion and to protect the pin and contact beams 150 from damage . to provide overstress protection , upwardly extending tip portion 154 can engage the interior surface of top wall 51 when male pin 165 is inserted , thereby preventing contact beams 150 and top beam 160 from overextending in the upward direction . this engagement can also improve connection integrity by providing flexure and bias against the inserted pin 165 that is generated by engagement between tip portion 154 and wall 51 . housing 42 also has a protective flap 156 to further aid in guiding male pin 165 during insertion and to protect the pin and contact beams 150 from damage . in the illustrated embodiment shown in fig1 , unmated miniature receptacle terminal 220 has at least one primary contact beam 250 , typically two primary contact beams 250 positioned in parallel within body 42 . primary contact beam or beams 250 are cantilevered from a first location on support platform 44 . primary beam or beams 250 extend from a longitudinal insertion axis 38 at an angle “ f 1 .” a secondary beam 260 is positioned above primary contact beam or beams 250 . secondary beam 260 is cantilevered from a second location on support platform 44 . secondary beam 260 extends from longitudinal insertion axis 38 at an angle “ e 1 .” in this embodiment , angle “ e 1 ” and angle “ f 1 ” are sized such that there is a beam gap 275 between secondary beam 260 and primary contact beam 250 in the unmated position . in the embodiment that is illustrated in fig1 , this gap 275 begins at the selected distance 62 and extends the full length of the secondary beam 260 . in a typical example , angle “ e 1 ” is between about 1 and 30 degrees , and angle “ f 1 ” is between about 1 and 30 degrees . in the illustrated embodiment shown in fig1 , unmated miniature receptacle terminal 320 has at least one primary contact beam 350 , typically two primary contact beams 350 positioned in parallel within body 42 . primary contact beam or beams 350 are cantilevered from a first location on support platform 44 . primary beam or beams 350 extend from a longitudinal insertion axis 38 at an angle “ h 1 .” a secondary beam 360 is positioned above primary contact beam or beams 350 . secondary beam 360 is cantilevered from a second location on support platform 44 . secondary beam 360 extends from longitudinal insertion axis 38 at an angle “ g 1 .” in this embodiment , angle “ g 1 ” and angle “ h 1 ” are sized such that there is a beam gap 375 between secondary beam 360 and primary contact beam or beams 350 in the unmated position . an upwardly extending tip portion 354 is engaged with a protective flap 356 such that upwardly extending tip portion 354 is biased upward in a preloaded condition prior to insertion of a male pin ( not shown ). such preloading of the primary contact beam or beams 350 may reduce the insertion force required to mate with a male pin ( not shown ) due to the force component of the insertion load force of the beam or beams 350 that is taken up by the flap 356 as it engages the beam tip portion 354 . in a typical example , angle “ g 1 ” is between about 1 and 30 degrees , and angle “ h 1 ” is between about 1 and 30 degrees . as shown in fig1 , unmated miniature receptacle terminal 20 is inserted into a connector housing 80 . a primary locking member 82 engages with primary lock up surface 72 to hold the miniature receptacle terminal 20 in place . other interactions between the miniature receptacle terminal 20 and the connector housing 80 also are shown . it will be appreciated that the connector housing 80 is insulative or of a dielectric material while the miniature receptacle terminal is conductive . it will be understood that there are numerous modifications of the illustrated embodiments described above which will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art , such as many variations and modifications of the miniature receptacle terminals and / or its components including combinations of features disclosed herein that are individually disclosed or claimed herein , explicitly including additional combinations of such features , or alternatively other types of miniature receptacle terminals . also , there are many possible variations in the materials and configurations . these modifications and / or combinations fall within the art to which this approach relates and are intended to be within the scope of the claims , which follow .

7Electricity

the following detailed description is of the best currently contemplated modes of carrying out exemplary embodiments of the invention . the description is not to be taken in a limiting sense , but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention , since the scope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims . various inventive features are described below that can each be used independently of one another or in combination with other features . broadly , embodiments of the present invention generally provides a portable outdoor motor control system for multi - station enclosed cabin boats so that a single motor control unit may be moved to and used at multiple stations both inside and outside a cabin of a boat . fig1 shows a schematic partial section view of a boat in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig1 , a portable outboard motor control system 10 may allow a motor control unit 12 to be mounted at multiple stations within the boat 32 , such as near a wheel or helm station in a first inside position 26 inside a cabin 30 of the boat 32 , a wheel or helm station in a second outside position 28 outside of the cabin 30 of the boat 32 , or at a position on a bridge 36 on top of a roof 34 of the cabin 30 of the boat 32 . the motor control unit 12 may be mounted to a position on the boat 32 via a sliding bracket 14 , a motor control mounting bracket 15 , 16 , or 17 , and quick release mechanism or pin 18 . cables 24 may run from the motor of the boat 32 to the motor control unit 12 via rear wall opening 20 when the motor control unit 12 is positioned near the wheel or helm station in the second outside position 28 out side of the cabin 30 of the boat 32 , or via roof opening 38 when the motor control unit 12 is positioned on top of the bridge 36 . a cap 20 may be used to cover the rear wall opening 20 when not in use to route the cables 24 . fig2 shows a perspective view of a portable outboard motor control system showing how a sliding bracket attached to a motor control unit may slide into a mounting bracket and may be secured by a quick release mechanism or pin in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig2 , a portable outboard motor control system 10 may comprise a sliding bracket 14 , a motor control mounting bracket 15 , 16 , or 17 , and a quick release mechanism or pin 18 . the sliding bracket 14 may be attachable to a motor control unit 12 , and may comprise grooves along the top and bottom in order to slide into the motor control mounting bracket 15 , 16 , and 17 . the motor control mounting bracket 15 , 16 , or 17 may be mounted to a desired position for the motor control unit 12 on the boat 32 and may comprise corresponding rails that allow the sliding bracket 14 to slide and fit with the motor control mounting bracket 15 , 16 , and 17 . the sliding bracket 14 may be slid into the motor control mounting bracket 15 , 16 , or 17 and the sliding bracket 14 may be secured to the motor control mounting bracket 15 , 16 , or 17 via the quick release mechanism or pin 18 that slides through holes on the motor control mounting bracket 15 , 16 , or 17 and on the sliding bracket 14 , thus securing the motor control unit 12 to a position on the boat 32 . fig3 and 4 show views of the motor control unit 12 mounted at a second outside position of the boat 32 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention . as shown in fig3 and 4 , the motor control unit 12 may be mounted near the wheel or helm station in the second outside position 28 via a sliding bracket 14 , a motor control mounting bracket 16 , and a quick release mechanism or pin 18 , with cables 24 routed from the boat motor through rear wall opening 20 of the cabin 30 . as can be seen , because the motor control unit 12 is mounted at the second outside position , the motor control mounting bracket 15 inside of the cabin 30 near the wheel or helm station in the first position 26 may be empty and not attached to a motor control unit 12 . the motor control unit 12 may be a unit manufactured by yamaha ™, evinrude ™, honda ™, or any other manufacturer . the first motor control mounting bracket 14 and the second motor control mounting bracket 16 may be manufactured to match the attachment points of the motor control unit 12 . the quick release mechanism or pin 18 may be operable to attach the motor control unit 12 to the first motor control mounting bracket 15 and the second motor control mounting bracket 16 . the first motor control mounting bracket 15 may be operable to receive the motor control unit 12 mounted to the sliding bracket 14 and may be mounted on a first inside position inside the cabin 30 at a standard motor control location . the second motor control mounting bracket 16 may be configured identically to the first motor control mounting bracket 15 , may also be operable to receive the motor control unit 12 mounted to the sliding bracket 14 , and may further be mounted on a second outside position outside of the cabin 30 close to the outside wheel or helm station 28 in the second outside position . the third motor control mounting bracket 17 may be configured identically to the first control mounting bracket 15 and second control mounting bracket 16 , and may further be mounted on a position on top of a bridge 36 on the boat 32 . in use , the motor control unit 12 may be moved from first inside position of the cabin 30 to the second outside position without disassembly . the motor control unit 12 may be released from the first motor control mounting bracket 15 via the quick release mechanism or pin 18 and sliding the sliding bracket 14 from the first motor control mounting bracket 15 , and then routed along with its attached cables 24 from the first inside position through the opening 20 in the rear wall of the cabin 30 to the second outside position . once the motor control unit 12 is at the desired location , the motor control unit 12 may be mounted to the second motor control mounting bracket 16 via the quick release mechanism or pins 18 by sliding the sliding bracket 14 into the second motor control mounting bracket 16 and securing the sliding bracket 14 to the second motor control mounting bracket 16 via the quick release mechanism or pin 18 at the second motor control mounting bracket . it should be understood , of course , that the foregoing relates to exemplary embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

in fig1 a nasal catheter 100 generally includes a proximal portion 110 , a distal portion 120 with a nub 122 at the end , a removable sheath 130 , and a nose clip 140 . the proximal portion 110 is a wire of satisfactory length , which is currently contemplated to include lengths sufficient to reach from the external nares to the posterior choanae . currently preferred lengths are 5 - 10 cm , with this and all ranges being inclusive of their endpoints unless the context clearly dictates the contrary . wire 110 can be made of any suitable material or materials , provided they are sufficiently flexible to be inserted in the nasal passageway of a typical human without causing substantial damage to the tissues , but also having sufficient column strength to enable proper insertion of the distal portion . the wire 110 should also be non - kinkable under ordinary operating conditions . wires 110 can be mono - or poly - filamentous , and in the later case can be twisted , wound , or woven . at present , the most preferred wires 110 are wound , comprise a nitinol or other shape - memory metal or alloy , and have an outside diameter of less than 6 fr . ( 2 mm ), and are coated with a terephthalate or other suitable bio - compatible polymer to reduce friction . the distal portion 120 can have any suitable dimensions , including for example a length of between 7 cm and 13 cm when in an expanded configuration , and more preferably between about 9 and 11 cm . preferred distal portions also have a maximum cross - section of no more than 10 mm 2 when in the non - expanded configuration , and no less than 75 mm 2 when in the expanded configuration . both length and diameter dimensions are derived from typical adult anatomy , and other sizes are also contemplated , such as to accommodate children and very large adults . distal portion 120 can advantageously comprise the same material ( s ) and coating ( s ) as the proximal portion , but could be also be quite different . where the distal portion comprises a mesh , it is important that the mesh defines spacing sufficient to accommodate both expected airflow and ordinary fluid drainage . in a currently preferred embodiment the spacing is approximately a square measuring about 2 mm on a side in the expanded configuration . in the expanded state the mesh would need to have sufficient radial force to part the pharyngeal tissue and provide a patent physiologic airway . but at the same time the radial force should advantageously be less than the tissue perfusion pressure to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation . it is important that the distal portion 120 is biased to the expanded configuration , but that the expansion can be manually reversed to a compressed configuration by sliding the sheath 130 over the expanded distal portion with a reasonable amount of effort . the distal portion 120 has a length in an expanded configuration that is at least 50 % less than in a contracted configuration , more preferably at least 20 % and most preferably at least 25 %. nub 122 is optional . one could alternatively leave the distal portion open at its distal end . in that case the end is preferably woven back or otherwise adapted to reduce injury to adjacent tissues . where nub 122 is present , it is preferably made of a plastic or other relatively soft material , and is preferably bull - nosed to allow for convenient insertion . it is also considered advantageous that the nub can be withdrawn into the mesh so that it does not irritate or tickle the vocal chords . this could be accomplished by inherent design of the mesh , so that when the mesh is expanded the nub is automatically pulled back . in the embodiment of fig2 , a nasal catheter 200 generally includes a proximal portion 210 , a distal portion 220 with a nub 222 at the end , a removable sheath 230 . but in this case the proximal portion 210 has an outer member having a lumen through which an inner member 215 slides . inner member 215 is coupled to nub 222 , and can be used to invaginate nub 222 back into the lumen of the mesh of distal portion 220 . in this instance nub 222 should be considered a functionally distal end of the distal portion 220 . removable sheath 130 , 230 is preferably similar to cardiovascular guide catheter in that it needs both considerable column strength and lateral bending flexibility , with a relatively thin wall . this can readily be accomplished using a plastic embedded with metal strands . at its distal end , the sheath 130 , 230 is preferably tapered to fit flush with the proximal end of the nub 122 , 222 . this expected to facilitate atraumatic insertion . sheaths 130 , 230 can be any convenient length , because it will likely not be left in the body . sheaths 130 , 230 can be split , so that they can be placed over the protrusion of the proximal portion out of the nose , which is likely continuous with the nose clip 140 . see fig1 . at the proximal end of the sheath 130 , 230 , one could have a handle , grip or other protuberance that facilitates gripping and manipulating of the sheath 130 , 230 by the user or his health care provider . in an alternative shown in fig3 , a nasal catheter 300 generally includes a proximal portion 310 , a distal portion 320 with a nub 322 at the end , a removable sheath 330 , and a nose clip 340 . here , however , the nose clip 340 is removably attached to the proximal portion 310 ( such as for example with a snap or a threaded connection ) and there is an extension arm 350 that is removably coupled to the proximal portion 310 . in practice one would insert the catheter 300 by sliding the sheath 330 over the distal portion 320 , inserting the catheter 300 into the nose of a user ( not shown ) an appropriate distance , connect the extension arm 350 to the proximal end of the proximal portion 310 , withdrawing the sheath 330 over the proximal portion 310 and then over the extension arm 350 , detach the extension arm 350 from the proximal portion 310 , and finally attach the nose clip 340 to the proximal portion 310 . when removing the catheter 300 , one reverses the steps above . extension arm 350 can , of course , be made of any suitable materials and have any suitable length . nose clip 140 , 340 , 440 primarily functions to prevent the proximal portion 110 , 210 , 310 from sliding further than intended into the nasal cavity , and in extreme situations , advancing to a point that it cannot be easily retrieved . in that light the term nose clip should be construed euphemistically as including any sort of position retaining device that can prevent such untoward events . thus , for example , a nose clip can be a simple bent wire 140 such as that shown in fig1 , or a combination plastic and metal piece such as that shown in fig3 . in still further alternative embodiments ( not shown ), the retaining device could be a flared segment , a band that can be positioned about the head , and so forth . another purpose for the nose clip is to act as a positioning guide , indicating that the device is appropriately inserted . the nose clip can also be rotated clock - wise or counter - clockwise by a few degrees , which would also tend to rotate the entire length of the device , and thereby reducing potential for repetitive contact injury and areas of ischemic tissue damage . users should in fact be encouraged to rotate the nose clip by a few degrees each day . in fig4 a and 4b , a nasal catheter 400 generally includes a proximal portion 410 , a distal portion 420 with a collection of wires 420 a , 420 b terminating at a nub 422 , a sheath 430 , and a nose clip 440 . one of the wires 420 a is slidable with respect to the sheath 430 , and the other wires 420 b are not slidable with respected to the sheath . in that arrangement , the distal and proximal portions 410 , 420 can be inserted through the nose , with the distal portion 420 being in a contracted configuration . retracting the slidable wire actuates the device by distorting the orientation of the remaining wires 420 b to form a whisk - shaped distribution shown in fig4 b . the motion is similar to that found in the guidewire system of cordis ™ angioguard xp ™, except that in the cordis device the guidewires go flush by pulling the ends apart , and in the embodiments of fig4 a , 4 b , the wires expand to the whisk - shaped distribution by bringing the ends towards one another ( i . e . bringing the nub 422 proximal ). catheter 400 preferably has between 8 - 20 wires 420 b . it is currently contemplated that operation at the lower end of the range and below would tend to allow excessive tissue prolapse between the wires , and operation at the higher end of that range and above would tend to have inadequate radial separation and cause inspisated mucus buildup . the wires 420 b can extend proximally any suitable distance . they could , for example , terminate at or approximately at the distal end 432 of the sheath 430 ( as shown in the figures ), pass all the way to the proximal end of the sheath 430 , or terminate anywhere in between . it should also be appreciated that wires 420 b need not have a round cross - section . they could , for example , be flattened into ribbons , or have ovoid cross - sections . in fig5 a , 5 b , 5 c the nub 422 is coupled to the wires 420 b at pivot points 423 . this is intended to reduce breakage of the wires 420 b and increase the lifespan of the device 400 . the nub 422 also preferably includes grooves 424 that allow the wires to become flush with the surface of the nub 422 , which is expected to facilitate insertion . those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the fig5 a , 5 b , 5 c only depict two wires 420 b for the sake of clarity . a practical embodiment would likely have eight or more . thus , specific embodiments and applications of nasal catheters have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims . moreover , in interpreting both the specification and the claims , all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context . in particular , the terms “ comprises ” and “ comprising ” should be interpreted as referring to elements , components , or steps in a non - exclusive manner , indicating that the referenced elements , components , or steps may be present , or utilized , or combined with other elements , components , or steps that are not expressly referenced . where the specification claims refers to at least one of something selected from the group consisting of a , b , c . . . and n , the text should be interpreted as requiring only one element from the group , not a plus n , or b plus n , etc .

0Human Necessities

the novel copolymers preferably have from 0 . 1 to 40 wt % of a linear , branched , cyclic or bicyclic fluorine containing monomer with best results obtained with 10 to 25 wt % of ( a ). the fluoromonomers useful in this invention have the following structures : where r is selected from the class of hydrogen , methyl , fluoro and trifluoromethyl groups , &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; is an integer from 1 - 4 , &# 34 ; b &# 34 ; is an integer from 0 - 4 , r 1 is selected from the class of hydrogen , methyl and trifluoromethyl groups , and r f is a straight or branched fluoroalkyl group preferably having from 1 - 18 carbon atoms , fluoroaryl group , or fluoroarylene group having 1 - 24 fluorine atoms . where r and r f are as designated above , r 2 is selected from the class of fluoro or r f groups , and r 3 is selected from the class of hydrogen or fluoro groups . where &# 34 ; b &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; c &# 34 ; are integers from 1 to 150 , and r 4 is a substituent containing a polymerizable double bond . when fluoro macromonomers are used , they can be used in combination with conventional low molecular weight fluoromonomers to improve compatibilization . the macromonomers , if used , are preferably used at the low end of the 0 . 1 to 40 % range and most preferably about 1 to about 5 % by weight . where r , r f are designated as above , and r 5 is selected from the class of hydrogen , alkyl or aryl substituents . in addition to the above , it is also possible to use fluorinated itaconate esters . the fluoromonomers can either be used individually or in combination , with the fluoromethacrylates and the fluorostyrenes being the preferred materials . the hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid , which are of use , are preferably derived from 2 - hydroxyethyl acrylate and methacrylate , 2 , 3 - dihydroxypropyl acrylate and methacrylate , 2 - hydroxypropyl acrylate and methacrylate . these materials can be used in conjunction with an alkylene oxide such as hydroxy or methoxy - terminated polyethylene glycol monoacrylate and monomethacrylate ( macromers ). such alkylene oxide acrylates or alkylene oxide methacrylates can be used without the above noted hydroxyalkyl esters so long as optical clarity is maintained . 2 - hydroxyethyl methacrylate being the preferred material in concentration of 2 - 85 wt %, and preferably between 10 - 35 %. for the n - vinyl lactam , the preferred compound is n - vinylpyrrolidone , although other substituted vinylamides can be employed . it is important that this class of molecule be present , in concentrations from 5 - 80 wt %, and preferably from 40 - 60 wt %, in order to allow for compatibility and optical clarity for bulk polymerized formulations which include a fluoromonomer and a hydroxyalkyl ester . outside of these limits it is usually difficult to obtain optically clear materials when the polymerization is conducted in the absence of solvent . normally 2 - hydroxyethyl methacrylate contains a small amount of the crosslinking agent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate . when this concentration is minimal , maximum swelling of the hydrogel is obtained in aqueous solution . however , such gels may have an inherently weak structure which allows facile rupturing or tearing . in such circumstances , an additional crosslinking agent can be employed , in concentrations of from 0 - 7 wt %, and preferably from 0 . 1 to 2 . 0 wt %. examples of crosslinking agents include polyfunctional derivatives of acrylic acid , methacrylic acid , acrylamide , methacrylamide and multi - vinyl substituted benzenes , including but not limited to the following : ethylene glycol diacrylate or dimethacrylate , diethylene glycol diacrylate or dimethacrylate , triethylene glycol diacrylate or dimethacrylate , tetraethylene glycol diacrylate or dimethacrylate , polyethylene glycol diacrylate or dimethacrylate , trimethylolpropane triacrylate or trimethacrylate , bisphenol a diacrylate or dimethacrylate , ethoxylated bisphenol a diacrylate or dimethacrylate , pentaerythritol tri - and tetraacrylate and methacrylate , tetramethylenediacrylate or dimethacrylate , methylenebisacrylamide or methacrylamide , hexamethylene bisacrylamide or methacrylamide , divinyl benzene , diallyl itaconate , allyl methacrylate , diallyl phthalate , polysiloxanylbisalkyl acrylates and methacrylates , polysiloxanylbisalkylglycerol acrylates and methacrylates . the additional hydrophilic monomers useful in the present invention include acrylic and methacrylic acid , acrylamide , methacrylamide , n , n - dimethylacrylamide , n , n - dimethylmethacrylamide , diacetone acrylamide , 2 acrylamido 2 - methylpropanesulfonic acid and its salts , vinylsulfonic acid and its salts , styrenesulfonic acid and its salts , 2 methacryloyloxyethyl sulfonic acid and its salts , 3 methacryloyloxypropyl sulfonic acid and its salts , allylsulfonic acid , 2 - phosphatoethyl methacrylate , di tri -, tetra -, penta - ... polyethyleneglycol monoacrylate or methacrylate , n , n dimethylaminoethyl acrylate and methacrylate , 2 - methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium salts , 2 -, 4 - and 2 - methyl 5 - vinylpyridine and their quaternary salts , n -( 3 - methacrylamidopropyl ) - n , n - dimethylamine , n -( 3 - methacrylamidopropyl ) - n , n , n - trimethylammonium salts , 1 - vinyl - and 2 methyl 1 vinylimidazole and their quaternary salts , n ( 3 - acrylamido - 3 methylbutyl ) - n , n dimethylamine and its quaternary salts , n -( 3 methacryloyloxy 2 - hydroxypropyl ) n , n , n - trimethylammonium salts and diallyldimethylammonium salts . the triethanolammonium salt of 2 methacryloyloxyethane sulfonic acid is the preferred wetting agent . a uv absorbing material can be added to the above mixture of monomers if it is desired to reduce or eliminate uv radiation in the wavelength of 300 - 410 nm . of particular interest are the benzophenone and benzotriazole families , such as 2 , 2 &# 39 ;- dihydroxy - 4 - methacryloyloxybenzophenone , 2 , 2 &# 39 ;- dihydroxy - 4 , 4 &# 39 ;- dimethacryloyloxybenzophenone , 2 - hydroxy - 4 -( 3 methacrylo - yloxy - 2 - hydroxypropoxy ) benzophenone , 2 , 2 &# 39 ; dihydroxy - 4 , 4 &# 39 ;-( 3 bismethacryloyloxy - 2 - hydroxypropoxy ) benzophenone , 1 -, 4 -, 5 -, 6 -, or 7 - vinylbenzotriazole 4 -, 5 -, 6 -, or 7 - methacryloyloxybenzotriazole , 1 - methacryloylbenzotriazole , 4 -, 5 -, 6 -, or 7 - methacryloyloxy 2 hydroxypropoxybenzotriazole and 1 -( methacryloyloxy - 2 hydroxypropoxy ) benzotriazole . the copolymers described in this invention are preferentially prepared by radical polymerization utilizing a free radical initiator . the initiators are preferably either azo or peroxide families . typical initiators include : 2 , 2 &# 39 ;- azobis ( 2 , 4 - dimethylpentanenitrile )( vazo 52 ), 2 , 2 &# 39 ;- azobisisobutyronitrile , 4 , 4 &# 39 ;- azobis ( 4 cyanopentanoic acid ), 2 , 2 &# 39 ;- azobis ( 2 methylbutanenitrile ), 2 , 2 &# 39 ;- azobis ( 2 , 4 dimethyl 4 - methoxyvaleronitrile ), t - butyl peroctoate , benzoyl peroxide , lauroyl peroxide , methyl ethyl ketone peroxide , 2 , 4 - dichlorobenzoyl peroxide , p - chlorobenzoyl peroxide , and diisopropyl peroxycarbonate and 2 , 5 dimethyl - 2 , 5 - di ( 2 - ethylhexanoylperoxy ) hexane . typically , the monomer solutions containing 0 . 1 to 0 . 5 wt % initiator are flushed with either nitrogen or argon gas for two hours at room temperature . the samples , which are in plastic cups , plastic or glass tubes , are then heated at 35 ° c . for 24 hours , 50 ° c . for three hours , 70 ° c . for one hour and 90 ° c . for three hours . after this cycle is completed , the samples are cooled and the resulting polymer is removed from its vessel . if the vessel is a cast molding device , contact lenses can be prepared directly as in spin casting . otherwise , the material is prepared in button , rod , or disc form , or other desired shapes , which can then be machined . the resulting lenses are then hydrated in an isotonic buffered solution for one to two days at 35 ° c . prior to use . depending on the ratio of fluoromonomer to hydroxyalkyl methacrylate to n - vinylpyrrolidone , either optically clear , hazy , or opaque polymeric materials are obtained . under certain ratios , as described herein , optically clear , hard , machineable materials can be prepared . after the finished polymerized shaped article is immersed in water or in buffered isotonic saline solution , a hydrogel results , usually within 1 to 7 days . the hydrogels absorb between 30 wt .% to 93 wt .% of buffered isotonic saline solution . such materials can have dk values at 35 ° c . ranging from 9 to 83 . these oxygen permeabilities are , in some instances , higher than known values for all previously reported hydrogel soft contact lens materials . in addition to the high level of water contents and the exceptionally high oxygen permeabilities of the hydrogels , it has also been found that these fluorine containing hydrogel materials display significant protein and lipid repellency properties . thus , these combined properties provide a novel material for the preparation of soft , hydrogel contact lenses . furthermore , these hydrogels have application in other biological materials such as surgical implants , prosthetic devices , heart valves , hydrophilic catheter coverings , hydrophilic vascular grafts and hydrophilic burn dressings . the following examples are given to illustrate the invention and are not meant to be limiting : the desired materials for fluorine - containing hydrogel lenses are obtained by mixing the desired monomers and initiator , filtering the homogeneous comonomer solution , and pouring said solution into previously dried reaction vessels . the vessels are then placed in a heating block or bath and flushed with argon for a period of 5 minutes , after which the vessels are heated at 35 ° c . for 24 hours , 50 ° c . for three hours , 70 ° c . for one hour and 90 ° c . for three hours . following the completion of the heating cycle , the heating block is cooled to room temperature and the vessels are removed . the resulting buttons or rods are then removed from their respective vessels . the buttons are then cut into discs to determine water uptake by soaking in an isotonic buffered solution at ph 7 . 3 at 35 ° c . for at least 100 hours or until maximum swelling has occurred . the water contents were determined based on the disc &# 39 ; s dry weight and wet weight by the following relationships : ## equ1 ## the % of water of hydration based on the dry disc is determined after drying the hydrated disc at 50 ° c . under vacuum overnight . in determining oxygen permeability ( dk ), the following procedure was utilized : the hydrogel sample is covered on the tip of polarographic oxygen sensor and placed in buffer ( ph 7 . 3 ) solution at 35 ° c . a steady state is reached when the oxygen between the sample and sensor tip is exhausted and then the rate of oxygen diffusing through the sample becomes a constant . the constant rate of oxygen passing through is measured by an oxygen sensing electrode and converted to current , which is the equilibrium point from the plot of current vs . time . the equilibrium current values were determined for different samples of varying thickness . finally , from the slope of the plot of the inverse values of equilibrium current against the thicknesses of the samples used , the oxygen permeability ( dk ) was calculated by multiplying the cell constant with the inverse value of the slope obtained from the latter plot . the unit for dk is 10 - 11 ( cm 2 / sec )( ml 0 2 / ml mm hg ). except where indicated , measurements were obtained in a buffer at 207 milliosmolals ( mos ). in these cases , the dk data were converted to an isotonic buffer of 310 mos by use of the equation : the % wet hydration data were converted to an isotonic buffer by the equation : and the % dry hydration data were converted to an isotonic buffer by the equation : table 1 illustrates the effect of variation of the hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate ( hfm ) and 2 - hydroxyethyl methacrylate contents ( hema ), with constant contents of n vinylpyrrolidone ( nvp ) and methacrylic acid ( ma ), on wet and dry hydration and permeability . also included are related analysis of two samples containing no hfm and one sample of 100 wt .% hfm . table 1__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________0 . 6 79 . 4 10 10 89 868 61 all buttons were clear1 79 10 10 91 1046 673 77 10 10 82 477 454 76 10 10 81 438 445 75 10 10 83 482 460 100 0 0 31 43 90 80 10 10 86 491 40100 0 0 0 -- -- 17__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 2 indicates the effect of varying the hema and ma contents , with constant contents of hfm and nvp . table 2__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________30 59 10 1 46 85 9 buttons had phase separation ; 30 57 10 3 58 136 21 after removal of top30 56 10 4 69 224 30 portion , hydrated discs were30 52 10 8 76 310 28 clear and homogeneous__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 3 illustrates the effect of varying the hema , nvp , and ma contents , with a constant content of hfm . table 3__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________30 50 20 0 36 53 9 all buttons had phase30 45 15 10 82 463 51 separation ; after removal of30 40 20 10 81 435 -- the top portion , all30 35 25 10 85 587 50 hydrated discs were clear and30 30 30 10 85 518 49 homogeneous . __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 4 illustrates the effect of varying low content of hfm with varying contents of hema and ma at constant nvp content . table 4__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________0 . 4 83 . 6 10 6 76 336 58 all buttons were clear and homogeneous . 0 . 6 83 . 4 10 6 77 341 480 . 6 81 . 4 10 8 75 298 480 . 8 83 . 2 10 6 71 242 520 . 8 81 . 2 10 8 71 248 411 . 0 83 . 0 10 6 77 337 481 . 0 81 . 0 10 8 77 338 531 . 2 82 . 8 10 6 72 252 381 . 2 80 . 8 10 8 83 484 44__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 5 illustrates the effect of varying low content of pfs with varying contents of hema and ma at constant nvp content . table 5__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________0 . 4 83 . 6 10 6 80 396 56 all buttons were clear and homogeneous . 0 . 6 83 . 4 10 6 71 254 590 . 8 83 . 2 10 6 74 284 551 . 0 83 . 0 10 6 73 300 561 . 2 82 . 5 10 6 73 276 592 . 0 80 . 0 10 8 78 351 594 . 0 78 . 0 10 8 79 385 63__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 6 illustrates the effect of varying low content pfs with varying contents of hema , nvp , and ma . all measurements were obtained in a ph 7 . 3 buffer at 310 mos . table 6__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % pfs hema vp ma wet dry dk remarks__________________________________________________________________________4 26 60 10 91 1035 80 all rods were clear and colorless . 4 16 70 10 93 1260 83 after hydration , all discs were clear and colorless . __________________________________________________________________________ table 7 illustrates the effect of adding a styrenic derivative , t butyl styrene ( tbs ). table 7__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp ma tbs wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________30 45 10 10 5 69 316 36 buttons had phase separation ; after removal of top portion hydrated discs were clear . 30 40 10 10 10 53 113 18 bottom portion of phase separated buttons remained hazy after hydration . __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 8 illustrates the effect of adding a crosslinking agent , tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( tegdm ). table 8__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp ma tedgma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________1 77 . 5 10 10 1 . 5 80 413 50 all buttons were clear and colorless . 2 76 . 5 10 10 1 . 5 80 405 28 all buttons were clear and colorless . 3 75 . 5 10 10 1 . 5 75 291 26 all buttons were clear and colorless . 30 44 10 15 1 82 449 42 buttons were slightly30 34 10 25 1 85 597 57 hazy . __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 9 illustrates the effect of adding a strengthening monomer , methyl methacrylate ( mma ), to the hydrogel . table 9__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp ma mma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________30 45 10 10 5 80 399 45 buttons had hazy separation ; after30 40 10 10 10 84 526 34 hydration , discs were clear . __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 10 illustrates the effect of variation of the pentafluorostyrene ( pfs ) and hema contents , with constant contents of nvp and ma . table 10__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % pfs hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________0 . 4 79 . 6 10 10 91 1170 66 all buttons were clear ; after0 . 6 79 . 4 10 10 91 1257 63 hydration , the discs were1 . 8 78 . 2 10 10 86 647 66 found to be strong . 2 78 10 10 91 1162 715 75 10 10 81 428 4510 70 10 10 80 395 4215 65 10 10 78 349 3920 60 10 10 81 422 3325 55 10 10 76 318 4130 50 10 10 72 242 31__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 11 illustrates the effect of combining different compositions of pfs and hfm , with varying content of hema and constant contents of nvp and ma . table 11__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm pfs hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________1 . 0 10 69 . 0 10 10 79 374 45 all buttons were clear ; after1 . 0 5 74 . 0 10 10 81 448 42 hydration , the discs were1 . 5 5 73 . 5 10 10 76 311 56 found to be strong . 1 . 0 2 . 5 76 . 5 10 10 81 427 652 . 0 25 53 10 10 69 218 374 . 0 25 51 10 10 69 203 28__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . the use of a fluorosulfonamide monomer of 2 -( n - ethylperfluorosulfonamido ethyl acrylate ) ( fx - 13 by 3m co .) is illustrated in table 12 . table 12__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % fx - 13 hema vp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________0 . 2 79 . 8 10 10 85 578 72 buttons were clear ; after hydration , the discs were clear . __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . the use of a ultraviolet absorber ( uv ) of 2 - hydroxy - 4 -( 2 hydroxy - 3 - methacrylvloxy ) propoxybenzophenone ( permasorb ma , national starch and chemical corp .) in conjunction with pfs , hema , nvp and ma is illustrated in table 13 . table 13__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % pfs hema nvp ma uv wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________1 . 5 78 . 3 10 10 0 . 2 89 847 73 all buttons were clear . after hydration , all discs were clear . __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 14 illustrates the use of a sulfonate monomer in its salt form as an added hydrophilic agent . in a typical procedure , hema , nvp and pfs , were weighed into a beaker . into this mixture sulfoethyl methacrylate ( sem ) was weighed accurately followed by equal molar concentration of triethanolamine ( tea ). after adding the required amount of initiator , the contents of the beaker were qently stirred for thorough mixing , with cooling . table 14__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % hfm hema nvp sem tea wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________4 71 . 0 10 8 . 5 6 . 5 64 177 31 all buttons were clear and4 66 . 0 10 11 . 3 8 . 7 75 308 52 yellow when dry ; after4 63 . 5 10 12 . 7 9 . 8 75 294 57 hydration the discs4 61 . 0 10 14 . 1 10 . 9 76 323 46 became colorless . __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . table 15 illustrates the use of p fluorostyrene ( pfs ) as the fluoromonomer in conjunction with hema , nvp , and ma . table 15__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % pfs hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________ 1 79 10 10 87 729 66 the hydrated discs were clear but 5 75 10 10 81 417 48 had less drape and less elasticity . 10 70 10 10 85 419 4915 65 10 10 67 206 2620 60 10 10 69 224 21__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos and converted to 310 mos . table 16 illustrates the use of glycerol as a solvent for the polymerization of pfs , hema , nvp , and ma . all reactions were thermally initiated with vazo - 52 . the total monomer concentration was 85 wt .% and the glycerol concentration was 15 wt .%. polymerization could be done in a stationary state or under spin casting conditions . table 16__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % pfs hema nvp ma wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________2 78 10 10 81 438 43 buttons became opaque after polymerization , 4 78 10 8 79 382 48 but discs turned clear in buffer solution . 25 55 10 10 66 200 29__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos and converted to 310 mos . table 17 illustrates the use of glycerol as a solvent for the polymerization of pfs , hema , nvp , and the potassium salt of 3 sulfopropyl methacrylate ( spm ). reactions were initiated either thermally with vazo 52 or by uv using benzoin methyl ether as the photoinitiator . the total monomer concentrations were varied as indicated in the table . table 17__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % monomer glycerol hydration % pfs hema nvp spm wt . % wt . % wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________4 81 10 5 85 . sup . b 15 52 109 30 all discs were clear . 4 76 10 10 85 . sup . b 15 68 206 474 76 10 10 85 . sup . b 15 78 364 564 66 10 20 80 . sup . 20 80 402 57__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos and converted to 310 mos . . sup . b uv photopolymerization table 18 illustrates the use of constant pfs with constant sem . tea as a function of increasing nvp and decreasing hema . all measurements were obtasined in a ph 7 . 3 buffer at 310 mos . table 18__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % hydration % pfs hema nvp sem tea wet dry dk remarks__________________________________________________________________________15 27 . 3 40 10 7 . 7 68 211 42 all rods were clear and slightly15 17 . 3 50 10 7 . 7 76 309 47 yellow . after hydration of discs , 20 22 . 3 40 10 7 . 7 67 206 29 all samples were clear and colorless . 20 12 . 3 50 10 7 . 7 69 225 4225 17 . 3 40 10 7 . 7 63 172 3710 37 . 5 30 12 . 7 9 . 8 76 316 5510 27 . 5 40 12 . 7 9 . 8 82 452 4310 17 . 5 50 12 . 7 9 . 8 88 711 7015 32 . 5 30 12 . 7 9 . 8 74 287 4315 22 . 5 40 12 . 7 9 . 8 79 376 4915 12 . 5 50 12 . 7 9 . 8 83 479 6320 17 . 5 40 12 . 7 9 . 8 75 306 5125 2 . 5 50 12 . 7 9 . 8 68 216 3715 29 . 6 20 20 15 . 4 83 475 5915 24 . 6 25 20 15 . 4 84 538 6615 19 . 6 30 20 15 . 4 87 672 66__________________________________________________________________________ table 19 illustrates the use of glycerol as a solvent for the polymerization of pentafluorobenzyl methacrylate ( pfmb ), hema , nvp , and spm . reactions were initiated either thermally with va70 - 52 or by uv using benzoin methyl ether as the photoinitiator . table 19__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % monomer glycerol hydration % pfbm hema nvp spm wt . % wt . % wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________4 74 10 12 85 . sup . 15 75 -- 49 all buttons were clear , as4 73 10 13 85 . sup . 15 80 -- 54 were discs after hydration . 4 72 10 14 85 . sup . b 15 77 -- 534 66 10 20 80 . sup . b 20 83 512 694 71 10 15 85 . sup . b 15 81 422 59__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . . sup . b uv photopolymerization table 20 illustrates the polymerization of pfbm , hema , nvp , and sem . tea . all reactions were photoinitiated using benzoin methyl ether as the photoinitiator , either in the presence or absence of glycerol . table 20__________________________________________________________________________composition , wt . % monomer glycerol hydration % pfbm hema nvp sem tea wt . % wt . % wet . sup . a dry . sup . a dk . sup . a remarks__________________________________________________________________________4 73 . 4 10 6 4 . 6 85 15 65 179 35 all buttons were clear , as4 63 . 5 10 12 . 7 9 . 8 100 -- 81 -- 54 were discs after__________________________________________________________________________ hydration . . sup . a obtained at 207 mos . and converted to 310 mos . the example illustrates the effect of protein absorption . an artificial tear solution was prepared : ______________________________________albumin 0 . 788 glysozyme 0 . 430 gγ - globulin 0 . 270 gmucin 0 . 400 gcalcium chloride 0 . 008 g______________________________________ the hydrogel discs including fluorinated and non - fluorinated lens materials were soaked in the artificial tear solution at 35 ° c . for two weeks . with fluorinated lens materials containing from 0 . 2 to 25 wt .% fluoromonomer in accordance with this invention , substantially less surface deposits were noted as compared to the non - fluorinated hydrogel lens materials , with the higher content fluoro material appearing to have less deposit formation . in addition , all fluoropolymer materials were readily cleaned by running water , a circumstance which was not possible with the non fluorinated polymers . with the use of an enzyme cleaner , the surface deposits were also removed . while specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described , many modifications and variations are possible . for example , while bulk polymerization of materials in rod or button form has been described it is possible to use conventional contact lens molding techniques such as cast molding and spin cast molding to directly form finished or near finished contact lenses . thus , the need for optically grinding lens surface and rear portions can be avoided by using such casting techniques . when spin casting by conventional techniques , polymerization can be carried out in a solvent such as glycerol often used in amounts of from 5 to 30 wt .% and preferably 15 wt .% with standard spin casting procedures . when contact lenses are to be made from the materials of this invention , buttons previously bulk polymerized can be ground to have optical front and rear surfaces by conventional , grinding and lathing operations known to the contact lens art . the useful materials of this invention , when formed into contact lenses , have high strength , i . e ., tear strength is at least as high as commonly existing commercial hydrogel contact lenses . in fact tear strength , tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are at least equivalent to generally acceptable commercial hydrogel contact lenses .

2Chemistry; Metallurgy

referring now to the drawings and in particular fig1 and 2 , there is shown mock bird or bumper launcher 10 . mock bird launcher 10 includes stand 12 comprised of first stand portion 14 and second stand portion 16 . first stand portion 14 includes legs 20 and 22 that have respective , pivotally attached stakes 24 and 26 at an end thereof . stakes 24 and 26 allow first stand portion 14 to be fixed into the ground . first stand portion 14 also includes center bar 28 that is disposed between side bar 30 and side bar 32 of second stand portion 16 . second stand portion 16 is pivotally coupled to first stand portion 14 by pivot pin 18 which extends through side bars 30 and 32 and center bar 28 . additionally , second stand portion 16 includes wheels of which only one wheel 34 is able to be shown . this allows launcher 10 to be portable . in accordance with an aspect of the present invention , pivot pin 18 is machined or formed with coupling 36 on its end , such as a male plug , which is adapted to receive a mating coupling ( not shown ), such as a female socket , of an air conduit or hose ( not shown ). the air conduit is in communication with an air storage tank or compressor ( not shown ) for supplying compressed air to launcher 10 . with additional reference to fig4 pivot pin 18 is in communication with electrically actuated valve 38 via conduit 40 which is disposed within side bar 30 . thus , compressed air from the air supply tank or compressor ( not shown ) is supplied to valve 38 upon receipt of an actuating signal . such an actuating signal is provided by receiver 44 as depicted in fig3 via communication line 46 that is coupled between receiver 44 and valve 38 . receiver 44 is mounted to launcher 10 , as schematically shown in fig1 - 15 . receiver 44 receives an actuation command signal via a radio frequency ( rf ) link from transmitter 48 . transmitter 48 is held by the user / trainer such that remote actuation of launcher 10 may be accomplished . referring back to fig1 and 2 , launcher 10 has carousel 50 defined by upper plate 52 and lower plate 54 . each plate 52 and 54 has corresponding holes each of which supports a mock bird or bumper cylinder 56 such that each bumper cylinder 56 is limitedly , axially slidable therein . each bumper cylinder 56 holds a mock bird or bumper 58 therein for launching . the mock birds are sized and shaped to fit snugly within the bumper cylinder yet allow ejection therefrom when actuated in accordance with the present invention . carousel 50 is rotatively supported on indexer drive tube or cylinder 60 and center post 62 which extends upwardly from second stand portion 16 . center post 62 extends through indexer drive tube 60 and rigid o - ring 64 in a center hole in upper plate 52 such that upper plate 52 is rotatively supported thereby . indexer drive tube 60 has lower end cap 66 that fits around and helps support indexer drive tube 60 on center post 62 . lower plate 54 is coupled to and rotated by indexer drive tube 60 as described below . indexer drive tube 60 is attached to accumulation cylinder 68 by two adjustment rods 70 and 72 such that indexer drive tube 60 is carried upward by motion of accumulation cylinder 68 . as described below , the upward motion of accumulation cylinder 68 is transferred as upward motion to indexer drive tube 60 which translates its upward motion to rotational motion thereby rotating carousel 50 . in this manner , a bumper cylinder 56 containing a bumper 58 is rotated into position for launching . with additional reference to fig4 - 7 , the operation and structure of accumulation cylinder 68 will now be described . upon actuation of valve 38 air flows into conduit 42 which passes through the hollow center of lifting rod core tube 76 of accumulation cylinder lifting structure 74 and is sealed against lifting rod piston 78 by eyelet or gasket 80 . as the air fills the interior of accumulation cylinder 68 , pressure is applied to lifting rod piston 78 generating a downward force proportional to the product of the piston area and the pressure . this force acts in opposition to the force applied by compression spring 82 that has one end in contact with the underside of lifting rod piston 78 . o - ring 84 is disposed about lifting rod piston 78 which provides an air seal against lifting rod cylinder 86 to prevent air leakage into lifting rod cylinder 86 . lifting rod cylinder 86 extends from base 88 of accumulation cylinder 68 . a boss on the underside of lifting rod piston 78 retains actuator sleeve 90 that is disposed about lifting rod core tube 76 and inside compression spring 82 . thus , the force applied to lifting rod piston 78 is applied to actuator sleeve 90 and in turn to four steel locking balls 92 disposed in annular notch 94 of lifting core tube 76 each of which protrudes from a bore in actuator sleeve 90 , with the four bores being mutually orthogonal . initially , balls 92 are forced outwardly by the action of the bores of actuator sleeve 90 pushing balls 92 against the angled walls of notch 94 . outward travel of each ball 92 is restricted by their confinement in notches 96 and in spring sleeve 98 . in this manner , relative upward motion of spring sleeve 98 with respect to lifting rod core tube 76 is prevented by action of balls 92 . any attempt to move spring sleeve 98 upwards drives balls 92 against notch 94 . when sufficient force is applied to lifting rod piston 78 by the air pressure inside accumulation cylinder 68 to overcome the upward bias force against lifting rod piston 78 by compression spring 82 , lifting rod piston 78 and attached actuator sleeve 90 begin to move downward . balls 92 are then no longer pressed by the bores in actuator sleeve 90 against the upper angled surface of notch 94 in lifting rod core tube 76 , but are free to move radially inward into notch 94 as actuator sleeve 90 moves downward relative to stationary core tube 76 . this allows balls 92 to fit within the confines of bores in spring sleeve 98 allowing relative movement between spring sleeve 98 and core tube 76 . balls 92 continue to move downward relative to core tube 76 until they contact the lower angled surface of notch 94 of core tube 76 and are again forced radially outward until they contact the walls of the bores of spring sleeve 98 . radial motion of balls 92 ceases and the upward linear motion of spring sleeve 98 and accumulation cylinder 68 , to which spring sleeve 98 is attached , continues relative to core tube 76 . when actuator sleeve 90 has traveled to the point where the bores through which the balls pass reach countersink 100 of bottom or support plate 88 , radial motion of balls 92 is no longer restricted by the bores of spring sleeve 98 . balls 92 move radially outward until they contact counterbore 100 of support plate 88 . in this position , balls 92 prevent any downward motion of support plate 88 and accumulation cylinder 68 to which it is attached , relative to stationary core tube 76 . with particular reference to fig6 core tube 76 is made stationary by attachment to side bars 30 and 32 through use of standard threaded nuts or the like attached to threads on core tube 76 . any attempt to move plate 88 downward drives balls 92 against the lower angles surface of notch 94 . disposed within accumulation cylinder 68 is second cylinder lifting structure 102 . at this point , it should be understood that cylinder lifting structure 102 is structurally and operationally the same as cylinder lifting structure 69 with the exception that cylinder lifting structure 102 does not have an air conduit like air conduit 42 for supplying compressed air , but instead includes safety relief valve structure 104 to allow the release of air through bore 108 in lifting rod piston 106 should the air pressure within accumulation cylinder 68 become too great . relief valve structure 104 comprises ball 110 sealed against a seat in lifting rod piston 106 by compression spring 112 that is contained in screw fitting 114 . in this manner , ball 110 normally closes bore 108 until sufficient pressure within accumulation cylinder 68 exerts a greater pressure against compression spring 112 thereby letting the air escape through bore 108 which extends through the inner core tube of lifting structure 102 . with additional reference to fig1 - 12 , indexer drive tube 60 and its operation will now be described . accumulation cylinder 68 is fixedly attached to indexer drive tube 60 by rods 70 and 72 such that as accumulation cylinder 68 axially moves when accumulation cylinder 68 axially moves . indexer drive tube 60 is supported by two end caps , end cap 66 seen in fig1 and 2 , and end cap 114 that are free to slide vertically on center post 62 . surrounding the top portion of indexer drive tube 60 is indexing sleeve 116 having bottom surface 118 that rests against two , diametrically opposed bearing wheels of which only one bearing wheel 120 may be seen . the bearing wheels 120 are free to rotate about bearing pin 122 which passes through diametrically opposed parallel vertical holes ( not seen ) in central post 62 , diametrically opposed parallel vertical slots , of which only one such slot 128 is seen , in indexer drive tube 60 , and two diametrically opposed holes in indexing housing 126 . bearing pin 122 is secured by clips , of which only one clip 124 is shown , on the outer surface of indexing housing 126 . balls 130 , here numbering eight , are disposed in circumferential slots 132 that pass through indexing sleeve 116 . balls 130 have a diameter that is approximately one and one - half ( 1½ ) times the wall thickness of indexing sleeve 116 . in this manner , balls 130 rest against the outer diameter of indexer drive tube 60 with the portion thereof that extends beyond the outer wall of indexing sleeve 116 constrained in two circumferential , parallel slots 134 and 136 that pass through indexing housing 126 . the width of slots 134 and 136 are chosen to be narrower than the diameter of balls 130 to prevent the balls 130 from passing through the slots and falling out of the assembly . indexer drive tube 60 further includes ring 138 that is disposed in an annular counterbore within indexer drive tube 60 and includes two diametrically opposed magnets , of which only one magnet 140 may be seen . each magnet 140 is positioned so as to be radially behind the uppermost portion of a diagonal slot , of which only one such diagonal slot 142 may be seen , extending through the wall of indexer drive tube 60 . the width of each slot 142 is chosen to be narrower than the diameter of balls 130 to prevent the balls from passing through the slot and falling from the assembly . balls 130 are made from a ferrous material so that magnets exert a pulling force thereon . during the rest state , as depicted in fig1 , a ball is positioned at the uppermost portion of each diagonal slot 142 and pulled radially inward by the pulling force of magnet 140 . the radial depth of slots 142 is chosen so that the extremities of a ball will fall within the inner diameter of indexing housing 126 when that ball has been pulled into the respective diagonal slot by the respective magnet . when indexer drive tube 60 is pulled upwardly by accumulation cylinder 68 after actuation of valve 38 and the filling of accumulation cylinder 68 with compressed air , indexing sleeve 116 will not move upwardly since indexing sleeve 116 is coupled to bottom plate 54 of carousel 50 by two dowel pins 144 and 146 . during this upward travel of indexer drive tube 60 . diagonal slots 142 exert a tangential force against the two balls 130 ( driven balls ) that have beer , pulled into the slots . this force causes each of the balls 130 to move tangentially in its respective slot 132 in indexing sleeve 116 . when the two driven balls 130 reach the limit of their respective slot 132 by continued upward motion of indexer drive tube 60 , they apply a tangential force to indexing sleeve 116 causing tangential sleeve 116 to rotate about the common axis of indexer drive tube 60 , indexing sleeve 116 , and indexing housing 126 ( see fig1 ). indexing sleeve 116 continues to rotate under the action of the two driven balls as indexer drive tube 60 continues its upward motion until the balls reach the end of diagonal slots 142 . the impingement of balls adjacent the driven balls upon indexing housing 126 provides a mechanical stop that prevent further rotation of indexing sleeve 116 . when the driven balls have reached the limit of diagonal slots 142 , two magnets , of which only one such magnet 148 may be seen , magnetically pull the driven balls radially outward out of the diagonal slot . this allows indexer drive tube 60 to continue its upward motion free from impediment by balls 130 against the limits of slots 132 . as indicated above , indexing sleeve 116 is coupled to bottom plate 54 of carousel 50 . bottom plate 54 is free to rotate about the mutual outer diameter of top - most end cap 114 and indexer drive tube 60 , while top plate 52 is supported by hub 150 ( see fig2 ) which is free to rotate about center post 62 and supported by o - ring 64 . plates 52 and 54 are coupled together by tie rods 152 that are fastened to plates 52 and 54 using standard mechanical fasteners . carousel 50 is shown with eight bumper cylinders 56 each containing a tight fitting bumper 58 . bumper cylinders 56 pass through aligned holes in plates 52 and 54 . the diameter of the holes in plates 52 and 54 is chosen to be slightly larger than the outer diameter of the bumper cylinder to allow the bumper cylinders to slide vertically relative to plates 52 and 54 . the vertical range of motion of each bumper cylinder 56 is restricted by upper o - ring 153 and lower o - ring 154 . the depth of slots 134 of indexing housing 126 and diagonal slots 142 of indexer drive tube 60 are chosen to impart a precise angular rotation to indexing sleeve 116 to index each of the bumper cylinders 56 with accumulation cylinder 68 each time indexer drive tube 60 is moved upward by the action of accumulation cylinder 68 . with additional reference to fig6 when accumulation cylinder 68 continues its upward motion , accumulation cylinder 68 reaches the bottom of the bumper cylinder aligned with it by the rotation of indexing sleeve 116 . accumulation cylinder head 156 engages bottom 158 of bumper cylinder 56 . specifically , bottom 158 of bumper cylinder 56 contacts top 160 of accumulation cylinder head 156 and fits within annular rim or lip 162 . o - ring 164 is disposed on top 160 adjacent rim 162 to provide a seal between accumulation cylinder head 156 and bottom 158 of bumper cylinder 56 . as accumulation cylinder 56 continues its upward motion , bumper cylinder 56 is axially upwardly displaced . this causes the top of bumper cylinder 56 to engage the bottom of stationary barrel 166 . stationary barrel 166 provides a launching tube for the bumper and is attached to barrel support post 168 that is coupled to fastening plate assembly 170 which is in turn coupled to support post 62 . adjustment handle 172 is coupled thereto to provide adjustment to stationary barrel 166 . o - rings are provided in stationary barrel 166 and the top of the indexed bumper cylinder to seal the joints therebetween . now , with reference back to fig6 9 , as air continues to fill accumulation cylinder 68 , pressure is exerted against small release valve piston 174 and large release valve piston 176 , exerting an outward force against both pistons . large release valve piston 176 is free to translate within cylinder 178 which is secured to base 88 while o - ring 180 prevents air leakage around large release valve piston 176 . small release valve piston 174 is free to translate in bore 182 in top 160 of accumulation cylinder head 156 . o - ring 184 prevents air leakage around piston 174 and is centered in the gland of piston 174 by compressible foam ring 186 . the o - rings seals used to prevent air leakage around the pistons are preferably of the floating piston type . this type of seal design minimizes friction between the o - ring and bore by compressing only the outer diameter of the o - ring while allowing a slight clearance between the inner diameter of the o - ring and bottom of the o - ring gland . piston 174 is attached to piston coupling 188 by ball and socket assembly 190 while piston 176 is attached to piston coupling 192 by ball and socket assembly 194 . each ball and socket assembly 190 and 194 include a threaded ball stud confined in a counterbore in each piston with the shaft of the stud threaded into a bore in the coupling , and includes an o - ring compressed against the bottom of the counterbore by the spherical portion of the ball stud to prevent air leakage through the bore . a top retaining washer for each ball and socket assembly 190 and 194 prevents the ball stud from translating in the counterbore of the respective piston . piston coupling 188 is riveted to one end of tie strips 196 and 198 while piston coupling 192 is riveted to the other end of tie strips 196 and 198 to form a release valve assembly . ball and socket assemblies 190 and 194 allow for misalignment between the axes of pistons 174 and 176 respectively without causing binding of the assembly . the diameter , and corresponding area , of large release valve piston 176 is chosen to be greater than the diameter and area of small release valve piston 174 so that the net force applied to the release valve assembly by air pressure in accumulation cylinder 68 acts to move the release valve assembly downward . in a rest state , small release valve piston 174 is seated in bore 182 of top 160 while large release valve piston 176 is axially above bore 200 in base 88 . pin 202 passes through aligned holes in tie strips 196 and 198 and attaches the valve assembly to two release valve linkages 204 and 206 on the inside of tie strips 196 and 198 . two release valve bearing wheels 208 and 210 are supported by pin 202 on the outside of tie strips 196 and 198 and captured by retaining rings , of which only one such retaining ring 212 is shown , such that release valve bearing wheels 208 and 210 are free to rotate about pin 202 . bearing wheels 208 and 210 roll against track 214 which is retained onto adjustment rods 70 and 72 by retaining rings 216 and 218 respectively . in this manner , the release valve assembly is free to translate vertically but is prevented from outward horizontal motion by the action of bearing wheels 208 and 210 against track 214 . with particular reference to fig7 - 9 , extending through linkages 204 and 206 is pin 220 . pin 220 also extends through pressure adjustment wheel 222 and pressure adjustment rod 224 such that pressure adjustment wheel 222 is free to rotate about pin 222 . pressure adjustment wheel 222 is contained by the bifurcated end or slot of pressure adjustment rod 224 . dowel pin 230 provides a mechanical stop to restrict movement of rod 224 inward towards the center of accumulation cylinder 68 . partially compressed bias spring 232 is disposed within pressure adjustment housing 226 and at one end thereof , abuts push rod 224 to apply a force thereto . spring 232 is also disposed within a bore of pressure adjustment screw 234 which is disposed within pressure adjustment housing 226 . the other end of spring 232 abuts knob 240 . threaded engagement between pressure adjustment screw 234 and pressure adjustment housing 226 allows screw 232 to transverse along the longitudinal axis of pressure adjustment housing 236 as knob 240 is rotated . o - ring 236 precludes leakage of air from accumulation cylinder 68 from about screw 234 while retaining ring 238 provides a mechanical stop to limit the outward travel of screw 234 . horizontal force applied by bias spring 232 to rod 224 is converted by the linkages to an upward vertical force applied to the valve assembly . this force acts to oppose the net downward force applied to the valve assembly by air pressure acting on the differential area of valve pistons 174 and 176 . the amount of horizontal force applied by bias spring 232 can be increased or decreased by rotating knob 240 . when the air pressure acting on pistons 174 and 176 of the valve assembly reaches a level sufficient to cause the downward force acting on the valve assembly to surpass the upward force applied to the valve assembly by linkages 204 and 206 , the valve assembly begins to move downward . as the valve assembly moves downward , the angle from horizontal of linkages 204 and 206 decreases and rod 224 moves radially outward , further compressing bias spring 232 . as the angle from horizontal of linkages 204 and 206 decreases , the horizontal component of the force that linkages 204 and 206 apply against rod 224 increases proportionally to the reciprocal of the tangent of the angle . the opposing force that bias spring 232 exerts against rod 224 is proportional to the cosign of the angle . since the reciprocal tangent function exhibits a greater change in magnitude than the cosign function for a given change in angle , once the radial outward movement of rod 224 commences , rod 224 will continue to move requiring less and less force to be applied to linkages 204 and 206 by the valve assembly to sustain the movement . in this manner , the valve assembly , linkages 204 and 206 , bias spring 232 , rod 224 , adjustment screw 234 , adjustment housing 226 , and their associated parts form an adjustable force break - over mechanism that allows the pressure that the valve opens to be adjusted by turning adjustment screw 234 by knob 240 . in one form , it was found by the inventor that the initial and final angles for linkages 204 and 206 of 80 ° and 20 °, respectively , give acceptable performance . thus , as the valve assembly moves downward , o - ring 184 of small release valve piston 174 enters the radiused portion of bore 182 . the valve assembly continues to travel downwardly until the bottom face or surface of large release valve piston 176 abuts seat 242 to close or seal opening 200 wherein o - ring 180 is compressed and movement of the valve assembly is arrested ( see fig9 ). pressurized air that filled accumulation cylinder 68 now flows through bore 182 and fills the volume behind bumper 58 applying a force to the base of bumper 58 and to the upper surface of top 160 . the pressure against the upper surface of top 160 tries to drive accumulation cylinder 68 downwardly . however , accumulation chamber 68 is prevented from downward movement by action of locking balls 130 on indexer core tube 76 and base 88 as described above . the force from the air pressure acting on the base of bumper 58 propels bumper 58 up bumper cylinder 56 and stationary barrel 166 until bumper 58 reaches the end of stationary barrel 166 where bumper 58 exits stationary barrel 166 with appreciable velocity thereby launching bumper 58 into the air . the pressure within accumulation cylinder 68 continues to decrease as air continues to exit accumulation cylinder 68 via bore 182 . as the air pressure acting on pistons 174 and 176 decreases to approximately { fraction ( 1 / 20 )} th of its initial value , the downward force acting on the valve assembly becomes less than the upward force applied to the valve assembly by bias spring 232 acting against rod 224 and linkages 204 and 206 . the valve assembly moves upward to its original , rest position wherein small release valve piston 174 seats within bore 182 and large release valve piston 176 unseats to open bore 200 . o - ring 184 of piston 174 is kept centered by foam ring 186 to preclude twisting and binding of o - ring 184 as piston 174 enters the radiused portion of bore 182 and radial compression of o - ring 184 occurs . upward motion of the valve assembly is limited by a mechanical stop consisting of screw 244 threaded into coupling block 246 contacting o - ring 248 on dowel pin 250 at the end of adjustment rod 70 . coupling block 246 is riveted to tie rods 196 and 198 . when the force applied to lifting rod piston 78 by air pressure in accumulation cylinder 68 decreases to the level where it can no longer overcome the upward bias force against lifting rod piston 78 exerted by compression spring 82 , lifting rod piston 78 and attached actuator sleeve 90 are pushed upward by compression spring 82 . this allows the locking balls 92 to move radially inward and fit within the confines of notch 94 machined into core tube 76 , allowing relative movement between the spring sleeve 98 and core tube 76 . balls 92 continue to move upward relative to core tube 76 until they contact the upper angled surface of notch 94 and are again forced radially outward until they contact the wall of the thru - bore . radial motion of balls 92 ceases and the downward translation of spring sleeve 98 and accumulation cylinder 68 , under the influence of expanding spring 82 , continues relative to core tube 76 . when actuator sleeve 90 has traveled to the point where the bores through which balls 92 pass reach the end of the thru - bores of spring sleeve 98 , radial motion of balls 92 is no longer restricted by the thru - bores of spring sleeve 98 . balls 92 move radially outward until they contact the wall of notch 94 and spring sleeve 98 , and relative upward motion of spring sleeve 98 with respect to core tube 76 is once again prevented by action of balls 92 . of course , it should be understood that lifting assembly 102 experiences the same conditions and functions the same as lifting assembly 74 . at this point , accumulation cylinder 68 and attached indexer drive tube 60 continue their downward travel until base 88 contacts bumpers 252 and 254 ( see fig6 ). the force exerted on balls 130 by magnets 148 ( see fig1 - 12 ) prevents the balls from re - entering diagonal slots 142 in indexer drive tube 60 as they pass by the balls . magnets 148 thus prevent indexing sleeve 116 from rotating backwards . launcher 10 is ready to begin the sequence again when another bumper is to be launched . with reference to fig1 - 15 , a simplified version of the bumper launch sequence will be described . when the trainer inputs a command into transmitter 48 , receiver 44 receives a signal from transmitter 48 and sends a signal via line 46 to actuate valve 38 . actuation of valve 38 allows air to flow from an air compressor or tank ( not shown ), through valve 38 and into accumulation cylinder 68 . at the rest state , as depicted in fig1 , accumulation cylinder 68 and thus indexer drive tube 60 are in a downward position . as accumulation cylinder 68 fills with the compressed air as described above , accumulation cylinder 68 begins to travel upwardly as depicted in fig1 . upward motion of accumulation cylinder 68 causes upward motion of indexer drive tube 60 on center post 62 since indexer drive tube 60 is coupled to accumulation cylinder 68 by rods 70 and 72 . the upward motion of indexer drive tube 60 causes the indexer mechanism including indexing sleeve 116 to rotate carousel 50 in order to align a bumper cylinder 56 between accumulation cylinder 68 and barrel 166 for launching bumper 58 contained within bumper cylinder 56 . continued upward motion of accumulation cylinder 68 by compressed air entering therein causes accumulation head 156 of accumulation cylinder 68 to abut the underside of bumper cylinder 56 , which by this time has been rotated into position by indexer drive tube 60 as depicted in fig1 . accumulation cylinder 68 axially upwardly moves bumper cylinder 56 which , like all of the bumper cylinders , is loosely retained by upper and lower plates 52 and 54 and whose axial travel both in an upward and downward sense is limited by o - rings 153 and 154 . the top of bumper cylinder 56 engages the bottom of barrel 166 and is sealed by various o - rings as described above . at this point , the valve mechanism within accumulation cylinder 68 closes the bottom hole or port in accumulation cylinder 68 while opening the upper hole or port in accumulation cylinder 68 to allow the compressed air contained within accumulation cylinder 68 to escape into bumper cylinder 56 . the bumper contained within bumper cylinder 56 is launched into barrel 166 by the accumulating air pressure . the air pressure is adjustable through knob 240 as described above . after launching of the bumper , the air pressure within accumulation cylinder 68 is reduced allowing the valve mechanism therein to close the upper hole and open the lower hole . accumulation cylinder 68 thus travels downwardly , bringing indexer drive tube 60 downwardly indexer drive tube 60 does not further rotate carousel 50 until the next upward travel thereof . it should be understood that while carousel 50 is shown having eight ( 8 ) bumper cylinders , practically any number of bumper cylinders may be held by the carousel . further , multiple launching devices may be used wherein the transmitter can send signals to launch a bumper from any launching device . in this manner , one launching device may be set to launch a bumper to a particular distance and height , while another launching device may be set to launch a bumper to a different distance and height . the supply of compressed air may be coupled to all of the launching devices or each launching device may be coupled to its own source of compressed air . while this invention has been described as having a preferred design , the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure . this application is therefore intended to cover any variations , uses , or adaptations of the invention using its general principles . further , this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims .

0Human Necessities

the arrangement shown in fig1 for delivering items of laundry 10 from a laundry hamper 11 to a mangle feeder 12 comprises a loading station 13 , a vertical conveying section 14 in the region of the loading station 13 , a gravity conveying section 15 , a vertical conveying section 16 and a removal station 17 in front of the mangle feeder . the items of laundry 10 are supplied by means of clamps 18 , which are moved and guided in circulation in the feeding arrangement in the direction of the arrow 19 . here the clamps 18 in the region of each vertical conveying section 14 , 16 are coupled with an endless conveying element , configured here as conveying chain 20 , which runs in a guide configured as a profiled rail 21 . the clamps 18 are each disposed on a carriage 22 that is moveable in the profiled rail 21 . the clamps 19 move via the carriages 22 along the conveying section 16 in the direction of arrow 19 . for feeding the items of laundry 10 , an operator 23 removes an item of laundry 10 from the laundry hamper 11 and feeds a section 24 of the item of laundry 10 to the clamp 18 . the section 24 of the item of laundry 10 is fixed in the clamp 18 and taken away along the conveying section 16 . at another end of the conveying section 16 another operator 25 removes the item of laundry 10 from the clamp 18 and introduces it to a further treatment station , for example , a mangle feeder 12 . this transfer to a further treatment station can also be carried out automatically . the present invention of a clamp for an item of laundry is not limited to the application example of the clamps 18 according to the invention in a feeding arrangement as illustrated in fig1 . instead , the clamps 18 according to the invention can be employed in any other kind of laundry installation . the clamps 18 for receiving an item of laundry 10 essentially exhibit a clamp housing 26 ( fig2 ). this clamp housing 26 has mounting means 27 for the attachment to a carriage 22 of a conveying chain 20 , for example . the mounting means 27 is attached , preferably displaceably attached , to the carriage 22 by means of fastening elements , for example ( not shown ). the clamp housing 26 has essentially a box - shaped configuration , with at least one side being open . the two opposing side walls 28 and 29 each have wedge - shaped or parabola - shaped slots 30 , 31 , which together form a clamp mouth 32 . the clamp mouth 32 has a vertical orientation and is open downwards . on a front side 33 of the clamp 18 the latter has a large - area opening 56 , thus forming , together with the slots 30 , 31 , two clamp mouth bridges 34 , 35 . the rear side 36 of the clamp 18 located opposite the front side 33 is essentially closed , but may also have openings for further elements of the clamp 18 . in the exemplary embodiment of the clamp 18 shown in fig2 , the clamp housing 26 is assigned two clamping levers 37 , 38 . the clamping levers 37 , 38 are connected to each other and to the housing 26 by means of a pivot axis 39 . the clamping levers 37 and 38 can be moved about the pivot axis jointly or individually . furthermore , the clamping levers 37 , 38 and the clamp housing 26 are associated via the pivot axis 39 with a common spring 40 or a leg spring . a preload is exerted by the spring 40 on the clamping levers 37 , 38 such that the clamping levers 37 , 38 are tensioned in an initial position or resting position . the clamping levers 37 , 38 have an elongated shape , with a first end 41 , 42 protruding into the clamp housing 26 or into the clamp mouth 32 and a second end 43 , 44 projecting out of the clamp housing 26 . positioned between the first end 41 , 42 and the second end 43 , 44 is the pivot axis 39 . the pivot axis 39 is arranged at a centered position between the ends 41 , 42 and 43 , 44 . but the invention also provides for positioning the pivot axis 39 closer to one end 41 , 42 or 43 , 44 for achieving better lever action . an underside 45 , 46 of the clamping levers 37 , 38 is configured as a guidance means or guideway 47 , 48 . this guideway 47 , 48 of the clamping levers 37 , 38 serves as an aid for inserting at least one section 24 of the item of laundry 10 into the clamp mouth 32 . here the underside 45 , 46 of the clamping levers 37 , 38 can have a skid - like configuration with a level or flat or curved surface . the guideway 47 , 48 between the second end 43 , 44 and the first end 41 , 42 is obliquely oriented relative to the clamp housing 26 or relative to a horizontal plane , with the result that the distance to an underside 49 of the clamp housing 26 continuously decreases in the direction of the first end 41 , 42 . here the guideway 47 , 48 has a straight - line configuration , or one that is slightly convex or concave . it is preferably provided that the guideway 47 , 48 leading to the first end 41 , 42 is similar or identical to the curvature or incline of the slot 30 , 31 or of the clamp mouth 32 . the first end 41 , 42 of the clamping lever 37 , 38 has a nose - like projection 50 , 51 . due to the preloading of the spring 40 , the clamping lever 37 , 38 presses against the clamp mouth bridge 34 , 35 with this projection 50 , 51 . when pressure is applied to the projection 50 , 51 , the clamping lever 37 , 38 pivots about the pivot axis 39 against the preload force of the spring 40 such that the first end 41 , 42 of the clamping lever 37 , 38 opens the clamping mouth 32 . as soon as no force is any longer exerted on the projection 50 , 51 of the first end 41 , 42 , the preloaded spring 40 causes the first end 41 , 42 to move back to its initial position in which the projection 50 , 51 is in contact with the clamp mouth bridge 34 , 35 . the second end 43 , 44 of the clamping lever 37 , 38 has a free upper side 52 , 53 . by exerting force on this upper side 52 , 53 the clamping lever 37 , 38 can likewise be pivoted from its resting position about the pivot axis 39 and thus open the clamping mouth 32 . the force exerted on the clamping lever 37 , 38 can be applied manually or automatically , or by machine . the second end 43 , 44 of the clamping lever 37 , 38 has an opening 54 , 55 for an actuating element ( not shown ) by means of which the clamping lever 37 , 38 can be moved about the pivot axis 39 . the width of the clamping levers 37 , 38 is dimensioned such it correspond to the width of the clamp mouth bridges 34 , 35 . this results in the opening 56 in the clamp mouth 32 at the front side 33 of the clamp housing 26 . the number of clamping levers 37 , 38 of a clamp 18 and their shape are not restricted to the exemplary embodiment shown in fig2 to 4 . in fact , provision can be made for the clamp 18 to have only one clamping lever or a plurality of parallel clamping levers . in addition , it is conceivable that the carriage 22 of the conveyor chain 20 has a plurality of clamps 18 aligned parallel to each other . it is also conceivable for the clamping levers to have a different form , for instance one that is more cuboid in shape . the clamp housing can be made of metal or synthetic material . the clamping levers 37 , 38 , in particular the guideway 47 , 48 , can be made of metal or synthetic material . it is preferably provided that the guideway 47 , 48 is made of a material having a low sliding resistance , such as teflon ® brand of synthetic material . when the item of laundry 10 is fed into the clamp 18 , the rear side 36 of the clamp 18 faces the operator 23 . for the transport of the item of laundry 10 by the clamp 18 , an operator 23 feeds a section 24 , in particular a corner , an edge or the like , of the item of laundry 10 into the clamp 18 . in the process the operator 23 grips the section 24 of the item of laundry 10 and guides it to contact any part of the guideway 47 , 48 . by virtue of the operator 23 exerting a slight pressure on the section 24 of the item of laundry 10 , while sliding it along the guideway 47 , 48 , the section 24 is guided along the obliquely directed underside 45 , 46 in the direction of the first end 41 , 42 of the clamping lever 37 , 38 . here it is of no consequence as to which position between the first end 41 , 42 and the second end 43 , 44 of the clamping lever 37 , 38 the operator 23 applies the section 24 . due to the aforementioned pressure exerted by the operator 23 , the part 24 is always directed along the guideway 47 , 48 in the direction of the clamp mouth or the first end 41 , 42 . since the guideway 47 , 48 has a linear configuration , the section 24 of the item of laundry 10 can be fed to the clamp mouth 32 in a flowing movement . when the section 24 of the item of laundry 10 presses against the projection 50 , 51 , the slight pressure exerted by the operator 23 overcomes the preload force of the spring 40 and the clamping lever 37 , 38 pivots back about the pivot axis 39 , thus causing the first end 41 , 42 to expose the clamping mouth 32 . as soon as the section 24 of the item of laundry 10 is located in the clamp mouth 32 , the operator 23 lets loose of the part 24 . since no force is further exerted on the clamping lever 37 , 38 , the latter moves back into its initial position due to the preload force of the spring 40 . in the process , the section 24 of the item of laundry 10 is pressed by the projection 50 , 51 against the clamp mouth 34 , 35 and thereby fixed in place . the item of laundry 10 is now fixed in the clamp 18 such that it can be carried away by a conveying system . for removing the item of laundry 10 from the clamp 18 , another operator 25 moves the second end 43 , 44 downwards , thus causing the first end 41 , 42 to open the clamp mouth 32 again and the section 24 of the item of laundry 10 to fall out of the clamp mouth 32 . however , it is preferably provided that the clamp 18 is automatically opened by exerting force or pressure on the upper side 52 , 53 of the second end 43 , 44 .

3Textiles; Paper

a few engine - roll control apparatuses embodying this invention may now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 and 2 show a power device 2 mounted on a chassis 1 . the power device 2 comprises an engine 3 and an automatic transmission 5 . the engine 3 is supported by first and second shock absorbers 7 , 8 , an engine mount 6 and an transmission mount 9 . the shock absorbers 7 and 8 are usually called &# 34 ; front rolling stopper &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; rear rolling stopper &# 34 ;, respectively . they have the same structure , but only the first shock absorber 7 will be described with reference to fig3 . as shown in fig3 the shock absorber 7 comprises a casing 20 made of elastic material . the casing 20 is divided by a partition 21 into two chambers a and b . the chambers a , b are filled with operation oil . the partition 21 has two through holes , or first and second orifices 22 , 23 . the first orifice 22 has an inner diameter much larger than that of the second orifice 23 . a rotary valve 24 is provided in the first orifice 22 . when a solenoid ( not shown ) is energized , the valve 24 is turned to an angle of 90 °, thereby closing the first orifice 22 . an arm 10 is connected at one end to the engine 3 and at the other to the housing of shock absorber 7 . it moves in the direction of arrow c when the engine 3 undesirably moves back and forth . the walls of the chambers a , b which face the partition 21 are secured to the housing of shock absorber 7 by screws 26 , 27 . when the engine 3 happens to move back and forth due to some shock , the partition 21 similarly moves back and forth in the direction of arrow d . if , in this case , the rotary valve 24 is rotated , thus closing the first orifice 22 , the operation oil will flow from the chamber a to the chamber b , and vice versa , only through the second orifice 23 . as a result , greater pressure is applied to the partition 21 . this lessens the motion of the partition wall 21 in the direction of arrow d . consequently , it is possible to suppress the similar motion of the engine 3 which is connected by the arm 10 to the partition 21 and thus moves interlockingly with the partition 21 . in contrast , when the rotary valve 24 is rotated , thus opening the first orifice 22 , the oil runs through both orifices 22 and 23 . in this case , the partition 21 undergoes no high pressure and therefore smoothly moves in conformity to the back - and - forth motion of the engine 3 . fig4 shows a control circuit used in a first embodiment of the present invention . as shown in this figure , an ignition coil 71 is connected at one end to an ignition plug 73 . the other end of the coil 71 is connected to a power source ( 12 v ). the connection point between the coil 71 and plug 73 is connected to a contact breaker 72 . the contact breaker 72 is repeatedly turned on and off as the engine shaft rotates . each time the breaker 72 is closed , high voltage is applied to the ignition plug 73 to produce sparks in the engine cylinder . as this voltage is applied to the plug 73 , a signal appears at the connection point between the coil 71 and breaker 72 . this signal is supplied to an engine speed detecting circuit 74 . the circuit 74 generates voltage proportional to the engine speed . it includes a wave - shaping circuit 75 , a pulse width - shaping circuit 76 , a low - pass filter 77 and a comparator 78 . the circuit 75 converts the input voltage to a pulse signal whose frequency corresponds to the engine speed , and also remove noise from the input voltage . the pulse width - shaping circuit 76 changes the pulse signal from the circuit 75 to a signal with a constant pulse width . the pulse signal from the circuit 76 is supplied to the low - pass filter 77 , which outputs voltage corresponding to the engine speed . this voltage is applied to the comparator 78 . the comparator 78 produces a high - level signal when the engine speed is below a reference value , i . g ., 3 , 000 rpm . a car speed sensor 79 generates a car speed pulse signal whose frequency corresponds to the detected car speed . this pulse signal is supplied to a vehicle speed detecting circuit 80 . the circuit 80 includes a wave - shaping circuit 81 , a frequency divider 82 , a pulse width - shaping circuit 83 , a timer 84 and a comparator 85 . the circuit 81 modifies the waveform of the car speed pulse signal . the pulsel signal from the circuit 81 is input to the frequency divider 82 , which divides the frequency of the input signal by two . the output signal of the frequency divider 82 is supplied to the circuit 83 , which produces a pulse signal with a constant width . this pulse signal is supplied via the timer 84 to the comparator 85 and compared with a reference frequency . when the car speed is 3 km / h or more , the comparator 85 outputs a high - level signal . when a power source is closed , a power source resetting circuit 86 supplies a reset signal to the clear terminal cl of a d - type flip - flop which is incorporated in the comparator 85 . a sensor 87 detects the opening of the throttle valve which is actuated when the accelerator pedal is depressed . the sensor generates a signal representing this speed , which is input to an accelerator depressing speed detecting circuit 88 . the detecting circuit 88 produces a high - level signal when the throttle opening speed is over a predetermined value as in case when the driver quickly depresses the accelerator pedal . the output signals of the detecting circuits 74 , 80 and 88 are supplied to an and gate 89 . the output of the and gate 89 is coupled to one of the two input terminals of an or gate 90 . a clutch switch 91 , which is closed when the clutch is coupled to the power device 2 , is connected at one end to the ground . voltage 8 v , is applied to the other end of the switch 91 through a resistor r1 . the connecting point between the resistor r1 and switch 91 is connected by an inverter 92 to the other input terminal of the or gate 90 . the output of the or gate 90 is coupled to a timer 93 . upon receipt of a high - level signal , the timer 93 outputs a signal at high level for a predetermined period of time . this signal is coupled to a solenoid drive circuit 94 . the circuit 94 supplies driving signals a and b to the shock absorbers 7 and 8 ( fig1 ), respectively , in response to a high - level input signal . the first embodiment operates in the following manner . as long as the engine speed is equal to , or higher than , the reference value , i . e ., 3 , 000 rpm , the output signal of the engine speed detecting circuit 74 is at low level . as long as the car speed is lower than the reference value , i . e ., 3 km / h , the output signal of the car speed detecting circuit 80 is at low level . as long as the throttle opening speed is lower than the predetermined value , the output signal of the detecting circuit 88 is at low level . when at least one of the output signals from the detecting circuits 74 , 80 and 88 is at low level , the and gate 89 outputs a low - level signal . in this case , the timer 93 also generates a low - level signal . thus , the solenoid drive circuit 94 is not actuated , producing neither a drive signal a nor a drive signal b . hence , both chambers a and b of either shock absorber communicate via both orifices 22 and 23 . the shock absorbers 7 and 8 provide small damping effects on the back - and - forth motion of the engine 3 . nonetheless , these forces are large enough to absorb the vibrations of the engine 3 which are relatively small since the car speed and accelerator pedal depressing speed are below the reference values . on the other hand , when the engine speed is below 3 , 000 rpm , the output signal of the engine speed detecting circuit 74 is at high level . when the car speed is 3 km / h or more , the output signal of the car speed detecting circuit 80 is at high level . when the throttle opening speed is equal to , or higher than , the predetermined value , the output signal of the detecting circuit 88 is at high level . when all output signals from these detecting circuits 74 , 80 and 88 are at high level , the and gate 89 outputs a high - level signal , which is supplied to the timer 93 . therefore , the timer 93 produces a high - level signal for a predetermined period of time . the solenoid drive circuit 94 produces drive signals a and b for this period . in response to the signals a and b , the rotary valve 24 of either shock absorber ( fig1 ) rotates 90 °. thus , the first orifice 22 is closed , so that the two chambers a and b can communicate only via the second orifice 23 . the shock absorbers 7 and 8 thus provide generator forces damping the back - and - forth motion of the engine 3 for the predetermined period of time . in short , when the engine speed is lower than 3 , 000 rpm , the car speed is 3 km / h or more and the throttle opening speed is equal to , or higher than , the predetermined value , the vibrations of the engine 3 are relatively large because the engine 3 creates a great torque , and yet the shock absorbers 7 and 8 can absorb these large vibrations . hence , the vibrations are not transmitted to the chassis 1 . when the clutch is not coupled to the power device 2 , the clutch switch 91 is off . in this case , voltage v1 , i . e ., a high - level signal , is applied to the inverter 92 . the inverter 92 supplies a low - level signal to the timer 93 . the timer 93 outputs a low - level signal to the solenoid drive circuit 94 . the circuit 94 thus produces neither a drive signal a nor a drive signal b . in this situation , with the clutch not coupled to the power device 2 , the chambers a and b of either shock absorber communicate via both orifices 22 and 23 . both shock absorbers 7 and 8 thus generates small forces to damp the back - and - forth motion of the engine 3 . these forces are strong enough to absorb the vibrations of the engine which are small since the engine is idling . the vibration are not transmitted to the chassis 1 . when the clutch is coupled to the power device 2 after a gear change has been effected , the clutch switch 91 is turned on , whereby a signal of ground level ( i . e ., low level ) is supplied to the inverter 92 . the inverter 92 outputs a high - level signal to the timer 93 . the timer 93 produces an high - level signal for a prescribed period of time . during this period , the solenoid driving circuit 94 generates drive signals a and b . thus , the first orifice 22 of either shock absorber ( fig1 ) is closed , so that the chambers a and b communicate via only the second orifice 23 . both shock absorbers 7 and 8 thus provide great forces to damp the back - and - forth motion of the engine 3 , for said period . in short , when the clutch is coupled subsequent to a gear change , the shock absorbers 7 and 8 create large forces to absorb the large vibrations of engine 3 . the vibrations of the engine 3 , which are large due to the large torque the power device 2 has made , are not transmitted to the chassis 1 . as described above , in the first embodiment , when the engine speed is lower than a reference value ( i . e ., 3 , 000 rpm ), the car speed is equal to , higher than , a reference value ( i . e ., 3 km / h ) and the throttle opening speed is equal to , or higher than , a predetermined value , subsequent to the coupling of the clutch , the rolling of the engine 3 , which is large due to the large torque of the power device 2 , can be effectively damped by the absorbers 7 and 8 for a predetermined period of time . fig5 shows a control circuit used in a second embodiment of the present invention . as shown in this figure , an ignition coil 71 is connected at one end to an ignition plug 73 . the other end of the coil 71 is connected to a power source ( 12 v ). the connection point between the coil 71 and plug 73 is connected to a contact breaker 72 . the contact breaker 72 is turned on and off repeatedly as the engine shaft rotates . each time the breaker 72 is closed , high voltage is applied to the ignition plug 73 to produce sparks in the engine cylinder . as this voltage is applied to the plug 73 , a signal appears at the connection point between the coil 71 and breaker 72 . this signal is supplied to an engine revolution detecting circuit 74 . the circuit 74 provides a voltage proportional to the engine speed . it includes a wave - shaping circuit 75 , a pulse width - shaping circuit 76 and a low - pass filter 77 . the circuit 75 converts the input voltage to a pulse signal whose frequency corresponds to the engine speed , and also remove noise from the input voltage . the pulse width - shaping circuit 76 changes the pulse signal from the circuit 75 to a signal with a constant pulse width . the pulse signal from the circuit 76 is supplied to the low - pass filter 77 , which outputs voltage corresponding to the engine speed . this voltage is applied to an engine revolution changing rate detecting circuit 100 . the circuit 100 provides an high - level signal to a timer 93 when the changing rate of the engine revolution exceeds a predetermined value . upon receipt of a high - level signal , the timer 93 outputs a signal at high level for a predetermined period of time . this signal is coupled to a solenoid drive circuit 94 . the circuit 94 supplies drive signals a and b to the shock absorbers 7 and 8 ( fig1 ), respectively , in response to a high - level input signal . the second embodiment operates in the following manner . the engine revolution detecting circuit 74 generates voltage proportional to the engine speed . this voltage is supplied to the engine revolution changing rate detecting circuit 100 , which detects a change in engine speed . when this change is below a predetermined value , the engine speed detecting circuit 100 outputs a low - level signal to the timer 93 . thus , the solenoid drive circuit 94 generates neither a drive signal a nor a drive signal b . hence , both chambers a and b of either shock absorber communicate with one another via both orifices 22 and 23 . the shock absorbers 7 and 8 provide small damping effects on the back - and - forth motion of the engine 3 . nonetheless , these forces are large enough to absorb the vibrations of the engine 3 which are relatively small since the change in engine speed is blow the predetermined value . on the other hand , when the change in engine speed exceeds the predetermined value , the engine revolution changing rate detecting circuit 100 outputs a high - level signal for a predetermined period of time . during this period , the solenoid drive circuit 94 produces drive signals a and b . in response to the signals a and b , the rotary valve 24 of either shock absorber ( fig1 ) rotates 90 °. thus , the first orifice 22 is closed , so that the two chambers a and b can communicate only via the second orifice 23 . the shock absorber 7 and 8 thus provide great forces to damp the back - and - forth motion of the engine 3 for the predetermined period of time . in short , when the change in engine speed exceeds the predetermined value , the vibrations of the engine 3 are relatively large because the power device 2 creates a great torque , and yet the shock absorbers 7 and 8 can absorb these large vibrations . hence , the vibrations are not transmitted to the chasis 1 . as mentioned above , in the second embodiment of the invention , when the change in engine speed exceeds the predetermined value , the rolling of the engine 3 , which is large due to the large torque of the engine 3 , can be effectively damped by the absorbers 7 and 8 for a predetermined period of time . the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above . for instance , the accelerator pedal depressing speed detecting circuit 88 may be replaced by a circuit which detects the throttle opening speed .

5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting

referring now to the drawing , a digital fluidic output accelerometer in accordance with this invention includes a housing 10 which is schematically illustrated and has a cylindrical proof mass 12 mounted in chamber 14 of housing 10 . proof mass 12 is disposed for moving axially in chamber 14 and is rotatably mounted on an air bearing space 16 by cylindrical surfaces 18 of the housing and spaced surfaces 20 and 22 of proof mass 12 . proof mass 12 also has tapered ends 24 and 26 . housing 10 has supply passages 28 and 30 for supplying fluid under pressure to circumferential chambers 32 and 34 which supply fluid through a plurality of orifices 36 and 38 to air bearing space 16 . surface 20 has a plurality of grooves 40 therein and surface 26 has a plurality of grooves 42 therein . when fluid is supplied through orifices 36 and 38 into air bearing space 16 , the fluid is communicated through grooves 40 and 42 to cause proof mass 12 to be rotated . the fluid passing through grooves 40 and 42 is communicated into the central region around central portion 44 of proof mass 12 . fluid is exhausted through passage 46 and exhaust valve regulator 48 . the rotating speed of proof mass 12 is regulated and controlled by the supply pressure supplied to chambers 32 and 34 and by regulating the fluid flow across the bearing area 16 with the use of adjustable spring control exhaust valve regulator 48 . proof mass 12 is spun up to a relatively high speed of approximately 500 rpm and maintained at a substantially constant rate . proof mass 12 also has in center section 44 serrations 50 that run longitudely along the axis of the proof mass . the length of these serrations vary in a ramp function all the way around the circumference of the proof mass . the proof mass is also equipped with tapered ends 24 and 26 that provide a variable orifice with the chamber wall to increase or decrease the orifice to jet sensing ports 54 and 56 . sensing ports 54 and 56 are connected as illustrated to proportional fluid amplifier 58 . fluid amplifier 58 is provided with a pressure source 60 for providing pressurized fluid under constant pressure to the fluid amplifier . outputs 62 and 64 from fluid amplifier 58 are directed into chamber 14 at opposite ends of housing 10 and proof mass 12 . adjustable exhaust orifice throttles 66 and 68 are located at each end of housing 10 to exhaust fluid from the opposite ends of chamber 14 . exhaust orifice throttles 66 and 68 are adjusted to balance the end pressures and zero proof mass 12 with zero input acceleration . adjustment of throttles 66 and 68 together will adjust the dampening and the frequency response of the overall unit . a constant pressure source 70 supplies fluid through orifice 72 into conduits 74 and 76 . fluid flowing from source 70 to conduit 74 is communicated through jet nozzle 78 into the central area 44 of proof mass 12 . when raised portions 50 of the serrations are moved as a result of the proof mass responding to acceleration , the raised portions 50 pass under nozzle 78 and the flow of fluid such as air is partially restricted . this causes the pressure in conduit of air line 76 to rise and cause a corresponding increase at output 80 which has been communicated through restrictor 82 . as shown in the illustration of the drawing , raised portions 50 are illustrated in one direction only . therefore , this particular application responds to only one direction of movement of the unit . however , if the raised portions 50 were duplicated on each side of nozzle 78 , the device would work to produce a digital output when moved in either direction . furthermore , an optical pickoff could be used with this device if raised portions 50 were replaced by reflective strips and an electrical pickoff used to detect the reflective strips . in operation , with body 10 mounted on a missile , and with fluids such as air being provided to supply passages 28 , 30 , source 60 and source 70 , proof mass 12 will be centered in chamber 14 and rotating at the design speed for the proof mass . also , proof mass 12 will be mounted on the air bearing and the proof mass will be in a floating condition . when an acceleration is applied to housing 10 toward the right as illustrated in the drawing , proof mass 12 will lag behind the body translational acceleration . as proof mass 12 moves to the left due to acceleration , jet nozzle 78 will begin to be pulsed by the longest projections of raised portions 50 . as the proof mass moves further to the left , more raised portions 50 will come under jet nozzle 78 . since proof mass 12 is spinning at a constant rpm , the number of pulses produced at output 80 per revolution of proof mass 12 will be proportional to the distance proof mass 12 has moved in housing 10 . as the proof mass moves to the left , sensing port 56 detects a larger gap due to ramp 26 being moved to the left and a corresponding motion on the left side reduces the gap for port 54 . with the lower pressure in the portion of chamber 14 at the right end of proof mass 12 as opposed to the left end of proof mass 12 due to movement of proof mass 12 to the left relative to housing 10 in response to acceleration and due to a wider gap at port 56 , fluid amplifier 58 will be caused to provide a larger proportion of flow through passage 62 from supply 60 and cause this flow to be directed to the left end of chamber 14 . this flow will cause an increase in the chamber pressure at the left end and a corresponding lessening of the supply through passage 64 to the right end of chamber 14 . these unequal pressures at both ends of proof mass 12 creates a rebalance force to bring the proof mass back to a center position when the acceleration is removed . as can be seen , this invention includes a free floating proof mass 12 which is rotated on frictionless , hydrostatic bearings for axial motion of the proof mass and digital pulsing of output signals at 80 . the hydrostatic bearing is not equipped with thrust pads and is therefore constrained by differential pressure control . proof mass 12 is completely supported free of the case and there are no springs or wires attached to the proof mass to cause restraints and errors . since proof mass 12 is spinning at a relatively high speed , the case or housing 10 can be rotated around the proof mass spin axis without any spin sensitivity effects . proof mass 12 is built symmetrical and as temperture changes , the length of proof mass 12 will change but neither its weight nor any spring contacts normally associated with accelerometers of similar type will change since only the rebalance forces keep the mass centered . also , since proof mass 12 is spinning , all non - symmetrical imbalances of proof mass 12 are averaged over each revolution of the mass and do not contribute error signals .

6Physics

referring now to fig1 which shows a cross section of the touch panel under an undepressed condition according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention , reference numeral 1 generally designates an upper sheet comprising a transparent film 2 formed of polyester or the like and an upper transparent electrode 3 such as ito formed at a predetermined position on a lower surface of the film 2 . reference numeral 4 generally designates a lower sheet comprising a transparent film 5 formed of polyester or the like and a lower transparent electrode 6 such as ito formed at a predetermined position on an upper surface of the film 5 . reference numeral 7 designates a spacer enclosed between the upper sheet 1 and the lower sheet 4 . the spacer 7 comprises a transparent insulating liquid material 8 such as silicone or epoxy oil or gel and a coloring agent 9 such as pigment or dyestuff uniformly dispersed in the liquid material 8 . the coloring agent 9 has such characteristics as to absorb a predetermined range of wavelength of an emission spectrum of a display device . color of the coloring agent is selected according to the emission spectrum of the display device to be used . in the case of desiring a blue filter effect , for example , lionel blue es , a pigment produced by toyo ink mfg . co ., ltd . is preferably used . reference numeral 10 designates a transparent support plate formed of acrylic resin . a laminate consisting of the upper sheet 1 , the spacer 7 and the lower sheet 4 is mounted and fixed onto the support plate 10 , thus forming the touch panel . the touch panel is formed in the following manner . first , the upper sheet 1 and the lower sheet 2 are laminated at their peripheral edges except an opening 11 to form a cell 12 as shown in fig3 ( a ). then , the cell 12 is put into a vacuum tank to be evacuated , and thereafter the opening 11 of the cell 12 is immersed into the liquid material 8 containing the coloring agent 9 as shown in fig3 ( b ). then , the reduced pressure in the vacuum tank is increased to an ordinary pressure . as a result , the liquid material 8 is filled into the cell 12 by a suction force due to the reduced pressure in the cell 12 and a capillarity . then , the opening 11 is sealed by an adhesive . the laminate thus obtained is laminated onto the support plate 10 , thereby obtaining the touch panel . in operation , the touch panel is mounted on a display surface of the display device such as crt , and the upper sheet 1 is depressed at a portion corresponding to an appropriate display position by means of a pen or a finger as viewed by an operator . at this time , the liquid material 8 at the depressed portion is migrated away from this portion . as a result , the upper electrode 3 is brought into contact with the lower electrode 6 at the depressed point to thereby allow a coordinate position to be detected . when such a depression force is removed , the upper sheet 1 is restored to its original condition owing to the flexibility of the transparent film 2 , and the spacer 7 is also restored to its original condition owing the the fluidity of the liquid material 8 as shown in fig1 . as a result , both the electrodes 3 and 6 are maintained separate from each other by the spacer 7 interposed therebetween . as mentioned above , since the coloring agent 9 as a filter is uniformly dispersed in the liquid material 8 , the coloring agent 9 acts to absorb a predetermined range of wavelength of the emission spectrum from the display device as a light source , thereby adjusting a color tone of the display device and improving a contrast at a displayed portion . referring next to fig4 and 5 which show another preferred embodiment of the present invention , wherein the same parts as those in the previous preferred embodiment are designated by the same reference numerals , reference numeral 7 &# 39 ; designates a transparent liquid material enclosed between the upper sheet 1 and the lower sheet 4 . the liquid material 7 &# 39 ; is formed of silicone or epoxy oil or gel , for example . transparent or opaque insulting fine powder 13 is uniformly dispersed in the liquid material 7 &# 39 ;. the insulating fine powder 13 has a size of several tens of micrometers substantially identical with a gap length required between the upper electrode 3 and the lower electrode 6 . a density of dispersion of the insulating fine powder 13 in the liquid material 13 can be moved in the liquid material 7 &# 39 ;. the insulating fine powder 13 is preferably a transparent spherical powder such as micropearl ( produced by sekisui fine chemical co ., ltd ) which is a cross - linking polymer composed primarily of divinyl benzene , or micro rod ( produced by nippon electric glass co ., ltd .) which is a glass with no alkali . the density of dispersion of the spherical powder in the liquid material 7 &# 39 ; is preferably 1 - 100 / cm 2 . in operation , when the transparent film 2 is depressed at an arbitrary position by a pen or a finger , the liquid material 7 &# 39 ; at the depressed portion is migrated away from this portion . as a result , the upper electrode 3 at the depressed point is brought into contact with the lower electrode 6 to thereby allow a coordinate position to be detected as shown in fig5 . since the insulating fine powder 13 is dispersed in the liquid material 7 &# 39 ;, it is moved together with the liquid material 7 &# 39 ; by the depresssion force . therefore , there is no possibility that the contact between both the electrodes 3 and 6 is hindered by the insulating fine powder 13 . in particular , when the insulating fine powder 13 is spherical as in this embodiment , it is rolled on the lower electrode 6 by the depression force , thereby making the movement of the fine powder 13 more effective . when the depression force is removed , the upper sheet 1 is restored to its original condition shown in fig4 quickly and reliably with the aid of the insulating fine powder 13 . at the same time , the liquid material 7 &# 39 ; is also restored to its original condition shown in fig4 owing to the fluidity thereof . as a result , both the electrodes 3 and 6 are maintained separate from each other by the liquid material 7 &# 39 ; and the insulating fine powder 13 interposed therebetween . as mentioned above , since both the electrodes 3 and 6 are maintained separate from each other owing to the particle size of the insulating fine powder 13 under the undepressed condition according to the preferred embodiment , they are prevented from erroneously contacting with each other during a long service life . furthermore , since the insulating fine powder 13 is moved by the depression force under the depressed condition , an input dead zone may be eliminated to thereby improve a resolution . moreover , since the transparent insulating liquid material 7 &# 39 ; instead of an air layer is enclosed between the upper and lower electrodes 3 and 6 , and the particle size of the insulating fine powder 8 dispersed in the liquid material 7 &# 39 ; is very small such as several tens of micrometers , the liquid material 7 &# 39 ; and the insulating fine powder 13 are almost not visually observed , thus improving the visibility of the touch panel . while the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments , the description is illustrative and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention . various modifications and changes may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .

6Physics

the present invention relates to a method for forming a composite product which comprises : ( a ) providing fibers coated with particles of an oxidizable metal containing powder ; and ( b ) pressing the powder coated fibers in a heated press so that the particles of the metal containing powder consolidate with the fibers to form the composite product . further the present invention relates to a method for forming a composite product which comprises : ( a ) introducing a tow of fibers coated with beads of a polymer into a closed chamber containing particles of an oxidizable metal containing powder to be coated onto the fibers in a controlled atmosphere which prevents uncontrolled oxidation of the metal containing powder ; ( b ) aerosolizing the powder in the chamber in the controlled atmosphere so as to coat the particles on the polymer and fiber ; ( c ) removing the particle coated tow of fibers from the chamber ; and ( d ) consolidating the particle coated tow of fibers in a heated press so that the metal powder sinters and flows together and forms a matrix around the fibers to provide the composite product . finally the present invention relates to a method for forming a composite product which comprises : ( a ) introducing a tow of fibers into a closed chamber containing particles of an oxidizable metal containing powder to be coated onto the fibers in a controlled atmosphere which prevents uncontrolled oxidation of the metal containing powder ; ( b ) aerosolizing the powder in the chamber in the non - reactive atmosphere so as to coat the particles on the fibers ; ( c ) removing the particle coated tow of fibers from the chamber ; and ( d ) consolidating the particle coated tow of fibers in a heated press so that the metal containing powder sinters together and forms a matrix around the fibers to provide the composite product . the fibers can be inorganic or organic so long as they can be consolidated with heating to form the metal matrix . such fibers are composed of for instance carbon , glass , ceramic , such as silicon carbide , aluminum oxide and boron , and metals . the metal powders are preferably al , ti , cu , be , mg and alloys thereof . preferred is aluminum and alloys thereof because of weight considerations . metal containing powders with polymer powders or ceramic powders can also be used so long as they aerosolize and consolidate . the controlled atmosphere for the aerosolization is usually provided by a non - reactive gas such as argon , helium , nitrogen and the like . argon is preferred since it is readily available . if a polymer coating is used as a binder for the metal particles it is removed . usually a vacuum furnace is used . the vacuum and the elevated temperature are first sufficient to remove the polymer coating and then to melt the metal to form the matrix . for aluminum powder and carbon fibers the temperature is between 500 °- 600 ° c . all of these variations will be obvious to one skilled in the art . aerosolized fine metal powders in a controlled atmosphere was used . one system 10 is shown in fig1 . in one method , the fibers are coated with sticky polymer in aerosolization apparatus 14 , enter the oven chamber 15 for adhering the polymer to the fibers and then enter a second coating apparatus 20 where they are then coated with fine metal powders ( matrix material ). this coated prepreg is the precursor of the cfmmc . the precursor is then cut into pieces and laid up for hot pressing into the cfmmc . the method of the present invention has many advantages compared with the existing cfmmc fabrication techniques : 1 ) it minimizes undesired interface reactions because the polymer coated precursor is produced at much lower temperatures ; 2 ) fibers are evenly distributed throughout the composite by the spreading operation . this reduces fiber damage usually caused by fiber - to - fiber contact ; 3 ) uniform distribution of the matrix around each fiber is achieved from the use of the aerosolizer and fine metal powder with smaller size ( 5 . 5 microns in diameter ) than the diameter of the fibers ( 8 . 0 microns ) as in examples 1 and 2 ; 4 ) high fiber volume fraction can be obtained due to the effective use of the spreader and fine metal powders ; 5 ) high quality composites can be made because of homogeneous fibers and matrix distribution , high fiber volume fraction , reduced interface reactions ; and 6 ) it is far less expensive than most of the existing cfmmc fabrication techniques because of its simplicity , continuity and provision for automation . the following are illustrative examples . example 1 uses a polymer coating on the fibers . example 2 does not use the polymer coating . as shown in fig2 and 2a , the outer tube 21 of apparatus 20 was made of plexi - glas material because the fluidization of the powders requires visual adjustments to determine the appropriate frequency of the speaker 22 . the speaker 22 was mounted in a wood box 23 . a glass tube 24 , was provided with membranes 25 at either end . an aluminum flange 26 at a lower end of tube 24 was connected to the speaker 22 and supports lower membrane 25 on the glass tube 24 . as shown in fig3 a , 3b and 3c , the outer tube 21 had two lids opposed 27 and 28 made of aluminum for the top and the bottom ( fig3 ). the lids 27 and 28 each had an o - ring 27a and 28a ( fig2 ) around the inside to assure sealing . the calculations show that the outer tube 2 - 1 and the lids 27 and 28 were strong enough to withstand an external pressure of one atmosphere . during experiments , the two lids 27 and 28 were held onto the chamber 21 by three elastic stretch cords between them ( not shown ) for safety . the stretch cords will give in the event of an explosion . as shown in detail in fig4 the inside tube 24 was a hollow where the actual coating occurs . half an inch from the top of tube 24 , a small indentation or groove 24a was provided on the outside for an o - ring 34 to hold the top membrane 25 . at three inches from the top , six tungsten pins 24b were mounted around the circumference to serve as electrical feedthroughs . two gas ports 29 and 30 were provided on the inside tube 24 open to the outer tube 21 . the inside tube 24 was set on the aluminum flange 26 which was fixed by the wood box 23 above the speaker 22 . the lower membrane 25 was held between the glass tube 24 and the aluminum flange 26 by a ring seal 33 in groove 26a of flange 26 . as shown in fig5 a flexible heater 31 was wound around a metal tube 31a , is hung on two of the tungsten pins 24b in the inside tube 24 . prepreg tapes 32 were fixed by spring clips ( not shown ) inside the metal tube 31a where the temperature was almost uniform . tables 1 and 2 show the distribution of the temperature inside the metal tube 31a . pins 24b were needed to pass a signal from the outside to the inside of the tube 21 without interfering with the vacuum level inside the tube 21 . the feedthroughs 72 to 75 ( fig6 ) were made of bulkhead unions that fit through the holes 28a of the top lid 28 . table 1______________________________________the distribution of the temperature inside the metal tube 31a . temperature temperature temperaturetime at bottom at middle at top ( min .) (° c .) (° c .) (° c . ) ______________________________________5 165 156 1676 177 168 1767 181 178 1868 189 186 1929 197 192 19710 198 198 201______________________________________ table 2______________________________________the temperature as a function of heating time inside metal tube 24 time temperature at ( min .) middle (° c . ) ______________________________________ 0 27 1 78 2 120 3 140 4 156 5 160 6 172 7 183 8 187 9 191 10 197______________________________________ the speaker 22 was mounted inside the wood box 23 which had a circular opening ( not shown ) on top to allow the upward propagation of the sound waves to inside tube 24 . the wood box 23 was painted with epoxy glue to avoid the release of volatile compounds that could interfere with the vacuum level . the box 23 was connected to the inside tube 24 through aluminum flange 26 whose circular base covered the opening of the wood box 23 . the aluminum flange 26 also had an outside indentation 26a for an o - ring to hold the lower rubber membrane 25 where the inside tube 24 is fitted . the speaker 22 was controlled by a frequency generator and a power amplifier located near the experimental apparatus 20 ( not shown ). as shown in fig6 the vacuum system 60 included a vacuum pump 61 connected to the inside tube 24 by thick wall flexible vacuum hoses 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 and 66 . ball valves 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 and 71 were used to control the gas flow in and out of the inside tube 24 . vacuum feedthroughs 72 , 73 , 74 and 75 were sealed in a similar way to the pins 27 . a supply 76 of gas ( argon ) was provided along with a vacuum gauge 77 and a pressure gauge 78 . filters 79 were provided for vacuum lines 64 and 75 . safe handling of aluminum powder is essential because of the potential risk of an explosion . aluminum reacts instantaneously with oxygen to form a thick film of aluminum oxide on the surface of the aluminum when exposed to the atmosphere . the oxide layer is stable in air and prevents further oxidation of underlying aluminum . however , if fine aluminum powder , usually less than 44 microns ( 325 mesh ), is suspended in air and heated to reach the ignition point , the burning extends from one particle to another with such rapidity ( rate of pressure rise in excess of 20 , 000 psi / sec ) that a violent explosion results ( aluminum association handout , &# 34 ; recommendation for storage and handling of aluminum powders and paste &# 34 ;, tr - 2 ). it has been reported that the proportion of aluminum powder required for an explosion is very small ( 45 g / m 3 ). aluminum dust will ignite with as little as 9 % oxygen present ( the balance being nitrogen ; or 10 % oxygen with the balance helium ; or 3 % oxygen with the remainder carbon dioxide . very small amounts of energy are required to ignite certain mixtures of aluminum powder and air . in some case energy as low as 25 millijoules can cause ignition . some basic safety rules of handling aluminum powder which are recommended by the aluminum association are : rule 1 : avoid any condition that will suspend or float powder particles in the air creating a dust cloud . the less dust suspended in the air , the better . 1 ) keep all containers closed and sealed . when a drum of aluminum powder is opened for loading or inspection , it should be closed and resealed as quickly as possible . 2 ) in transferring aluminum powder , dust clouds should be kept at an absolute minimum . powder should be transferred from one container to another using a non - sparking , conductive metal scoop with as little agitation as possible . handling should be slow and deliberate to hold dusting to a minimum . both containers should be bonded together and provided with a grounding strap . 3 ) in mixing aluminum powder with other dry ingredients , frictional heat should be avoided . the best type of mixer for a dry mixing operation is one that contains no moving parts , but rather affects a tumbling action , such as a conical blender . introduction of an inert atmosphere in the blender is highly recommended since dust clouds are generated . all equipment must be well - grounded . rule 2 : when possible , avoid actions that generate static electricity , create a spark or otherwise result in reaching the ignition energy or temperature . 1 ) locate electric motors and as much electrical equipment as possible outside processing rooms . only lighting and control circuits should be in operating rooms . all electrical equipment must meet national electrical codes for hazardous installations . this includes flash lights , hazardous portable power tools , and other devices . 2 ) use only conductive material for handling or containing aluminum powders . 3 ) no smoking , open flames , fire , or sparks should be allowed at operation and storage areas or dusty areas . 4 ) no matches , lighters , or any spark - producing equipment can be carried by an employee . 5 ) during transfer , powder should not be poured or slid on non - conductive surfaces . such actions build up static electricity . 6 ) powder should always be handled gently and never allowed to fall any distance because all movement of powder over powder tends to build up static charges . 7 ) work clothing should be made of smooth , hard - finished , closely woven fire resistant / fire retardant fabrics which tend not to accumulate static electric charges . trousers should have no cuffs where dust might accumulate . 8 ) bonding and grounding machinery to remove static electricity produced in powder operations are vital for safety . 9 ) all movable equipment , such as drums , containers , and scoops , must be bonded and grounded during powder transfer by use of clips and flexible ground leads . rule 3 : consider the use of an inert gas which can be valuable in minimizing the hazard of handling powder in air . however , in the three general rules , rule 3 is the most important safety precaution method for the process of aluminum powder coating on fibers , which is the key step in the fabrication of cfmmc , because the coating operation is preferably performed in aluminum cloud at 170 ° c . by pumping a vacuum and introducing argon repeatedly , oxygen can be reduced to the safe volume fraction . the amount of oxygen left inside the inside tube 24 can be determined by the ideal gas law : first , assume that after pulling a vacuum on the tube 24 of volume v at temperature t to decrease the pressure from one atmosphere to a pressure p o , only n o moles of o 2 and 4n o of n 2 are left in the tube 24 . applying the equation ( 5 - 1 ) gives : second , assume that n 1 moles of ar are introduced to the tube 24 to go back to atmospheric pressure . the total number of gas moles n is given by n = 5n o + n 1 . applying the equation ( 5 - 1 ) again to get : combining equation ( 5 - 2 ) and ( 5 - 3 ), and rearranging it gives the ar / o 2 ratio as : table 3 gives the ar / o 2 ratio and oxygen volume percentage for different vacuum levels . table 3______________________________________oxygen volume percentage as a function of different vacuum levels . vacuum number of oxygenlevel ar / o . sub . 2 o . sub . 2 volume ( torr ) ratio moles percentage______________________________________76 . 3 * 49 28 . 02 × 10 . sup .- 3 2 . 0 % 36 . 5 99 14 . 55 × 10 . sup .- 3 0 . 96 % 24 . 0 150 9 . 76 × 10 . sup .- 3 0 . 65 % 11 . 5 328 4 . 54 × 10 . sup .- 3 0 . 30 % 0 . 76 4995 0 . 30 × 10 . sup .- 3 0 . 02 % ______________________________________ * if pump twice to reach the vacuum level 76 . 3 torr again , then : ar / o . sub . 2 ratio : 499 number of o . sub . 2 moles : 3 . 03 × 10 . sup .- 3 oxygen volume percentage : 0 . 20 % as a conclusion , the oxygen amount present can be controlled by the vacuum level reached in the tube 24 before introducing argon to prevent the explosion of aluminum powder . on the positive side , argon adsorption to surface of aluminum powder is beneficial for a limited time following re - entry to air . in addition , worker protection must be used for handling aluminum powder . goggles and mask are strongly recommended . the matrix material used in this experiment is pure aluminum metallic powder ( atomized ) manufactured by valimet inc . ( stockton , calif .). the powder had a spherical shape with an average of 5 . 5 microns in diameter . the reinforced fiber was a continuous high - strength , pan - based carbon fiber manufactured by hercules inc . ( magna , utah ). the filament had a size of 8 microns in diameter with round shape . there were 3000 filaments per tow which had 3587 mpa in terms of tensile strength . the reinforced components used directly were prepreg tapes of nylon - coated carbon fibers produced by the powder prepregging system at the composite materials and structures center , east lansing , michigan ( cmsc ), rather than the loose tow fibers . type a prepreg was the regular product of cmsc for the production polymer matrix composites , which was processed at 170 ° c . to meet the polymer coating . type b prepreg was a special product for the production of c / al composite using the method of the present invention , which was processed at 165 ° c . to meet the polymer coating . the processing temperature of the polymer coated fiber prepreg would range from 150 ° c . to 250 ° c . depending on the polymer selected . the properties of the type a and type b prepregs are shown in table 4 . table 4______________________________________properties of materials used in the experimentmaterial / property value______________________________________hercules as - 4 carbon fibersdiameter ( microns ) 8 . 0specific gravity ( g / cm . sup . 3 ) 1 . 80tensile strength ( mpa ) 3 . 587tensile modulus ( gpa ) 235polyamideaverage particle size ( μm ) 10 . 0specific gravity ( g / cm . sup . 3 ) 1 . 02melting point (° c .) 175surface tension ( mj / m . sup . 2 ) 30 . 0aluminum powdersaverage particle size ( μm ) 5 . 5density ( g / cm . sup . 3 ) 2 . 69apparent density ( g / cm . sup . 3 ) 0 . 6chemical composition : aluminum 99 . 7 % iron 0 . 18 % silicon 0 . 2 % type a prepregsprocessing temperature (° c .) 170type b prepregsprocessing temperature (° c .) 165______________________________________ the procedures involved in production of aluminum powder coated prepreg precursors were 1 ) the polymer prepreg tapes were cut into 5 cm pieces . 2 ) the prepreg tapes were fixed inside the metal tube 31a with spring clips as shown in fig5 . 3 ) the metal tube 31a was hung on the pins 4b inside the glass tube . 4 ) 3 - 5 g of aluminum powder was deposited on the bottom membrane 25 . 5 ) the inside tube 24 was fitted on the top of the aluminum flange 26 . 6 ) the top membrane 25 was placed in position with the help of the o - ring . 7 ) all of the electric wires and vacuum hoses were connected properly . 8 ) the aluminum lid 28 was placed on the outer tube 21 . b 9 ) the vacuum pump 61 was operated until the pressure inside the tube 24 was reduced to below 3 in hg . 12 ) the heater 31 was turned on and heated for 6 minutes for type a prepreg 32 and 3 minutes for type b prepreg 32 . 13 ) the frequency generator or speaker 22 and the power amplifier was turned on to fluidize the aluminum powder for 3 minutes for type a prepreg 32 and minutes for type b prepreg 32 . 14 ) the heater 31 was turned off after heating 8 minutes . 15 ) the prepreg 32 was removed in reverse order of steps 1 - 8 after the powder settled down and the temperature cooled down . the aluminum - coated carbon fiber precursors then were consolidated by vacuum hot pressing in a conventional vacuum furnace such as furnace 40 using a mts - 810 material test system ( minneapolis , minn .). the procedures and processing parameters used were : 2 ) cut the aligned prepreg 32 into 2 cm long and 1 cm wide . 3 ) wrap the aligned and trimmed prepreg with two pieces of aluminum foils in transverse direction . 4 ) put a layer of boron nitride paste evenly on the outside of the aluminum foils . 5 ) place the wrapped and pasted precursors between two pieces of thin alumina plates . 8 ) press the top platen on the sample with pressure of a little more than zero . 9 ) close the furnace and pump vacuum to less than 2 × 10 - 5 torr . 11 ) keep the temperature at 420 ° c . for one hour to evaporate the binder material ( nylon ). 14 ) press the sample under 30 mpa at 570 ° c . for 30 minutes . 15 ) release the pressure and decrease the temperature to 400 ° c . in 5 minutes . the mechanical properties of the composite were measured using united testing system sfm - 20 . a three - point bending test was performed . the original composite was approximately a 1 mmthick × 12 mm wide × 21 mm long plate for the sample which was made from type a prepreg , and a 2 mm thick × 12 mm wide × 21 mm long plate for the sample which was made from the b prepreg . the plates were cut into 1 . 65 mm wide specimens by a low speed diamond saw after the composite plate was trimmed to eliminate unconsolidated materials at the edges , and cleaned to remove the stop - off materials . referring to fig7 the flexural strength and modulus of the composite was evaluated by following equations : the flexural strength of the composite from the three point bending test can be compared with the theoretical value calculated from equations ( 3 - 3 ) and ( 5 - 7 ) ( weeten , j . w ., et al ., engineers &# 39 ; guide to composite materials , carnes publication services , usa ( 1987 )) which is derived from the rule of mixtures and the contribution of the matrix is neglected . if s cf is not known , s cf = 0 . 9 s tf is a good approximation for graphite fiber / matrix composites . the broken specimens from the mechanical test then were mounted , polished and examined by olympus pme 3 metallograph . the fracture surfaces of the specimens were examined using hitachi s - 2500c scanning electron microscope ( sem ) ( japan ). the fiber volume fraction was determined by counting the fibers observed on a composite cross - section and using the relation : a f = the average cross - sectional area of a single fiber this work was done by optical numeric volume fraction analysis software ( michigan state university , east lansing , mich .). fig8 a and 8b and 9a and 9b show scanning electron microscope ( sem ) images of type a prepreg and type b prepreg 32 at different magnifications . the prepregs , which were produced by the composite materials and structures center at michigan state university , were used to make the cfmmc . for type a prepreg 32 , it is apparent from these micrographs that there is satisfactory coating with nylon on the carbon fibers in the prepreg although there are some droplets formed on the fibers . the fibers were almost spread uniformly while some fibers contacted together and some fibers crossed . for type b prepreg 32 , the nylon particles just begin sintering or even sintering had not occurred . so some nylon particles were lost during handling and the fibers were not held together by nylon to form tape . fig1 a and 10b and 11a and 11b show two types of sem images of c / al composite precursors at different magnifications . the precursor has a satisfactory aluminum powder pick - up . the successes include : 1 ) the amount of aluminum powder is large enough ; 2 ) the adhesion between the fiber and the powder is strong enough to survive handling ; 3 ) the distribution of the aluminum powder is uniform for type a precursors . for type b precursors , fiber coating is uneven because of the existence of some uncoated fibers . the disadvantage is that the fiber contacting and crossing can still be found , which is due to the fabrication of nylon coated fiber prepregs . the results of the mechanical test for the continuous high strength carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite materials are shown in table 5 and fig1 and 13 . the flexural strength of the composite is 335 mpa for sample a ( 343 mpa for sample al and 328 mpa sample a2 ) and 285 mpa for sample b as compared to 82 . 8 mpa for the unreinforced pure aluminum matrix . the flexural modulus of the composite is 108 gpa for sample a ( 122 gpa for sample al and 94 gpa for sample a2 ) and 74 gpa for sample b as compared to 69 gpa for the unreinforced pure aluminum matrix . fig1 a and 14b and 15a and 15b show the typical optical micrographs of the cross section of the c / al composites , which were used to determine the fiber volume fraction . it was found that the fiber volume fraction is 50 % for the sample from the type a prepreg and 20 % for the sample from the type b prepreg . using the above value of fiber volume fraction and the tensile strength and modulus value of carbon fibers and aluminum matrix from table 5 , the flexural strength of the rule of mixtures at these fiber volume fractions were calculated to be 2549 mpa for sample a and 1019 mpa for sample b . the flexural strength of the composite is 13 % of the rule of mixtures for type a and 28 % for type b . the modulus of the rule of mixtures at these fiber volume fractions was determined to be 151 gpa for type a and 112 gpa for sample b . the modulus of the composite is 71 % of the rule of mixtures for type a and 66 % for type b . table 5______________________________________mechanical properties of example 1 composites at room temperaturespecimens a1 a2 b1______________________________________span , mm 18 . 0 18 . 0 18 . 0 ( in .) ( 0 . 71 ) ( 0 . 71 ) ( 0 . 71 ) width , mm 1 . 65 1 . 65 1 . 65 ( in .) ( 0 . 065 ) ( 0 . 065 ) ( 0 . 065 ) thickness , mm 1 . 07 1 . 13 1 . 93 ( in .) ( 0 . 042 ) ( 0 . 0445 ) ( 0 . 076 ) yield load , n 0 . 08 0 . 54 0 . 11 ( lbs ) ( 0 . 0183 ) ( 0 . 122 ) ( 0 . 0244 ) peak load , n 23 . 84 25 . 61 64 . 90 ( lbs ) ( 5 . 359 ) ( 5 . 756 ) ( 14 . 587 ) yield str 1 . 2 0 . 7 0 . 5mpa ( psi ) ( 170 . 1 ) ( 101 . 1 ) ( 69 . 25 ) flexural str 343 328 285mpa ( psi ) ( 49775 ) ( 47622 ) ( 41380 ) fiber 50 50 20fraction (%)% rom 13 13 28strengthflexural 122 94 74modulus , gpa ( 17625 ) ( 13554 ) ( 10754 )( ksi )% rom 80 62 66modulusstrain at 0 . 6543 0 . 5548 1 . 044failure (%) ______________________________________ fig1 a and 16b and 17a and 17b show the optical micrographs of the longitudinal section of type a and type b . from these figures , it is obvious that the fiber - matrix interface is smooth with no discontinuities observed even at higher magnification . this implied that the fiber - matrix bonding is good with no excessive interface reaction and no fiber damage . however , these micrographs show that some carbon fibers contact together to form the fiber clusters , especially for type a . fig1 a and 18b and 19a and 19b show the sem fractographs of type a and type b . it can be seen that the dispersed fibers were not pulled out while the clustered fibers were pulled out . the fractographs show that the aluminum powders were sintered well generally while a few of unsintered aluminum powders can be found in type b in fig1 b at arrow . this could be due to the fact that these powders were located in a local void where the pressure could not reach them . the new fabrication process of composite precursors was capable of picking up the desired volume fraction of metal matrix . the distribution of fine metal powder around the reinforcing fibers was uniform . the precursor tapes with the aluminum powder were almost as flexible as the reinforcing fiber tow with good handling properties . the polymer worked well as the binder and hence no significant aluminum powder loss was found during the layup procedure prior to consolidation . this suggested that the adhesion of the aluminum powder to the carbon fibers was strong . for type a prepreg 32 , the formation of the fiber clusters played two roles . first , the aluminum precursors were easy to handle during the layup procedure because the fibers do not move relative to one another . secondly , it made the fibers distribute unevenly . there are four key factors which resulted in the success of composite precursor production . 1 ) the spreader 12 which worked on the principle of acoustic energy was able to spread collimated fiber tows into their individual filaments . it worked best at the natural frequency of the reinforcing fibers . 2 ) the apparatus 20 which utilized acoustics to provide a buoyant force to the powder was a stable entrainment system which provided an aerosol of constant aluminum powder concentration for extended periods of time . it operated best at its natural frequency . 3 ) the use of fine metal powder roughly of the order of dimensions of the reinforcing fibers made the distribution of the matrix around each fiber uniform . 4 ) polyamide polymer worked very well as a binder to adhere the aluminum powder on the carbon fibers at proper temperature . however , the presence of fiber clusters in the prepreg 32 was a remaining problem for the quality of the precursors . the impregnated fibers show a tendency to cluster in bundles in the heater . the preferred configuration of the prepreg 32 is the array of fiber - matrix cluster , each cluster diameter ranging from that of a single fiber to multiple fibers ( most cluster diameters are between 10 - 50 microns ). in the heater , the coalescence of the polymer on the fibers goes through three steps : the heating up of fibers and the particles ; interparticle sintering between adjacent particles until a film forms on the fiber surface ; and , finally , the formation of a stable configuration of axisymmetric or non - symmetric droplets . in the first step , the temperature of the powder - impregnated fiber tow is raised by convection and radiation to a value greater than the melting or softening point of the polymer particles . then , interparticle sintering begins with a neck formation between adjacent particles . the neck grows till the particles coalesce into one . interparticle sintering time ( defined to be the time when the interparticle bridge is equal to the particle diameter ) is primarily influenced by the temperature , the polymer viscosity and the particle size . the work required for a shape change is equal to a decrease in surface energy . interparticle sintering leads to the formation of a film which breaks up to form droplets on the fiber . the transition from a polymer film on the fiber surface to droplets is driven by the finite wetting abilities of most thermoplastics . these droplets are of varying shape and symmetry with respect to the fiber axis . the shape of these droplets changes with time to equilibrium configuration which can be axisymmetric or non - symmetric depending on droplet volume and the influence of gravitational forces . if in the case of a spread fiber tow in which the impregnated fibers are in intermittent contact with each other , capillary forces between adjacent fibers may make film formation thermodynamically favorable . the final configuration depends on interfiber distances and droplet sizes in addition to surface tension forces . therefore , there are three ways to improve the quality of prepregs 32 . 1 ) improve the spreader 20 operation . interfiber distances have to be larger to avoid the bonding of adjacent fibers by the droplets . it is advantageous to have good spreading so that individual fibers are exposed thereby reducing the average cluster diameter . 2 ) use a particular polymer as the binder for a given fiber . interparticle sintering and film formation are influenced by viscosity , surface tension and particle size of the polymer . surface tension of most polymers lies between 20 - 50 dynes / cm whereas viscosity can vary by orders of magnitude . hence there is an optimum polymer for a given fiber . 3 ) control the temperature of the heater 31 and the speed of the fiber motion . for a given fiber - polymer system and a given speed of the fiber motion , interparticle sintering and the film formation are influenced only by the temperature of the heater . if the temperature is too low , interparticle sintering will not occur and the prepreg tape cannot be formed . on the other hand , if the temperature is too high , the droplets and fiber clusters will form , which is not desired for the production of the aluminum precursors . however , there are proper temperatures at which the interparticle sintering has occurred but the film has not formed completely . in this case , it is possible to get high quality of prepreg 32 because the particle sintering can hold fibers as prepreg tape by periodic fiber - to - fiber contact . in the metal powder coating chamber 20 , a greater fraction of the fiber surface is exposed to the cloud of the fine metal powder before the sintering is completely finished . type b prepreg was an attempt to produce a better polymer dispersion . it is obvious that 165 ° c . is too low to be the best processing temperature because the sintering has not occurred for some nylon particles which will be lost during handling and the prepreg 32 cannot be formed . however , the mechanical property has shown the distinct improvement for type b prepreg 32 . flexural strength and modulus of 335 mpa and 108 gpa for type a , 285 mpa and 74 gpa for type b were obtained when the precursors were vacuum hot pressed at 570 ° c . for 30 minutes under 30 mpa pressure . it corresponds to a value of 13 % and 28 % of the rule of mixtures strength , 71 % and 66 % of the rule of mixtures modulus , respectively . the lower measured strength and modulus may be due to several factors . 1 ) the distribution of the fibers in the composite was not always uniform , and this affected the maximum fracture load . some areas had a high density of fibers and others had a low density . there are some fiber clusters ( fiber - to - fiber contact ) in the composite although type b prepreg 32 is better than type a prepreg 32 . fiber clusters in type b prepreg 32 were smaller than in type a prepreg 32 . thus a larger fraction of the fibers in type b prepreg 32 were completely surrounded by matrix . the micrographs of the fracture surface showed fiber pullout in the fiber cluster areas , which suggested that tow of fibers did not fully work as a reinforcement . the high magnification fractographs ( fig1 a and 19b ) showed that where fibers were in direct contact with each other , the fracture in fibers started at the fiber - fiber interface . this suggests that fibers in direct contact lead to premature fracture . this can explain why the strength of type a prepreg 32 is less than the strength of type b prepreg 32 in terms of the percentage of the rule of mixtures . so it is the poor distribution of the fibers that mainly cause the lower strength . 2 ) the fiber coating with aluminum powders is uneven for type b prepreg 32 , and this may affect the load transfer efficiency at the interface . as mentioned before , type b prepregs 32 were processed at 165 ° c . and some nylon powder particles were not as evenly distributed due to inadequate sintering at the lower processing temperature . this resulted in the existence of portions of the fibers without any coating . these uncoated regions resulted in some voids in the fiber - matrix interface , where the powder particles were not completely consolidated due to the fact that the pressure could not reach these regions during consolidation . the bonding in these regions is very poor because some unsintered aluminum powders can be found ( refer to fig1 b at arrow ). therefore , since some portions of the fibers cannot transfer elastic loading to the matrix , the stiffness of the composite is reduced . it is the uneven fiber coating that may cause the lower modulus of type b prepreg 32 than that of type a prepreg in terms of the percentage of the rule of mixtures . however , since the modulus values are close , they may also represent experimental variation . 3 ) the optimal consolidation parameters can be determined . higher temperatures and longer times give lower strength because of brittle carbide formation at the interface of the aluminum and the carbon fibers . lower temperatures and shorter times give lower strength due to poor bonding strength at the inter - aluminum matrix . the occurrence of low strength may be due to poor bonding strength of the aluminum matrix under higher pressures or damage of the reinforced fibers under high pressures . therefore , the optional processing parameters are selected to get the maximum in strength of composite . 4 ) the matrix metal and the characteristics of the reinforcing component have important influence to the strength of the composite . as mentioned earlier , most aluminum matrix composites are produced by aluminum alloy . so the use of pure aluminum could be a factor because pure aluminum has lower strength and is more reactive than aluminum alloys . regarding the reinforcing component , high modulus carbon fibers have a high content of crystallized carbon and good chemical stability but high cost because they were carbonized at 2000 °- 3000 ° c . in contrast high strength carbon fibers were carbonized at 1000 °- 1500 ° c ., so these fibers are cheaper but more reactive with aluminum than high modulus carbon fibers . in view of the lower costs , the use of high strength carbon fibers , as described in this investigation , should be significant in the production of these composites although the strength is lower . 5 ) increasing fiber volume fraction in the composite is a way to increase the strength of the composite . it is well established that the strength of composite is a function of fiber volume fraction in direct proportion . hence reducing the time of aluminum powder fluidizing can increase the fiber volume fraction and the strength of composite . 6 ) selecting a better polymer as the binder is another way to increase the strength of composite . the binder plays a very important role in the new fabrication method of cfmmc . a good binder improves the distribution of the fibers and the matrix powder during the production of the precursors . it is more important that the binder not promote interfacial reactions . therefore , the polymeric binder must fulfill a succession of requirements as it proceeds through the method steps . 1 ) it must be thermoplastic to be a binder at high temperature . 2 ) it must provide suitable viscosity and surface tension and flow properties . 3 ) it must be capable of being removed in vacuum furnace 40 by controlled pyrolysis without disrupting the particle arrangement . 4 ) it must have a suitable melting point temperature and be stable around the melting point temperature ( woodthorpe , j ., et al ., j . mater . sci . 24 1038 ( 1989 ). 5 ) it must not react with aluminum and carbon fibers at high temperature , so polymers without oxygen may be better . the mechanisms of the pyrolytic removal of binder must be understood in order to understand the last requirement . there are three mechanisms for the pyrolytic removal of binder , which are evaporation , thermal degradation and oxidative degradation ( wright , j . k ., et al ., j . am . ceram . soc . 72 ( 10 ) 1822 ( 1989 ); and edirishinghe , m . j ., british ceramic proceedings , 45 45 ( 1990 )). evaporation is the dominant mechanism when low molecular weight waxes are used as the binder . here the organic species do not undergo chain scission and are independent of the atmosphere used . thermal degradation of the binder is carried out in an inert atmosphere where oxygen is absent . the decomposition of the polymer takes place entirely by thermal degradation processes by a free - radical reaction . the predominant process is the formation of lower - molecular - weight substances by intramolecular transfer of radicals , resulting in random chain scission and a reduction in molecular weight . molecular fragments less than a critical size are lost by evaporation . the presence of oxygen during binder removal super impose on thermal degradation an additional reaction with polymer and metal powder . the reaction products may or may not be volatile substances . polyamide was used as the preferred binder , and it was believed to be removed completely by thermal degradation in the vacuum furnace . in fact , polyamide is not necessary the best choice as the binder for the c / al system because it contains oxygen . it was mentioned earlier that the presence of oxygen catalyzes the formation of aluminum carbide at carbon / aluminum interfaces . thermoplastic polymers such as polystyrene , polyethylene , polypropylene can be more suitable to be the binder because they fill the demand : thermoplastic , proper melting point , are removable , and are without oxygen . selecting a suitable binder can be an effective method to improve the quality of composite . 1 ) the method works well for the production of cfmmc . the spreading width is limited only by the length of the spreader over which the fiber tow passes and the spreader 12 width under a set of optimum conditions . however , the fibers tend to collapse to a narrow width after passing through the spreader , which needs to be corrected . 2 ) the fluidization of fine aluminum powder was successful by using the acoustic energy coming off a speaker 22 through rubber membranes 25 . the aerosolizer is efficient with the uniform distribution of aluminum powder around the fibers . 3 ) heating nylon - coated carbon fiber prepreg 32 to a temperature above the softening point of nylon created a sticky polymer host for fine aluminum powder . the perfect adhesion of aluminum powder to carbon fibers was achieved by making nylon serve as the binder . however , other polymers such as polystyrene , polyethylene , polypropylene can be more suitable binder for c / al system because these polymers do not contain oxygen and are more easily volatilized . 4 ) the strength of the c / al composite was lower than that expected from the rule of mixtures . it may be mainly attributed to the presence of fiber clusters due to imperfect fiber spreading . the binder may not play an important role as seen from the micrographs of the prepregs 32 and aluminum precursors . this implies that the binder is not necessary since the electrostatic forces can make the aluminum powder stick to the carbon fibers . without the binder , the fiber cluster does not form and the quality of composite can be improved . continuous processing of cfmmc by not using the polymer binder can also be accomplished . this is possible since metal powders form oxide coatings that can hold a static charge strong enough to attract the metal powder particle to the fiber and hold it in place long enough to be consolidated . this static attraction has been demonstrated in two ways : 1 ) powder aggregates are observed on the bottom of the aerosolizing chamber , indicating that the fine powder can hold a static charge and 2 ) as a result of hanging sections of bare carbon fiber tows in the aerosolizing chamber , the fibers were evenly coated with the powder . subsequently , sections of bare fiber tows coated in this way were laid up in a stack and consolidated with minimum handling . some layers that had lesser amounts of powder had additional powder sprinkled on top of the layer . these were consolidated in the conventional way by vacuum hot pressing . this sample had very evenly spaced fibers , with less than 2 % of the fibers being in contact with each other in any particular cross section investigated . some pullout of the fibers on the order of the fiber diameter was observed in the fracture surface of a bend specimen . the cfmmc cross - section is shown in fig2 . since the polymer binder is not required the processing is less complex , since no vacuum burnout of the polymer using furnace 40 is needed . the procedure involved in the production of aluminum powder coated prepreg precursors was 1 ) the prepreg tapes ( bare carbon tows ) were cut into 5 cm long pieces . 2 ) the prepreg tapes were suspended inside the metal tube 31a with spring clips as shown in fig5 . 3 ) the metal tube 31a was hung on the pins 24b inside the glass tube . 4 ) 5 - 8 gm of aluminum powder was deposited on the bottom membrane 25 . 5 ) the inside tube 24 was fitted on the top of the flange 26 . 6 ) the top membrane 25 was placed in position with the help of the o - ring . 7 ) all the electric wires and vacuum hoses were connected properly . 8 ) the aluminum lid 28 was placed on the outer tube 21 . 9 ) the vacuum pump 61 was operated until the pressure inside the tube 24 was reduced to below 3 in hg . 11 ) the frequency generator or speaker 22 and the power amplifier was turned on to fluidize the aluminum powder for approximately 5 minutes . additional powder was sprinkled on top of some layers that had lesser amounts of powder . the aluminum coated carbon fiber precursors were consolidated by vacuum hot pressing . the steps involved were : 2 ) chop off the aligned prepreg in 2 cm long and 1 cm wide pieces . 4 ) apply boron nitride paste evenly on the inner surface of the fixture . 7 ) press the top platen on the sample with pressure of a little more than zero . 8 ) close the furnace and pump vacuum to less than 2 × 10 - 5 torr . 10 ) press the sample under 30 mpa at 570 ° c . for 45 minutes . 11 ) release the pressure and decrease the temperature to 400 ° c . in 5 minutes . the density and coefficient of thermal expansion &# 34 ; α &# 34 ; of the composite were measured . &# 34 ; α &# 34 ; was measured using a dilatometer and archimedes principle was used to measure the density . mechanical properties of the example 2 composite were also measured by using united testing system . the results are given in table 6 . table 6______________________________________physical and mechanical properties of example 2 composite : 2 . 28 gm / cm . sup . 3coefficient of linear thermal expansion &# 34 ; α &# 34 ; - 1 . 793 × 10 . sup . 6 /° c . mecanical properties of the composite at room temperaturespecimen sample 1 * sample 2 * ______________________________________span , mm 18 . 0 18 . 0 ( in ) ( 0 . 71 ) ( 0 . 71 ) width , mm 2 . 90 3 . 12 ( in ) ( 0 . 114 ) ( 0 . 123 ) thickness , mm 0 . 57 0 . 025 ( in ) ( 0 . 022 ) ( 0 . 635 ) yield load , lb n / a n / apeak load , lb 4 . 731 4 . 598yield stress , psi n / a n / aflexural strength , 91324 63697psi 629 . 68 439 . 19 ( mpa ) flexural modulus , psi 14742630 12691180 ( gpa )* 101 . 65 87 . 51 % rom strength 78 . 55 67 . 63strain failure (%) 0 . 6554 n / a______________________________________ for bending tests of composites , the span - to - depth ratio is recommended to be at least 16 : 1 . this ratio shall be chosen such that failures occur in the outer fibers of the specimens , due only to the bending moment . for highly anisotropic composites , shear deflections can seriously reduce the modulus measurements . in this study , a ratio of 32 : 1 is a standard that should be adequate to obtain valid modulus measurements . the consolidated sample was approximately 30 mm × 12 mm × 3 mm plate , that was cut into 2 mm wide specimens by a low speed diamond saw after the composite plate was trimmed off to eliminate unconsolidated materials at the edges . for alpha measurements , the original sample was cut into 25 . 4 mm × 12 . 7 mm × 3 mm block . the alpha value determined from the dilatometer experiment is 1 . 793 × 10 - 6 /° c . and the density of the material is 2 . 28 gm / cm 3 . the porosity of the material is found to be less than 1 %. fiber volume fraction was measured by counting the fibers observed on a composite cross section and it was around 40 - 50 %. fig2 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 and 28 show the optical micrographs of the transverse and longitudinal sections of the composite at different magnifications . from the fig2 , it was clear that there was no matrix material in one part of the specimen . this may account for the porosity determined from the density measurement . fig2 shows the even distribution of fibers with very few fibers contacting each other . from these figures , it is obvious that the fiber -- matrix interface is smooth with no apparent discontinuity in the interface , even at higher magnifications . this implied that the fiber - matrix bonding is good with no interface reaction and no fiber damage . however , these micrographs show less than 2 % of the fibers being in contact with each other in any particular cross section investigated . in addition , some fiber pull out on the order of the fiber diameter was observed in the fracture surface of a bend specimen . fig2 and 28 show the sem fractographs of the composite of fig1 1 ) it was capable of picking up the desired volume fraction of metal matrix . 4 ) the processing is less complex since the polymer binder is not required and no vacuum burnout of the polymer using furnace 40 is needed . as shown in fig2 for system 80 , the fiber tow is spread in spreader 12 , coated in the apparatus 20 with metal powder and then immediately pressed between heated rolls 50 , such as rolls 50a , 50b and 50c , at the consolidation temperature in a condition that provides adequate pressure for sintering . the exit side of the rollers 50 provides a consolidated product , such as a foil or a wire or rod , as illustrated in fig2 , 21a to 21c . the system 80 is enclosed in enclosure 81 . the prepreg 101 is filled from spools 82 , 83 and 84 to provide composites 102a , 102b or 102c . with more complicated roller geometry , more complex beam shapes can be fabricated . thus the tows of fibers are coated simultaneously and guided to proper position at the consolidation rolls 50 , so that larger thicknesses can be built up , or more complex shapes can be fabricated as shown in fig2 . with a scalping operation on aluminum shapes occurring prior to the consolidating rolls , a thin coating of fiber reinforced material can be applied , as shown in fig2 . the system 90 is provided in an enclosure 91 . the core 92 is scraped by cutters 93 and then the metal coated precursor is compressed onto core 92 by rollers 96 . the prepreg 32 is fed from spools 94 and feed rolls 95 . the product is composite 103 . the continuous fiber tows coated with polymer and matrix powders could be subsequently chopped for consolidation in desired geometries , and thus provide coated chopped fibers with evenly distributed matrix . in addition consolidated continuous fiber products made using the above procedures could be chopped for subsequent consolidation in desired geometries . in addition , chopped fibers could be coated with polymer and / or matrix powders to provide chopped coated fibers for subsequent consolidation . it is intended that the foregoing description is only illustrative of the present invention and the present invention is limited only by the hereinafter appended claims .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

the invention is not limited by any particular structure or group of cetp inhibitors . rather , the invention has general applicability to cetp inhibitors as a class . compounds which may be the subject of the invention may be found in a number of patents and published applications , including de 19741400 a1 ; de 19741399 a1 ; wo 9914215 a1 ; wo 9914174 ; de 19709125 a1 ; de 19704244 a1 ; de 19704243 a1 ; ep 818448 a1 ; wo 9804528 a2 ; de 19627431 a1 ; de 19627430 a1 ; de 19627419 a1 ; ep 796846 a1 ; de 19832159 ; de 818197 ; de 19741051 ; wo 9941237 a1 ; wo 9914204 a1 ; wo 9835937 a1 ; jp 11049743 ; wo 200018721 ; wo 200018723 ; wo 200018724 ; wo 200017164 ; wo 200017165 ; wo 200017166 ; ep 992496 ; and ep 987251 , all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes . one class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of oxy substituted 4 - carboxyamino - 2 - methyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinolines having the formula i wherein r i - 1 , is hydrogen , y i , w i — x i , w i — y i ; wherein w i is a carbonyl , thiocarbonyl , sulfinyl or sulfonyl ; x i is — o — y i , — s — y i , — n ( h )— y , or — n —( y i ) 2 ; wherein y i for each occurrence is independently z i or a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to ten membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with z i ; wherein z i is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to eight membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or , a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said z i substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n —( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein q i is a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v i ; wherein v i is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to eight membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said v i substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carbamoyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylcarbamoyl , carboxyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituents are also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein q i - 1 is a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v i - 1 ; wherein v i - 1 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered ring optionally having one to two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen ; wherein said v i - 1 substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , amino , nitro , cyano , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein either r i - 3 must contain v 1 or r i - 4 must contain v i - 1 ; and r i - 5 , r i - 6 , r i - 7 and r i - 8 are each independently hydrogen , hydroxy or oxy wherein said oxy is substituted with t i or a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated one to twelve membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with t i ; wherein t i is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to eight membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said t i substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines . compounds of formula i and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in commonly assigned u . s . pat . no . 6 , 140 , 342 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 362 , 198 , and european patent publication 987251 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from one of the following compounds of formula i : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of 4 - carboxyamino - 2 - methyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,- tetrahydroquinolines , having the formula ii wherein r ii - 1 , is hydrogen , y ii , w ii — x ii , w ii — y ii ; wherein w ii is a carbonyl , thiocarbonyl , sulfinyl or sulfonyl ; x ii is — o — y ii , — s — y ii — n ( h )— y ii or — n —( y ii ) 2 ; wherein y ii for each occurrence is independently z ii or a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to ten membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with z ii ; z ii is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to twelve membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said z ii substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n —( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein q ii is a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v ii ; wherein v ii is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to twelve membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or , a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said v ii substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxamoyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylcarboxamoyl , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino or said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituents are optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein q ii - 1 a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v ii - 1 ; wherein v ii - 1 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered ring optionally having one to two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen ; wherein said v ii - 1 substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , amino , nitro , cyano , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein either r ii - 3 must contain vi , or r ii - 4 must contain v ii - 1 ; and r ii - 5 , r ii - 6 , r ii - 7 and r ii - 8 are each independently hydrogen , a bond , nitro or halo wherein said bond is substituted with t ii or a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated ( c 1 - c 12 ) straight or branched carbon chain wherein carbon may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen wherein said carbon atoms are optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with t ii ; wherein t ii is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to twelve membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or , a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said t ii substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; provided that at least one of substituents r ii - 5 , r ii - 6 , r ii - 7 and r ii - 8 is not hydrogen and is not linked to the quinoline moiety through oxy . compounds of formula ii and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in commonly assigned u . s . pat . no . 6 , 147 , 090 , u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 671 , 400 filed sep . 27 , 2000 , and pct publication no . wo00 / 17166 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from one of the following compounds of formula ii : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of annulated 4 - carboxyamino - 2 - methyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,- tetrahydroquinolines , having the formula iii wherein r iii - 1 is hydrogen , y iii , w iii — x iii , w iii — y iii ; wherein w iii is a carbonyl , thiocarbonyl , sulfinyl or sulfonyl ; x iii is — o — y iii , — s — y iii , — n ( h )— y iii or — n —( y iii ) 2 ; y iii for each occurrence is independently z iii or a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to ten membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with z iii ; wherein z iii is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to twelve membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said z iii substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein q iii is a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v iii ; wherein v iii is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to twelve membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said v iii substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxamoyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylcarboxamoyl , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino or said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl are optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein q iii - 1 a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v iii - 1 ; wherein v iii - 1 , is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered ring optionally having one to two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen ; wherein said v iii - 1 substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , amino , nitro , cyano , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent optionally having from one to nine fluorines ; wherein either r iii - 3 must contain v iii or r iii - 4 must contain v iii - 1 ; and r iii - 5 and r iii - 6 , or r iii - 6 and r iii - 7 , and / or r iii - 7 and r iii - 8 are taken together and form at least one four to eight membered ring that is partially saturated or fully unsaturated optionally having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said ring or rings formed by r iii - 5 and r iii - 6 , or r iii - 6 and r iii - 7 , and / or r iii - 7 and r iii - 8 are optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylsulfonyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent optionally having from one to nine fluorines ; provided that the r iii - 5 , r iii - 6 , r iii - 7 and / or r iii - 8 , as the case may be , that do not form at least one ring are each independently hydrogen , halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy or ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl optionally having from one to nine fluorines . compounds of formula iii and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in commonly assigned u . s . pat . no . 6 , 147 , 089 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 310 , 075 , and european patent application no . 99307240 . 4 filed sep . 14 , 1999 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from one of the following compounds of formula iii : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of 4 - carboxyamino - 2 - substituted - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,- tetrahydroquinolines , having the formula iv wherein r iv - 1 is hydrogen , y iv , w iv — x iv or w iv — y iv ; wherein w iv is a carbonyl , thiocarbonyl , sulfinyl or sulfonyl ; x iv is — o — y iv , — s — y iv , — n ( h )— y iv or — n —( y iv ) 2 ; wherein y iv for each occurrence is independently z iv or a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to ten membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with z iv ; wherein z iv is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to eight membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said z iv substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; r iv - 2 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen wherein said carbon atoms are optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo ; or said r iv - 2 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to seven membered ring optionally having one to two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , wherein said r iv - 2 ring is optionally attached through ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkyl ; wherein said r iv - 2 ring is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , oxo or ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl ; with the proviso that r iv - 2 is not methyl ; r iv - 3 is hydrogen or q iv ; wherein q iv is a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v iv ; wherein v iv is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to eight membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said v iv substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxamoyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylcarboxamoyl , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituents are also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein q iv - 1 a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v iv - 1 ; wherein v iv - 1 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered ring optionally having one to two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen ; wherein said v iv - 1 substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , amino , nitro , cyano , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein either r iv - 3 must contain v iv or r iv - 4 must contain v iv - 1 ; r iv - 5 , r iv - 6 , r iv - 7 and r iv - 8 are each independently hydrogen , a bond , nitro or halo wherein said bond is substituted with t v or a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated ( c 1 - c 12 ) straight or branched carbon chain wherein carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen wherein said carbon atoms are optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with t iv ; wherein t iv is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to eight membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or , a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said t iv substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; and wherein r iv - 5 and r iv - 6 , or r iv - 6 and r iv - 7 , and / or r iv - 7 and r iv - 8 may also be taken together and can form at least one four to eight membered ring that is partially saturated or fully unsaturated optionally having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said ring or rings formed by r iv - 5 and r iv - 6 , or r iv - 6 and r iv - 7 , and / or r iv - 7 and r iv - 8 are optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylsulfonyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; with the proviso that when r iv - 2 is carboxyl or ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylcarboxyl , then r iv - 1 is not hydrogen . compounds of formula iv and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in commonly assigned u . s . pat . no . 6 , 197 , 786 , u . s . application ser . no . 09 / 685 , 3000 filed oct . 10 , 2000 , and pct publication no . wo 00 / 17164 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from one of the following compounds of formula iv : in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is [ 2r , 4s ]- 4 -[( 3 , 5 - bis - trifluoromethyl - benzyl )- methoxycarbonyl - amino ]- 2 - ethyl - 6 - trifluoromethyl - 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2h - quinoline - 1 - carboxylic acid ethyl ester also known as torcetrapib . torcetrapib is shown by the following formula cetp inhibitors , in particular torcetrapib , and methods for preparing such compounds are disclosed in detail in u . s . pat . nos . 6 , 197 , 786 and 6 , 313 , 142 , in pct application nos . wo 01 / 40190a1 , wo 02 / 088085a2 , and wo 02 / 088069a2 , the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference . torcetrapib has an unusually low solubility in aqueous environments such as the lumenal fluid of the human gi tract . the aqueous solubility of torceptrapib is less than about 0 . 04 μg / ml . torcetrapib must be presented to the gi tract in a solubility - enhanced form in order to achieve a sufficient drug concentration in the gi tract in order to achieve sufficient absorption into the blood to elicit the desired therapeutic effect . another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of 4 - amino substituted - 2 - substituted - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,- tetrahydroquinolines , having the formula v wherein r v - 1 is y v , w v — x v or w v — y v ; wherein w v is a carbonyl , thiocarbonyl , sulfinyl or sulfonyl ; x v is — o — y v , — s — y v , — n ( h )— y v or — n —( y v ) 2 ; wherein y v for each occurrence is independently z v or a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to ten membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with z v ; wherein z v is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to eight membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said z v substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n —( c 1 — c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; r v - 2 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen wherein said carbon atoms are optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo ; or said r v - 2 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to seven membered ring optionally having one to two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , wherein said r v - 2 ring is optionally attached through ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkyl ; wherein said r v - 2 ring is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , oxo or ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl ; wherein q v is a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons , other than the connecting carbon , may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v v ; wherein v v is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to eight membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said v v substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxamoyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylcarboxamoyl , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl substituents are also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; r v - 4 is cyano , formyl , w v - 1 q v - 1 , w v - 1 v v - 1 , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylenev v - 1 or v v - 2 ; wherein w v - 1 is carbonyl , thiocarbonyl , so or so 2 , wherein q v - 1 a fully saturated , partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated one to six membered straight or branched carbon chain wherein the carbons may optionally be replaced with one heteroatom selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen and said carbon is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono -, or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with v v - 1 ; wherein v v - 1 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered ring optionally having one to two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said v v - 1 substituent is optionally mono -, di -, tri -, or tetra - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , hydroxy , oxo , amino , nitro , cyano , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is also optionally substituted with from one to nine fluorines ; wherein v v - 2 is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated five to seven membered ring containing one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen ; wherein said v v - 2 substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 2 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 2 ) alkoxy , hydroxy , or oxo wherein said ( c 1 - c 2 ) alkyl optionally has from one to five fluorines ; and wherein r v - 4 does not include oxycarbonyl linked directly to the c 4 nitrogen ; wherein either r v - 3 must contain v v or r v - 4 must contain v v - 1 ; r v - 5 , r v - 6 , r v - 7 and r v - 8 are independently hydrogen , a bond , nitro or halo wherein said bond is substituted with t v or a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated ( c 1 - c 12 ) straight or branched carbon chain wherein carbon may optionally be replaced with one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , wherein said carbon atoms are optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with hydroxy , said carbon is optionally mono - substituted with oxo , said sulfur is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , said nitrogen is optionally mono - or di - substituted with oxo , and said carbon chain is optionally mono - substituted with t v ; wherein t v is a partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to twelve membered ring optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , or a bicyclic ring consisting of two fused partially saturated , fully saturated or fully unsaturated three to six membered rings , taken independently , optionally having one to four heteroatoms selected independently from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said t v substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent also optionally has from one to nine fluorines ; wherein r v - 5 and r v - 6 , or r v - 6 and r v - 7 , and / or r v - 7 and r v - 8 may also be taken together and can form at least one ring that is a partially saturated or fully unsaturated four to eight membered ring optionally having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen ; wherein said rings formed by r v - 5 and r v - 6 , or r v - 6 and r v - 7 , and / or r v - 7 and r v - 8 are optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with halo , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylsulfonyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino wherein said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent is optionally mono -, di - or tri - substituted independently with hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkylthio , amino , nitro , cyano , oxo , carboxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyloxycarbonyl , mono - n — or di - n , n -( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , said ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl substituent also optionally has from one to nine fluorines . compounds of formula v and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in commonly assigned u . s . pat . no . 6 , 140 , 343 , u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 671 , 221 filed sep . 27 , 2000 , and pct publication no . wo 00 / 17165 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from one of the following compounds of formula v : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of cycloalkano - pyridines having the formula vi a vi denotes an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted with up to five identical or different substituents in the form of a halogen , nitro , hydroxyl , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy or a straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , hydroxyalkyl or alkoxy containing up to 7 carbon atoms each , or in the form of a group according to the formula — bnr vi - 3 r v - 4 , wherein r vi - 3 and r vi - 4 are identical or different and denote a hydrogen , phenyl or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms , d vi denotes an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted with a phenyl , nitro , halogen , trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy , or a radical according to the formula r vi - 5 — l vi —, r vi - 5 , r vi - 6 and r vi - 9 denote , independently from one another , a cycloalkyl containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms , or an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atom or a 5 - to 7 - membered , optionally benzo - condensed , saturated or unsaturated , mono -, bi - or tricyclic heterocycle containing up to 4 heteroatoms from the series of s , n and / or o , wherein the rings are optionally substituted , in the case of the nitrogen - containing rings also via the n function , with up to five identical or different substituents in the form of a halogen , trifluoromethyl , nitro , hydroxyl , cyano , carboxyl , trifluoromethoxy , a straight - chain or branched acyl , alkyl , alkylthio , alkylalkoxy , alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms each , an aryl or trifluoromethyl - substituted aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms each , or an optionally benzo - condensed , aromatic 5 - to 7 - membered heterocycle containing up to 3 heteoatoms from the series of s , n and / or o , and / or in the form of a group according to the formula bor vi - 10 , — sr vi - 11 , — so 2 r vi - 12 or bnr vi - 13 r vi - 14 , wherein r vi - 10 , r vi - 11 and r vi - 12 denote , independently from one another , an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is in turn substituted with up to two identical or different substituents in the form of a phenyl , halogen or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms , r vi - 13 and r vi - 14 are identical or different and have the meaning of r vi - 3 and r vi - 4 given above , or r vi - 5 and / or r vi - 6 denote a radical according to the formula r vi - 8 denotes a hydrogen , halogen , azido , trifluoromethyl , hydroxyl , trifluoromethoxy , a straight - chain or branched alkoxy or alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms each , or a radical according to the formula r vi - 15 and r vi - 16 are identical or different and have the meaning of r vi - 3 and r vi - 7 and r vi - 8 together form a radical according to the formula ═ 0 or ═ nr vi - 7 , r vi - 17 denotes a hydrogen or a straight - chain or branched alkyl , alkoxy or acyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms each , l vi denotes a straight - chain or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain containing up to 8 carbon atoms each , which are optionally substituted with up to two hydroxyl groups , t vi and x vi are identical or different and denote a straight - chain or branched alkylene chain containing up to 8 carbon atoms , or v vi denotes an oxygen or sulfur atom or an bnr vi - 18 group , wherein r vi - 18 denotes a hydrogen or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms or a phenyl , e vi denotes a cycloalkyl containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 8 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted with a cycloalkyl containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl , or a phenyl , which is optionally substituted with a halogen or trifluoromethyl , r vi - 1 and r vi - 2 together form a straight - chain or branched alkylene chain containing up to 7 carbon atoms , which must be substituted with a carbonyl group and / or a radical according to the formula a and b are identical or different and denote a number equaling 1 , 2 or 3 , r vi - 19 denotes a hydrogen atom , a cycloalkyl containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms , a straight - chain or branched silylalkyl containing up to 8 carbon atoms , or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 8 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted with a hydroxyl , a straight - chain or a branched alkoxy containing up to 6 carbon atoms or a phenyl , which may in turn be substituted with a halogen , nitro , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy or phenyl or tetrazole - substituted phenyl , and an alkyl that is optionally substituted with a group according to the formula bor vi - 22 , wherein r vi - 22 denotes a straight - chain or branched acyl containing up to 4 carbon atoms or benzyl , or r vi - 19 denotes a straight - chain or branched acyl containing up to 20 carbon atoms or benzoyl , which is optionally substituted with a halogen , trifluoromethyl , nitro or trifluoromethoxy , or a straight - chain or branched fluoroacyl containing up to 8 carbon atoms , r vi - 20 and r vi - 21 are identical or different and denote a hydrogen , phenyl or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms , or r vi - 20 and r vi - 21 together form a 3 - to 6 - membered carbocyclic ring , and a the carbocyclic rings formed are optionally substituted , optionally also geminally , with up to six identical or different substituents in the form of trifluoromethyl , hydroxyl , nitrile , halogen , carboxyl , nitro , azido , cyano , cycloalkyl or cycloalkyloxy containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms each , a straight - chain or branched alkoxycarbonyl , alkoxy or alkylthio containing up to 6 carbon atoms each , or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms , which is in turn substituted with up to two identical or different substituents in the form of a hydroxyl , benzyloxy , trifluoromethyl , benzoyl , a straight - chain or branched alkoxy , oxyacyl or carboxyl containing up to 4 carbon atoms each and / or a phenyl , which may in turn be substituted with a halogen , trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy , and / or the carbocyclic rings formed are optionally substituted , also geminally , with up to five identical or different substituents in the form of a phenyl , benzoyl , thiophenyl or sulfonylbenzyl , which in turn are optionally substituted with a halogen , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy or nitro , and / or optionally in the form of a radical according to the formula r vi - 23 and r vi - 24 are identical or different and denote a hydrogen , cycloalkyl containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms , a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms , benzyl or phenyl , which is optionally substituted with up to two identical or different substituents in the form of halogen , trifluoromethyl , cyano , phenyl or nitro , and / or the carbocyclic rings formed are optionally substituted with a spiro - linked radical according to the formula w vi denotes either an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom , y vi and y = vi together form a 2 - to 6 - membered straight - chain or branched alkylene chain , e is a number equaling 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 or 7 , r vi - 25 , r vi - 26 , r vi - 27 , r vi - 28 , r vi - 29 , r vi - 30 and r vi - 31 are identical or different and denote a hydrogen , trifluoromethyl , phenyl , halogen or a straight - chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy containing up to 6 carbon atoms each , or r vi - 25 and r vi - 26 or r vi - 27 and r vi - 28 each together denote a straight - chain or branched alkyl chain containing up to 6 carbon atoms or r vi - 25 and r vi - 26 or r vi - 27 and r vi - 28 each together form a radical according to the formula g is a number equaling 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 or 7 , r vi - 32 and r vi - 33 together form a 3 - to 7 - membered heterocycle , which contains an oxygen or sulfur atom or a group according to the formula so , so 2 or bnr vi - 34 , r vi - 34 denotes a hydrogen atom , a phenyl , benzyl , or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 4 carbon atoms , and salts and n oxides thereof , with the exception of 5 ( 6h )- quinolones , 3 - benzoyl - 7 , 8 - dihydro - 2 , 7 , 7 - trimethyl - 4 - phenyl . compounds of formula vi and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in european patent application no . ep 818448 a1 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 207 , 671 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 069 , 148 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from one of the following compounds of formula vi : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of substituted - pyridines having the formula vii r vii - 2 and r vii - 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , hydroxy , alkyl , fluorinated alkyl , fluorinated aralkyl , chlorofluorinated alkyl , cycloalkyl , heterocyclyl , aryl , heteroaryl , alkoxy , alkoxyalkyl , and alkoxycarbonyl ; provided that at least one of r vii - 2 and r vii - 6 is fluorinated alkyl , chlorofluorinated alkyl or alkoxyalkyl ; r vii - 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy , amido , arylcarbonyl , heteroarylcarbonyl , hydroxymethyl — co 2 r vii - 7 , wherein r vii - 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl and cyanoalkyl ; and wherein r vii - 15a is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy , hydrogen , halogen , alkylthio , alkenylthio , alkynylthio , arylthio , heteroarylthio , heterocyclylthio , alkoxy , alkenoxy , alkynoxy , aryloxy , heteroaryloxy and heterocyclyloxy , and r vii - 16a is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , haloalkyl , alkenyl , haloalkenyl , alkynyl , haloalkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , and heterocyclyl , arylalkoxy , trialkylsilyloxy ; r vii - 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , hydroxy , halogen , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkenyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , aralkyl , heteroarylalkyl , heterocyclylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkenyl , aralkenyl , hetereoarylalkenyl , heterocyclylalkenyl , alkoxy , alkenoxy , alkynoxy , aryloxy , heteroaryloxy , heterocyclyloxy , alkanoyloxy , alkenoyloxy , alkynoyloxy , aryloyloxy , heteroaroyloxy , heterocyclyloyloxy , alkoxycarbonyl , alkenoxycarbonyl , alkynoxycarbonyl , aryloxycarbonyl , heteroaryloxycarbonyl , heterocyclyloxycarbonyl , thio , alkylthio , alkenylthio , alkynylthio , arylthio , heteroarylthio , heterocyclylthio , cycloalkylthio , cycloalkenylthio , alkylthioalkyl , alkenylthioalkyl , alkynylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , heteroarylthioalkyl , heterocyclylthioalkyl , alkylthioalkenyl , alkenylthioalkenyl , alkynylthioalkenyl , arylthioalkenyl , heteroarylthioalkenyl , heterocyclythioalkenyl , alkylamino , alkenylamino , alkynylamino , arylamino , heteroarylamino , heterocyclylamino , aryldialkylamino , diarylamino , diheteroarylamino , alkylarylamino , alkylheteroarylamino , arylheteroarylamino , trialkylsilyl , trialkenylsilyl , triarylsilyl , — co ( o ) n ( r vii - 8a r viii - 8b ), wherein r vii - 8a and r vii - 8b are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl , — so 2 r vii - 9 , wherein r vii - 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl , — op ( o )( or vii - 10a ) ( or vii - 10b ), wherein r vii - 10a and r vii - 10b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , hydroxy , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl , and — op ( s ) ( or vii - 11a ) ( or vii - 11b ), wherein r vii - 11a and r vii - 11b are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ; r vii - 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , hydroxy , halogen , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkenyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , alkoxy , alkenoxy , alkynoxy , aryloxy , heteroaryloxy , heterocyclyloxy , alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl , alkenylcarbonyloxyalkyl , alkynylcarbonyloxyalkyl , arylcarbonyloxyalkyl , heteroarylcarbonyloxyalkyl , heterocyclylcarbonyloxyalkyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , aralkyl , heteroarylalkyl , heterocyclylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkenyl , aralkenyl , heteroarylalkenyl , heterocyclylalkenyl , alkylthioalkyl , cycloalkylthioalkyl , alkenylthioalkyl , alkynylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , heteroarylthioalkyl , heterocyclylthioalkyl , alkylthioalkenyl , alkenylthioalkenyl , alkynylthioalkenyl , arylthioalkenyl , heteroarylthioalkenyl , heterocyclylthioalkenyl , alkoxyalkyl , alkenoxyalkyl , alkynoxylalkyl , aryloxyalkyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , heterocyclyloxyalkyl , alkoxyalkenyl , alkenoxyalkenyl , alkynoxyalkenyl , aryloxyalkenyl , heteroaryloxyalkenyl , heterocyclyloxyalkenyl , cyano , hydroxymethyl , — co 2 r vii - 14 , wherein r vii - 14 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 15b is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy , hydrogen , halogen , alkylthio , alkenylthio , alkynylthio , arylthio , heteroarylthio , heterocyclylthio , alkoxy , alkenoxy , alkynoxy , aryloxy , heteroaryloxy , heterocyclyloxy , aroyloxy , and alkylsulfonyloxy , and r vii - 16b is selected form the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , arylalkoxy , and trialkylsilyloxy ; wherein r vii - 17 and r vii - 18 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 19 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , — sr vii - 20 , — or vii - 21 , and br vii - 22 co 2 r vii - 23 , r vii - 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , aminoalkyl , aminoalkenyl , aminoalkynyl , aminoaryl , aminoheteroaryl , aminoheterocyclyl , alkylheteroarylamino , arylheteroarylamino , r vii - 21 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , and heterocyclyl , r vii - 22 is selected from the group consisting of alkylene or arylene , and r vii - 23 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 24 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , aralkyl , aralkenyl , and aralkynyl ; wherein r vii - 26 and r vii - 27 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 28 and r vii - 29 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 30 and r vii - 31 are independently alkoxy , alkenoxy , alkynoxy , aryloxy , heteroaryloxy , and heterocyclyloxy ; and wherein r vii - 32 and r vii - 33 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 36 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 37 and r vii - 38 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 39 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkoxy , alkenoxy , alkynoxy , aryloxy , heteroaryloxy , heterocyclyloxy , alkylthio , alkenylthio , alkynylthio , arylthio , heteroarylthio and heterocyclylthio , and r vii - 40 is selected from the group consisting of haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkynyl , haloaryl , haloheteroaryl , haloheterocyclyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkenyl , heterocyclylalkoxy , heterocyclylalkenoxy , heterocyclylalkynoxy , alkylthio , alkenylthio , alkynylthio , arylthio , heteroarylthio and heterocyclylthio ; wherein r vii - 42 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , and heterocyclyl , and r vii - 43 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkenyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkynyl , haloaryl , haloheteroaryl , and haloheterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 44 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 45 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkynyl , haloaryl , haloheteroaryl , haloheterocyclyl , heterocyclyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , aralkyl , heteroarylalkyl , heterocyclylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkenyl , aralkenyl , heteroarylalkenyl , heterocyclylalkenyl , alkylthioalkyl , alkenylthioalkyl , alkynylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , heteroarylthioalkyl , heterocyclylthioalkyl , alkylthioalkenyl , alkenylthioalkenyl , alkynylthioalkenyl , arylthioalkenyl , heteroarylthioalkenyl , heterocyclylthioalkenyl , aminocarbonylalkyl , aminocarbonylalkenyl , aminocarbonylalkynyl , aminocarbonylaryl , aminocarbonylheteroaryl , and aminocarbonylheterocyclyl , wherein r vii - 46 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl , and r vii - 47 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ; and wherein r vii - 48 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl , and r vii - 49 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy , alkenoxy , alkynoxy , aryloxy , heteroaryloxy , heterocyclyloxy , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkynyl , haloaryl , haloheteroaryl and haloheterocyclyl ; wherein r vii - 50 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , alkoxy , alkenoxy , alkynoxy , aryloxy , heteroaryloxy and heterocyclyloxy ; wherein r vii - 51 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkynyl , haloaryl , haloheteroaryl and haloheterocyclyl ; and wherein r vii - 53 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ; provided that when r vii - 5 is selected from the group consisting of heterocyclylalkyl and heterocyclylalkenyl , the heterocyclyl radical of the corresponding heterocyclylalkyl or heterocyclylalkenyl is other than δ - lactone ; and provided that when r vii - 4 is aryl , heteroaryl or heterocyclyl , and one of r vii - 2 and r vii - 6 is trifluoromethyl , then the other of r vii - 2 and r vii - 6 is difluoromethyl . compounds of formula vii and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 9941237 - a1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor of formula vii is dimethyl 5 , 5 - dithiobis [ 2 - difluoromethyl - 4 -( 2 - methylpropyl )- 6 -( trifluoromethyl )- 3 - pyridine - carboxylate ]. another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of substituted biphenyls having the formula viii a viii stands for aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted up to 3 times in an identical manner or differently by halogen , hydroxy , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , or by straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , or alkoxy with up to 7 carbon atoms each , or by a group of the formula r viii - 1 and r viii - 2 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , phenyl , or straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , d viii stands for straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , which is substituted by hydroxy , e viii and l viii are either identical or different and stand for straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted by cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or stands for cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or l viii in this case stands for aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted up to 3 times in an identical manner or differently by halogen , hydroxy , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , or by straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , or alkoxy with up to 7 carbon atoms each , or by a group of the formula r viii - 3 and r vii - 4 are identical or different and have the meaning given above for r vii - 1 and r viii - 2 , or e viii stands for straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , or stands for aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted up to 3 times in an identical manner or differently by halogen , hydroxy , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , or by straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , or alkoxy with up to 7 carbon atoms each , or by a group of the formula r viii - 5 and r viii - 6 are identical or different and have the meaning given above for r viii - 1 and r viii - 2 , and l viii in this case stands for straight - chain or branched alkoxy with up to 8 carbon atoms or for cycloalkyloxy with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , t viii stands for a radical of the formula r viii - 7 and r viii - 8 are identical or different and denote cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms , or denote a 5 - to 7 - member aromatic , optionally benzo - condensed , heterocyclic compound with up to 3 heteroatoms from the series s , n and / or o , which are optionally substituted up to 3 times in an identical manner or differently by trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , halogen , hydroxy , carboxyl , by straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , alkoxy , or alkoxycarbonyl with up to 6 carbon atoms each , or by phenyl , phenoxy , or thiophenyl , which can in turn be substituted by halogen , trifluoromethyl , or trifluoromethoxy , and / or the rings are substituted by a group of the formula r viii - 11 and r viii - 12 are identical or different and have the meaning given above for r vii - 11 and r vii - 12 , x vii denotes a straight or branched alkyl chain or alkenyl chain with 2 to 10 carbon atoms each , which are optionally substituted up to 2 times by hydroxy , r viii - 10 denotes hydrogen , halogen , azido , trifluoromethyl , hydroxy , mercapto , trifluoromethoxy , straight - chain or branched alkoxy with up to 5 carbon atoms , or a radical of the formula r viii - 13 and r viii - 14 are identical or different and have the meaning given above for r vii - 1 , and r viii - 2 , or r viii - 9 and r viii - 10 form a carbonyl group together with the carbon atom . compounds of formula viii are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 9804528 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of substituted 1 , 2 , 4 - triazoles having the formula ix wherein r ix - 1 is selected from higher alkyl , higher alkenyl , higher alkynyl , aryl , aralkyl , aryloxyalkyl , alkoxyalkyl , alkylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , and cycloalkylalkyl ; wherein r ix - 2 is selected from aryl , heteroaryl , cycloalkyl , and cycloalkenyl , r ix - 2 is optionally substituted at a substitutable position with one or more radicals independently selected from alkyl , haloalkyl , alkylthio , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfonyl , alkoxy , halo , aryloxy , aralkyloxy , aryl , aralkyl , aminosulfonyl , amino , monoalkylamino and dialkylamino ; and wherein r ix - 3 is selected from hydrido , — sh and halo ; provided r ix - 2 cannot be phenyl or 4 - methylphenyl when r ix - 1 is higher alkyl and when r ix - 3 is bsh . compounds of formula ix and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 9914204 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from the following compounds of formula ix : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of hetero - tetrahydroquinolines having the formula x and pharmaceutically acceptable salts , enantiomers , or stereoisomers or n - oxides of said compounds ; a x represents cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms or a 5 to 7 - membered , saturated , partially saturated or unsaturated , optionally benzo - condensed heterocyclic ring containing up to 3 heteroatoms from the series comprising s , n and / or o , that in case of a saturated heterocyclic ring is bonded to a nitrogen function , optionally bridged over it , and in which the aromatic systems mentioned above are optionally substituted up to 5 - times in an identical or different substituents in the form of halogen , nitro , hydroxy , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy or by a straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , hydroxyalkyl or alkoxy each having up to 7 carbon atoms or by a group of the formula bnr x - 3 r x - 4 , r x - 3 and r x - 4 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , phenyl or straight - chain or branched alkyl having up to 6 carbon atoms , d x represents an aryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms , that is optionally substituted by phenyl , nitro , halogen , trifluormethyl or trifluormethoxy , or it represents a radical of the formula r x - 5 , r x - 6 and r x - 9 independently of one another denote cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms , or an aryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms or a 5 - to 7 - membered aromatic , optionally benzo - condensed saturated or unsaturated , mono -, bi -, or tricyclic heterocyclic ring from the series consisting of s , n and / or o , in which the rings are substituted , optionally , in case of the nitrogen containing aromatic rings via the n function , with up to 5 identical or different substituents in the form of halogen , trifluoromethyl , nitro , hydroxy , cyano , carbonyl , trifluoromethoxy , straight straight - chain or branched acyl , alkyl , alkylthio , alkylalkoxy , alkoxy , or alkoxycarbonyl each having up to 6 carbon atoms , by aryl or trifluoromethyl - substituted aryl each having 6 to 10 carbon atoms or by an , optionally benzo - condensed , aromatic 5 - to 7 - membered heterocyclic ring having up to 3 heteroatoms from the series consisting of s , n , and / or o , and / or substituted by a group of the formula bor x - 10 , — sr x - 11 , so 2 r x - 12 or bnr x - 13 r x - 14 , r x - 10 , r x - 11 and r x - 12 independently from each other denote aryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is in turn substituted with up to 2 identical or different substituents in the form of phenyl , halogen or a straight - chain or branched alkyl having up to 6 carbon atoms , r x - 13 and r x - 14 are identical or different and have the meaning of r x - 3 and r x - 4 indicated above , r x - 5 and / or r x - 6 denote a radical of the formula r x - 8 denotes hydrogen , halogen , azido , trifluoromethyl , hydroxy , trifluoromethoxy , straight - chain or branched alkoxy or alkyl having up to 6 carbon atoms or a radical of the formula r x - 15 and r x - 16 are identical or different and have the meaning of r x - 3 and r x - 4 indicated above , r x - 7 and r x - 8 together form a radical of the formula ═ o or ═ nr x - 17 , r x - 17 denotes hydrogen or straight chain or branched alkyl , alkoxy or acyl having up to 6 carbon atoms , l x denotes a straight chain or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain having up to 8 carbon atoms , that are optionally substituted with up to 2 hydroxy groups , t x and x x are identical or different and denote a straight chain or branched alkylene chain with up to 8 carbon atoms v x represents an oxygen or sulfur atom or an bnr x - 18 - group , in which r x - 18 denotes hydrogen or straight chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl , e x represents cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or straight chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , that is optionally substituted by cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms or hydroxy , or represents a phenyl , that is optionally substituted by halogen or trifluoromethyl , r x - 1 and r x - 2 together form a straight - chain or branched alkylene chain with up to 7 carbon atoms , that must be substituted by carbonyl group and / or by a radical with the formula in which a and b are identical or different and denote a number equaling 1 , 2 , or 3 , r x - 19 denotes hydrogen , cycloalkyl with 3 up to 7 carbon atoms , straight chain or branched silylalkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms or straight chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , that are optionally substituted by hydroxyl , straight chain or branched alkoxy with up to 6 carbon atoms or by phenyl , which in turn might be substituted by halogen , nitro , trifluormethyl , trifluoromethoxy or by phenyl or by tetrazole - substituted phenyl , and alkyl , optionally be substituted by a group with the formula bor x - 22 , r x - 22 denotes a straight chain or branched acyl with up to 4 carbon atoms or benzyl , r x - 19 denotes straight chain or branched acyl with up to 20 carbon atoms or benzoyl , that is optionally substituted by halogen , trifluoromethyl , nitro or trifluoromethoxy , or it denotes straight chain or branched fluoroacyl with up to 8 carbon atoms and 9 fluorine atoms , r x - 20 and r x - 21 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , phenyl or straight chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , r x - 20 and r x - 21 together form a 3 - to 6 - membered carbocyclic ring , and the carbocyclic rings formed are optionally substituted , optionally also geminally , with up to six identical or different substituents in the form of triflouromethyl , hydroxy , nitrile , halogen , carboxyl , nitro , azido , cyano , cycloalkyl or cycloalkyloxy with 3 to 7 carbon atoms each , by straight chain or branched alkoxycarbonyl , alkoxy or alkylthio with up to 6 carbon atoms each or by straight chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , which in turn is substituted with up to 2 identically or differently by hydroxyl , benzyloxy , trifluoromethyl , benzoyl , straight chain or branched alkoxy , oxyacyl or carbonyl with up to 4 carbon atoms each and / or phenyl , which may in turn be substituted with a halogen , trifuoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy , and / or the formed carbocyclic rings are optionally substituted , also geminally , with up to 5 identical or different substituents in the form of phenyl , benzoyl , thiophenyl or sulfonylbenzyl , which in turn are optionally substituted by halogen , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy or nitro , and / or optionally are substituted by a radical with the formula r x - 23 and r x - 24 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , cycloalkyl with 3 to 6 carbon atoms , straight chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , benzyl or phenyl , that is optionally substituted with up to 2 identically or differently by halogen , trifluoromethyl , cyano , phenyl or nitro , and / or the formed carbocyclic rings are substituted optionally by a spiro - linked radical with the formula w x denotes either an oxygen or a sulfur atom y x and y ′ x together form a 2 to 6 membered straight chain or branched alkylene chain , e denotes a number equaling 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , or 7 , r x - 25 , r x - 26 , r x - 27 , r x - 28 , r x - 29 , r x - 30 and r x - 31 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , trifluoromethyl , phenyl , halogen or straight chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy with up to 6 carbon atoms each , r x - 25 and r x - 26 or r x - 27 and r x - 28 respectively form together a straight chain or branched alkyl chain with up to 6 carbon atoms , r x - 25 and r x - 26 or r x - 27 and r x - 28 each together form a radical with the formula g denotes a number equaling 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , or 7 , r x - 32 and r x - 33 form together a 3 - to 7 - membered heterocycle , which contains an oxygen or sulfur atom or a group with the formula so , so 2 or — nr x - 34 , r x - 34 denotes hydrogen , phenyl , benzyl or straight or branched alkyl with up to 4 carbon atoms . compounds of formula x and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 9914215 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from the following compounds of formula x : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of substituted tetrahydro naphthalines and analogous compound having the formula xi a xi stands for cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or stands for aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms , or stands for a 5 - to 7 - membered , saturated , partially unsaturated or unsaturated , possibly benzocondensated , heterocycle with up to 4 heteroatoms from the series s , n and / or o , where aryl and the heterocyclic ring systems mentioned above are substituted up to 5 - fold , identical or different , by cyano , halogen , nitro , carboxyl , hydroxy , trifluoromethyl , trifluoro - methoxy , or by straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , hydroxyalkyl , alkylthio , alkoxycarbonyl , oxyalkoxycarbonyl or alkoxy each with up to 7 carbon atoms , or by a group of the formula r xi - 3 and r xi - 4 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , phenyl , or straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms r xi - 5 , r xi - 6 and r xi - 9 , independent of each other , denote cycloalkyl with 3 to 6 carbon atoms , or denote aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms , or denote a 5 - to 7 - membered , possibly benzocondensated , saturated or unsaturated , mono -, bi - or tricyclic heterocycle with up to 4 heteroatoms of the series s , n and / or o , where the cycles are possibly substitutedcin the case of the nitrogen - containing rings also via the n - functioncup to 5 - fold , identical or different , by halogen , trifluoromethyl nitro , hydroxy , cyano , carboxyl , trifluoromethoxy , straight - chain or branched acyl , alkyl , alkylthio , alkylalkoxy , alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl with up to 6 carbon atoms each by aryl or trifluoromethyl substituted aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms each , or by a possibly benzocondensated aromatic 5 - to 7 - membered heterocycle with up to 3 heteroatoms of the series s , n and / or o , and / or are substituted by a group of the formula — or xi - 10 , — sr xi - 11 , — so 2 r xi - 12 or — nr xi - 13 r xi - 14 , in which r xi - 10 , r x - 11 and r xi - 12 , independent of each other , denote aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which itself is substituted up to 2 - fold , identical or different , by phenyl , halogen . or by straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , r xi - 13 and r x - 1 - 14 are identical or different and have the meaning given above for r xi - 3 and r xi - 4 , r xi - 5 and / or r xi - 6 denote a radical of the formula r x - 18 denotes hydrogen , halogen , azido , trifluoromethyl , hydroxy , trifluoromethoxy , straight - chain or branched alkoxy or alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms each , or a radical of the formula — nr xi - 15 r x - 16 , r xi - 15 and r xi - 16 are identical or different and have the meaning given above for r x - 13 and r x - 14 , r xi - 7 and r xi - 8 together form a radical of the formula ═ o or ═ nr xi - 17 , in which r xi - 17 denotes hydrogen or straight - chain or branched alkyl , alkoxy or acyl with up to 6 carbon atoms each , l xi denotes a straight - chain or branched alkylene - or alkenylene chain with up to 8 carbon atoms each , which is possibly substituted up to 2 - fold by hydroxy , t xi and x xi are identical or different and denote a straight - chain or branched alkylene chain with up to 8 carbon atoms , v xi stands for an oxygen - or sulfur atom or for an — nr xi - 18 group , r xi - 18 denotes hydrogen or straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , or phenyl , e xi stands for cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or stands for straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , which is possibly substituted by cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms or hydroxy , or stands for phenyl , which is possibly substituted by halogen or trifluoromethyl , r xi - 1 and r xi - 2 together form a straight - chain or branched alkylene chain with up to 7 carbon atoms , which must be substituted by a carbonyl group and / or by a radical of the formula a and b are identical or different and denote a number 1 , 2 or 3 r xi - 19 denotes hydrogen , cycloalkyl with 3 to 7 carbon atoms , straight - chain or branched silylalkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , or straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , which is possibly substituted by hydroxy , straight - chain or branched alkoxy with up to 6 carbon atoms , or by phenyl , which itself can be substituted by halogen , nitro , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy or by phenyl substituted by phenyl or tetrazol , and alkyl is possibly substituted by a group of the formula — or ii - 22 , r xi - 22 denotes straight - chain or branched acyl with up to 4 carbon atoms , or benzyl , r xi - 19 denotes straight - chain or branched acyl with up to 20 carbon atoms or benzoyl , which is possibly substituted by halogen , trifluoromethyl , nitro or trifluoromethoxy , or denotes straight - chain or branched fluoroacyl with up to 8 carbon atoms and 9 fluorine atoms , r xi - 20 and r xi - 21 are identical or different , denoting hydrogen , phenyl or straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , r xi - 20 and r xi - 21 together form a 3 - to 6 - membered carbocycle , and , possibly also geminally , the alkylene chain formed by r xi - 1 and r xi - 2 , is possibly substituted up to 6 - fold , identical or different , by trifluoromethyl , hydroxy , nitrile , halogen , carboxyl , nitro , azido , cyano , cycloalkyl or cycloalkyloxy with 3 to 7 carbon atoms each , by straight - chain or branched alkoxycarbonyl , alkoxy or alkoxythio with up to 6 carbon atoms each , or by straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , which itself is substituted up to 2 - fold , identical or different by hydroxyl , benzyloxy , trifluoromethyl , benzoyl , straight - chain or branched alkoxy , oxyacyl or carboxyl with up to 4 carbon atoms each , and / or phenyl - which itself can be substituted by halogen , trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy , and / or the alkylene chain formed by r xi - 1 and r xi - 2 is substituted , also geminally , possibly up to 5 - fold , identical or different , by phenyl , benzoyl , thiophenyl or sulfobenzyl - which themselves are possibly substituted by halogen , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy or nitro , and / or the alkylene chain formed by r xi - 1 and r xi - 2 is possibly substituted by a radical of the formula r xi - 23 and r xi - 24 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , cycloalkyl with 3 to 6 carbon atoms , straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , benzyl or phenyl , which is possibly substituted up to 2 - fold identical or different , by halogen , trifluoromethyl , cyano , phenyl or nitro , and / or the alkylene chain formed by r xi - 1 and r xi - 2 is possibly substituted by a spiro - jointed radical of the formula w xi denotes either an oxygen or a sulfur atom , y xi and y ′ xi together form a 2 - to 6 - membered straight - chain or branched alkylene chain , e is a number 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 or 7 , r xi - 25 , r xi - 26 , r xi - 27 , r xi - 28 , r xi - 29 , r xi - 30 and r xi - 31 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , trifluoromethyl , phenyl , halogen , or straight - chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy with up to 6 carbon atoms each , r xi - 25 and r xi - 26 or r xi - 27 and r xi - 28 together form a straight - chain or branched alkyl chain with up to 6 carbon atoms , r xi - 25 and r xi - 26 or r xi - 27 and r xi - 28 together form a radical of the formula g is a number 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 or 7 , r xi - 32 and r xi - 33 together form a 3 - to 7 - membered heterocycle that contains an oxygen - or sulfur atom or a group of the formula so , so 2 or — nr xi - 34 , r xi - 34 denotes hydrogen , phenyl , benzyl , or straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 4 carbon atoms . compounds of formula xi and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 9914174 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of 2 - aryl - substituted pyridines having the formula ( xii ) a xii and e xii are identical or different and stand for aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms which is possibly substituted , up to 5 - fold identical or different , by halogen , hydroxy , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , nitro or by straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , hydroxy alkyl or alkoxy with up to 7 carbon atoms each , or by a group of the formula — nr xii - 1 r xii - 2 , r xi - 1 and r xi - 2 are identical or different and are meant to be hydrogen , phenyl or straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , d xii stands for straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , which is substituted by hydroxy , l xii stands for cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms or for straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms , which is possibly substituted by cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or by hydroxy , t xii stands for a radical of the formula r xii - 3 - x xii — or r xii - 3 and r xii - 4 are identical or different and are meant to be cycloalkyl with 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or aryl with 6 to 10 carbon atoms , or a 5 - to 7 - membered aromatic , possibly benzocondensated heterocycle with up to 3 heteroatoms from the series s , n and / or o , which are possibly substituted up to 3 - fold identical or different , by trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , halogen , hydroxy , carboxyl , nitro , by straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl with up to 6 carbon atoms each or by phenyl , phenoxy or phenylthio which in turn can be substituted by halogen trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy , and / or where the cycles are possibly substituted by a group of the formula — nr xii - 7 r xii - 8 , r xii - 7 and r xii - 8 are identical or different and have the meaning of r xii - 1 and r xii - 2 given above , x xii is a straight - chain or branched alkyl or alkenyl with 2 to 10 carbon atoms each , possibly substituted up to 2 - fold by hydroxy or halogen , r xii - 6 means to be hydrogen , halogen , mercapto , azido , trifluoromethyl , hydroxy , trifluoromethoxy , straight - chain or branched alkoxy with up to 5 carbon atoms , or a radical of the formula bnr xii - 9 r xii - 10 , r xii - 9 and r xii - 10 are identical or different and have the meaning of r xii - 1 and r xii - 2 given above , r xii - 5 and r xii - 6 , together with the carbon atom , form a carbonyl group . compounds of formula xii and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in ep 796846 - a1 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 127 , 383 and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 925 , 645 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from the following compounds of formula xii : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of compounds having the formula ( xiii ) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts , enantiomers , stereoisomers , hydrates , or solvates of said compounds , in which r xiii is a straight chain or branched c 1 - 10 alkyl ; straight chain or branched c 2 - 10 alkenyl ; halogenated c 14 lower alkyl ; c 3 - 10 cycloalkyl that may be substituted ; c 5 - 8 cycloalkenyl that may be substituted ; c 3 - 10 cycloalkyl c 1 - 10 alkyl that may be substituted ; aryl that may be substituted ; aralkyl that may be substituted ; or a 5 - or 6 - membered heterocyclic group having 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms , oxygen atoms or sulfur atoms that may be substituted , x xiii - 1 , x xiii - 2 , x xiii - 3 , x xiii - 4 may be the same or different and are a hydrogen atom ; halogen atom ; c 1 - 4 lower alkyl ; halogenated c 1 - 4 lower alkyl ; c 1 - 4 lower alkoxy ; cyano group ; nitro group ; acyl ; or aryl , respectively ; z xiii is a hydrogen atom ; or mercapto protective group . compounds of formula xiii and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 98 / 35937 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from the following compounds of formula xiii : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of polycyclic aryl and heteroaryl tertiary - heteroalkylamines having the formula xiv n xiv is an integer selected from 0 through 5 ; r xiv - 1 is selected from the group consisting of haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkoxyalkyl , and haloalkenyloxyalkyl ; x xiv is selected from the group consisting of o , h , f , s , s ( o ), nh , n ( oh ), n ( alkyl ), and n ( alkoxy ); r xiv - 16 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , aralkyl , aryloxyalkyl , alkoxyalkyl , alkenyloxyalkyl , alkylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , aralkoxyalkyl , heteroaralkoxyalkyl , alkylsulfinylalkyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , perhaloaryl , perhaloaralkyl , perhaloaryloxyalkyl , heteroaryl , heteroarylalkyl , monocarboalkoxyalkyl , monocarboalkoxy , dicarboalkoxyalkyl , monocarboxamido , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , acyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , dialkoxyphosphonoalkyl , trialkylsilyl , and a spacer selected from the group consisting of a covalent single bond and a linear spacer moiety having from 1 through 4 contiguous atoms linked to the point of bonding of an aromatic substituent selected from the group consisting of r xiv - 4 , r xiv - 8 , r xiv - 9 , and r xiv - 13 to form a heterocyclyl ring having from 5 through 10 contiguous members with the provisos that said spacer moiety is other than a covalent single bond when r xiv - 2 is alkyl and there is no r xiv - 16 wherein x is h or f ; d xiv - 1 , d xiv - 2 , j xiv - 1 , j xiv - 2 and k xiv - 1 are independently selected from the group consisting of c , n , o , s and a covalent bond with the provisos that no more than one of d xiv - 1 , d xiv - 2 , j xiv - 1 , j xiv - 2 and k xiv - 1 is a covalent bond , no more than one of d xiv - 1 , d xiv - 2 , j xiv - 1 , j xiv - 2 and k xiv - 1 is o , no more than one of d xiv - 1 , d xiv - 2 , j xiv - 1 , j xiv - 2 and k xiv - 1 is s , one of d xiv - 1 , d xiv - 2 , j xiv - 1 , j xiv - 2 and k xiv - 1 must be a covalent bond when two of d xiv - 1 , d xiv - 2 , j xiv - 1 , j xiv - 2 and k xiv - 1 are o and s , and no more than four of d xiv - 1 , d xiv - 2 , j xiv - 1 , j xiv - 2 and k xiv - 1 are n ; d xiv - 3 , d xiv - 4 , j xiv - 3 , j xiv - 4 and k xiv - 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of c , n , o , s and a covalent bond with the provisos that no more than one of d xiv - 3 , d xiv - 4 j xiv - 3 , j xiv - 4 and k xiv - 2 is a covalent bond , no more than one of d xiv - 3 , d xiv - 4 , j xiv - 3 , j xiv - 4 and k xiv - 2 is o , no more than one of d xiv - 3 , d xiv - 4 , j xiv - 3 , j xiv - 4 and k xiv - 2 is s , one of d xiv - 3 , d xiv - 4 , j xiv - 3 , j xiv - 4 and k xiv - 2 must be a covalent bond when two of d xiv - 3 , d xiv - 4 j xiv - 3 , j xiv - 4 and k xiv - 2 are o and s , and no more than four of d d xiv - 4 , j xiv - 3 , j xiv - 4 and k xiv - 2 and k xiv - 2 are n ; r xiv - 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido , hydroxy , hydroxyalkyl , amino , aminoalkyl , alkylamino , dialkylamino , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , aralkyl , aralkoxyalkyl , aryloxyalkyl , alkoxyalkyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , alkenyloxyalkyl , alkylthioalkyl , aralkylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , aloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , perhaloaryl , perhaloaralkyl , perhaloaryloxyalkyl , heteroaryl , heteroarylalkyl , heteroarylthioalkyl , heteroaralkylthioalkyl , monocarboalkoxyalkyl , dicarboalkoxyalkyl , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfonyl , alkylsulfinylalkyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , haloalkylsulfinyl , haloalkylsulfonyl , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfonyl , arylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylsulfinyl , aralkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinyl , cycloalkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinylalkyl , cycloalkylsufonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfinyl , heteroarylsulfonyl , heteroarylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfonylalkyl , carboxy , carboxyalkyl , carboalkoxy , carboxamide , carboxamidoalkyl , carboaralkoxy , dialkoxyphosphono , diaralkoxyphosphono , dialkoxyphosphonoalkyl , and diaralkoxyphosphonoalkyl ; r xiv - 2 and r xiv - 3 are taken together to form a linear spacer moiety selected from the group consisting of a covalent single bond and a moiety having from 1 through 6 contiguous atoms to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkyl having from 3 through 8 contiguous members , a cycloalkenyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members , and a heterocyclyl having from 4 through 8 contiguous members ; r xiv - 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , hydroxy , halo , cyano , aryloxy , hydroxyalkyl , amino , alkylamino , dialkylamino , acyl , sulfhydryl , acylamido , alkoxy , alkylthio , arylthio , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , aralkyl , aryloxyalkyl , alkoxyalkyl , heteroarylthio , aralkylthio , aralkoxyalkyl , alkylsulfinylalkyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , aralkylthioalkyl , heteroaralkylthioalkyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , alkenyloxyalkyl , alkylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , perhaloaryl , perhaloaralkyl , perhaloaryloxyalkyl , heteroaryl , heteroarylalkyl , heteroarylthioalkyl , monocarboalkoxyalkyl , dicarboalkoxyalkyl , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfonyl , haloalkylsulfinyl , haloalkylsulfonyl , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfonyl , arylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylsulfinyl , aralkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinyl , cycloalkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinylalkyl , cycloalkylsufonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfinyl , heteroarylsulfonyl , heteroarylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfonylalkyl , carboxy , carboxyalkyl , carboalkoxy , carboxamide , carboxamidoalkyl , carboaralkoxy , dialkoxyphosphono , diaralkoxyphosphono , dialkoxyphosphonoalkyl , and diaralkoxyphosphonoalkyl ; y xiv is selected from a group consisting of a covalent single bond ,( c ( r xiv - 14 ) 2 ) qxiv wherein qxiv is an integer selected from 1 and 2 and ( ch ( r xiv - 14 )) gxiv - w xiv —( ch ( r xiv - 14 )) pxiv wherein gxiv and pxiv are integers independently selected from 0 and 1 ; r xiv - 14 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido , hydroxy , halo , cyano , aryloxy , amino , alkylamino , dialkylamino , hydroxyalkyl , acyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , sulfhydryl , acylamido , alkoxy , alkylthio , arylthio , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , aralkyl , aryloxyalkyl , aralkoxyalkylalkoxy , alkylsulfinylalkyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylthioalkyl , heteroaralkoxythioalkyl , alkoxyalkyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , alkenyloxyalkyl , alkylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , perhaloaryl , perhaloaralkyl , perhaloaryloxyalkyl , heteroaryl , heteroarylalkyl , heteroarylthioalkyl , heteroaralkylthioalkyl , monocarboalkoxyalkyl , dicarboalkoxyalkyl , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfonyl , haloalkylsulfinyl , haloalkylsulfonyl , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfonyl , arylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylsulfinyl , aralkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinyl , cycloalkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinylalkyl , cycloalkylsufonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfinyl , heteroarylsulfonyl , heteroarylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfonylalkyl , carboxy , carboxyalkyl , carboalkoxy , carboxamide , carboxamidoalkyl , carboaralkoxy , dialkoxyphosphono , diaralkoxyphosphono , dialkoxyphosphonoalkyl , diaralkoxyphosphonoalkyl , a spacer selected from a moiety having a chain length of 3 to 6 atoms connected to the point of bonding selected from the group consisting of r xiv - 9 and r xiv - 13 to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkenyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members and a heterocyclyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members and a spacer selected from a moiety having a chain length of 2 to 5 atoms connected to the point of bonding selected from the group consisting of r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 8 to form a heterocyclyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members with the proviso that , when y xiv is a covalent bond , an r xiv - 14 substituent is not attached to y xiv ; r xiv - 14 and r xiv - 14 , when bonded to the different atoms , are taken together to form a group selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond , alkylene , haloalkylene , and a spacer selected from a group consisting of a moiety having a chain length of 2 to 5 atoms connected to form a ring selected from the group of a saturated cycloalkyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members , a cycloalkenyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members , and a heterocyclyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members ; r xiv - 14 and r xiv - 14 , when bonded to the same atom are taken together to form a group selected from the group consisting of oxo , thiono , alkylene , haloalkylene , and a spacer selected from the group consisting of a moiety having a chain length of 3 to 7 atoms connected to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkyl having from 4 through 8 contiguous members , a cycloalkenyl having from 4 through 8 contiguous members , and a heterocyclyl having from 4 through 8 contiguous members ; w xiv is selected from the group consisting of o , c ( o ), c ( s ), c ( o ) n ( r xiv - 14 ), c ( s ) n ( r xiv - 14 ), ( r xiv - 14 ) nc ( o ), ( r xiv - 14 ) nc ( s ), si s ( o ), s ( o ) 2 , s ( o ) 2 n ( r xiv - 14 ), ( r xiv - 14 ) ns ( o ) 2 , and n ( r xiv - 14 ) with the proviso that r xiv - 14 is selected from other than halo and cyano ; z xiv is independently selected from a group consisting of a covalent single bond , ( c ( r xiv - 15 ) 2 ) qxiv - 2 wherein qxiv - 2 is an integer selected from 1 and 2 , ( ch ( r xiv - 15 )) jxiv — w —( ch ( r xiv - 15 )) kxiv wherein jxiv and kxiv are integers independently selected from 0 and 1 with the proviso that , when z xiv is a covalent single bond , an r xiv - 15 substituent is not attached to z xiv ; r xiv - 15 is independently selected , when z xiv - is ( c ( r xiv - 15 ) 2 ) qxiv wherein qxiv is an integer selected from 1 and 2 , from the group consisting of hydrido , hydroxy , halo , cyano , aryloxy , amino , alkylamino , dialkylamino , hydroxyalkyl , acyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , sulfhydryl , acylamido , alkoxy , alkylthio , arylthio , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , aralkyl , aryloxyalkyl , aralkoxyalkyl , alkylsulfinylalkyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylthioalkyl , heteroaralkylthioalkyl , alkoxyalkyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , alkenyloxyalkyl , alkylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , perhaloaryl , perhaloaralkyl , perhaloaryloxyalkyl , heteroaryl , heteroarylalkyl , heteroarylthioalkyl , heteroaralkylthioalkyl , monocarboalkoxyalkyl , dicarboalkoxyalkyl , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfonyl , haloalkylsulfinyl , haloalkylsulfonyl , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfonyl , arylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylsulfinyl , aralkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinyl , cycloalkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinylalkyl , cycloalkylsufonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfinyl , heteroarylsulfonyl , heteroarylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfonylalkyl , carboxy , carboxyalkyl , carboalkoxy , carboxamide , carboxamidoalkyl , carboaralkoxy , dialkoxyphosphono , diaralkoxyphosphono , dialkoxyphosphonoalkyl , diaralkoxyphosphonoalkyl , a spacer selected from a moiety having a chain length of 3 to 6 atoms connected to the point of bonding selected from the group consisting of r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 8 to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkenyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members and a heterocyclyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members , and a spacer selected from a moiety having a chain length of 2 to 5 atoms connected to the point of bonding selected from the group consisting of r xiv - 9 and r xiv - 13 to form a heterocyclyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members ; r xiv - 15 and r xiv - 15 , when bonded to the different atoms , are taken together to form a group selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond , alkylene , haloalkylene , and a spacer selected from a group consisting of a moiety having a chain length of 2 to 5 atoms connected to form a ring selected from the group of a saturated cycloalkyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members , a cycloalkenyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members , and a heterocyclyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members ; r xiv - 15 and r xiv - 15 , when bonded to the same atom are taken together to form a group selected from the group consisting of oxo , thiono , alkylene , haloalkylene , and a spacer selected from the group consisting of a moiety having a chain length of 3 to 7 atoms connected to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkyl having from 4 through 8 contiguous members , a cycloalkenyl having from 4 through 8 contiguous members , and a heterocyclyl having from 4 through 8 contiguous members ; r xiv - 15 is independently selected , when z xiv is ( ch ( r xiv - 15 )) jxiv — w —( ch ( r xiv - 15 )) kxiv wherein jxiv and kxiv are integers independently selected from 0 and 1 , from the group consisting of hydrido , halo , cyano , aryloxy , carboxyl , acyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , hydroxyalkyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , acylamido , alkoxy , alkylthio , arylthio , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , aralkyl , aryloxyalkyl , alkoxyalkyl , heteroaryloxyalkyl , aralkoxyalkyl , heteroaralkoxyalkyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , alkylsulfinylalkyl , alkenyloxyalkyl , alkylthioalkyl , arylthioalkyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkyl , cycloalkylalkenyl , cycloalkenyl , cycloalkenylalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , perhaloaryl , perhaloaralkyl , perhaloaryloxyalkyl , heteroaryl , heteroarylalkyl , heteroarylthioalkyl , heteroaralkylthioalkyl , monocarboalkoxyalkyl , dicarboalkoxyalkyl , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfonyl , haloalkylsulfinyl , haloalkylsulfonyl , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfonyl , arylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylsulfinyl , aralkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinyl , cycloalkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfinylalkyl , cycloalkylsufonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfinyl , heteroarylsulfonyl , heteroarylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfinylalkyl , aralkylsulfonylalkyl , carboxyalkyl , carboalkoxy , carboxamide , carboxamidoalkyl , carboaralkoxy , dialkoxyphosphonoalkyl , diaralkoxyphosphonoalkyl , a spacer selected from a linear moiety having a chain length of 3 to 6 atoms connected to the point of bonding selected from the group consisting of r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 8 to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkenyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members and a heterocyclyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members , and a spacer selected from a linear moiety having a chain length of 2 to 5 atoms connected to the point of bonding selected from the group consisting of r xiv - 9 and r xiv - 13 to form a heterocyclyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members ; r xiv - 4 , r xv - 5 , r xiv - 6 r xiv - 7 , r xiv - 8 r xv - 9 , r xiv - 10 , r xiv - 11 , r xiv - 12 , and r xiv - 13 are independently selected from the group consisting of perhaloaryloxy , alkanoylalkyl , alkanoylalkoxy , alkanoyloxy , n - aryl - n - alkylamino , heterocyclylalkoxy , heterocyclylthio , hydroxyalkoxy , carboxamidoalkoxy , alkoxycarbonylalkoxy , alkoxycarbonylalkenyloxy , aralkanoylalkoxy , aralkenoyl , n - alkylcarboxamido , n - haloalkylcarboxamido , n - cycloalkylcarboxamido , n - arylcarboxamidoalkoxy , cycloalkylcarbonyl , cyanoalkoxy , heterocyclylcarbonyl , hydrido , carboxy , heteroaralkylthio , heteroaralkoxy , cycloalkylamino , acylalkyl , acylalkoxy , aroylalkoxy , heterocyclyloxy , aralkylaryl , aralkyl , aralkenyl , aralkynyl , heterocyclyl , perhaloaralkyl , aralkylsulfonyl , aralkylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylsulfinyl , aralkylsulfinylalkyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , cycloalkylsulfinyl , cycloalkylsulfinylalkyl , cycloalkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylamino , n - heteroarylamino - n - alkylamino , heteroarylaminoalkyl , haloalkylthio , alkanoyloxy , alkoxy , alkoxyalkyl , haloalkoxylalkyl , heteroaralkoxy , cycloalkoxy , cycloalkenyloxy , cycloalkoxyalkyl , cycloalkylalkoxy , cycloalkenyloxyalkyl , cycloalkylenedioxy , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxy , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , hydroxy , amino , thio , nitro , lower alkylamino , alkylthio , alkylthioalkyl , arylamino , aralkylamino , arylthio , arylthioalkyl , heteroaralkoxyalkyl , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfinylalkyl , heteroarylsulfonylalkyl , alkylsulfonyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , haloalkylsulfinylalkyl , haloalkylsulfonylalkyl , alkylsulfonamido , alkylaminosulfonyl , amidosulfonyl , monoalkylamidosulfonyl , dialkyl amidosulfonyl , monoarylamidosulfonyl , arylsulfonamido , diarylamidosulfonyl , monoalkyl monoaryl amidosulfonyl , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfonyl , heteroarylthio , heteroarylsulfinyl , heteroarylsulfonyl , heterocyclylsulfonyl , heterocyclylthio , alkanoyl , alkenoyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , aralkanoyl , heteroaralkanoyl , haloalkanoyl , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , alkenyloxy , alkenyloxyalky , alkylenedioxy , haloalkylenedioxy , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkanoyl , cycloalkenyl , lower cycloalkylalkyl , lower cycloalkenylalkyl , halo , haloalkyl ; haloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , hydroxyhaloalkyl , hydroxyaralkyl , hydroxyalkyl , hydoxyheteroaralkyl , haloalkoxyalkyl , aryl , heteroaralkynyl , aryloxy , aralkoxy , aryloxyalkyl , saturated heterocyclyl , partially saturated heterocyclyl , heteroaryl , heteroaryloxy , heteroaryloxyalkyl , arylalkenyl , heteroarylalkenyl , carboxyalkyl , carboalkoxy , alkoxycarboxamido , alkylamidocarbonylamido , arylamidocarbonylamido , carboalkoxyalkyl , carboalkoxyalkenyl , carboaralkoxy , carboxamido , carboxamidoalkyl , cyano , carbohaloalkoxy , phosphono , phosphonoalkyl , diaralkoxyphosphono , and diaralkoxyphosphonoalkyl with the proviso that there are one to five non - hydrido ring substituents r xiv - 4 , r xiv - 5 , r xiv - 6 , r xiv - 7 , and r xiv - 8 present , that there are one to five non - hydrido ring substituents r xiv - 9 , r xiv - 10 , r xv - 11 r xiv - 12 , and r xiv - 13 present , and r xiv - 4 , r xiv - 51 r xiv - 6 r xv - 7 , r xv - 8 , r xv - 9 , r xiv - 10 , r xiv - 11 , r xiv - 12 , and r xiv - 13 are each independently selected to maintain the tetravalent nature of carbon , trivalent nature of nitrogen , the divalent nature of sulfur , and the divalent nature of oxygen ; r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 5 , r xiv - 5 and r xiv - 6 , r xiv - 6 and r xiv - 7 r xiv - 7 and r xiv - 8 , r xiv - 8 and r xiv - 9 r xiv - 9 and r xiv - 10 , r xiv - 10 and r xiv - 11 , r xiv - 11 and r xiv - 12 , and r xiv - 12 and r xiv - 13 are independently selected to form spacer pairs wherein a spacer pair is taken together to form a linear moiety having from 3 through 6 contiguous atoms connecting the points of bonding of said spacer pair members to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkenyl ring having 5 through 8 contiguous members , a partially saturated heterocyclyl ring having 5 through 8 contiguous members , a heteroaryl ring having 5 through 6 contiguous members , and an aryl with the provisos that no more than one of the group consisting of spacer pairs r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 5 , r xiv - 5 and r xiv - 6 , r xiv - 6 and r xiv - 7 , and r xiv - 7 and r xiv - 8 are used at the same time and that no more than one of the group consisting of spacer pairs r xiv - 9 and r xiv - 10 , r xiv - 10 and r xiv - 11 , r xiv - 11 and r xiv - 12 , and r xiv - 12 and r xiv - 13 are used at the same time ; r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 9 , r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 13 , r xiv - 8 and r xiv - 9 , and r xiv - 8 and r xiv - 13 are independently selected to form a spacer pair wherein said spacer pair is taken together to form a linear moiety wherein said linear moiety forms a ring selected from the group consisting of a partially saturated heterocyclyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members and a heteroaryl ring having from 5 through 6 contiguous members with the proviso that no more than one of the group consisting of spacer pairs r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 9 , r xiv - 4 and r xiv - 13 , r xiv - 8 and r xiv - 9 , and r xiv - 8 and r xiv - 13 is used at the same time . compounds of formula xiv and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 00 / 18721 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from the following compounds of formula xiv : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of substitued n - aliphatic - n - aromatic tertiary - heteroalkylamines having the formula xv n xv is an integer selected from 1 through 2 ; a xv and q xv are independently selected from the group consisting of — ch 2 ( cr xv - 37 r xv - 38 ) vxi -( cr xv - 33 r xv - 34 ) uxv — t xv —( cr xv - 35 r xv - 36 ) wxv h . with the provisos that one of a xv and q xv must be aq - 1 and that one of a xv and q xv must be selected from the group consisting of aq - 2 and — ch 2 ( cr xv - 37 r xv - 38 ) vxv —( cr xv - 33 r xv - 34 ) uxv — t xv —( cr xv - 35 r xv - 36 ) wxv — h ; t xv is selected from the group consisting of a single covalent bond , o , s , s ( o ), s ( o ) 2 , c ( r xv - 33 )= c ( r xv - 35 ), and [ 0787 ] vxv is an integer selected from 0 through 1 with the proviso that vxv is 1 when any one of r xv - 33 , r xv - 34 , r xv - 35 , and r xv - 36 is aryl or heteroaryl ; [ 0788 ] uxv and wxv are integers independently selected from 0 through 6 ; d xv - 1 , d xv - 2 , j xv - 1 , j xv - 2 , and k xv - 1 are independently selected from the group consisting of c , n , o , s and a covalent bond with the provisos that no more than one of d xv - 1 , d xv - 2 , j xv - 1 , j xv - 2 , and k xv - 1 is a covalent bond , no more than one of d xv - 1 , d xv - 2 , j xv - 1 , j xv - 2 , and k xv - 1 is 0 , no more than one of d xv - 1 , d xv - 2 , j xv - 1 , j xv - 2 , and k xv - 1 is s , one of d xv - 1 , d xv - 2 , j xv - 1 , j xv - 2 , and k xv - 1 must be a covalent bond when two of d xv - 1 , d xv - 2 , j xv - 1 , j xv - 2 , and k xv - 1 are o and s , and no more than four of d xv - 1 , d xv - 2 , j xv - 1 , j xv - 2 , and k xv - 1 are n ; b xv - 1 , b xv - 2 , d xv - 3 , d xv - 4 , j xv - 3 , j xv - 4 , and k xv - 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of c , c ( r xv - 30 ), n , o , s and a covalent bond with the provisos that no more than 5 of b xv - 1 , b xv - 2 , d xv - 3 , d xv - 4 , j xv - 3 , j xv - 4 , and k xv - 2 are a covalent bond , no more than two of b xv - 1 , b xv - 2 , d xv - 3 , d xv - 4 , j xv - 3 , j xv - 4 , and k xv - 2 are 0 , no more than two of b xv - 1 , b xv - 2 , d xv - 31 d xv - 4 , j xv - 3 , j xv - 4 , and k xv - 2 are s , no more than two of b xv - 1 , b xv - 2 , d xv - 3 d xv - 4 , j xv - 3 , j xv - 4 , and k xv - 2 are simultaneously o and s , and no more than two of b xv - 1 , b xv - 2 , d xv - 3 , d xv - 4 , j xv - 3 , j xv - 4 , and k xv - 2 are n ; b xv - 1 and d xv - 3 d xv - 3 and j xv - 3 , j xv - 3 and k xv - 2 , k xv - 2 and j xv - 4 , j xv - 4 and d xv - 4 , and d xv - 4 and b xv - 2 are independently selected to form an in - ring spacer pair wherein said spacer pair is selected from the group consisting of c ( r xv - 33 )= c ( r xv - 35 ) and n ═ n with the provisos that aq - 2 must be a ring of at least five contiguous members , that no more than two of the group of said spacer pairs are simultaneously c ( r xv - 33 )= c ( r xv - 35 ) and that no more than one of the group of said spacer pairs can be n ═ n unless the other spacer pairs are other than c ( r xv - 33 )= c ( r xv - 35 ), o , n , and s ; r xv - 1 is selected from the group consisting of haloalkyl and haloalkoxymethyl ; r xv - 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , aryl , alkyl , alkenyl , haloalkyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , perhaloaryl , perhaloaralkyl , perhaloaryloxyalkyl and heteroaryl ; r xv - 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , aryl , alkyl , alkenyl , haloalkyl , and haloalkoxyalkyl ; y xv is selected from the group consisting of a covalent single bond , ( ch2 ) q wherein q is an integer selected from 1 through 2 and ( ch 2 ) j — o —( ch 2 ) k wherein j and k are integers independently selected from 0 through 1 ; z xv is selected from the group consisting of covalent single bond , ( ch 2 ) q wherein q is an integer selected from 1 through 2 , and ( ch 2 ) j — o —( ch 2 ) k wherein j and k are integers independently selected from 0 through 1 ; r 14 , r 18 , r 19 and r 13 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido , halo , haloalkyl , and alkyl ; r xv - 30 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , alkoxy , alkoxyalkyl , halo , haloalkyl , alkylamino , alkylthio , alkylthioalkyl , alkyl , alkenyl , haloalkoxy , and haloalkoxyalkyl with the proviso that r xi - 30 is selected to maintain the tetravalent nature of carbon , trivalent nature of nitrogen , the divalent nature of sulfur , and the divalent nature of oxygen ; r xv - 30 , when bonded to a xv - 1 , is taken together to form an intra - ring linear spacer connecting the a xv - 1 - carbon at the point of attachment of r xv - 30 to the point of bonding of a group selected from the group consisting of r xv - 10 , r xv - 11 , r 12 , r xv - 31 and r xv - 32 wherein said intra - ring linear spacer is selected from the group consisting of a covalent single bond and a spacer moiety having from 1 through 6 contiguous atoms to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkyl having from 3 through 10 contiguous members , a cycloalkenyl having from 5 through 10 contiguous members , and a heterocyclyl having from 5 through 10 contiguous members ; r xv - 30 , when bonded to a xv - 1 , is taken together to form an intra - ring branched spacer connecting the a xv - 1 - carbon at the point of attachment of r xv - 30 to the points of bonding of each member of any one of substituent pairs selected from the group consisting of subsitituent pairs r xv - 10 and r xv - 11 , r xv - 1 and r xv - 31 , r xv - 31 and r xv - 32 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 12 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 31 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 32 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 12 , r xv - 31 and r xv - 32 , r xv - 31 and r xv - 12 , and r xv - 32 and r xv - 12 and wherein said intra - ring branched spacer is selected to form two rings selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl having from 3 through 10 contiguous members , cycloalkenyl having from 5 through 10 contiguous members , and heterocyclyl having from 5 through 10 contiguous members ; r xv - 4 , r xv - 5 , r xv - 6 , r xv - 7 , r xv - 8 , r xv - 9 , r xv - 10 , r xv - 11 , r xv - 12 , r xv - 13 , r xv - 31 , r xv - 32 , r xv - 33 , r xv - 34 , r xv - 35 , and r xv - 36 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido , carboxy , heteroaralkylthio , heteroaralkoxy , cycloalkylamino , acylalkyl , acylalkoxy , aroylalkoxy , heterocyclyloxy , aralkylaryl , aralkyl , aralkenyl , aralkynyl , heterocyclyl , perhaloaralkyl , aralkylsulfonyl , aralkylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylsulfinyl , aralkylsulfinylalkyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , cycloalkylsulfinyl , cycloalkylsulfinylalkyl , cycloalkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylamino , n - heteroarylamino - n - alkylamino , heteroarylamino - n - alkylamino , heteroarylaminoalkyl , haloalkylthio , alkanoyloxy , alkoxy , alkoxyalkyl , haloalkoxylalkyl , heteroaralkoxy , cycloalkoxy , cycloalkenyloxy , cycloalkoxyalkyl , cycloalkylalkoxy , cycloalkenyloxyalkyl , cycloalkylenedioxy , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxy , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , hydroxy , amino , thio , nitro , lower alkylamino , alkylthio , alkylthioalkyl , arylamino , aralkylamino , arylthio , arylthioalkyl , heteroaralkoxyalkyl , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfinylalkyl , heteroarylsulfonylalkyl , alkylsulfonyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , haloalkylsulfinylalkyl , haloalkylsulfonylalkyl , alkylsulfonamido , alkylaminosulfonyl , amidosulfonyl , monoalkylamidosulfonyl , dialkyl amidosulfonyl , monoarylamidosulfonyl , arylsulfonamido , diarylamidosulfonyl , monoalkyl monoaryl amidosulfonyl , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfonyl , heteroarylthio , heteroarylsulfinyl , heteroarylsulfonyl , heterocyclylsulfonyl , heterocyclylthio , alkanoyl , alkenoyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , aralkanoyl , heteroaralkanoyl , haloalkanoyl , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , alkenyloxy , alkenyloxyalky , alkylenedioxy , haloalkylenedioxy , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkanoyl , cycloalkenyl , lower cycloalkylalkyl , lower cycloalkenylalkyl , halo , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , hydroxyhaloalkyl , hydroxyaralkyl , hydroxyalkyl , hydoxyheteroaralkyl , haloalkoxyalkyl , aryl , heteroaralkynyl , aryloxy , aralkoxy , aryloxyalkyl , saturated heterocyclyl , partially saturated heterocyclyl , heteroaryl , heteroaryloxy , heteroaryloxyalkyl , arylalkenyl , heteroarylalkenyl , carboxyalkyl , carboalkoxy , alkoxycarboxamido , alkylamidocarbonylamido , alkylamidocarbonylamido , carboalkoxyalkyl , carboalkoxyalkenyl , carboaralkoxy , carboxamido , carboxamidoalkyl , cyano , carbohaloalkoxy , phosphono , phosphonoalkyl , diaralkoxyphosphono , and diaralkoxyphosphonoalkyl with the provisos that r xv - 4 , r xv - 5 , r xv - 6 , r xv - 7 , r xv - 8 , r xv - 9 , r xv - 10 , r xv - 11 , r xv - 12 , r xv - 13 r xv - 31 r xv - 329 r xv - 33 r xv - 34 , r xv - 35 , and r xv - 36 are each independently selected to maintain the tetravalent nature of carbon , trivalent nature of nitrogen , the divalent nature of sulfur , and the divalent nature of oxygen , that no more than three of the r xv - 33 and r xv - 34 substituents are simultaneously selected from other than the group consisting of hydrido and halo , and that no more than three of the r xv - 35 and r xv - 36 substituents are simultaneously selected from other than the group consisting of hydrido and halo ; r xv - 91 r xv - 10 , r xv - 11 , r xv - 12 , r xv - 13 , r xv - 31 and r xv - 32 are independently selected to be oxo with the provisos that b xv - 1 , b xv - 2 , d xv - 3 , d xv - 4 , j xv - 3 , j xv - 4 , and k xv - 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of c and s , no more than two of r xv - 9 , r xv - 10 , r xv - 11 , r xv - 12 , r xv - 13 , r xv - 31 and r xv - 32 are simultaneously oxo , and that r xv - 9 , r xv - 10 , r xv - 11 , r xv - 12 , r xv - 13 r xv - 31 , and r xv - 32 are each independently selected to maintain the tetravalent nature of carbon , trivalent nature of nitrogen , the divalent nature of sulfur , and the divalent nature of oxygen ; r xv - 4 and r xv - 5 , r xv - 5 and r xv - 6 r xv - 6 and r xv - 7 , r xv - 7 and r xv - 8 r xv - 9 and r xv - 10 , r xv - 10 and r xv - 11 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 31 , r xv - 31 and r xv - 32 , r xv - 32 and r xv - 12 , and r xv - 12 and r xv - 13 are independently selected to form spacer pairs wherein a spacer pair is taken together to form a linear moiety having from 3 through 6 contiguous atoms connecting the points of bonding of said spacer pair members to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkenyl ring having 5 through 8 contiguous members , a partially saturated heterocyclyl ring having 5 through 8 contiguous members , a heteroaryl ring having 5 through 6 contiguous members , and an aryl with the provisos that no more than one of the group consisting of spacer pairs r xv - 4 and r xv - 5 , r xv - 5 and r xv - 6 , r xv - 6 and r xv - 7 , r xv - 7 and r xv - 8 is used at the same time and that no more than one of the group consisting of spacer pairs r xv - 9 and r xv - 10 , r xv - 10 and r xv - 11 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 31 , r xv - 3 1 and r xv - 32 , r xv - 32 and r xv - 12 , and r xv - 12 and r xv - 13 are used at the same time ; r xv - 9 and r xv - 11 , r xv - 9 and r xv - 12 , r xv - 9 and r xv - 13 r xv - 9 and r xv - 31 , r xv - 9 and r xv - 32 , r xv - 10 and r xv - 12 , r xv - 10 and r xv - 13 , r xv - 10 and r xv - 31 , r xv - 10 and r xv - 32 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 12 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 13 , r xv - 11 and r xv - 2 , r xv - 12 and r xv - 31 , r xv - 13 and r xv - 31 , and r xv - 13 and r xv - 32 are independently selected to form a spacer pair wherein said spacer pair is taken together to form a linear spacer moiety selected from the group consisting of a covalent single bond and a moiety having from 1 through 3 contiguous atoms to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkyl having from 3 through 8 contiguous members , a cycloalkenyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members , a saturated heterocyclyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members and a partially saturated heterocyclyl having from 5 through 8 contiguous members with the provisos that no more than one of said group of spacer pairs is used at the same time ; r xv - 37 and r xv - 38 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido , alkoxy , alkoxyalkyl , hydroxy , amino , thio , halo , haloalkyl , alkylamino , alkylthio , alkylthioalkyl , cyano , alkyl , alkenyl , haloalkoxy , and haloalkoxyalkyl . compounds of formula xv and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 00 / 18723 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from the following compounds of formula xv : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of ( r )- chiral halogenated 1 - substituted amino -( n + 1 )- alkanols having the formula xvi n xvi is an integer selected from 1 through 4 ; r xvi - 1 is selected from the group consisting of haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkoxymethyl , and haloalkenyloxymethyl with the proviso that r xv - 11 has a higher cahn - ingold - prelog stereochemical system ranking than both r xvi - 2 and ( chr xvi - 3 ) n — n ( a xvi ) q xvi wherein a xvi is formula xvi -( ii ) and q is formula xvi -( iii ); r xvi - 16 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , alkyl , acyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , trialkylsilyl , and a spacer selected from the group consisting of a covalent single bond and a linear spacer moiety having a chain length of 1 to 4 atoms linked to the point of bonding of any aromatic substituent selected from the group consisting of r xvi - 4 , r xvi - 8 , r xvi - 9 , and r xvi - 13 to form a heterocyclyl ring having from 5 through 10 contiguous members ; d xvi - 1 , d xvi - 2 , j xvi - 1 , j xvi - 2 and k xvi - 1 are independently selected from the group consisting of c , n , o , s and covalent bond with the provisos that no more than one of d xvi - 1 , d xvi - 2 , j xvi - 1 , j xvi - 2 and k xvi - 1 , is a covalent bond , no more than one d xvi - 1 d xvi - 2 , j xvi - 1 , j xvi - 2 and k xvi - 1 is be o , no more than one of d xvi - 1 , d xvi - 2 j xvi - 1 , j xvi - 2 and k xvi - 1 is s , one of d xvi - 1 , d xvi - 2 , j xvi - 1 , j xvi - 2 and k xvi - 1 must be a covalent bond when two of d xvi - 1 , d xvi - 2 , j xvi - 1 , j xvi - 2 and k xvi - 1 are o and s , and no more than four of d xvi - 1 , d xvi - 2 , j xvi - 1 , j xvi - 2 and k xvi - 11 is n ; d xvi - 3 , d xvi - 4 , j xvi - 3 , j xvi - 4 and k xvi - 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of c , n , o , s and covalent bond with the provisos that no more than one is a covalent bond , no more than one of d xvi - 3 , d xvi - 4 , j xvi - 3 , j xvi - 4 and k xvi - 2 is o , no more than one of d xvi - 3 d xvi - 4 j xvi - 3 , j xvi - 4 and k xvi - 2 is s , no more than two of d xvi - 3 , d xvi - 4 ) j xvi - 3 , j xvi - 4 and k xvi - 2 is o and s , one of d xvi - 3 d xvi - 4 , j xvi - 3 , j xvi - 4 and k xvi - 2 must be a covalent bond when two of d xvi - 3 , d xvi - 4 , j xvi - 3 , j xvi - 4 and k xvi - 2 are o and s , and no more than four of d xvi - 3 , d xvi - 4 , j xvi - 3 , j xvi - 4 and k xvi - 2 are n ; r xvi - 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , aryl , aralkyl , alkyl , alkenyl , alkenyloxyalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , halocycloalkyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , perhaloaryl , perhaloaralkyl , perhaloaryloxyalkyl , heteroaryl , dicyanoalkyl , and carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , with the proviso that r xvi - 2 has a lower cahn - ingold - prelog system ranking than both r xv - 1 and ( chr xvi - 3 ) n — n ( a xvi ) q xvi ; r xvi - 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , hydroxy , cyano , aryl , aralkyl , acyl , alkoxy , alkyl , alkenyl , alkoxyalkyl , heteroaryl , alkenyloxyalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboxamide , and carboxamidoalkyl , with the provisos that ( chr xv - 13 ) n - n ( a xvi ) q xvi has a lower cahn - ingold - prelog stereochemical system ranking than r xvi - 1 and a higher cahn - ingold - prelog stereochemical system ranking than r xvi - 2 ; y xvi is selected from a group consisting of a covalent single bond , ( c ( r xvi - 14 ) 2 ) q wherein q is an integer selected from 1 and 2 and ( ch ( r xv - 14 )) g - w xvi ( ch ( r xvi - 14 )) p wherein g and p are integers independently selected from 0 and 1 ; r xvi - 14 is selected from the group consisting of hydrido , hydroxy , cyano , hydroxyalkyl , acyl , alkoxy , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , alkoxyalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , monocarboalkoxyalkyl , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , carboalkoxy , carboxamide , and carboxamidoalkyl ; z xvi is selected from a group consisting of a covalent single bond , ( c ( r xvi - 15 ) 2 ) q , wherein q is an integer selected from 1 and 2 , and ( ch ( r xvi - 15 )) j - w xvi —( ch ( r xvi - 15 )) k wherein j and k are integers independently selected from 0 and 1 ; w xvi is selected from the group consisting of o , c ( o ), c ( s ), c ( o ) n ( r xvi - 14 ), c ( s ) n ( r xvi - 14 ),( r xvi - 14 ) nc ( o ), ( r xvi - 14 ) nc ( s ), s , s ( o ), s ( o ) 2 , s ( o ) 2 n ( r xvi - 14 ), ( r xvi - 14 ) ns ( o ) 2 , and n ( r xvi - 14 ) with the proviso that r xvi - 14 is other than cyano ; r xvi - 15 is selected , from the group consisting of hydrido , cyano , hydroxyalkyl , acyl , alkoxy , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , alkoxyalkyl , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , haloalkoxyalkyl , haloalkenyloxyalkyl , monocarboalkoxyalkyl , monocyanoalkyl , dicyanoalkyl , carboalkoxycyanoalkyl , carboalkoxy , carboxamide , and carboxamidoalkyl ; r xvi - 4 , r xvi - 5 , r xvi - 6 , r xv - 7 , r xvi - 8 , r xvi - 9 , r xvi - 10 , r xvi - 11 r xvi - 12 , and r xvi - 13 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido , carboxy , heteroaralkylthio , heteroaralkoxy , cycloalkylamino , acylalkyl , acylalkoxy , aroylalkoxy , heterocyclyloxy , aralkylaryl , aralkyl , aralkenyl , aralkynyl , heterocyclyl , perhaloaralkyl , aralkylsulfonyl , aralkylsulfonylalkyl , aralkylsulfinyl , aralkylsulfinylalkyl , halocycloalkyl , halocycloalkenyl , cycloalkylsulfinyl , cycloalkylsulfinylalkyl , cycloalkylsulfonyl , cycloalkylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylamino , n - heteroarylamino - n - alkylamino , heteroaralkyl , heteroarylaminoalkyl , haloalkylthio , alkanoyloxy , alkoxy , alkoxyalkyl , haloalkoxylalkyl , heteroaralkoxy , cycloalkoxy , cycloalkenyloxy , cycloalkoxyalkyl , cycloalkylalkoxy , cycloalkenyloxyalkyl , cycloalkylenedioxy , halocycloalkoxy , halocycloalkoxyalkyl , halocycloalkenyloxy , halocycloalkenyloxyalkyl , hydroxy , amino , thio , nitro , lower alkylamino , alkylthio , alkylthioalkyl , arylamino , aralkylamino , arylthio , arylthioalkyl , heteroaralkoxyalkyl , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfinylalkyl , arylsulfonylalkyl , heteroarylsulfinylalkyl , heteroarylsulfonylalkyl , alkylsulfonyl , alkylsulfonylalkyl , haloalkylsulfinylalkyl , haloalkylsulfonylalkyl , alkylsulfonamido , alkylaminosulfonyl , amidosulfonyl , monoalkyl amidosulfonyl , dialkyl , amidosulfonyl , monoarylamidosulfonyl , arylsulfonamido , diarylamidosulfonyl , monoalkyl monoaryl amidosulfonyl , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfonyl , heteroarylthio , heteroarylsulfinyl , heteroarylsulfonyl , heterocyclylsulfonyl , heterocyclylthio , alkanoyl , alkenoyl , aroyl , heteroaroyl , aralkanoyl , heteroaralkanoyl , haloalkanoyl , alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , alkenyloxy , alkenyloxyalky , alkylenedioxy , haloalkylenedioxy , cycloalkyl , cycloalkylalkanoyl , cycloalkenyl , lower cycloalkylalkyl , lower cycloalkenylalkyl , halo , haloalkyl , haloalkenyl , haloalkoxy , hydroxyhaloalkyl , hydroxyaralkyl , hydroxyalkyl , hydoxyheteroaralkyl , haloalkoxyalkyl , aryl , heteroaralkynyl , aryloxy , aralkoxy , aryloxyalkyl , saturated heterocyclyl , partially saturated heterocyclyl , heteroaryl , heteroaryloxy , heteroaryloxyalkyl , arylalkenyl , heteroarylalkenyl , carboxyalkyl , carboalkoxy , alkoxycarboxamido , alkylamidocarbonylamido , arylamidocarbonylamido , carboalkoxyalkyl , carboalkoxyalkenyl , carboaralkoxy , carboxamido , carboxamidoalkyl , cyano , carbohaloalkoxy , phosphono , phosphonoalkyl , diaralkoxyphosphono , and diaralkoxyphosphonoalkyl with the proviso that r xvi - 4 , r xvi - 5 , r xvi - 6 , r xvi - 7 , r xvi - 8 , r xvi - 9 , r xvi - 10 , r xvi - 11 , r xvi - 12 , and r xv - 13 are each independently selected to maintain the tetravalent nature of carbon , trivalent nature of nitrogen , the divalent nature of sulfur , and the divalent nature of oxygen ; r xvi - 4 and r xvi - 5 , r xvi - 5 and r xvi - 6 , r xvi - 6 and r xvi - 7 , r xvi - 7 and r xvi - 8 , r xvi - 9 and r xvi - 10 , r xvi - 11 and r xvi - 11 , r xvi - 11 and r xvi - 12 , and r xvi - 12 and r xiv - 13 are independently selected to form spacer pairs wherein a spacer pair is taken together to form a linear moiety having from 3 through 6 contiguous atoms connecting the points of bonding of said spacer pair members to form a ring selected from the group consisting of a cycloalkenyl ring having 5 through 8 contiguous members , a partially saturated heterocyclyl ring having 5 through 8 contiguous members , a heteroaryl ring having 5 through 6 contiguous members , and an aryl with the provisos that no more than one of the group consisting of spacer pairs r xv - 14 and r xvi - 5 , r xvi - 5 and r xvi - 6 r xv - 16 and r xvi - 7 , and r xvi - 7 and r xvi - 8 is used at the same time and that no more than one of the group consisting of spacer pairs r xiv - 9 and r xvi - 10 , r xvi - 10 and r xvi - 11 , r xv - 11 and r xvi - 12 , and r xvi - 12 and r xvi - 13 can be used at the same time ; r xvi - 4 and r xvi - 9 , r xvi - 4 and r xvi - 13 , r xvi - 8 and r xvi - 9 , and r xvi - 8 and r xvi - 13 is independently selected to form a spacer pair wherein said spacer pair is taken together to form a linear moiety wherein said linear moiety forms a ring selected from the group consisting of a partially saturated heterocyclyl ring having from 5 through 8 contiguous members and a heteroaryl ring having from 5 through 6 contiguous members with the proviso that no more than one of the group consisting of spacer pairs r xvi - 4 and r xvi - 9 , r xvi - 4 and r xvi - 13 , r xvi - 8 and r xvi - 9 , and r xvi - 8 and r xvi - 13 is used at the same time . compounds of formula xvi and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 00 / 18724 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . in a preferred embodiment , the cetp inhibitor is selected from the following compounds of formula xvi : another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of quinolines of formula xvii a xvii denotes an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted with up to five identical or different substituents in the form of a halogen , nitro , hydroxyl , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy or a straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , hydroxyalkyl or alkoxy containing up to 7 carbon atoms each , or in the form of a group according to the formula — nr xvii - 4 r xvii - 5 wherein r xvii - 4 and r xvi - 5 are identical or different and denote a hydrogen , phenyl or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms , d xvii denotes an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted with a phenyl , nitro , halogen , trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy , or a radical according to the formula r xvi - 6 , r xvii - 7 , r xvii - 10 denote , independently from one another , a cycloalkyl containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms , or an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atom or a 5 - to 7 - membered , optionally benzo - condensed , saturated or unsaturated , mono -, bi - or tricyclic heterocycle containing up to 4 heteroatoms from the series of s , n and / or o , wherein the rings are optionally substituted , in the case of the nitrogen - containing rings also via the n function , with up to five identical or different substituents in the form of a halogen , trifluoromethyl , nitro , hydroxyl , cyano , carboxyl , trifluoromethoxy , a straight - chain or branched acyl , alkyl , alkylthio , alkylalkoxy , alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms each , an aryl or trifluoromethyl - substituted aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms each , or an optionally benzo - condensed , aromatic 5 - to 7 - membered heterocycle containing up to 3 heteoatoms from the series of s , n and / or o , and / or in the form of a group according to the formula — or xvii - 11 , — sr xvii - 12 , — so 2 r xvi - 13 , or — nr xvi - 14 , r xvii - 15 ; r xvii - 11 , r xvi - 12 , and r xvii - 13 denote , independently from one another , an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms , which is in turn substituted with up to two identical or different substituents in the form of a phenyl , halogen or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms , r xvii - 14 and r xvii - 15 are identical or different and have the meaning of r xvii - 14 and r xvii - 5 given above , or r xvii - 6 and / or r xvii - 7 denote a radical according to the formula r xvii - 9 denotes a hydrogen , halogen , azido , trifluoromethyl , hydroxyl , trifluoromethoxy , a straight - chain or branched alkoxy or alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms each , or a radical according to the formula nr xvii - 16 r xvii - 17 ; rx vii - 16 and r xvii - 17 are identical or different and have the meaning of r xvii - 4 and r xvii - 5 above ; or r xvii - 8 and r xvii - 9 together form a radical according to the formula ═ o or ═ nr xvii - 18 ; r xvii - 18 denotes a hydrogen or a straight - chain or branched alkyl , alkoxy or acyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms each ; l xvii denotes a straight - chain or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain containing up to 8 carbon atoms each , which are optionally substituted with up to two hydroxyl groups ; t xvii and x xvii are identical or different and denote a straight - chain or branched alkylene chain containing up to 8 carbon atoms ; or v xvii denotes an oxygen or sulfur atom or — nr xvii - 19 ; r xvii - 19 denotes a hydrogen or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms or a phenyl ; e xvii denotes a cycloalkyl containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms , or a straight - chain or branched alkyl containing up to 8 carbon atoms , which is optionally substituted with a cycloalkyl containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl , or a phenyl , which is optionally substituted with a halogen or trifluoromethyl ; r xvii - 1 and r xvii - 2 are identical or different and denote a cycloalkyl containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms , hydrogen , nitro , halogen , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , carboxy , hydroxy , cyano , a straight - chain or branched acyl , alkoxycarbonyl or alkoxy with up to 6 carbon atoms , or nr xvii - 20 r xvii - 21 ; r xvii - 20 and r xvii - 21 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , phenyl , or a straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms ; and or r xvii - 1 and / or r xvii - 2 are straight - chain or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbon atoms , optionally substituted with halogen , trifluoromethoxy , hydroxy , or a straight - chain or branched alkoxy with up to 4 carbon atoms , aryl containing 6 - 10 carbon atoms optionally substituted with up to five of the same or different substituents selected from halogen , cyano , hydroxy , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , nitro , straight - chain or branched alkyl , acyl , hydroxyalkyl , alkoxy with up to 7 carbon atoms and nr xvii - 22 r xvii - 23 ; r xvii - 22 and r xvii - 23 are identical or different and denote hydrogen , phenyl or a straight - chain or branched akyl up to 6 carbon atoms ; and / or r xvii - 1 and r xvii - 2 taken together form a straight - chain or branched alkene or alkane with up to 6 carbon atoms optionally substituted with halogen , trifluoromethyl , hydroxy or straight - chain or branched alkoxy with up to 5 carbon atoms ; r xvii - 3 denotes hydrogen , a straight - chain or branched acyl with up to 20 carbon atoms , a benzoyl optionally substituted with halogen , trifluoromethyl , nitro or trifluoromethoxy , a straight - chained or branched fluoroacyl with up to 8 carbon atoms and 7 fluoro atoms , a cycloalkyl with 3 to 7 carbon atoms , a straight chained or branched alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with hydroxyl , a straight - chained or branched alkoxy with up to 6 carbon atoms optionally substituted with phenyl which may in turn be substituted with halogen , nitro , trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy , or phenyl or a tetrazol substitued phenyl , and / or an alkyl that is optionally substituted with a group according to the formula — or xvi - 24 ; r xvii - 24 is a straight - chained or branched acyl with up to 4 carbon atoms or benzyl . compounds of formula xvii and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 98 / 39299 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . another class of cetp inhibitors that finds utility with the present invention consists of 4 - phenyltetrahydroquinolines of formula xviii a xviii denotes a phenyl optionally substituted with up to two identical or different substituents in the form of halogen , trifluoromethyl or a straight - chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy containing up to three carbon atoms ; r xviii - 5 and r xvii - 6 are taken together to form ═ o ; or r xviii - 5 denotes hydrogen and r xv - 1 μl - 6 denotes halogen or hydrogen ; or r xv - 111 - 7 and r xviii - 8 are identical or different and denote phenyl , naphthyl , benzothiazolyl , quinolinyl , pyrimidyl or pyridyl with up to four identical or different substituents in the form of halogen , trifluoromethyl , nitro , cyano , trifluoromethoxy , — so 2 — ch 3 or nr xviii - 9 r xvii - 10 ; r xviii - 9 and r xviii - 10 are identical or different and denote hydrogen or a straight - chained or branched alkyl of up to three carbon atoms ; e xvii denotes a cycloalkyl of from three to six carbon atoms or a straight - chained or branched alkyl of up to eight carbon atoms ; r xviii - 3 and r xviii - 4 are identical or different and denote straight - chained or branched alkyl of up to three carbon atoms ; or r xvii - 3 and r xviii - 4 taken together form an alkenylene made up of between two and four carbon atoms . compounds of formula xviii and their methods of manufacture are disclosed in pct publication no . wo 99 / 15504 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 291 , 477 , both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes . amlodipine and related dihydropyridine compounds are disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 572 , 909 , which is incorporated herein by reference , as potent anti - ischemic and antihypertensive agents . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 879 , 303 , which is incorporated herein by reference , discloses amlodipine benzenesulfonate salt ( also termed amlodipine besylate ). amlodipine and amlodipine besylate are potent and long lasting calcium channel blockers . as such , amlodipine , amlodipine besylate and other pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of amlodipine have utility as antihypertensive agents and as antiischemic agents . amlodipine and its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are also disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 155 , 120 as having utility in the treatment of congestive heart failure . amlodipine besylate is currently sold as norvasc ®. amlodipine has the formula calcium channel blockers which are within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : bepridil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 962 , 238 or u . s . reissue no . 30 , 577 ; clentiazem , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 567 , 175 ; diltiazem , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 562 , fendiline , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 262 , 977 ; gallopamil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 261 , 859 ; mibefradil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 808 , 605 ; prenylamine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 152 , 173 ; semotiadil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 786 , 635 ; terodiline , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 371 , 014 ; verapamil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 261 , 859 ; aranipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 572 , 909 ; barnidipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 220 , 649 ; benidipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in european patent application publication no . 106 , 275 ; cilnidipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 672 , 068 ; efonidipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 885 , 284 ; elgodipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 952 , 592 ; felodipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 264 , 611 ; isradipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 466 , 972 ; lacidipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 801 , 599 ; lercanidipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 705 , 797 ; manidipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 892 , 875 ; nicardipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 985 , 758 ; nifedipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 485 , 847 ; nilvadipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 338 , 322 ; nimodipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 799 , 934 ; nisoldipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 154 , 839 ; nitrendipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 799 , 934 ; cinnarizine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 882 , 271 ; flunarizine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 773 , 939 ; lidoflazine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 267 , 104 ; lomerizine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 663 , 325 ; bencyclane , which may be prepared as disclosed in hungarian patent no . 151 , 865 ; etafenone , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 1 , 265 , 758 ; and perhexiline , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 1 , 025 , 578 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ( ace - inhibitors ) which are within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : alacepril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 248 , 883 ; benazepril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 410 , 520 ; captopril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 046 , 889 and 4 , 105 , 776 ; ceronapril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 452 , 790 ; delapril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 385 , 051 ; enalapril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 374 , 829 ; fosinopril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 337 , 201 ; imadapril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 508 , 727 ; lisinopril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 555 , 502 ; moveltopril , which may be prepared as disclosed in belgian patent no . 893 , 553 ; perindopril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 508 , 729 ; quinapril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 344 , 949 ; ramipril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 587 , 258 ; spirapril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 470 , 972 ; temocapril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 699 , 905 ; and trandolapril , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 933 , 361 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . angiotensin - ii receptor antagonists ( a - ii antagonists ) which are within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : candesartan , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 196 , 444 ; eprosartan , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 185 , 351 ; irbesartan , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 270 , 317 ; losartan , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 138 , 069 ; and valsartan , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 399 , 578 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . beta - adrenergic receptor blockers ( beta - or β - blockers ) which are within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : acebutolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 857 , 952 ; alprenolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in netherlands patent application no . 6 , 605 , 692 ; amosulalol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 217 , 305 ; arotinolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 932 , 400 ; atenolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 663 , 607 or 3 , 836 , 671 ; befunolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 853 , 923 ; betaxolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 252 , 984 ; bevantolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 857 , 981 ; bisoprolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 171 , 370 ; bopindolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 340 , 541 ; bucumolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 663 , 570 ; bufetolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 723 , 476 ; bufuralol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 929 , 836 ; bunitrolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 940 , 489 and 3 , 961 , 071 ; buprandolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 309 , 406 ; butiridine hydrochloride , which may be prepared as disclosed in french patent no . 1 , 390 , 056 ; butofilolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 252 , 825 ; carazolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 2 , 240 , 599 ; carteolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 910 , 924 ; carvedilol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 503 , 067 ; celiprolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 034 , 009 ; cetamolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 059 , 622 ; cloranolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 2 , 213 , 044 ; dilevalol , which may be prepared as disclosed in clifton et al ., journal of medicinal chemistry , 1982 , 25 , 670 ; epanolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in european patent publication application no . 41 , 491 ; indenolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 045 , 482 ; labetalol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 012 , 444 ; levobunolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 463 , 176 ; mepindolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in seeman et al ., helv . chim . acta , 1971 , 54 , 241 ; metipranolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in czechoslovakian patent application no . 128 , 471 ; metoprolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 873 , 600 ; moprolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 501 , 7691 ; nadolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 935 , 267 ; nadoxolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 819 , 702 ; nebivalol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 654 , 362 ; nipradilol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 394 , 382 ; oxprenolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 1 , 077 , 603 ; perbutolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 551 , 493 ; pindolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in swiss patent nos . 469 , 002 and 472 , 404 ; practolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 408 , 387 ; pronethalol , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 909 , 357 ; propranolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 337 , 628 and 3 , 520 , 919 ; sotalol , which may be prepared as disclosed in uloth et al ., journal of medicinal chemistry , 1966 , 9 , 88 ; sufinalol , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 2 , 728 , 641 ; talindol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 935 , 259 and 4 , 038 , 313 ; tertatolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 960 , 891 ; tilisolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 129 , 565 ; timolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 655 , 663 ; toliprolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 432 , 545 ; and xibenolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 018 , 824 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . alpha - adrenergic receptor blockers ( alpha - or α - blockers ) which are within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : amosulalol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 217 , 307 ; arotinolol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 932 , 400 ; dapiprazole , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 252 , 721 ; doxazosin , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 188 , 390 ; fenspiride , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 399 , 192 ; indoramin , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 527 , 761 ; labetolol , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; naftopidil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 997 , 666 ; nicergoline , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 228 , 943 ; prazosin , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 511 , 836 ; tamsulosin , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 703 , 063 ; tolazoline , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 161 , 938 ; trimazosin , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 669 , 968 ; and yohimbine , which may be isolated from natural sources according to methods well known to those skilled in the art . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . the term “ vasodilator ,” where used herein , is meant to include cerebral vasodilators , coronary vasodilators and peripheral vasodilators . cerebral vasodilators within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : bencyclane , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; cinnarizine , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; citicoline , which may be isolated from natural sources as disclosed in kennedy et al ., journal of the american chemical society , 1955 , 77 , 250 or synthesized as disclosed in kennedy , journal of biological chemistry , 1956 , 222 , 185 ; cyclandelate , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 663 , 597 ; ciclonicate , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 1 , 910 , 481 ; diisopropylamine dichloroacetate , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 862 , 248 ; eburnamonine , which may be prepared as disclosed in hermann et al ., journal of the american chemical society , 1979 , 101 , 1540 ; fasudil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 678 , 783 ; fenoxedil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 818 , 021 ; flunarizine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 773 , 939 ; ibudilast , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 850 , 941 ; ifenprodil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 509 , 164 ; lomerizine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 663 , 325 ; nafronyl , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 334 , 096 ; nicametate , which may be prepared as disclosed in blicke et al ., journal of the american chemical society , 1942 , 64 , 1722 ; nicergoline , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; nimodipine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 799 , 934 ; papaverine , which may be prepared as reviewed in goldberg , chem . prod . chem . news , 1954 , 17 , 371 ; pentifylline , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 860 , 217 ; tinofedrine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 563 , 997 ; vincamine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 770 , 724 ; vinpocetine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 035 , 750 ; and viquidil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 500 , 444 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . coronary vasodilators within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : amotriphene , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 010 , 965 ; bendazol , which may be prepared as disclosed in j . chem . soc . 1958 , 2426 ; benfurodil hemisuccinate , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 355 , 463 ; benziodarone , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 012 , 042 ; chloracizine , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 740 , 932 ; chromonar , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 282 , 938 ; clobenfural , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 1 , 160 , 925 ; clonitrate , which may be prepared from propanediol according to methods well known to those skilled in the art , e . g ., see annalen , 1870 , 155 , 165 ; cloricromen , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 452 , 811 ; dilazep , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 532 , 685 ; dipyridamole , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 807 , 826 ; droprenilamine , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 2 , 521 , 113 ; efloxate , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent nos . 803 , 372 and 824 , 547 ; erythrityl tetranitrate , which may be prepared by nitration of erythritol according to methods well - known to those skilled in the art ; etafenone , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 1 , 265 , 758 ; fendiline , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 262 , 977 ; floredil , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 2 , 020 , 464 ; ganglefene , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . s . r . patent no . 115 , 905 ; hexestrol , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 357 , 985 ; hexobendine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 267 , 103 ; itramin tosylate , which may be prepared as disclosed in swedish patent no . 168 , 308 ; khellin , which may be prepared as disclosed in baxter et al ., journal of the chemical society , 1949 , s 30 ; lidoflazine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 267 , 104 ; mannitol hexanitrate , which may be prepared by the nitration of mannitol according to methods well - known to those skilled in the art ; medibazine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 119 , 826 ; nitroglycerin ; pentaerythritol tetranitrate , which may be prepared by the nitration of pentaerythritol according to methods well - known to those skilled in the art ; pentrinitrol , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 638 , 422 - 3 ; perhexilline , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; pimefylline , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 350 , 400 ; prenylamine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 152 , 173 ; propatyl nitrate , which may be prepared as disclosed in french patent no . 1 , 103 , 113 ; trapidil , which may be prepared as disclosed in east german patent no . 55 , 956 ; tricromyl , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 769 , 015 ; trimetazidine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 262 , 852 ; trolnitrate phosphate , which may be prepared by nitration of triethanolamine followed by precipitation with phosphoric acid according to methods well - known to those skilled in the art ; visnadine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 2 , 816 , 118 and 2 , 980 , 699 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . peripheral vasodilators within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : aluminum nicotinate , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 970 , 082 ; bamethan , which may be prepared as disclosed in corrigan et al ., journal of the american chemical society , 1945 , 67 , 1894 ; bencyclane , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; betahistine , which may be prepared as disclosed in walter et al . ; journal of the american chemical society , 1941 , 63 , 2771 ; bradykinin , which may be prepared as disclosed in hamburg et al ., arch . biochem . biophys ., 1958 , 76 , 252 ; brovincamine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 146 , 643 ; bufeniode , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 542 , 870 ; buflomedil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 895 , 030 ; butalamine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 338 , 899 ; cetiedil , which may be prepared as disclosed in french patent nos . 1 , 460 , 571 ; ciclonicate , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 1 , 910 , 481 ; cinepazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in belgian patent no . 730 , 345 ; cinnarizine , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; cyclandelate , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; diisopropylamine dichloroacetate , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; eledoisin , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 984 , 810 ; fenoxedil , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; flunarizine , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; hepronicate , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 384 , 642 ; ifenprodil , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; iloprost , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 692 , 464 ; inositol niacinate , which may be prepared as disclosed in badgett et al ., journal of the american chemical society , 1947 , 69 , 2907 ; isoxsuprine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 056 , 836 ; kallidin , which may be prepared as disclosed in biochem . biophys . res . commun ., 1961 , 6 , 210 ; kallikrein , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 1 , 102 , 973 ; moxisylyte , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 905 , 738 ; nafronyl , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; nicametate , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; nicergoline , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; nicofuranose , which may be prepared as disclosed in swiss patent no . 366 , 523 ; nylidrin , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 2 , 661 , 372 and 2 , 661 , 373 ; pentifylline , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; pentoxifylline , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 422 , 107 ; piribedil , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 299 , 067 ; prostaglandin e 1 , which may be prepared by any of the methods referenced in the merck index , twelfth edition , budaveri , ed ., new jersey , 1996 , p . 1353 ; suloctidil , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 2 , 334 , 404 ; tolazoline , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 161 , 938 ; and xanthinol niacinate , which may be prepared as disclosed in german patent no . 1 , 102 , 750 or korbonits et al ., acta . pharm . hung ., 1968 , 38 , 98 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . the term “ diuretic ,” within the scope of this invention , is meant to include diuretic benzothiadiazine derivatives , diuretic organomercurials , diuretic purines , diuretic steroids , diuretic sulfonamide derivatives , diuretic uracils and other diuretics such as amanozine , which may be prepared as disclosed in austrian patent no . 168 , 063 ; amiloride , which may be prepared as disclosed in belgian patent no . 639 , 386 ; arbutin , which may be prepared as disclosed in tschitschibabin , annalen , 1930 , 479 , 303 ; chlorazanil , which may be prepared as disclosed in austrian patent no . 168 , 063 ; ethacrynic acid , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 255 , 241 ; etozolin , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 072 , 653 ; hydracarbazine , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 856 , 409 ; isosorbide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 160 , 641 ; mannitol ; metochalcone , which may be prepared as disclosed in freudenberg et al ., ber ., 1957 , 90 , 957 ; muzolimine , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 018 , 890 ; perhexiline , which may be prepared as disclosed above ; ticrynafen , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 758 , 506 ; triamterene which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 081 , 230 ; and urea . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . diuretic benzothiadiazine derivatives within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : althiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 902 , 658 ; bendroflumethiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 265 , 573 ; benzthiazide , mcmanus et al ., 136th am . soc . meeting ( atlantic city , september 1959 ), abstract of papers , pp 13 - 0 ; benzylhydrochlorothiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 108 , 097 ; buthiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent nos . 861 , 367 and 885 , 078 ; chlorothiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 2 , 809 , 194 and 2 , 937 , 169 ; chlorthalidone , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 055 , 904 ; cyclopenthiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in belgian patent no . 587 , 225 ; cyclothiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in whitehead et al ., journal of organic chemistry , 1961 , 26 , 2814 ; epithiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 009 , 911 ; ethiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 861 , 367 ; fenquizone , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 870 , 720 ; indapamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 565 , 911 ; hydrochlorothiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 164 , 588 ; hydroflumethiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 254 , 076 ; methyclothiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in close et al ., journal of the american chemical society , 1960 , 82 , 1132 ; meticrane , which may be prepared as disclosed in french patent nos . m2790 and 1 , 365 , 504 ; metolazone , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 360 , 518 ; paraflutizide , which may be prepared as disclosed in belgian patent no . 620 , 829 ; polythiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 009 , 911 ; quinethazone , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 976 , 289 ; teclothiazide , which may be prepared as disclosed in close et al ., journal of the american chemical society , 1960 , 82 , 1132 ; and trichlormethiazide , which may be prepared as dislcosed in destevens et al ., experientia , 1960 , 16 , 113 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . diuretic sulfonamide derivatives within the scope of this invention include , but are not limited to : acetazolamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 980 , 679 ; ambuside , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 188 , 329 ; azosemide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 665 , 002 ; bumetamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 634 , 583 ; butazolamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 769 , 757 ; chloraminophenamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 2 , 809 , 194 , 2 , 965 , 655 and 2 , 965 , 656 ; clofenamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in olivier , rec . trav . chim ., 1918 , 37 , 307 ; clopamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 459 , 756 ; clorexolone , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 183 , 243 ; disulfamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 851 , 287 ; ethoxolamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in british patent no . 795 , 174 ; furosemide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 058 , 882 ; mefruside , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 356 , 692 ; methazolamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 783 , 241 ; piretamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 010 , 273 ; torasemide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 018 , 929 ; tripamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in japanese patent no . 73 , 05 , 585 ; and xipamide , which may be prepared as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 567 , 777 . the disclosures of all such u . s . patents are incorporated herein by reference . the conversion of 3 - hydroxy - 3 - methylglutaryl - coenzyme a ( hmg - coa ) to mevalonate is an early and rate - limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway . this step is catalyzed by the enzyme hmg - coa reductase . statins inhibit hmg - coa reductase from catalyzing this conversion . atorvastatin calcium ( i . e ., atorvastatin hemicalcium ), disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 273 , 995 , which is incorporated herein by reference , is currently sold as lipitor ® and has the formula atorvastatin calcium is a selective , competitive inhibitor of hmg - coa . as such , atorvastatin calcium is a potent lipid lowering compound . the free carboxylic acid form of atorvastatin exists predominantly as the lactone of the formula and is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 681 , 893 , which is incorporated herein by reference . statins include such compounds as simvastatin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 444 , 784 , which is incorporated herein by reference ; pravastatin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 346 , 227 which is incorporated herein by reference ; cerivastatin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 502 , 199 , which is incorporated herein by reference ; mevastatin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 983 , 140 , which is incorporated herein by reference ; velostatin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 448 , 784 and u . s . pat . no . 4 , 450 , 171 , both of which are incorporated herein by reference ; fluvastatin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 739 , 073 , which is incorporated herein by reference ; compactin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 804 , 770 , which is incorporated herein by reference ; lovastatin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 231 , 938 , which is incorporated herein by reference ; dalvastatin , disclosed in european patent application publication no . 738510 a2 ; fluindostatin , disclosed in european patent application publication no . 363934 a1 ; atorvastatin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 681 , 893 , which is incorporated herein by reference ; atorvastatin calcium , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 273 , 995 , which is incorporated herein by reference ; and dihydrocompactin , disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 450 , 171 , which is incorporated herein by reference . given the positive correlation between lipid modulation and lipid fraction modulation in blood with the development of various disease / conditions such as cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases , the compounds / combinations of this invention and the salts of such compounds , by virtue of their pharmacologic action , are useful for the prevention , arrestment and / or treatment of disease states / conditions as described above . these include cardiovascular disorders and complications due to cardiovascular disease . in particular , given the correlation between hdl modulation and the disease / conditions described above the cetp compounds described herein and combinations thereof by virtue of their hdl modulating pharmacologic action ( e . g ., hdl elevation ) are useful for the prevention , arrestment and / or treatment of the disease states / conditions as described above . the utility of the compounds / combinations of the invention and the salts of such compounds as medical agents in the treatment of the above described disease / conditions in mammals ( e . g . humans , male or female ) is demonstrated by the activity of the compounds of this invention in conventional assays ( e . g ., in vivo assays , in vitro assays ) known to those skilled in the art including those described herein . in particular , the plasma lipids assay described below may be used to determine the level of hdl modulation for a given compound / combination and thus its therapeutic impact for the disease / conditions described above . such assays also provide a means whereby the activities of the compounds / combinations of this invention and the salts of such compounds ( or the other agents described herein ) can be compared to each other and with the activities of other known compounds . the results of these comparisons are useful for determining dosage levels in mammals , including humans , for the treatment of such diseases . for example , the characterization of the impact of of the compounds / combinations of this invention and the salts of such compounds ( or the other agents described herein ) on various lipid fractions can be determined by methods known in the art as are described in methods in enzymology , vol . 129 : plasma lipoproteins , pt . b : characterization , cell biology , and metabolism . albers , john j . ; segrest , jere p . ; editors . usa . ( 1986 ), ( academic press , orlando , fla .) and methods in enzymology , vol . 128 : plasma lipoproteins , pt . a : preparation , structure , and molecular biology . segrest , jere p . ; albers , john j . ; editors . usa . ( 1986 ), 992 pp . ( academic press , orlando , fla .). in particular , the plasma lipids assay described below may be used to determine the level of hdl modulation for a given compound / combination and thus its therapeutic impact for the disease / conditions described above . the following is a brief description of the assay of cholesteryl ester transfer in human plasma ( in vitro ) and animal plasma ( ex vivo ): cetp activity in the presence or absence of drug is assayed by determining the transfer of 3 h - labeled cholesteryl oleate ( co ) from exogenous tracer hdl to the nonhdl lipoprotein fraction in human plasma , or from 3 h - labeled ldl to the hdl fraction in transgenic mouse plasma . labeled human lipoprotein substrates are prepared similarly to the method described by morton in which the endogenous cetp activity in plasma is employed to transfer 3 h — co from phospholipid liposomes to all the lipoprotein fractions in plasma . 3 h - labeled ldl and hdl are subsequently isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation at the density cuts of 1 . 019 - 1 . 063 and 1 . 10 - 1 . 21 g / ml , respectively . for the activity assay , 3 h - labeled lipoprotein is added to plasma at 10 - 25 nmoles co / ml and the samples incubated at 370 c for 2 . 5 - 3 hrs . non - hdl lipoproteins are then precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of 20 % ( wt / vol ) polyethylene glycol 8000 ( dias ). the samples are centrifuged 750 g x 20 minutes and the radioactivity contained in the hdl containing supernatant determined by liquid scintillation . introducing varying quantities of the compounds of this invention as a solution in dimethylsulfoxide to human plasma , before addition of the radiolabeled cholesteryl oleate , and comparing the relative amounts of radiolabel transferred allows relative cholesteryl ester transfer inhibitory activities to be determined . activity of these compounds in vivo can be determined by the amount of agent required to be administered , relative to control , to inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer activity by 50 % at various time points ex vivo or to elevate hdl cholesterol by a given percentage in a cetp - containing animal species . transgenic mice expressing both human cetp and human apolipoprotein ai ( charles river , boston , mass .) may be used to assess compounds in vivo . the compounds to be examined are administered by oral gavage in an emulsion vehicle containing olive oil and sodium taurocholate . blood is taken from mice retroorbitally before dosing . at various times after dosing , ranging from 4 h to 24 h , the animals are sacrificed , blood obtained by heart puncture , and lipid parameters measured , including total cholesterol , hdl and ldl cholesterol , and triglycerides . cetp activity is determined by a method similar to that described above except that 3 h - cholesteryl oleate containing ldl is used as the donor source as opposed to hdl . the values obtained for lipids and transfer activity are compared to those obtained prior to dosing and / or to those from mice receiving vehicle alone . the activity of these compounds may also be demonstrated by determining the amount of agent required to alter plasma lipid levels , for example hdl cholesterol levels , ldl cholesterol levels , vldl cholesterol levels or triglycerides , in the plasma of certain mammals , for example marmosets that possess cetp activity and a plasma lipoprotein profile similar to that of humans ( crook et al . arteriosclerosis 10 , 625 , 1990 ). adult marmosets are assigned to treatment groups so that each group has a similar mean ± sd for total , hdl , and / or ldl plasma cholesterol concentrations . after group assignment , marmosets are dosed daily with compound as a dietary admix or by intragastric intubation for from one to eight days . control marmosets receive only the dosing vehicle . plasma total , ldl , vldl and hdl cholesterol values can be determined at any point during the study by obtaining blood from an antecubital vein and separating plasma lipoproteins into their individual subclasses by density gradient centrifugation , and by measuring cholesterol concentration as previously described ( crook et al . arteriosclerosis 10 , 625 , 1990 ). conventional clinical designs and methods of modifying those clinical protocols to facilitate the testing of the compounds / combinations of this invention and the salts of such compounds ( or the other agents described herein ) for the various disease / conditions described above are known to those skilled in the art . for example , in such clinical studies levels of atherosclerotic plaque can be measured by various imaging techniques e . g ., intracardiac ultrasound ( ice ), quantitative coronary angiography , intravascular ultrasound ( ivus ) including coronary intravascular ultrasound , corotid intimal medial thickness ( cimt ) measurement , magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), magnetic resonance coronary angiography , flow - mediated dilatation , positron emission tomography , multislice computed tomography , electron beam computed tomography ( ebt ), mechanical multi - slice spiral ct ( msct ), echo cardiography , coronary angiography , radiography and radionucleotide imaging . these imaging techniques and the interpretation of them are known and are further described in for example , “ measurement of subclinical atherosclerosis : beyond risk factor assessment ”, current opinion in lipidology 13 , 595 - 603 ( 2002 ); “ a comparison of intravascular , ultrasound with coronary angiography for evaluation of transplant coronary disease in pediatric heart transplant recipients ”, journal of heart & amp ; lung transplantation 22 , 44 - 49 ( 2003 ); and “ assessment of calcium scoring performance in cardiac computed tomography ”, european radiology 13 , 484 - 97 ( 2003 ). the compounds of the present invention are generally administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one of the compounds of this invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent . thus , the compounds of this invention can be administered either individually or together in any conventional oral , parenteral or transdermal dosage form . for oral administration a pharmaceutical composition can take the form of solutions , suspensions , tablets , pills , capsules , powders , and the like . tablets containing various excipients such as sodium citrate , calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate are employed along with various disintegrants such as starch and preferably potato or tapioca starch and certain complex silicates , together with binding agents such as polyvinylpyrrolidone , sucrose , gelatin and acacia . additionally , lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate , sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often very useful for tabletting purposes . solid compositions of a similar type are also employed as fillers in soft and hard - filled gelatin capsules ; preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols . when aqueous suspensions and / or elixirs are desired for oral administration , the compounds of this invention can be combined with various sweetening agents , flavoring agents , coloring agents , emulsifying agents and / or suspending agents , as well as such diluents as water , ethanol , propylene glycol , glycerin and various like combinations thereof . the combinations of this invention may also be adminstered in a controlled release formulation such as a slow release or a fast release formulation . such controlled release formulations of the combination of this invention may be prepared using methods well known to those skilled in the art . the method of adminstration will be determined by the attendant physician or other person skilled in the art after an evaluation of the subject &# 39 ; s condition and requirements . the generally preferred formulation of amlodipine is norvasc ®. many of the cetp inhibitors of this invention are poorly soluble and a dosage form that increases solubility facilitates the administration of such compounds . one such dosage form is a dosage form comprising ( 1 ) a solid amorphous dispersion comprising a cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( cetp ) inhibitor and an acidic concentration - enhancing polymer ; and ( 2 ) an acid - sensitive hmg - coa reductase inhibitor . this dosage form is more fully described in u . s . provisional application serial no . 60 / 435 , 345 filed on dec . 20 , 2002 and entitled “ dosage forms comprising a cetp inhibitor and an hmg - coa reductase inhibitor ” the specification of which is hereby incorporated by reference . the compounds of this invention either alone or in combination with each other or other compounds generally will be administered in a convenient formulation . the following formulation examples only are illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention . combination tablets of amlodipine besylate , torcetrapib , and atorvastatin hemicalcium were prepared at a scale of ˜ 1 kg according to the procedure immediately following the table . the doses prepared and the composition of the tablets are detailed in the following table . table strength individual 30 / 5 / 2 . 5 90 / 40 / 10 120 / 80 / 10 component w / w mg / tab w / w mg / tab w / w mg / tab w / w 1 . cp - 529 , 515 25 % sdd 60 . 00 % 120 . 000 35 . 37 % 360 . 000 27 . 40 % 480 . 000 26 . 26 % 2 . microcrystalline cellulose 14 . 75 % 29 . 500 8 . 70 % 88 . 500 6 . 74 % 118 . 000 6 . 46 % 3 . crospovidone 10 . 00 % 20 . 000 5 . 90 % 60 . 000 4 . 57 % 80 . 000 4 . 38 % 4 . magnesium stearate . 25 % 0 . 500 0 . 15 % 1 . 500 0 . 11 % 2 . 000 0 . 11 % 5 . calcium phosphate , dibasic , anhydrious 14 . 75 % 29 . 500 8 . 70 % 88 . 500 6 . 74 % 118 . 000 6 . 46 % 6 . magnesium stearate 0 . 250 % 0 . 500 0 . 15 % 1 . 500 0 . 11 % 2 . 000 0 . 11 % subtotal 100 . 00 % 200 . 000 58 . 96 % 600 . 000 45 . 67 % 800 . 000 43 . 77 % 7 . atorvastatin calcium 13 . 836 % 5 . 427 1 . 60 % 43 . 415 3 . 30 % 86 . 829 4 . 75 % 8 . calcium carbonate 42 . 253 % 16 . 573 4 . 89 % 132 . 583 10 . 09 % 265 . 163 14 . 51 % 9 . croscarmellose sodium 3 . 819 % 1 . 498 0 . 44 % 11 . 983 0 . 91 % 23 . 967 1 . 31 % 10 . microcrystalline cellulose 17 . 656 % 6 . 925 2 . 04 % 55 . 402 4 . 22 % 110 . 802 6 . 06 % 11 . polysorbate 80 0 . 510 % 0 . 200 0 . 06 % 1 . 600 0 . 12 % 3 . 201 0 . 18 % 12 . hydroxypropyl cellulose 2 . 555 % 1 . 002 0 . 30 % 8 . 017 0 . 61 % 16 . 034 0 . 88 % 13 . starch , pregelatinized , 1500 corn 19 . 121 % 7 . 500 2 . 21 % 59 . 999 4 . 57 % 119 . 996 6 . 57 % 14 . magnesium stearate 0 . 250 % 0 . 098 0 . 03 % 0 . 784 0 . 06 % 1 . 569 0 . 09 % subtotal 100 . 000 % 39 . 223 11 . 56 % 313 . 784 23 . 88 % 627 . 560 34 . 34 % 15 . amlodipine besylate 3 . 47 % 3 . 470 1 . 02 % 13 . 880 1 . 06 % 13 . 880 0 . 76 % 16 . microcrystalline cellulose 62 . 03 % 62 . 030 18 . 29 % 248 . 120 18 . 89 % 248 . 120 13 . 58 % 17 . sodium starch glycolate 2 . 00 % 2 . 000 0 . 59 % 8 . 000 0 . 61 % 8 . 000 0 . 44 % 18 . calcium phosphate , dibasic , anhydrous 31 . 50 % 31 . 500 9 . 29 % 126 . 000 9 . 59 % 126 . 000 6 . 89 % 19 . magnesium stearate 1 . 00 % 1 . 000 0 . 29 % 4 . 000 0 . 30 % 4 . 000 0 . 22 % subtotal 100 . 00 % 100 . 000 29 . 48 % 400 . 000 30 . 45 % 400 . 000 21 . 89 % total 339 . 223 100 . 00 % 1313 . 784 100 . 00 % 1827 . 560 100 . 00 % a separate granulation or blend of each active component was prepared initially and these three powder mixtures were combined in different proportions to provide the desired dose combinations . the atorvastatin hemicalcium granulation was prepared by making a solution of the hydroxypropyl cellulose and polysorbate 80 in water . the remaining components ( except magnesium stearate ) were then charged to a fluid bed granulator and wet - granulated with the binder solution by fluidizing them in a warm air stream ( 30 - 60c ) while spraying the binder solution onto the powders in the granulator . after all the binder solution had been sprayed the granules were dried in the fluidized bed , and milled to remove any large (& gt ; 1 mm ) agglomerates . the granules were lubricated by blending them with magnesium stearate . a dispersion of torcetrapib in the polymer hypromellose ( hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ) acetate succinate was made by dissolving both components in acetone and spray drying ( see u . s . provisional application serial no . 60 / 435 , 345 ) the resulting solution in conventional spray drying equipment . the torcetrapib granulation was made by blending the resulting spray dried dispersion , microcrystalline cellulose , crospovidone , and magnesium stearate together and dry granulating the powder blend by roller compaction . standard pharmaceutical roller compaction equipment and operating conditions were used . the resulting compacted ribbons were milled to produce granules suitable for further processing . the calcium phosphate and magnesium stearate were added and blended with the granules to create the final lubricated torcetrapib blend . the amlodipine besylate was simply blended with its excipients to produce a lubricated amlodipine powder blend . the three active granulations / blends were blended together in the desired proportions using a low - shear twin - shell blender and tableted using a single punch eccentric tablet press . administration of the compounds of this invention can be via any method which delivers a compound of this invention systemically and / or locally . these methods include oral routes , parenteral , intraduodenal routes , etc . generally , the compounds of this invention are administered orally , but parenteral administration ( e . g ., intraveneous , intramuscular , subcutaneous or intramedullary ) may be utilized , for example , where oral administration is inappropriate for the target or where the patient is unable to ingest the drug . these methods and combinations are useful depending on the indication / condition to treat mammals including humans . in addition , they are useful to advantageously and / or selectively treat a variety of patient subgroups including males , females , the elderly (& gt ; 60 ), infants (& lt ; 2 ), pediatrics , diabetics ( type i and / or ii ), patients without a history of coronary events ( i . e . primary prevention ), patients who have had at least one coronary event ( i . e ., secondary prevention ), patients who have had a cerebrovascular event ( e . g ., stroke or transient ischemic event ), patients with total cholesterol above 250 , patients with total cholesterol above 200 , patients with total cholesterol below 200 , patients with hdl & lt ; 30 / 40 / 50 / 60 , patients with high hdl , different ethnic subpopulations ( africans , turkish , hispanics , asians ), woman + hrt ( pre / post menopausal ), smokers , patients with low hdl due to diet , patients with secondary reductions in hdl due to other medications ( e . g ., androgen agonists ), patients with peripheral vascular disease , patients with normal hdl - c e . g ., between 40 and 60 mg / dec , stroke patients without a history of coronary heart disease ( with or without abnormal cholesterol levels ), patients with metabolic syndrome , patients with the apo - e4 allele , patients with bmi greater than 30 , and obese patients . in general an amount of a compound ( s )/ combination ( s ) of this invention is used that is sufficient to achieve the therapeutic effect desired ( e . g ., hdl elevation ). the amount will , of course , be dependent on the subject being treated , on the severity of the affliction , on the manner of administration and on the judgement of the prescribing physician . in general an effective dosage for the cetp inhibitors of this invention , their prodrugs and the salts of such compounds and progrugs is in the range of about 0 . 01 to about 100 mg / kg / day , preferably about 0 . 1 to about 5 mg / kg / day . an especially preferred dosage of [ 2r , 4s ]- 4 -[( 3 , 5 - bis - trifluoromethyl - benzyl )- methoxycarbonyl - amino ]- 2 - ethyl - 6 - trifluoromethyl - 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2h - quinoline - 1 - carboxylic acid ethyl ester ( torcetrapib ) is about 15 mg per day to about 240 mg per day , preferably about 30 mg per day to about 120 mg per day . the dosage may be administered in single or multiple dosages ( e . g ., bid ). a dosage of the combination pharmaceutical agents ( e . g ., antihypertensive agents , statins ) to be used in conjunction with the cetp inhibitors is used that is effective for the indication being treated . for example , typically an effective dosage for hmg - coa reductase inhibitors is in the range of about 0 . 01 to about 100 mg / kg / day . for example , typically an effective dosage for atorvastatin calcium ( known as atorvastatin hemicalcium or lipitor ) or other salts of atorvastatin is about 10 mg to about 80 mg per day ( e . g ., 10 mg , 20 mg , 40 mg 80 mg ). for example , typically an effective dosage for antihypertensives is in the range of about 0 . 01 to about 100 mg / kg / day . for example , typically an effective dosage of amlodipine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof ( e . g ., amlodipine besylate , amlodipine mesylate ) is in the range of about 5 mg to about 10 mg per day . an exemplary dosage for the triple combination of amlodipine and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof ( e . g ., amlodipine besylate )/ atorvastatin and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof ( e . g ., atorvastatin hemicalcium )/ and [ 2r , 4s ]- 4 -[( 3 , 5 - b is - trifluoromethyl - benzyl )- methoxycarbonyl - amino ]- 2 - ethyl - 6 - trifluoromethyl - 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2h - quinoline - 1 - carboxylic acid ethyl ester ( torcetrapib ) is in the range of 5 - 10 mg per day / 10 - 80 mg per day / 30 - 120 mg per day . for purposes of parenteral administration , solutions in sesame or peariut oil or in aqueous propylene glycol can be employed , as well as sterile aqueous solutions of the corresponding water - soluble salts . such aqueous solutions may be suitably buffered , if necessary , and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose . these aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous , intramuscular , subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection purposes . in this connection , the sterile aqueous media employed are all readily obtainable by standard techniques well - known to those skilled in the art . methods of preparing various pharmaceutical compositions with a certain amount of active ingredient are known , or will be apparent in light of this disclosure , to those skilled in this art . for examples , see remington &# 39 ; s pharmaceutical sciences , mack publishing company , easter , pa ., 15th edition ( 1975 ). pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may contain 0 . 1 %- 95 % of the compound ( s ) of this invention , preferably 1 %- 70 %. in any event , the composition or formulation to be administered will contain a quantity of a compound ( s ) according to the invention in an amount effective to treat the condition or disease of the subject being treated . since the present invention relates to the treatment of diseases and conditions with a combination of active ingredients which may be administered separately , the invention also relates to combining separate pharmaceutical compositions in kit form . the kit includes two separate pharmaceutical compositions : amlodipine or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof and a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . the kit includes container means for containing the separate compositions such as a divided bottle or a divided foil packet , however , the separate compositions may also be contained within a single , undivided container . typically the kit includes directions for the administration of the separate components . the kit form is particularly advantageous when the separate components are preferably administered in different dosage forms ( e . g ., oral and parenteral ), are administered at different dosage intervals , or when titration of the individual components of the combination is desired by the prescribing physician . it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein , but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this novel concept as defined by the following claims .

0Human Necessities

fig1 a is a view for illustrating members used in the first embodiment of the present invention , the present invention comprises a hollow inner housing 20 , a first outer housing 40 located on an outer circumference of an upper portion of the inner housing 20 and a second outer housing 60 fixed to an outer circumference of a lower portion of the inner housing 20 . the present invention further comprises a power transmission part 30 fixed in the inner housing 20 , a head part 10 fixed to an upper portion of the first outer housing 40 and a moving part 50 received slidably in the second outer housing 60 . the first an outer housing 40 located on outer circumference of the inner housing 20 can be moved upwardly or downwardly along the inner housing 20 . on an inner circumference of lower end of the first outer housing 40 , a protrusion 40a is formed inwardly , and a protrusion 20a is formed outwardly on an outer circumference of upper end of the inner housing 20 . thus , although the first outer housing 40 is removed excessively upward , the first outer housing 40 can not be separated from the inner housing 20 . the power transmission part 30 is fixed to an inside of the inner housing 20 , and a detailed structure of the power transmission part 30 is shown in fig1 a and fig1 b . the power transmission part 30 comprises a body 31 and a pinion 32 mounted in the body 31 . a pinion receiving channel 32a is formed at a lower portion of the body 31 and the pinion 32 is mounted rotatably in the pinion receiving channel 32a by a pin 32b . on the other hand , first and second grooves 31a and 31b are formed at opposite sides of the body 31 along the whole height . the first and second grooves 31a and 31b are corresponded to both ends of the pinion receiving channel 32a , both sides of the pinion 32 mounted in the pinion receiving channel 32a are thus exposed through the first and second grooves 31a and 31b as shown in fig1 b . the head part 10 fixed to the upper end of the first outer housing 40 comprises a head 11 and a rack 12 fixed to the head 11 . when the first outer housing 40 to which the head part 10 is fixed is combined with the inner housing 20 , the rack 12 is located in the first outer housing 40 and received in the first groove 31a formed at a side of body 31 of the power transmission part 30 . in the first groove 31a , the rack 12 of the head part 10 is meshed with the pinion 32 received in the pinion receiving channel 32a . the second outer housing 60 in which the moving part 50 is received is fixed to the lower end of the inner housing 20 . the moving part 50 is consisted of a brush fixture 51 to which a brush 53 is fixed and a rack 52 fixed to top end of the brush fixture 51 . when the second outer housing 60 in which a moving part 50 is received is fixed to an outer circumference of a lower end of the inner housing 20 , the rack 52 is received in the second groove 31b formed at another side of body 31 of the power transmission part 30 . in the second groove 31b , the rack 52 of the moving part 50 is meshed with the pinion 32 received in the pinion receiving channel 32a . fig2 is a sectional view for illustrating a state before use of the first embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig1 a and fig2 the rack 12 fixed to the head 11 of the head part 10 and the rack 52 fixed to the brush fixture 51 of the moving part 50 are meshed with both sides of the pinion 32 , respectively . therefore , when the pinion 32 is rotated , the rack 12 of the head part 10 and the rack 52 of the moving par , 50 are moved in opposite directions from each other . also , since the rack 12 of the head part 10 and the rack 52 of the moving part 50 are received in the first and second grooves 31a and 31b , respectively , it is possible to make linear movement of the racks 12 and 52 without deviation from the pinion 32 . operation of the first embodiment having a structure as described above will be described with reference to fig1 fig2 fig3 and fig4 . fig3 is a sectional view for illustrating a state in use of the first embodiment of the present invention and fig4 is a detailed sectional view of &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; portion in fig3 . for convenience , the body of the power transmission part is not shown in fig2 fig3 and fig4 . after combining the first outer housing 40 to which the head part 10 is fixed , the inner housing 20 in which the power transmission part 30 is received and the second outer housing 60 in which the moving part 50 is received , the head 11 of the head section 10 is pulled up to upward ( based on fig2 ), the first outer housing 40 is then moved upward along the inner housing 20 . meanwhile , as described above , on an inner circumference of lower end of the first outer housing 40 , the protrusion 40a is formed inwardly , and the protrusion 20a is formed outwardly on an outer circumference of upper end of the inner housing 20 . if the first outer housing 40 is moved excessively to upward , the first outer housing 40 can not be separated from the inner housing 20 due to a contact of the protrusion 40a of the first outer housing 40 with the protrusion 20a of the inner housing 20 . when the rack 12 fixed on the head 11 is moved upwardly , the pinion 32 meshed with the rack 12 is rotated about the pin 32b in direction indicated by an arrow 4a in fig4 . therefore , the rack 52 of the moving part 50 , which is meshed with the pinion 32 at opposite side to the rack gear 12 of the head part 10 , is moved in downwardly ( that is , opposite direction to the rack 12 of the head part 10 ). accordingly , the moving part 50 is moved to downward in the second outer housing 60 , and some portion of the brush fixture 51 and the brush 53 of the moving part 50 are exposed to outside of the second outer housing 60 . such operation is performed before engagement between the pinion 32 and the racks 12 and 52 is released . in fig3 a moving distance of each of the racks 12 and or 52 from an initial position of fig2 to a final position of fig3 is indicated as d1 . as shown in fig3 after such operation is completed , a length of the applicator is increased as much as feeding distances of the racks 12 and 52 , that is , a length of the applicator is further increased as much as the length 2d1 which is a moving distance d1 of the first outer housing 40 added to the exposed length d1 of the brush fixture 51 and the brush 52 of the moving part 50 . after using the applicator , the head 11 of the head part 10 is pushed - down ( based on fig3 ) to receive the exposed brush fixture 51 and the brush 53 in the second outer housing 60 , therefore , the first outer housing 40 is moved downwardly along the inner housing 20 and the rack 12 fixed to the head 11 is moved to downward . therefore , the pinion 32 meshed with the rack 12 is rotated to a direction indicated by the arrow 4b in fig4 . as a result , the rack 52 of the moving part 50 , meshed with the pinion gear 32 , is moved to upward , that is , to the opposite direction to the rack 12 on the head section 10 , and the exposed brush fixture 51 and the brush 52 are received in the second outer housing 60 . fig5 is a sectional view for illustrating a state before use the second embodiment of the present invention , fig6 is a sectional view for illustrating a state in use of the second embodiment of the present invention and fig7 is a detailed sectional view of &# 34 ; b &# 34 ; portion in fig6 . the most important characteristic of the second embodiment is structure of a power transmission part 300 . the power transmission part 300 comprises a body ( 31 as shown in fig1 a ,) and three pinions 301 , 302 and 303 mounted in the pinion receiving channel ( 32a as shown in fig1 b ). the first , second and third pinions 301 , 302 and 303 are mounted rotatably in the pinion receiving channel by the pins ( not shown ) and meshed with from each other . therefore , the first and third pinions 301 and 303 are rotated in same direction as shown in fig7 also , a diameter of each of the first and third pinions 301 and 303 is longer than that of the second pinion 302 located between the first and third pinions 301 and 303 . in combining the first outer housing 40 to which the head part 10 is fixed , the inner housing 20 in which the power transmission part 300 is received and the second outer housing 60 in which the moving part 50 is received , as shown in fig5 the rack 12 fixed to the head 11 and received in the first groove ( 31a of the body 31 as shown in fig1 a ) are meshed with the first pinion 301 as upper pinion and the third pinion 303 as a lower pinion , simultaneously . also , the rack 52 fixed to the brush fixture 51 and received in the second groove ( 31b of the body 31 as shown in fig1 a ) opposite to the first groove ( 31a of fig1 a ) are meshed with the first pinion 301 and the third pinion 303 , simultaneously . the second pinion 302 is not meshed with the racks 12 and 51 , and is rotated in response to the rotation of the first and third pinions 301 or 303 . although the only three pinions 301 , 302 and 303 are shown and described in fig5 fig6 and fig7 the number of the pinions may be at least 3 ( three ) and should be odd so that the upper - most pinion and lower - most pinion are rotated in same direction . also , a diameter of upper - most and lower most pinions is longer than those of the pinions located between the upper - most and lower most pinions . operation of the second embodiment having a structure as described above will be described with reference to fig5 fig6 and fig7 . after combing the first outer housing 40 to which the head part 10 is fixed , the inner housing 20 in which the power transmission part 300 is received , and the second outer housing 60 in which the moving part 50 is received , the head 11 of the head section 10 is pulled up to upward ( based on fig5 ), the first outer housing 40 is then moved upward along the inner housing 20 . when the rack 12 fixed to the head 11 is moved upwardly , the first and third pinions 301 and 303 meshed with the rack 12 are rotated in same direction indicated by an arrow e in fig7 . therefore , the rack 52 of the moving part 50 , which is meshed with the first and third pinions 301 and 303 at an opposite side of the rack 12 of the head part 10 , is moved downwardly ( that is , opposite direction to the rack 12 of the head part 10 ). accordingly , the moving part 50 is moved to downward in the second outer housing 60 , and some portion of the brush fixture 51 and the brush 53 of the moving part 50 are exposed to outside of the second outer housing 60 . meanwhile , as shown in fig6 even though an engagement between the rack 12 and the third ( lower - most ) pinion 303 is released , an engagement between the rack 12 and the first ( upper - most ) pinion 301 maintains . also , even if an engagement between the rack 52 and the first ( upper - most ) pinion 301 is released , an engagerrient between the rack 52 and the third ( lower - most ) pinion 303 maintains . therefor , although the engagement between the rack 12 and the third pinion 303 and the engagement between the rack 52 and the first pinion 301 are released , if the rack 12 of the head part 10 is moved continuously upward , the first pinion 301 is rotated continuously . the second pinion 302 is rotated in response to a rotation of the first pinion 301 and the third pinion 303 is rotated in response to a rotation of the second pinion 302 . consequently , the movement of the moving part 50 is performed after engagement between the third pinion 303 and the rack 12 of the head part 10 and after engagement between the first pinion 301 and the rack 52 of the moving part 50 are released . in fig6 a moving distance of each of the racks 12 and 52 from an initial position of fig5 to a final position of fig6 is indicated as d2 . as shown in fig6 after such operation is completed , a length of the pencil is increased as much as moving distances of the racks 12 and 52 , that is , a length of the pencil is increased as much as the length 2d2 which is a moving distance d2 of the first outer housing 40 added to the exposed length d2 of the brush fixture 51 and the brush 53 of the moving part 50 . after using the applicator , the head 11 of the head part 10 is pushed - down ( based on fig6 ) to receive the exposed brush fixture 51 and the brush 53 in the second outer housing 60 , the first outer housing 40 is moved downwardly along the inner housing 20 and the rack 12 fixed to the head 11 is moved to downward . therefore , the first pinion 301 meshed with the rack 12 is rotated to a direction indicated by the arrow f in fig7 . as a result , the second pinion 302 is rotated in opposite direction to rotation direction of the first pinion 301 and the third pinion 303 is rotated in same direction with the first pinion 301 . the rack 52 of the moving part 50 , which is meshed with the third pinion 303 , is moved to upward , that is , to the opposite direction to the rack 12 of the head section 10 , and the exposed brush fixture 51 and the brush 55 are received in the second outer housing 60 . ( a reference numeral 51a not mentioned is groove formed on the brush fixture 51 to receive a lower portion of the rack 12 of the head part 10 at initial position of fig5 ) if the same racks 12 and 52 used in the first embodiment are used in the second embodiment , the exposed length d2 of the moving part 50 can be maximized by the plurality of pinions 301 , 302 and 303 . that is , the racks 12 and 52 must be meshed with the pinion 32 continuously in the first embodiment . however , in the second embodiment , the moving part 50 can be moved downward before engagement between the third pinion 303 and the rack 12 of the head part 10 and before engagement between the first pinion 301 and the rack 52 of the moving part 50 therefore , the maximum moving distance of the moving part 50 is increased relatively . as a result , the entire length of pencil in the second embodiment in use is longer than that of the pencil in first embodiment in use . fig8 is a view to for illustrating members used in the third embodiment of the present invention , fig9 is a sectional view for illustrating a state before use of the third embodiment of the present invention , fig1 is an enlarged view of &# 34 ; c &# 34 ; portion in fig9 and fig1 is a sectional view for illustrating a state in use of the third embodiment of the present invention . the third embodiment of the present invention also comprises a hollow inner housing 20 , a first outer housing 40 located on an outer circumference of upper portion of the inner housing 20 and a second outer housing 60 fixed to a circumference of lower portion of the inner housing 20 , a head part 10 fixed to an upper portion of the first outer housing 40 and a moving part 50 received slidably in the second outer housing 60 . the first outer housing 40 located on outer circumference of the inner housing 20 can be moved upwardly or downwardly along the inner housing 20 . on an inner circumference of lower end of the first outer housing 40 , a protrusion 40a is formed inwardly , and a protrusion 20a is formed outwardly on an outer circumference of upper end of the inner housing 20 . thus , although the first outer housing 40 is moved excessively to upward , the first outer housing 40 can not be separated from the inner housing 20 . the most important characteristic of the third embodiment is structure of a power transmission part 400 located in the inner housing 20 . the power transmission part 400 comprises an upper and lower rollers 401 and 402 mounted in the inner housing . each of the rollers 401 and 402 can be rotated about each of pins 401a , and 402a , respectively . both ends of the pins 401a and 402a are fixed to the inner housing 20 and both pins 401a and 402a are spaced from each other . the power transmission part 400 further comprises a belt 403 of which a first and second protrusions 403a and 403b are formed on outer surface . the first and second protrusions 403a and 403b are opposite from each other . the upper and lower rollers 401 and 402 are connected by the belt 403 . the head part 10 fixed to the upper end of the first outer housing 40 comprises a head 11 and a rod 102 fixed to a lower end of the head 11 . when the first outer housing 40 to which the head part 10 is fixed is combined with the inner housing 20 , the rod 102 is received in the first outer housing 40 . a recess 102a is formed at a side of lower portion of the rod 102a . the second outer housing 60 in which the moving part 50 is received is fixed to the lower portion of the inner housing 20 . the moving part 50 is consisted of a brush fixture 51 and a brush 53 fixed to the lower end of the brush fixture 51 . a rod 502 is fixed to top end of the brush fixture 51 . a recess 502b is formed at a side of upper portion of the rod 502 . when the first outer housing 40 to which the head part 10 is fixed , and the inner housing 20 in which the power transmission part 400 is mounted and the second outer housing 60 in which the moving part 50 is received is are assembled as shown in fig9 the recess 102a of the rod 102 of the head part 10 receives the first protrusion 403a of the belt 403 and the recess 502b of the rod 502 of the moving part 10 receives the second protrusion 403b of the belt 403 . to draw - out the brush 53 of the moving part 50 from the second outer housing 60 , the head 11 is pulled - up as shown in fig9 and the rod 12 is then moved upwardly . since the first protrusion 403a formed on the belt 403 is received in the recess 102a of the rod 102 , the belt 403 is moved in direction indicated by an arrow i in fig1 in response to the movement of the rod 102 . therefore , the rod 502 of the moving part 50 is moved downwardly by the movement of the belt 403 since the recess 502b of the moving part 50 receives the second protrusion 403b formed on the belt 403 . as a result , the moving part 50 is moved downwardly in the second outer housing 60 and the brish 53 is exposed to outside of the second outer housing 60 as shown in fig1 . meanwhile , at initial position , that is , the first outer housing 40 and the second outer housing 60 are contacted from each other on the inner housing 20 as shown in fig9 the first protrusion 403a received in the recess 102a of the rod 102 is adjacent to the lower roller 402 and the second protrusion 403b received in the recess 502b of the rod 502 is adjacent to the upper roller 401 . therefore , a moving distance of the head part 10 and the moving part 50 can be maximized when a distance between the upper and lower rollers 401 and 402 is limited . although the rods 102 and 502 have the only one recess , respectively , and the belt 403 has the two protrusion 403a and 403b received in the recesses 102a and 502b , respectively , however , the number of the protrusion and recess is not limited . to transmit a power applied to the head 11 to the moving part 50 exactly , a plurality of recesses are formed on surface of the rods 102 and 502 at regular interval and a plurality of protrusions , which will be received in the recesses one by one , are formed on outer surface of the belt 403 at regular interval such as a timing belt . as shown in fig1 , after a drawn - out operation is completed as described above , an entire length of the pencil is further increased as much as twice of a maximum moving distance d1 ( distance between the pins 401a and 402a ) of the each protrusion 403a and 403b , that is , a length 2d1 which is a moving distance d1 of the first outer housing 40 added an exposed length d1 of the brush 53 of the moving part 50 . to receive the exposed brush 53 into the second outer housing 60 after the applicator is used , the head 11 of the head part 10 is pushed down , the first outer housing 40 is then moved downwardly along the inner housing 20 . at same time , the first protrusion 403a received in the recess 102a of the rod 102 is moved downwardly , therefore , the belt 403 is fed in a direction by arrow j of fig1 . as a result , the rod 502 whose the recess 502b receives the second protrusion 403b of the belt 403 is moved to upward and the moving part 50 is moved upwardly so that the exposed brush 53 is received in the second outer housing 60 . fig1 is a sectional view taken along line d -- d of fig1 and shows the belt 403 wrapped on the upper roller 401 which is mounted rotatably in the inner housing 20 by the pin 401a . also , fig1 shows the relation between the rod 102 of the head part 10 and the belt 403 and between the rod 502 of the moving part 50 and the belt 403 . in the present invention as described above , the brush is exposed to outside of the outer housing and an entire length of the applicator is increased by a pulling the head simply . also , the exposed brush is received in the outer housing and an entire length of the applicator is decreased by a pushing the head simply so that user can achieve the convenience for using the applicator . the above embodiments take example by a applicator for makeup , but may apply to writing tools such as ballpoint pens , of course . the foregoing description , although described in its preferred embodiments with a certain degree of particularity , is only illustrative of the principle of the present invention . it is to be understood that the present invention is not to be limited to the preferred embodiments disclosed and illustrated herein . accordingly , all expedient variations that may be made within the scope and spirit of the present invention are to be encompassed as further embodiments of the present invention .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

the present invention is directed to devices and methods for treatment of a patient &# 39 ; s body cavity , particularly to deliver asymmetrical radiation into a body cavity such as a cavity left after removal of tissue from the site . while the detailed description is directed to a device configured for treating a patient &# 39 ; breast after tissue removal such as in a lumpectomy , other body sites may also be treated with the device . fig1 - 8 illustrate a brachytherapy catheter device 10 embodying features of the invention which has an elongated shaft 11 , a distal tip 12 , a treatment location 13 in a distal shaft portion 14 proximal to the distal tip . the device 10 has a balloon 15 on the distal shaft portion 14 which surrounds the treatment location 13 . a hub 16 is mounted on the proximal end of the shaft 11 which has an inflation line 17 with leur connection 18 , a vacuum line 19 with a leur connection 20 and four outer delivery tubes 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 for delivery of a radiation source through the lumens thereof to the treatment location 13 off set from a centrally location longitudinal axis 25 to provide asymmetrical radiation of tissue surrounding the balloon 15 . the leur connections 18 and 20 are provided with threaded caps 26 and 27 respectively to close off the connections . each of the delivery tubes has a removable cap 28 , 29 , 30 , and 31 respectively to close of the delivery tubes until use . a centrally located delivery tube 32 is provided for radiation source delivery along the central longitudinal axis within the treatment location which also has a removable cap 33 . the hub 16 has a ridge 34 which is aligned with marker line 35 to provide the physician or other professional the orientation of the treatment location 13 . the elongated shaft 11 may also be provided with depth markings to help in the placement of the balloon 15 within the cavity . as shown best in fig2 , the elongated shaft 11 has eight lumens , four lumens 36 , 37 , 38 and 39 equally spaced about the longitudinal axis 25 for radiation source delivery as described above and four equally spaced additional lumens 40 , 41 , 42 and 43 , lumen 40 for vacuum application and lumen 42 for inflation fluid delivery to the interior of balloon 15 . lumens 41 and 44 are not used in this embodiment , but may be used for a variety of functions . a proximal vacuum port 44 is provided in fluid communication with lumen 40 and distal vacuum port 45 ( shown best in fig5 and 7 - 8 ) is provided in the distal tip 12 which is in fluid communication with lumen 40 through the annular space 46 between the central delivery tube 32 and center lumen 47 of support member 48 shown in fig2 - 4 . the support member 48 , which is best shown in fig6 . as shown in fig1 , 3 and 4 , the distal shaft portion 14 is split into four separate longitudinal wall segments 49 , 50 , 51 and 52 , with each wall segment having one of the radiation source lumens 36 - 39 and being disposed within one of the recesses 53 - 56 in the exterior surface of support member 48 . recesses 55 - 56 are not shown in fig6 but are on the opposite side of support member 48 . the longitudinal wall segments 49 - 52 are slit through the lumens 40 - 43 as best shown in fig3 - 5 . lumens 40 - 43 are plugged off proximal to the split of the wall segments 49 - 52 . this wall segment structure facilitates the manufacture of the catheter . the elongated shaft may be extruded with all eight lumens 36 - 43 in place and the distal shaft portion 14 is segmented by cutting through lumens 40 - 43 by a cutting blade or other suitable cutting element . the support member 48 may be slid over the central delivery tube 32 with the proximal end of the support member secured within the central lumen of the shaft 11 . the free ends of the slit wall segments 49 - 52 are secured to the distal end of the support member 48 . the balloon 15 may then be secured to the shaft 11 with wound sutures 57 and 58 further securing the ends of the balloon to the shaft . the outer delivery tubes 21 - 24 may extend through lumens 36 - 39 to the distal ends of the wall segments 49 - 52 . inflation line 17 and vacuum line 19 may likewise extend through lumens 40 and 41 to a location ( not shown ) proximal to the split of the wall segments 49 - 52 . as best shown in fig5 , 7 and 8 , the distal tip 12 has the distal vacuum port 45 which is in fluid communication with the annular space 46 between central delivery tube 32 and lumen 47 of support member 48 . the distal tip 12 is provided with outer source lumen plugs 60 - 63 for plugging lumens 36 - 39 and center source lumen plug 64 for plugging the distal end of central tube 32 . the brachytherapy catheter device 10 is readily manufactured . the elongated shaft 11 is extruded , preferably with the lumens 36 - 43 within the wall and the central lumen 46 . the distal shaft portion 14 is cut by a suitable cutting member such as a razor or knife like member to form the plurality of separated longitudinal wall segments 49 - 52 . the support member 48 is preferably machined from an extruded tubular polymeric product to form the recesses 53 - 56 and overall shape and centrally placed within the separated longitudinal wall segments . a tubular member 32 is positioned within the inner lumen of the elongated shaft 11 and may continue to the distal end of the shaft through the inner lumen of the support member 48 . the distal tip 12 is secured to the distal end of the shaft 11 and support member 48 with plug members 60 - 63 inserted into the lumens within the wall segments 49 - 52 and central plug member 64 within the lumen of the centrally disposed tubular member 32 . the distal tip 12 is preferably preformed with the vacuum ports 45 . the distal ends of the separated longitudinal wall segments are secured to the distal end of the device , preferably to the distal end of the support member . the balloon 15 is mounted about the wall segments 49 - 52 and support member 48 with the distal end of the balloon secured to the distal end of the wall segments and support member and the proximal end of the balloon is secured to the elongated shaft proximal to the separated longitudinal wall segments . preferably , strands or sutures are wrapped around each of the mounted ends of the balloon 15 to provide further support to the ends . the proximal end of the device 10 is similar to the brachytherapy devices previously described in copending application ser . nos . 11 / 593 , 784 and 11 / 593 , 789 previously referred to herein . a body cavity within a patient may be treated with the device 10 by inserting the distal shaft portion 13 into the desired body cavity , inflating the balloon 15 with inflation fluid to secure the device within the patient and applying a vacuum to either the distal or proximal vacuum ports or both to conform the tissue lining the cavity to the exterior of balloon 15 . a radiation source is advanced through one or more of the source delivery lumens until the radiation source is properly positioned within the treatment location 13 ( or prepositioned therein ). the radiation source ( not shown ) is maintained at the treatment location 13 for a prescribe period of time , usually less than 30 minutes and typically a few ( 5 - 10 ) minutes . the radiation source may be placed at several places within the treatment location with in one or multiple source lumens . at the end of the treatment time , the radiation source may be removed from device 10 or the entire device may be withdrawn from the patient . preferably , the device is left in place so that further radiation treatments may be performed . the radiation source for the brachytherapy device 10 can include a solid , liquid or slurried radiation source . suitable liquid radiation sources include , for example , a liquid containing a radioactive iodine isotope ( e . g ., i 125 or i 131 ), a slurry of a solid isotope , for example , 198 au or 169 yb , or a gel containing a radioactive isotope . liquid radiation sources are also commercially available ( e . g ., iotrex ®, proxima therapeutics , inc ., alpharetta , ga .). the solid radiation source may be a radioactive microsphere available from 3m company of st . paul , minn . a micro miniature x - ray source may also be utilized . the radiation source may be either preloaded into the device 10 at the time of manufacture or may be loaded into the device 10 before or after placement into a body cavity or other site of a patient . solid radionuclides suitable for use with a device 10 embodying features of the present invention are currently generally available as brachytherapy radiation sources ( e . g ., i - plant ™ med - tec , orange city , iowa .). radiation may also be delivered by a device such as the x - ray tube of u . s . pat . no . 6 , 319 , 188 . the x - ray tubes are small , flexible and are believed to be capable of being maneuverable enough to reach the desired location within a patient &# 39 ; s body . the source delivery lumens of brachytherapy device 10 having features of the invention can be provided with a lubricious coating , such as a hydrophilic material . the lubricious coating preferably is applied to the elongate shaft 12 or to the cavity filling member , if one is present or both to reduce sticking and friction during insertion of a device 10 . hydrophilic coatings such as those provided by ast , surmodics , tua systems , hydromer , or sts biopolymers are suitable . a device 10 having features of the invention may also include an antimicrobial coating that covers all or a portion of the device 10 to minimize the risk of introducing of an infection during extended treatments . the antimicrobial coating preferably is comprised of silver ions impregnated into a hydrophilic carrier . alternatively the silver ions are implanted onto the surface of the device 10 by ion beam deposition . the antimicrobial coating preferably is comprised of an antiseptic or disinfectant such as chlorhexadiene , benzyl chloride or other suitable biocompatible antimicrobial materials impregnated into hydrophilic coatings . antimicrobial coatings such as those provided by spire , ast , algon , surfacine , ion fusion , or bacterin international would be suitable . alternatively a cuff member covered with the antimicrobial coating is provided on the elongated shaft of the delivery device 10 at the point where the device 10 enters the skin . fig9 illustrates a modified support member 48 which is provided with a heating coil 70 to raise the temperature of tissue in the cavity lining either simultaneously with or sequentially to irradiation of the cavity lining as previously described . while fig9 depicts a heating 70 on one raised portion of the support member 48 , a heating element may be provided on a plurality of raised portions of the support member . preferably , the heating coils are powered by rf energy and are connected to a suitable high frequency generator . voltage , current , frequency and duty factor may be adjusted to provide a suitable thermal treatment to tissue lining the cavity to augment the irradiation thereof . other means may include heating the inflation fluid within the balloon 15 . the heating of the inflation fluid may be exterior to the device 10 . while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described herein , it will be apparent that various modifications and improvements can be made to the invention . additional details of the brachytherapy catheter devices may be found in the patents and applications incorporated herein . to the extent not otherwise disclosed herein , materials and structure may be of conventional design . moreover , individual features of embodiments of the invention may be shown in some drawings and not in others , but those skilled in the art will recognize that individual features of one embodiment of the invention can be combined with any or all the features of another embodiment . accordingly , it is not intended that the invention be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated . it is therefore intended that this invention be defined by the scope of the appended claims as broadly as the prior art will permit . terms such as “ element ”, “ member ”, “ component ”, “ device ”, “ means ”, “ portion ”, “ section ”, “ steps ” and words of similar import when used herein shall not be construed as invoking the provisions of 35 u . s . c § 112 ( 6 ) unless the following claims expressly use the terms “ means for ” or “ step for ” followed by a particular function without reference to a specific structure or a specific action . all patents and all patent applications referred to above are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety .

0Human Necessities

referring now to fig1 and 2 , a diatonic harmonica 2 is shown including a body or “ comb ” depicted generally at 10 . the comb 10 is preferably fabricated of a wood , resinous plastic or metal material . the comb 10 is sandwiched between two reed plates 11 , 12 which include a blow reed plate shown generally at 11 - and a draw reed plate shown generally at 12 . the plates 11 , 12 are further sandwiched within a housing comprising an upper cover 13 and a mating cover 14 . the plates 11 , 12 are preferably composed of brass or another similar material suitable for use in a harmonica . it can be appreciated that the harmonica 2 can be assembled by use of conventional mechanical fasteners such as screws , bolts and the like . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the blow reed plate 11 contains a plurality of blow reed slots 30 - 39 , that each accommodate a blow reed such as reed 15 ( shown slightly flexed ) in each blow reed slot , such as slot 30 . the blow reeds 15 are mounted on the blow reed plate 11 such that when the blow reed plate 11 is positioned next to the comb 10 during assembly , the blow reeds 15 seat inside the cells such as cell 17 formed within the comb 10 . these cells 17 allow air passage into and out of the harmonica 2 by the actions of blowing and drawing , respectively . referring again to fig1 and 2 , the draw reed plate 12 has within it a series of draw reed slots , 40 - 49 , each including a draw reed such as draw reed 20 therein . the draw reeds 20 are mounted on the outside of the draw reed plate 12 relative to the comb 10 . the draw reeds 20 naturally vibrate when the harmonica player draws air out of the harmonica . each blow reed 15 , such as the blow reed 15 in position 30 , has a corresponding draw reed 20 , such as the draw reed 20 in position 40 , positioned substantially opposite the blow reed 15 , such that the matched pair of reeds 15 , 20 share a common cell 17 . during harmonica play , each cell 17 communicates with a blow reed 15 and a draw reed 20 as a matched pair of reeds 15 , 20 . referring again to fig1 and 2 , the draw reeds 20 in positions 40 - 49 normally sound only when air is drawn out of the harmonica 2 . this is how the diatonic harmonica 2 is designed to operate during normal play . however , it has been established that during certain procedures , known as “ bends ,” “ overblows ,” and “ overdraws ,” wherein the resonance of the vocal tract is critically altered , both the draw reeds 20 and the blow reeds 15 can be caused to vibrate sympathetically . referring again to fig1 and 2 , reeds 15 and 20 are normally attached by a rivet or another suitable mechanical fastener to the reed plates 11 , 12 so that each reed , in its detent or resting position , is in a substantially parallel position with respect to the reed plate but is also substantially outside respective reed slots , 30 and 40 . in normal functioning of the harmonica 2 , the reeds are caused to vibrate by positive or negative air pressure applied to the cells 17 by the player . during a blowing action , the blow reed 15 is caused to close while draw reed 20 is caused to open . the closing action of the blow reed 15 normally results in a sustained oscillation due to the inverse relationship between the air pressure and the aerodynamic resistance across the reed slot 30 . that is , additional instantaneous air pressure causes the reed 15 to close further , thereby decreasing the clearance between the reed 15 and the blow reed plate 11 , and thereby increasing the aerodynamic drag . this , in turn , causes a reduction of airflow that inevitably allows the normal elasticity of the reed 15 to reopen the slot 30 . by contrast , the draw reed 20 is moved to an open position during a blowing operation , thereby decreasing its aerodynamic resistance . as such , the draw reed 20 does not support oscillation , but instead accounts for unwanted loss of air pressure . likewise , when the player draws through passage 17 , the roles of the reeds are reversed . under certain situations , both reeds can be caused to oscillate . this generally occurs when the player is drawing through the first six cells 21 - 26 of the harmonica 2 or blowing through the last four cells 27 - 30 of the harmonica . in each of these situations , the opening reed is tuned to a frequency lower than the closing reed in the shared , corresponding cell , such as cell 17 for the reeds 15 , 20 . likewise , during a draw bend or blow bend procedure , the vibration of the lower - pitched opening reed increases while the vibration of the closing reed decreases . referring now to fig3 through 5 , a reed plate 52 is shown having a reed 54 attached thereto such as by a mechanical fastener or rivet 56 . in a closed position 55 of the reed 54 as it vibrates in position over the slot 58 formed in the reed plate 52 , lateral gaps 60 , 62 are formed between the reed 54 and the reed plate 52 . during harmonica play , these gaps 60 , 62 disadvantageously permit air to escape or enter the slot 58 between the reed 54 and the reed plate 52 . as shown more particularly in fig6 and 7 , during harmonica play air flow can pass through lateral gaps 60 , 62 during a closing action or by relative motion of the reed 54 in the direction of the slot 58 of the reed plate 52 ( as shown in fig6 ). the closing action of the reed 54 is caused by the negative air pressure − ap . in addition , the air flow can pass through lateral gaps 60 , 62 during an opening action or by relative movement of the reed 54 away from the reed plate 52 and the slot 58 ( as shown in fig7 ). the opening action of the reed 54 is caused by the positive air pressure + ap . referring now to fig8 through 12 , the harmonica of the present invention includes a reed comb 72 having a plurality of integrally formed reeds such as reeds 74 , 76 , 78 extending from a common bridge 80 . the reed comb 72 is adapted to be received and connected by mechanical attachment such as by rivet 82 onto a reed plate 84 having a plurality of reed slots such as reed slot 79 formed therein . the reed plate 84 has a first portion 86 positioned within a first plane 88 and a second portion 90 extending through a second plane 92 . the first plane 88 is substantially parallel to the second plane 92 as shown . the second portion 90 of the reed plate 84 also has a stepped portion 91 on a surface of the first portion 86 of the reed plate 84 . the root 77 of the reed 76 rests on this stepped portion 91 and is mechanically connected as previously discussed to the reed plate 84 by the rivet 82 . a counterbore 96 is formed within the second portion 90 of the reed plate 84 . it is therefore the function of the stepped portion 91 to permit substantial encasement of the reed 76 within the reed slot 79 . the counterbores 96 , 98 can extend distances 100 , 102 , respectively beyond the tips 104 , 106 of the reeds 76 , 74 . it can be appreciated that the reed plates and reed combs can be fabricated in any of several ways including conventional milling , die stamping , electron discharge machining , laser cutting , electroforming or photo - etching to promote reed dimensions and alignment relative to the common bridge . furthermore , an integrally formed and single - piece reed comb is relatively easier to assemble to the reed plate than a conventional harmonica design typically wherein ten individual reeds are assembled to a reed plate . in addition , in the harmonica of the present invention , the rotational alignment of the reed with respect to the reed comb is assured by the integral association of the reeds with the common bridge of the reed comb . this invention therefore features a novel configuration of reeds within the reed slots of a given reed plate . unlike the stacked arrangement of reeds on top of a conventional reed plate slot , the reeds of this invention are situated partially or substantially within a counterbore . the counterbore proves a small clearance at the tip of the reed near the second portion of the reed plate . however the flanks of the reed are positioned substantially within the slot of the reed plate when the reed moves toward the reed plate slot during play . this structure thereby substantially interrupts the leakage of air characterized by conventional harmonica play . this interruption of airflow also reduces the edge tones responsible for undesirable whistling and squealing while playing a harmonica . the reeds of the present invention are composed of a material selected from the group of elastic metals including phosphor bronze , beryllium copper , brass , and nickel - titanium alloy . nickel - titanium alloy is characterized by relatively high elasticity and durability , and is therefore a preferred material for the reeds of the present invention . this alloy also addresses the problems associated with relatively softer materials , namely the problem of detuning of the harmonica due to strain hardening and fatigue . in addition , a material that is too yielding can result in dislocation of harmonica components such as the reeds . it should be appreciated that although the embodiment of the present invention depicted in fig8 through 12 shows a reed plate having material removed near the tip and near the base of the reed , substantially similar properties can be achieved if material is added along the flanks of the reeds . referring now to fig1 a , 13b and 13 c , it is shown that material can be removed from the area adjacent to the root 107 of the reed 108 . material can also be removed from the reed plate in the vicinity of the tip 109 of the reed 108 . as shown in fig1 b , material 110 can be positioned adjacent to the reed 108 to resist leakage of air between the reed plate and the flanks of the reed 108 during harmonica play . material removed from the vicinity of the tip 109 of the reed 108 can form a substantially ramped surface , as shown in fig1 c . referring now to fig1 , the reed plate 112 of the present invention can include two stepped portions 114 , 116 in conjunction with assembly of a reed comb 118 with the reed plate 112 . the stepped portion 116 extends along substantially the entire length of the reed plate 112 . in the form of the invention shown , a plurality of recesses such as recesses 120 , 122 , 124 are also formed in the reed plate 112 . referring now to fig1 , in another embodiment of the present invention , the reeds 125 , 126 , 127 are formed integrally with the reed plate 128 of the harmonica by cutting along three sides 129 , 130 , 131 of the perimeter of each reed . this permits each reed to cantilever from the fourth , uncut side 132 of each reed when the reed vibrates during harmonica play . referring now to fig1 through 19 , fig1 shows an aspect of the present invention wherein the recess 142 at the tip 144 of the reed 146 positioned in the slot 148 of the reed plate 150 is a substantially circular counterbore . fig1 shows an aspect wherein the recess 152 at the tip 154 of the reed 156 is a rectangular counterbore located primarily forward of the tip 154 of the reed 156 on the reed plate 150 . fig1 shows an aspect wherein the recess 162 at the tip 164 of the reed 166 is a rectangular counterbore located primarily behind the tip 164 of the reed 166 on the reed plate 150 . fig1 shows an aspect wherein the recess 172 at the tip 174 of the reed 176 is a rectangular counterbore located both in front of the tip 174 of the reed 176 a distance l 1 and behind the tip 174 of the reed 176 a distance l 2 . referring now to fig2 and 21 , the acoustic performance of reeds in a harmonica can be characterized by their acoustic admittance , defined as the first derivative of acoustic flow with respect to pressure . this is typically a complex quantity , containing a real part and an imaginary part . vibration theory prescribes that when the real part of the complex admittance is negative , the reed exhibits sustained vibration . when plotted as a function of frequency and pressure , the typical response of a pair of reeds such as those found in a harmonica is shown as a solid - line plotted in fig2 and 21 . [ 0078 ] fig2 depicts the admittance of a reed pair wherein the higher - pitched reed is operating as a closing reed and the lower - pitched reed is operating in its opening mode . for example , this admittance is provided when a harmonica player is drawing holes 1 to 6 or blowing holes 7 to 10 of a standard 10 - hole diatonic harmonica . the fundamental frequencies of the lower - pitched reed and the higher - pitched reed are shown as f lp and f hp , respectively . [ 0079 ] fig2 depicts the admittance of a reed pair wherein the lower - pitched reed is operating as a closing reed and the higher - pitched reed is operating in its opening mode . this admittance characteristic is provided when the player is blowing through holes 1 to 6 or drawing through holes 7 to 10 of the 10 - hole diatonic harmonica . the second “ dip ” seen in fig2 corresponds to the overblow or overdraw note which is distinct from the respective blow and draw notes . in the context of fig2 and 21 , an object of the present invention is to increase the range ( bandwidth ) of the unstable frequencies and to increase the range of acoustic admittance for which the reed is unstable . this , in turn , enlarges the range of oral geometries that a player may achieve a desired tone . it can also have the effect of lowering the pressure at which instability occurs . this is shown more particularly by the dashed curves in fig2 and 21 . these acoustic admittance curves of reed pairs are adapted and shown herein for illustrative purposes from johnston , r . b ., “ pitch control in harmonica playing ,” acoust . aust . 15 ( 3 ), 69 - 75 ( 1987 ). referring now to fig2 , in another embodiment of the present invention , a cross - section of a reed 202 of the present invention is shown partially positioned within its respective reed slot 204 in a reed plate 205 . the radii 206 , 208 , 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 are provided along the reed 202 and the upper and lower portions of the flanks 218 , 220 of the reed 202 to improve the aerodynamics of the airflow traveling between the reed 202 and the reed plate 205 during harmonica play . these radii are preferably in the range of about 0 . 001 to 0 . 0025 inches . an advantage of these radii is reducing undesirable edge tones usually causing discordant “ whistle ” sounds emanating from the closing action of the reed 202 . referring now to fig2 , in another aspect of the present invention , the comb 232 of the harmonica is principally a wedge - shaped structure having a top surface 234 sloped at an angle a with respect to vertical and a bottom surface 236 angled at an angle β with respect to vertical . this aspect of the present invention alters the acoustic properties of the air space 238 within the comb 232 and thereby affects the timbre of the sound produced . the angles α and β can each be in the range of approximately 75 to 105 degrees . referring now to fig2 , in another aspect of the present invention , the comb 252 of the harmonica can be reduced to a height h 1 . the advantages of this configuration are twofold . first , the relatively close distance d 1 of the reeds 254 , 256 in the cell 258 improves their interaction during harmonica play . accordingly , blow bends and draw bends are more readily performed by the harmonica player . this feature is particularly desirable on the first four and last four holes of a conventional ten - hole diatonic harmonica . second , the volume of the cavity 258 , being reduced from a typical volume , resists the player from reducing his / her mouth cavity to such a considerable degree than is conventionally needed for blow bending , overblowing , and overdrawing procedures . this feature is most desirably utilized on the last four holes of a conventional ten - hole diatonic harmonica . the height h 1 is preferably in the range of 3 . 5 to 4 . 5 mm or most preferably about 4 . 0 mm as compared to the typical height dimension of about 6 . 2 mm . in order to maintain a normal opening at the lips of the player , outward flares 260 , 262 are provided , respectively , at the front edge of the reed plates 264 , 266 . referring now to fig2 , another aspect of the present invention is shown wherein the comb 272 is increased to a height h 2 . the advantages of this configuration are twofold . first , the increased distance d 2 between the two reeds 274 , 276 in the cell 278 reduces their interaction . accordingly , dissonant overblows and overdraws can be avoided . this feature is most desirable on the last seven holes of a ten - hole diatonic harmonica . second , the volume of the cavity 278 , being increased from its normal volume , resists the player from increasing his / her mouth cavity to a point greater than currently required for a draw bending procedure . this feature is most desirable on the first four holes of a diatonic harmonica . the height h 2 is preferably in the range of about 7 . 0 to 8 . 5 mm or most preferably 8 . 0 mm as compared to the typical height dimension of about 6 . 2 mm . to maintain a normal opening for the lips of the player ( not shown ), inward flares 280 , 282 are provided , respectively , at the front edge of the reed plates 284 , 286 . referring now to fig2 , a conventional comb 312 is shown having all cells of substantially the same width or approximately 4 . 2 mm . referring next to fig2 , in accordance with an aspect of the present invention , the volume of each of the lower three cells 334 , 335 , 336 is increased and the volume of the upper two cells 342 , 343 is decreased by comparable enlargement or reduction of the widths of these cells . the range for the width of these cells with reduced or enlarged widths is preferably from about 3 mm to 6 mm . referring now to fig2 , in another aspect of the present invention , the reeds 362 , 364 of the harmonica can be mounted on their respective reed plates 368 , 370 ) so that their respective roots 369 , 371 are positioned in a substantially axial alignment with respect to each other . this provides the benefit of increasing the interaction between the reeds , thereby providing the improved play benefits previously described for other aspects of the present invention . referring now to fig2 and 30 , in another aspect of the present invention , the thickness t of the reed plate 382 can be in the range from about 1 . 5 to 2 mm . in contrast , a conventional harmonica has reed plates with thicknesses typically in the range of about 0 . 9 to 1 . 0 mm . this provides the advantage of increasing the amount of time the reed 386 spends within the slot 387 , and thereby avoids leakage that occurs when the tip 388 of the reed 386 passes completely through the slot 387 . fig3 presents an enlarged view of section 30 - 30 of fig2 that shows the detail of the reed plate 384 near the tip 392 of the reed 390 . an additional feature of this reed plate 384 is a taper angle θ , corresponding to the arc of the reed 390 during its flexion . the inclusion of this taper angle θ also serves to reduce the leakage created by a gap 394 formed between the tip 392 of the reed 390 and the internal surface 396 of the reed slot 391 , which gap 394 widens as the reed 390 flexes into the reed slot 391 . the taper angle θ is typically in the range of approximately one to seven degrees . referring now to fig3 , in another aspect of the present invention , a flexible member 402 is affixed at one end of the flexible member 402 to a surface 403 of the reed plate 404 . the length and width of this member 402 are each slightly larger than the reed slot . therefore , when air pressure is provided that causes the reed 406 to open , this normally resiliently biased member 402 is forced against the reed slot thereby substantially closing off air leakage . when air pressure is applied causing this reed 406 to close , the flexible member 402 is deflected from the source of air pressure , thereby not substantially affecting the function of the associated reed 406 . this feature is beneficial for the draw reeds of the first three holes of a conventional diatonic harmonica , wherein excessive loss of air pressure is experienced when the player attempts to play a blow note , and also wherein overblows are not performed , thus the draw reed is not required to operate in the opening fashion . in the preferred embodiment , the flexible member is made from about 0 . 004 ″ thick polyethylene , but any suitable material of equivalent thickness and stiffness may be used . it can be appreciated that the improvements described herein need not be applied to all 20 reeds , but could be applied to only one reed , or some other reasonable combination of reeds of a harmonica . whereas certain terms of relative orientation such as “ upper ” and “ lower ” have been used herein to describe the invention , these terms are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention . in addition , while specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail , it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure . accordingly , the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof .

6Physics

referring to fig1 and 2 , a revolver 10 with a muzzle end shown to the left in fig1 and a rear end to the right , includes a barrel 12 having a bore 13 and received in a barrel shroud 14 mounted on a frame 16 . the frame 16 has a generally rectangular opening 18 therethrough which receives a cylinder 20 rotationally hung on a yoke 21 that swings at a right angle to the frame 16 . a trigger 220 is pivotally supported on the frame 16 by a pivot pin , while a ratchet arm is pivotally attached to the trigger 220 and configured conventionally to index a plurality of cylinder chambers 24 into axial alignment with the bore 13 in a known manner . for a discussion of the function and purpose of the yoke , cylinder , and ratchet , reference is made to u . s . pat . no . 517 , 152 , issued to daniel b . wesson on mar . 27 , 1894 , for a “ swinging cylinder and trigger lock for revolvers ”, which is hereby incorporated as part of the present disclosure . the right side of the frame 16 defines an inner cavity 26 which mounts and protects an arrangement of mechanical components which cock and fire the revolver 10 , collectively referred to as a firing mechanism 27 . conventional screws are used to attach a side plate 28 to the frame 16 to enclose the cavity 26 and prevent entry of debris into the cavity 26 . all subsequent references to left , right , rearward and forward directions are to be interpreted hereafter according to the coordinates established above . therefore , as the revolver is held in its sighting position , the left side of the revolver is that shown in fig1 and the right side shown as disassembled in fig2 . the revolver 10 of the present invention includes many mechanical components having functions understood well in the industry . however , as the revolver 10 is configured to discharge electrically - fired ammunition , such as developed by remington arms company and referred to as the conductive primer mix described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 646 , 367 , many of the well - known mechanical components have been modified , eliminated , or replaced as needed . a backstrap module 30 is configured to contain and protect most of the electronics , including a battery 31 , and the module 30 mates with the rear end of the revolver 10 in a direction indicated by arrow 32 . an ergonomically - designed finger grip attachment 34 is moved in a direction generally indicated by arrow 36 to engage the backstrap module 30 and a frame post 37 , thereby forming a conventional handgrip 38 which depends from the rear of the frame 16 . the frame post 37 has parallel , opposed side surfaces 39 and a contoured front surface 40 which are contacted by complimentary surfaces of the finger grip attachment 34 during assembly of the revolver 10 . once the backstrap module 30 and finger grip attachment 34 are positioned onto the frame 16 , a lower mount screw 41 is inserted through the finger grip attachment 34 to secure the handgrip 38 . a sight assembly 42 is received within a top edge 46 of the frame 16 and the barrel shroud 14 , and includes a lower housing 48 and a pair of longitudinal dovetails 50 which are oriented parallel to the top edge 46 when installed on the revolver 10 . the frame 16 has a dovetail receiver 52 concealed within the top edge 46 of the frame 16 and shroud 14 to engage the dovetails 50 . during assembly , the dovetails 50 are moved forwardly into the shroud 14 until the lower housing 48 of the slide assembly 42 is positioned over an associated housing receiver 54 in the frame 16 . the lower housing 48 is then pressed downwardly into the housing receiver 54 of the frame 16 and secured with a sight assembly mount screw 58 . referring to fig3 - 6 , the backstrap module 30 includes upper and lower keys 60 , 62 which face forwardly to engage upper and lower key slots 64 , 66 of the frame 16 . the finger grip attachment 34 has parallel edges 68 , which engage associated slots 72 of the backstrap module 30 , preventing the frame 16 from releasing or disengaging from the lower portion of the module 30 . a u - shaped channel with parallel sides 78 and a forward face 80 mates against the parallel sides 39 and front surface 40 of the frame post 37 to prevent lateral movement of the finger grip attachment 34 on the frame 16 . the backstrap module 30 includes left and right housing halves 86 , 88 which are molded from plastic and sealed together after the electronic components are arranged and mounted within the housing . the housing halves 86 , 88 are preferably injection molded from a rigid dielectric material such as nylon or plastic which is capable of enduring the hostile environment of the revolver during normal use . the halves 86 , 88 include known types of interior features , which effectively retain and mount the electronic components . an outer seal 90 is molded from soft - touch plastic and includes five buttons 91 configured to actuate a complimentary array of dome switches positioned underneath . as discussed in detail below , the dome switches are used by the operator to perform various operational functions prior to firing the revolver 10 , as discussed in detail below . a metallic firing probe 95 is insert molded in position during fabrication of the housing halves 86 , 88 in an orientation which will be discussed below . two transfer bar guides 96 are located and configured to engage , support , and guide the firing mechanism 27 during later stages of its actuation . a battery holder 97 defines a generally - cylindrical , elongated blind bore sized to receive the battery 31 which energizes the circuitry in the revolver . the battery is a model dl123abu manufactured by duracell , but other comparable battery types are readily available . referring to fig7 - 8 , a circuitboard arrangement 100 is configured for mounting within the backstrap module 30 to organize and mount the electronic components collectively referred to as a circuit assembly 101 . the circuit assembly 101 receives electronic and mechanical inputs from the operator and produces a firing signal having a minimum of 130 - volt once the firing mechanism 27 has been successfully actuated . the circuit assembly 101 is divided into two collections of components , which are referred to as a security apparatus and a firing apparatus . each apparatus has distinct function in the overall operation of the revolver 10 . the security apparatus has the broadly defined function of authorizing the firing apparatus to produce the firing signal . before the security apparatus authorizes the firing apparatus to produce the firing signal , a plurality of input signals must be received by the security apparatus , which are indicative of compliance with operational parameters of the revolver . the operational parameters include : a properly entered personal identification number of a firearm operator ; a signal indicating the firearm is being held properly ; a signal from the firing mechanism indicating its movement toward its firing position ; and a signal indicative of the firing probe contacting a properly - loaded ammunition cartridge . each of the signals , and the specific sequence in which they are produced , is discussed in detail below . once the required plurality of operational parameters is received by the security apparatus , a discharge authorization signal is produced and sent to the firing apparatus . the high - voltage firing signal is produced by the firing apparatus and transmitted to the cartridge via hardware discussed in detail below . the firing apparatus includes a fly - back circuit which uses energy from the 3 - volt battery to generate the high - volt firing signal using known capacitive discharge techniques . a rigid main circuitboard 102 mounts a majority of the components , which comprise the circuit assembly 101 , and is of the general type known in the electronics industry for surface - mounting or post - mounting components . an arrangement of flexible circuitboard portions is integrated with the rigid circuitboard 102 and are configured to arrange various components in specific orientations which efficiently utilize space which is available within the module . each flexible circuitboard portion is merely an extension of the main circuitboard but imbedded in flexible resin to maintain a flexibility that allows components to be manipulated into desired configurations and / or orientations within the backstrap module . the circuitboard arrangement 100 includes : the main circuitboard 102 ; a first flexible portion 104 , second and third flexible portions 106 , 108 ; an input device 110 ; a high voltage mountboard 112 ; and a liquid crystal display ( lcd ) mountboard 114 . the first flexible portion 104 extends between the main circuitboard 102 and the input device 110 . the second flexible portion 106 extends between the main circuitboard 102 and the high - voltage mountboard 112 , and the third flexible portion 108 extends between the high - voltage mountboard 112 and the lcd mountboard 114 . a ground strap 118 extends forwardly from the main circuitboard 102 and through the backstrap module housing to engage and electrically ground the frame 16 to the circuitboard arrangement 100 . the input device 110 is incorporated directly into the conductive elements of the arrangement 100 , and includes the dome switches 120 which are located in the handgrip 38 so that a high percentage of users are able to actuate any of the switches 120 while gripping the revolver 10 under normal operating conditions . the high - voltage mountboard 112 mounts an arrangement of inductors , one of which is indicated by numeral 126 , a capacitor 128 , the firing probe 95 , a three - volt battery 131 , and a hammer terminal 132 . the inductor 126 is included in a “ fly - back ” circuit , which is energized by the battery to produce the firing signal , or energy pulse , that is stored temporarily in the capacitor 128 . the firing probe 95 includes an anchor post 134 , which is used to solder the probe 95 to the high - voltage mountboard 112 . the hammer terminal 132 is utilized as an actuator sensor and is a flexible metal strip that is contacted by the firing mechanism to close an electrical input circuit in the processor 101 . the third flexible portion 108 extends between the high - voltage mountboard 112 and a lcd mountboard 114 . a lcd 140 is mounted to the lcd mountboard 114 and is positioned centrally between the backstrap module housing halves 86 . 88 to display electronic information for the operator in the form of readable text and / or symbols . a plurality of signals and / or information can be programmed for display on the lcd 140 , including whether or not the firearm has been authorized for use or is in the condition to be fired , and whether or not the hand grip is being grasped properly by the user . additional information , which can be displayed includes the level of energy stored within the battery , and whether the firearm is on or is in a standby mode . a light emitting diode ( led ) 144 and photosensor circuitboard 146 are attached to the lcd mountboard 114 via a mount post 150 , and configured for use with the sight assembly 42 ( seen in fig2 ) to illuminate the front and rear sights for the revolver operator . a photosensitive cell 152 is incorporated into the photosensor circuitboard 146 to receive ambient light received from the sight assembly 42 and produce an electronic signal for the ciruitboard 146 which corresponds to the level of ambient light surrounding the revolver at any given time . details of the circuitry within the circuitboard 146 are considered within the grasp of an individual skilled in the applicable art and will not be discussed further . the photosensitive cell 152 is a cadmium sulfide ambient light cell manufactured by clairex and is capable of measuring levels of ambient light and translating the levels into light corresponding signals for transmission to the processor . a high - intensity led that has been used successfully in the revolver is a model tlge160 manufactured by toshiba . an external terminal connection 156 is positioned in the handgrip 38 to receive a complimentary connector of an external device ( not shown ) used to communicate with the processor . the external device can be one of any number of components used for tasks such as entering an authorization code using a separate biometric or other similar device , interrogating and / or changing programmed code in the processor , changing an authorization code and / or factory serial code , determining and / or changing control parameters of certain components . referring to fig9 a firing probe assembly 160 is assembled and engaged between the frame 16 and backstrap module 30 , and includes the firing probe 95 and a probe tip 162 biased forwardly by a probe spring 164 . an actuator bushing 168 defines a tip bore 167 with a countersunk rear end that slidably receives the probe tip 162 , the probe spring 164 , and the firing probe 95 . the actuator bushing 168 is slidably disposed within a frame bore 170 defined on the bore axis . an actuator spring 169 is captured within an annular space formed between the actuator bushing 168 and the frame bore 170 . the firing probe 95 includes the anchor post 134 , a shank portion 172 and a tube 173 . as shown in fig8 the anchor post 134 is soldered to the high voltage mountboard 112 in the backstrap module 30 . the tube 173 defines a blind bore 174 that loosely receives the probe spring 164 . the probe tip 162 is pressed forward by the probe spring 164 into electrical contact with a cartridge in the cylinder , and includes a rounded front end and a conical rear lip 176 . the contour of the front end compliments a dimple in the primer of the cartridge so that the probe tip 162 consistently centers itself against the cartridge . the rear lip 176 is configured to be captured by a complimentary conical seat 178 defined in the tip bore 167 of the actuator bushing 168 . the probe tip 162 has a flat rear surface which bears rearwardly against the probe spring 164 at all times and against the tube 173 when the firing mechanism is recovered . once firing probe assembly 160 is installed in the frame 16 , the probe tip 162 protrudes through the bore 167 of the actuator bushing 168 , and the rear lip 176 is captured between the conical seat 178 of the actuator bushing 168 and the tube 173 of the firing probe 95 . the probe spring 164 is selected to provide a force that is able to move the probe tip rapidly in response to actuation of the firing mechanism 27 . the actuator bushing 168 is defined by cylindrical front and rear portions 186 , 188 having dissimilar outer diameters that form a step 190 therebetween . the counterbored tip bore 167 slidably receives the firing probe 95 , and the seat 178 retains the lip 176 of the probe tip 162 . thus , once assembled , axial movement of the probe tip 162 in the forward direction is governed by the axial location of the seat 178 of the actuator bushing 168 . the bushing 168 has an annular drive surface 196 facing rearwardly , which is contacted by the firing mechanism as discussed in detail below . the rear end of the frame bore 170 is double - counterbored and the front end of the bore 170 has a single counterbore 206 . the double rear counterbore forms first and second annular seats 202 , 204 which receive , respectively , the step 190 of the actuator bushing 168 and the actuator spring 169 . the actuator spring 169 fits over the front cylindrical portion 186 of the actuator bushing 168 and bears rearwardly against the step 190 of the bushing 168 and forwardly against the second seat 204 of the bore 170 . the first seat 202 of the bore 170 governs maximum forward travel of the actuator bushing 168 by engaging the step 190 of the bushing 168 . the front counterbore 206 of the bore 170 has a diameter and depth which are selected to tightly receive an annular recoil plate bushing 210 which , with the frame 16 , forms a recoil plate 212 . the recoil plate bushing 210 defines a probe tip bore 214 aligned on the barrel axis which is configured to slidably receive the probe tip 162 that moves into and out of electrical engagement with the cartridge on the barrel axis . the bushing 210 is molded from a high - strength zirconia ceramic material to withstand highly repetitive revolver firing forces and electrically insulate the frame 16 from the probe tip 162 . the bushing 210 has a front surface with a slightly convexed or crowned shape so that cartridges are smoothly indexed into their firing positions and axial play of any cartridge in the cylinder is taken up by the bushing 210 . in operation , when the firing mechanism 27 is actuated with an intent to fire the revolver 10 , the drive surface 196 of the transfer bar is impacted by the firing mechanism , thereby driving the actuator bushing 168 in the forward direction . forward movement of the actuator bushing 168 compresses the actuator spring 169 against the second seat 204 of the frame bore 170 . accordingly , the conical seat 178 of the actuator bushing 168 is also moved forward , thereby allowing the probe tip 162 to move forward under force of the probe spring 164 . the probe tip 162 has a low mass compared to the spring constant of the probe spring 164 , and the probe spring 164 is therefore able to move the probe tip 162 in rapid response to the axial movement of the actuator bushing 168 . when the firing mechanism is recovered , rearward displacement of the actuator bushing , and hence the probe tip 162 , is governed or limited by the axial location of the tube 173 of the firing probe 95 . the tube 173 is located to allow the probe tip to retract at least an approximate distance of 0 . 002 inches , and preferably approximately 0 . 003 inches ( three thousandths of an inch ), within the front surface of the bushing 210 . now turning to fig1 and 11 , the firing mechanism 27 of the present invention differs substantially from known revolvers in both function and design , and the individual components will therefore be introduced in detail before discussing the mechanical cooperation which ultimately fires the revolver . the firing mechanism includes a trigger 220 , a hammer 222 , a sear 224 , a transfer bar 226 , a rebound 228 , a main spring 229 , a stirrup 230 , and a link 232 . a connector link 233 is coupled between the trigger 220 and the rebound 228 to compress the main spring 229 . a rotator arm 234 , or ratchet arm , has a configuration and function known well in the industry to index the cylinder and its assembly and operation with the trigger 220 are described in detail in u . s . pat . no . 520 , 468 , issued to daniel b . wesson for “ a revolver lock mechanism ”, and hereby incorporated by reference as part of the present disclosure . movement of the entire firing mechanism 27 is governed predominantly by three pivot pins which mount and secure the firing mechanism 27 in the cavity of the frame 16 . the stirrup 230 is pivotally mounted by a stirrup pin 235 , the hammer 222 is pivotally mounted by a hammer pin 236 , and the trigger is pivotally mounted by a trigger pin 237 . the frame 16 has a contoured cam surface 238 located and shaped within the cavity 26 to guide the transfer bar 226 during early stages of firing mechanism 27 actuation described below . the trigger 220 includes a trigger post 239 with a flat upper surface , which bears generally vertically against the sear 224 during early stages of firing mechanism actuation . the trigger post 239 partially defines a trigger pocket 240 that receives the transfer bar 226 throughout the entire cycle of firing mechanism 27 actuation . the connector link 233 has a forward end pivotally attached to the trigger 220 , and a ball 241 at its rear end , which is received in a socket 242 of the rebound 228 . the rebound 228 has an underside and lateral outer surfaces which are generally flat to allow the rebound 228 to slide freely within the cavity of the frame 16 during actuation of the firing mechanism 27 . accordingly , the frame 16 and the side plate 28 have associated inner surfaces , which slidably retain the rebound 228 . a hammer stop 243 extends upwardly from the top side of the rebound 228 to engage the hammer 222 during recovery of the firing mechanism 27 . the rear end of the rebound 228 defines a blind bore 244 , which receives the front end of the main spring 229 . the rear end of the main spring 229 is captured within the stirrup 230 . referring to fig1 - 12 , the hammer 222 includes a central core 245 , and upper and lower narrowed portions 246 , 247 straddled by upper and lower pairs of contoured cam surfaces 248 , 250 . the core 245 defines a transverse bore 252 through the hammer 222 , which receives the hammer pin 237 . the upper narrowed portion 246 has a thickness , which is less than the distance between the transfer bar guides 96 of the backstrap module 30 ( shown in fig6 ), so that movement of the hammer 222 is not obstructed by the backstrap module 30 . a substantially flat striker surface 256 functions as the modem counterpart to the pointed hammer portion , or firing pin , of a conventional hammer which uses inertia to ignite a conventional percussion cartridge . an upper abutment 258 extends perpendicularly from the right side of the hammer 222 and is configured to contact , or electrically engage , the hammer terminal 132 mounted to the backstrap module 30 ( shown in fig8 ) during actuation of the firing mechanism 27 . the upper cam surfaces 248 are configured to cooperate with two parallel spring members 259 of the transfer bar 226 in maintaining proper alignment and position of the transfer bar 226 with respect to the firing axis during actuation of the firing mechanism 27 . the lower narrowed portion 247 corresponds in thickness to the upper narrowed portion 246 , and includes the lower cam surfaces 250 , a rebound abutment 262 and a hammer foot 264 . the rebound abutment 262 extends downwardly to rest against the rebound 228 when the firing mechanism is recovered . the cam surfaces 250 are configured , spaced apart , and oriented to function as rearward bearing surfaces for a pair of heels 268 of the transfer bar 226 during early stages of firing mechanism actuation . the hammer foot 264 extends generally forwardly and is configured to engage within the trigger pocket 240 of the trigger 220 during the later stages of firing mechanism actuation . the hammer 222 also defines a sear pocket 270 configured to retain and control movement of the sear 224 . a pivot point 272 of the sear 224 rests in a corner 276 of the sear pocket 270 , and a lip 278 of the sear 224 engages a complimentary edge 280 of the sear pocket 270 , thereby effectively defining the range of angular motion of the sear 224 within the sear pocket 270 . a sear spring 284 is disposed between the sear 224 and sear pocket 270 to bias the sear 224 outwardly into engagement with the hammer trigger post 239 . a link pocket 288 is defined on the underside of the hammer 222 to receive and pivotally retain a forward hook 290 of the link 232 . the link pocket 288 is partially enclosed on its left and right sides so that the link 232 remains centered within the link pocket 288 during firing mechanism actuation . the link 232 includes a rear hook 294 configured with a shape similar to that of the forward hook 290 to pivotally engage the stirrup 230 . the front side of the stirrup 230 defines a blind , tapered bore 298 , and a transverse link pin 299 is molded into an upper end of the stirrup during fabrication . the link pin 299 pivotally receives the rear hook 294 of the link 232 , and the blind bore 298 receives the main spring 229 . the aforementioned taper in the bore 298 prevents the stirrup 230 from binding the main spring 229 during firing mechanism actuation . the transfer bar 226 is configured to be moved by the trigger 220 into and out of engagement with the actuator bushing 168 , and includes the spring members 259 , left and right legs 310 , and a forked upper end 312 . the legs 310 are spaced apart from one another to loosely straddle the sear 224 and lower narrowed portion 247 of the hammer 222 , and each leg 310 includes a heel 268 and a foot 314 . each foot 314 extends forwardly into the trigger pocket 240 of the trigger 220 , and each heel 268 bears rearwardly against one of the lower cam surfaces 250 of the hammer 222 during initial stages of firing mechanism actuation . the forked upper end 312 includes left and right driver surfaces 315 , which straddle the firing probe assembly and rest against the actuator bushing when the transfer bar is in its firing position . a flat yoke 316 faces rearwardly to receive a hammer blow when the firing mechanism is actuation . in other words , when the transfer bar is in its firing position , the yoke 316 is aligned in the rotational path of the striker surface 256 of the hammer 222 . in the firing position , the front side of the upper end 312 rests against the annular drive surface 196 of the actuator bushing 168 on diametrically opposed sides of the bore 167 . the transfer bar 226 is molded from nylon or other dielectric material capable of withstanding highly repetitive impact forces from the hammer 222 during normal use of the revolver . during initial stages of firing mechanism 27 actuation , the transfer bar 226 bears against the contoured cam surface 238 of the frame 16 while moving upwardly in the aforementioned camming action toward the firing probe assembly 160 . when moved further toward the firing position by the trigger 220 , the upper end 312 of the transfer bar 226 bears rearwardly against the transfer bar guides 96 of the backstrap module 30 . the guides 96 ensure that the transfer bar 226 is aligned properly with the actuator bushing 168 before being struck by the hammer 222 . proper transfer bar alignment ensures that the impact force of the hammer 222 is transmitted properly and smoothly along the barrel axis without jamming or cocking the actuator bushing 168 in the frame 16 . the spring members 259 extend from the rear side of the transfer bar 226 generally in the downward direction to straddle the upper narrowed portion 246 of the hammer 222 and bear against the upper cam surfaces 248 during initial actuation stages of the firing mechanism 27 . the spring members 259 act in unison to assist alignment between the transfer bar 226 and the firing probe assembly 160 . operation of the firing mechanism 27 is best explained with reference to several known stages of actuation , including : a recovered position shown in fig1 ; a partially - cocked position shown in fig1 , where the trigger is being pulled by the operator ; a “ let - off ” position shown in fig1 , beyond which point the trigger disengages from the sear and allows the hammer to fall ; a fired position shown in fig1 , where the hammer has fallen and impacted the actuator bushing ; and a partially - recovered position shown in fig1 , where the operator has partially released the trigger toward the recovered position to complete a cycle of the firing mechanism . referring back to fig1 , the trigger post 239 of the trigger 220 is not loaded against the sear 224 when the firing mechanism is in the recovered position . instead , the hammer 222 is resting against the hammer stop 243 of the rebound 228 . the foot 210 of the transfer bar 226 is captured within the trigger pocket 240 , and the spring members 259 of the transfer bar 226 are unloaded by the hammer 222 . when the trigger 220 is pulled , as shown in fig1 , the trigger post 239 rotates upwardly into contact with the sear 224 and the sear 224 forces the hammer 222 into a counterclockwise rotation . rotation of the hammer 222 forces the stirrup 230 , via the link 232 , to rotate in a clockwise direction . it is apparent , then , that when the trigger 220 is pulled , the rebound 228 is pushed rearwardly and compresses the main spring 229 . simultaneously , however , because the trigger 220 rotates the stirrup 230 via the hammer and link , the mainspring 229 is compressed further from the rear . in this early stage of actuation , the spring members 259 bear against the upper cam surface of the hammer 222 . accordingly , the transfer bar 226 is pushed generally forwardly and into the camming action against the contoured surface 238 of the frame 16 . as the hammer 222 is rotated by the sear 224 , the contour of the upper cam surfaces 248 effectively moves the cam surfaces 248 away from the spring members 259 as the hammer rotates . the transfer bar 226 is simultaneously pushed upwardly and engaged against the transfer bar guides 96 of the backstrap module 30 ( seen in fig3 ). eventually , the sear 224 reaches a point where it can no longer remain engaged with the trigger post 239 of the trigger 220 . at this point , the foot 264 of the hammer 222 is configured to engage itself within the trigger pocket 240 of the trigger 220 . accordingly , the hammer 222 is rotated further in the counterclockwise direction and the main spring 229 is compressed further at its front and rear ends . referring to fig1 , the “ let - off ” point ( point just prior to let - off is indicated by arrow 255 ) is reached when the foot 264 of the hammer 222 can no longer remain engaged within the trigger pocket 240 with continued rotation of the trigger 220 . at this point , the main spring 229 is fully compressed and the transfer bar 226 has reached the firing position at rest against the annular drive surface 196 actuator bushing 168 ( the forked upper end 266 is seen from its side in the reference figure ). once the hammer 222 disengages from the trigger 220 , as seen in fig1 , the hammer rotates immediately toward the transfer bar 226 under force of the compressed main spring 229 . just before striking the transfer bar 226 , the hammer 222 engages the hammer terminal 132 hanging from the backstrap module 30 , thereby closing an input circuit in the processor . the closed firing circuit signals the processor that let - off has occurred and that the hammer is about to strike the transfer bar 226 . referring to fig1 , as the trigger 220 is released , or recovered , by the operator , counterclockwise rotation of the trigger moves the trigger post 239 downwardly along the sear 224 . the sear 224 is forced to pivot within the sear pocket of the hammer 222 and against the sear spring until the trigger post 239 is rotated beyond mechanical engagement with the sear 224 . the sear is then pushed outwardly away from the hammer 222 by the sear spring and is therefore prepared to be engaged by the trigger post 239 in a subsequent actuation of the firing mechanism 27 . forward movement of the connector link 232 allows the rebound 228 to be pushed by the main spring 229 in a forward direction within the frame 16 , thereby moving the hammer stop 243 into engagement with the lower abutment 262 of the hammer 222 . once the rebound 228 engages the lower abutment 262 of the hammer 222 , the hammer 222 is forced to rotate slightly in the counterclockwise direction , until the trigger reaches the fully - recovered position . throughout the recovery action , the transfer bar 226 remains engaged within the trigger pocket 240 of the trigger 220 and is pulled downwardly with counterclockwise trigger rotation . referring to fig1 - 19 , the sight assembly 42 is configured with front and rear sights , which illuminate according to the level of ambient light surrounding the revolver . in particular , the sight assembly gathers and projects the ambient light toward the photosensitive cell 152 of the backstrap module 30 ( seen in fig8 ) and , in turn , receives and projects toward the firearm operator an amount of high intensity light emitted from the led 144 . the sight assembly 42 includes a molded plastic sight frame 340 , a single front optical fiber 342 , a pair of rear optical fibers 344 and front and rear ambient light guides 346 , 347 . the sight frame 340 includes the pair of parallel dovetails 50 introduced in fig2 and front and rear sight housings 348 , 350 formed at opposite ends of an elongated , flexible body portion 352 . the dovetails 50 ( only one of the two is shown in fig1 ) extend rearwardly from the front end of the sight frame 340 and are short enough to be concealed entirely within the shroud 14 when the revolver 10 is assembled . a front fiber channel 354 secures and protects the front fiber 342 and is configured to aim a terminal end 356 of the front optical fiber 342 toward the rear of the revolver 10 . a pair of rear fiber channels 360 secure and protect the rear fibers 344 , and aim terminal ends 364 of the rear optical fiber 344 toward the rear of the revolver 10 . the three channels 354 , 360 meet and join together at a rearwardly facing interface panel 366 depending from the underside of the rear sight housing 350 . the interface panel 366 defines an aperture 370 , which bundles the optical fibers 342 , 344 in the channel 354 , 360 and aims the fibers toward the led 144 of the backstrap module 30 . the rear sight housing 350 defines a notch 374 between the terminal ends 364 of the rear sight fibers 344 to provide the operator with a line of sight of the front optical fiber 342 when the revolver is held in a normal sighting position . therefore , if desired during use , the operator can visually align the front fiber 342 between the two rear optical fibers 344 . in other words , the notch 374 prevents the rear sight housing 350 from obstructing the view of the front fiber 342 . the front and rear ambient light gathering guides 346 , 347 are insert - molded into the rear sight housing 350 of the sight frame 340 to receive ambient light , respectively , from areas generally fore and aft of the revolver 10 . the guides 346 , 347 curve downwardly and join together at a horizontal interface 382 to project the gathered light collectively upon the photosensor 152 introduced in fig8 . the interface 382 defines an aperture 383 , which is configured to bundle and aim the front and rear ambient light guides 346 , 347 downwardly at the photosensor 152 in the backstrap module 30 . the horizontal interface 382 is purposely oriented perpendicular to the interface panel 366 so that light emitted from the led does not inadvertently enter the photosensor 152 and adversely effect operation of the sight assembly . as seen in fig1 , the lower housing 48 of the sight frame 340 is formed by the interface panel 366 and opposed side walls 384 , 386 . each side wall has an laterally - facing key 388 which is received within the receiver 54 of the frame 16 ( seen in fig3 ). a metallic cylindrical sleeve 391 is insert molded into the frame 340 to receive the mount screw 58 ( seen in fig2 ) without damaging the material of the sight frame 340 . the interior of the lower housing 48 is filled with a potting material such as silicon rubber after the light fibers are installed . the sight assembly 42 cooperates with electronics within the backstrap module to illuminate the front and rear sights and assist the operator in sighting the revolver under various lighting conditions . the sights are configured so that the light emitted from them can be detected by a firearm operator holding the revolver in a normal sighting position . the brightness with which the sights are illuminated varies automatically depending on the level of ambient light surrounding the revolver 10 . for instance , in certain ambient conditions where the front and rear sights are not easily discerned by the operator , the sights are illuminated brightly to improve contrast between the sights and the surrounding environment . on the other hand , brightly illuminated sights are not required , and may in fact hinder the sighting process , in a dark environment . the sight assembly operates by projecting gathered light upon the photosensor 152 mounted in the backstrap module 30 . the photosensor 152 converts the light to an associated signal , and circuitry within the photosensor circuitboard 146 uses the signal to calculate an appropriate level of illumination for the front and rear sights . the led is then provided with enough energy to illuminate the front and rear sights . turning now to a discussion of details of operation of the revolver shown in fig1 - 19 , the security apparatus is programmed with three operational modes : a sleep mode , an awake mode , and an authorized or “ intent - to - fire ” mode . there is no “ on / off ” switch for the revolver , so one of the three operational modes is always active . the least active of the modes is the sleep mode , which deactivates the lcd when the revolver is left alone for more than three ( 3 ) minutes . this mode is related to a feature known as a “ slow grip ,” where the security apparatus automatically reverts to the sleep mode from any other mode to save battery energy when the revolver has not been handled for the predetermined amount of time . the slow grip also deactivates the revolver an prevents unauthorized use in the event that the operator neglects to deactivate the revolver himself or herself . the awake mode is activated by actuating any of the input switches on the hand grip . hence , the first method in which the input switches can be used is to wake the revolver from the sleep mode . once the awake mode has been activated , the security apparatus is prepared to receive entry of an authorization code from the operator . additionally , the awake mode activates the lcd screen , which indicates the various forms of information discussed above . the input switches on the handgrip are used by the operator to enter his or her authorization code by depressing a personalized sequence of switches . however , when the revolver is initially purchased from a dealership or the factory , the operator must enter a manufacturing code set at the factory which corresponds to the serial number of the revolver frame . once the operator enters the proper manufacturing code , the security apparatus will then accept entry of his or her own personalized authorization code . after the manufacturing code has been changed , the personalized authorization code is the only code needed to operate the revolver . it is apparent that the security apparatus can be programmed with an algorithm , which allows the operator to change the authorization code if desired . the security apparatus uses two mechanisms to inform the operator when the authorization code has been properly entered . a signal is displayed on the lcd , and the front and rear sights are “ blinked on ”, or illuminated , for a time period of 300 milliseconds . proper entry of the authorization code activates the “ intent - to - fire ” mode in the security apparatus and the revolver is capable of being discharged provided the remainder of the input signals are received by the security apparatus . the input switches provide one of the remaining input signals by signaling the security apparatus when the revolver is being gripped by the operator in a manner deemed sufficient and consistent with an intent to fire the revolver . experiments have shown that the average operator can consistently and simultaneously depress any two of the five input switches . accordingly , the security apparatus will not authorize a discharge of the revolver unless at least two of the five input switches are depressed . the lcd can include a signal , which informs the operator that the handgrip is being grasped properly . the proper grip is also the mechanism which activates the illuminated sight assembly . as long as the proper grip is maintained , the front and rear sights are illuminated automatically at an intensity level which corresponds to the level of ambient light . in the event that the operator wishes to deactivate the intent - to - fire mode , the input switches can be used to enter a cancellation code , which re - activates the awake mode of the security apparatus . without the cancellation code , the revolver could be fired , for instance , by an unauthorized individual after being put down by the authorized operator for a time period that is less than that associated with the slow grip feature discussed above . the cancellation code is obviously a function , which can be personalized , but a representative code is three consecutive actuations of the bottom input switch . once the security apparatus receives a valid authorization code and senses that the revolver is being gripped properly , the security apparatus signals the firing apparatus to provide the firing probe with a low - voltage check signal . because the probe tip does not contact the cartridge until the firing mechanism has been actuated , the check signal is not conducted further than the probe tip and is not registered by the security apparatus . when the probe tip contacts the cartridge after the firing mechanism has been actuated , the check signal from the firing apparatus is sensed by the security apparatus , thereby informing the security apparatus that a cartridge is positioned properly for discharge . once the operator is properly authorized , the revolver can be discharged by cycling the firing mechanism , or pulling the trigger beyond the let - off position , provided the security apparatus receives the last two signals : the check signal and the firing mechanism signal . when the hammer falls after cycling the firing mechanism , the hammer strap is contacted by the hammer , thereby signaling the security apparatus that the firing mechanism has been actuated . almost instantaneously after the hammer strap is contacted , the probe tip is moved into contact with the cartridge , thereby signaling the security apparatus that a cartridge is properly loaded . if so , the security apparatus authorizes the firing apparatus to produce and communicate the 150 - volt firing signal to firing probe to discharge the cartridge . the revolver cannot be discharged successively without cycling the firing mechanism beyond the let - off position . first , the security apparatus is programmed with circuitry that can only be reset by releasing the hammer from engagement with the hammer strap . the hammer can only be reset by recovering the trigger after firearm discharge , and cycling the firing mechanism again . another feature of the revolver which precludes inadvertent discharges results from the configuration of the firing mechanism and transfer bar . after the firearm is discharged , the transfer bar remains at its firing position until the trigger is recovered , thereby pulling the transfer bar out of contact with the actuator bushing . the transfer bar cannot be returned to its firing position against the actuator bushing unless the firing mechanism is cycled to the let - off position . therefore , even assuming an unfired cartridge is positioned for discharge , a firing signal will not be authorized , much less produced , for instance by dropping the revolver , because the transfer bar is not in the position to move the probe tip into contact with the cartridge . referring to fig2 , a revolver 10 ′ is configured to discharge conventional , percussively primed cartridges , and includes a backstrap module 30 ′ and means 31 ′ adapted to actuate a mechanical firing pin such as that shown and disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 793 , 085 , which is hereby incorporated by reference into the present invention . it is considered within the grasp of a person skilled in the art to adapt the security apparatus of the present invention to supply an electronic signal which is utilized to initiate movement of a solenoid or similar device to convert the electrical signal into mechanical movement which is sufficient to detonate a conventional percussive cartridge primer . while preferred embodiments have been shown and described above , various modifications and substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . for example , various other forms of information can be displayed on the lcd display screen for the operator , including an indication of cartridges in any of the cylinder chambers . in addition , different arrangements of electronics within the backstrap module is considered within the scope of the present invention to accommodate various revolver configurations . for instance , smaller revolver sizes may require different component arrangements to avoid effecting operator comfort . still further , it is considered within the scope of the present invention to replace the mechanically - actuated trigger with other known types of switches for releasing the firing mechanism . still even further , the backstrap module may assume various other configurations which allow for modifications or improvements to manufacturing procedures , such as forming the backstrap module from front and rear housing halves instead of left and right housing halves . with such a configuration , it may be found more advantageous and economical to assemble and mount the circuitboards to a front housing half and permanently mate the front and rear housing halves once circuitry is secured . it is also considered within the scope of the present invention to provide alternate configurations of the firing probe assembly , which facilitate and economize production and assembly procedures . for instance , the firing probe may include a hollow bore adapted to receive an elongated wire extending from the rear of the probe spring . the elongated wire is inserted through the firing probe and soldered directly to the high - voltage mountboard , thereby obviating the need to solder the firing probe to the mountboard while ensuring proper alignment of the probe , actuator bushing , and probe tip . still even further , it is considered within the scope of a person skilled in the art of electromechanical design to adapt the security apparatus for use in firing percussively discharged cartridges . such an integration would involve fitting apparatus to a conventional firing pin which would accept an electronic signal from the security apparatus which is indicative of an intent to fire the revolver . for instance , the security apparatus can provide an appropriate signal to a solenoid of sorts , which solenoid can release the firing pin to impact the cartridge . yet even further , it is considered within the scope of the present invention to provide a security apparatus which utilizes an alternate method of authorizing an operator , such as with a system which recognizes the voice or biometrics of the operator , a specific sound , or even a certain radio signal . accordingly , it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustration and not by way of limitation .

5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting

with reference to the aforesaid figures , overall with 1 there has been indicated an apparatus for the manufacture of devices for storing electric energy comprising a stack of cathodes c and anodes a that alternate and face one another with an interposed separator . with 2 the magazines have been indicated where the electrodes ( cathodes c and anodes a ) are arranged that will form the stack of the storage device . with 3 there has been indicated a conveying device ( of known type ) of the ( flat ) electrodes which may comprise , as in the specific case , a closed - loop flexible member ( for example a conveyor belt ). it is possible that , as in the specific case , the conveying device is provided with pneumatic means for keeping the electrodes in position ( via suction ), such as , for example , a conveyor belt with suction means to make the electrodes adhere to the belt . with 4 there has been indicated a loading device ( of known type ) to remove the electrodes from the magazines ( also two or more electrodes at a time , in the specific case four electrodes at a time ) and transfer the electrodes to the conveying device . the loading device 4 may comprise , as in the specific case , a transferring device of the “ pick - and - place ” type , which may operate , for example , with suction cup means to take the electrodes from the magazines and deposit the electrodes on the conveyor belt . with 5 a continuous strip has been indicated , which is made of dielectric material ( of known type ), which will act as a separator interposed between the electrodes inside the stack . the strip 5 is unwound , in a known manner , from a reel 6 . with 7 there has been indicated an inserting device ( of known type , for example of the gripper type ) configured for removing the electrodes ( cathodes c and anodes a ) that advance supplied by the conveying device 3 and for placing the electrodes ( cathodes c and anodes a ) on the continuous separating strip 5 whilst the latter is unwound continuously from the reel 6 . the inserting device 7 can be configured for transferring the electrodes one at a time by a reciprocating forward and backward movement ( coordinated with an opening and closing movement of the gripping means that grasps the electrode ) between a position of withdrawing the electrode ( from the conveying device 3 ) and a releasing position ( to enable the electrode to be inserted and laminated on the strip 5 ). with 8 there has been indicated a sensor ( of known type ) for detecting the position of the electrodes to be placed on the strip 5 . the sensor 8 may comprise , as in the specific case , a sensor of optical type , for example a viewing system , that operates in an ( end ) zone of the conveying device 3 . the sensor 8 and the inserting device 7 are connected to a control unit configured for controlling ( in a known manner ) the inserting device 7 on the basis of a signal emitted by the sensor 8 , in such a way as to correct possible positioning errors of the electrodes . with 9 there have been indicated rollers between which the continuous strip 5 is passed and between which the electrodes are also inserted ( one by one ). with 10 there has been indicated a protective film ( made of plastics ) for protecting the electrodes arranged on the upper side of the advancing strip 5 . the protective film 10 is unwound continuously from a reel 11 . with 12 there has been indicated a supporting device of the continuous separating strip 5 that advances by bearing on the upper side the electrodes ( cathodes c and anodes a according to a set sequence ). the supporting device may comprise a movable element that will define a ( horizontal ) movable supporting plane for supporting the strip 5 . in particular , the supporting device 12 may comprise , as in the specific case , a closed - loop flexible member ( for example a slidable supporting belt ) having driving means for sliding the flexible member . the flexible member can have a ( horizontal ) upper branch configured for defining the ( slidable ) conveying plane on which the strip 5 bearing the electrodes can advance . with 13 there has been indicated a stabilising device that stabilises the electrodes carried by the continuous separating strip 5 . this stabilising device operates , amongst other things , to enable undesired air to be evacuated that may remain interposed between the electrodes and the separating strip 5 . the stabilising device 13 may comprise a sliding element that will define a ( horizontal ) plane parallel to and superimposed on the supporting plane defined by the supporting device 12 . the stabilising device may comprise , as in the specific case , a closed - loop flexible member ( for example of the slidable belt type ) having driving means for sliding the flexible member . the flexible member may have a lower ( horizontal ) slidable branch that is configured for cooperating with the ( slidable ) conveying plane in such a way as to exert slight stabilising ( and air evacuating ) pressure on the electrodes carried by the strip 5 . this stabilising pressure can enable possible air bubbles between the electrodes and the separating strip 5 to be eliminated . between the electrodes on the strip 5 and the stabilising device 13 the protective film 10 is interposed , which is also slidable . with 14 there has been indicated a sensor for detecting the position of the electrodes arranged on the separating strip 5 . in particular , the sensor 14 is configured for measuring the distance between two consecutive electrodes . the sensor 14 may comprise , as in the specific case , a sensor of optical type , for example a viewing system , that operates on the advancing strip 5 bearing the electrodes . with 15 there has been indicated a reel for rewinding the protective film 10 . with 16 there has been indicated a winding device for forming the electrode stack ( cathodes c and anodes a ) from the product ( supplied in the advancing direction x ) formed by the strip 5 and by the electrodes c and a carried by the strip . the winding device 16 performs a series of overturnings of a stack p during the assembly step in such a manner as to wind the separating strip 5 around the electrodes c and a . at the start of stack assembly operations , the stack under construction will consist of a sole electrode ( the first electrode of the arrangement of electrodes ), which will be the first to be overturned . at the first overturning the first electrode will be overturned on an empty strip region ( having dimensions that are such as to be able to receive an electrode , but are initially not occupied by any electrode ). at the end of each successive overturning ( performed , like the first , by performing a 180 ° rotation in the direction f around a movable rotation axis , still in the same overturning direction f , as will be better explained below ), the stack under construction will be imposed on the subsequent electrode ( cathode c or anode a ) that will then be added to the stack under construction , which will then be overturned in the subsequent 180 ° rotation . as said , the winding device 16 and the operation thereof will be disclosed in greater detail below . the sensor 14 and the winding device 16 can be connected to a control unit configured for controlling the winding device 16 on the basis of a signal emitted by the sensor 14 , in such a manner as to take account of possible positioning errors of the electrodes , in particular of errors in the distance between two consecutive electrodes . with 17 there has been indicated a cutting device , of known type , for separating the already assembled stack from the rest of the continuous separating strip 5 . the cutting device 17 may comprise , as in the specific case , a blade and a counter blade that are movable in relation to one another and cooperate together for the transverse cut of the strip 5 to enable the already assembled stack to be detached and subsequently removed and the subsequent stack to be formed . with 18 there has been indicated a transferring device ( of known type ) for transferring the stack that has already been assembled ( and separated from the strip 5 ) to the subsequent work stations . the transferring device 18 may comprise a gripping member ( for example of the gripper type ) to grasp the stack . the gripping member can be movable ( for example carried by an element rotating around a horizontal axis ) in such a manner as to adopt a stack withdrawal position ( for example immediately downstream of the cutting device 17 ) and a position of delivery of the stack to a conveying system . the delivery position can be , as in the specific case , rotated by 180 ° with respect to the withdrawal position . the conveying system can be configured for supplying the stacks that have already been assembled through a preset path along which possible further work stations are arranged , such as , for example , a welding station 19 of the separator , a station 20 for running an electric test , a station 21 for running a dimensional test , as far as an outlet 22 . in fig4 a and 4 b there are illustrated two possible manners of arranging the electrodes ( cathodes c and anodes a ) on the continuous separating strip 5 ( which is not illustrated for the sake of clarity ). in fig4 a , the first electrode of the row of electrodes with which the electrode stack will be formed is a cathode , followed by an empty space that is not occupied by an electrode , which is in turn followed by a succession of two anodes and two cathodes . in fig4 b , the first electrode of the row is an anode , followed by an empty space that is not occupied by an electrode , which is in turn followed by a succession of two cathodes and two anodes . in the specific case the electrodes are flat and rectangular . between each electrode and the next electrode , a strip folding line is provided ( only between the first and the second electrode are two folding lines provided that bound the empty strip space that is not occupied by an electrode ). the distance between the electrodes is chosen in such a manner as to take account of the fact that , continuing with winding , the stack increases thickness , so this distance will increase progressively from the first to the last electrode of the sequence of electrodes . each electrode has an electric terminal ( or collector ), for example in the shape of a tab protruding from a ( short ) side of the electrode . the arrangement of the electrodes on the strip 5 is made in such a way that , once the stack has been constructed , each anode a faces and alternates with a cathode c ( with the interposition of a single layer of the separating strip ), and in such a way that ( in the examples of fig4 a and 4 b ) the electric terminals of the anodes a are all aligned on one another on one part of a side of the stack , whilst the electric terminals of the cathodes c are aligned on one another and arranged on an opposite part of the side of the stack at a certain distance from the terminals of the anodes a . in the examples of fig4 c and 4 d , once the stack is assembled , the electric terminals of the anodes a will be aligned on one another on a side of the electrode , whilst the electric terminals of the cathodes c will be aligned on one another and arranged on the opposite side of the stack . it is possible to provide other manners of arranging the electrodes . in particular , it is possible to provide that between the first electrode and the second electrode there is no empty strip 5 portion , in which case the first electrode will already be supplied with a separating layer ( for example a sheet of dielectric material ), applied to the upper face of the electrode ( this upper separating layer can be applied before placing of the electrodes on the strip 5 , in the apparatus 1 or outside the apparatus 1 , or can be applied by folding on the first electrode a front end portion of the strip 5 that is not occupied by an electrode ). the winding device 16 is illustrated in greater detail in fig5 to 16 . the winding device 16 comprises a rotating support s ( rotated during winding always in the same rotation direction indicated by the arrow f ) around a ( horizontal ) rotation axis z - z that is perpendicular to the advancing direction of the strip 5 on the supporting device 12 ( this rotation axis z - z being movable , as will be explained below ). the rotating support s rotates two pressure devices that operate reciprocally on the stack p during assembly thereof . each pressure device is configured for applying slight stabilising pressure to a side of the stack p during the assembly step ( in particular the side where the last electrode is located that is added to the stack under construction during winding ). substantially , the pressure devices exert slight pressure to ensure adhesion and compaction between the separating strip 5 and the stack p being formed , so that the most advanced part of the strip is rotated during winding . the first pressure device comprises a first pair of pressure elements 23 and the second pressure device comprises a second pair of pressure elements 24 . each pair of pressure elements is configured for operating on side portions opposite the stack under construction p ( fig1 ). the rotating support s further rotates a gripping device which is configured for taking the first electrode of the arrangement of electrodes on the strip 5 . the gripping device can operate , as in the specific case , with a gripping mechanism of the gripper type . the gripping device may comprise a pair of gripping elements 25 operating on side portions opposite the first electrode ( i . e . operating on opposite sides of the first electrode with reference to the advancing direction x of the strip 5 ). each gripping element 25 may comprise , as in the specific case , two active portions 25 a and 25 b that operate on front and back end portions ( with reference to the advancing direction x of the strip 5 ), of the respective side portion of the first electrode . the gripping elements 25 collaborate together to grasp the first electrode ( together with the strip 5 portion below the first electrode ) and to rotatingly drive the first electrode ( together with the strip 5 ) during formation of the stack ( i . e . during the various overturnings ). as said , the strip 5 that advances carrying the electrodes c and a is transformed in the stack p of electrodes by means of a series of overturnings ( in direction f ) of the stack under construction p . the stack p is assembled in the most advanced portion of the strip 5 . in fig5 and 7 ( with greater clarity in fig8 ) there is illustrated the sequence of the positions ( numbered with roman numerals from i to x ) adopted by the first electrode , at the start of assembly of the stack , during overturning thereof by 180 °. the first electrode ( together with the strip 5 ) is then grasped laterally by the gripping elements 25 , whilst the pressure elements 23 press the strip 5 against the first electrode in such a manner as to ensure the compactness of the electrode - strip assembly . both the gripping elements 25 and the pressure elements 23 are rotated in the direction f ( and are carried by the support s ). with r ( fig8 ) there are indicated the various positions adopted in sequence by the median axis of the first electrode during overturning from position i to position x . with t there are indicated the corresponding positions adopted in sequence , during overturning by 180 °, by the end of the first electrode around which folding of the separating strip 5 occurs . the positions t correspond , substantially , to the positions adopted by the folding line of the strip 5 during overturning of the first electrode and , substantially , also for the subsequent electrodes , i . e . in the course of each subsequent overturning until the end of assembly of the stack . each successive overturning will comprise a folding ( in the same folding direction ) of the strip 5 around a respective folding line arranged between the stack p being assembled and the immediately subsequent electrode ( i . e . the electrode that will be the lower electrode of the stack at the start of the subsequent overturning ). at the end of each overturning in fact the stack being assembled p will be superimposed on the immediately subsequent electrode that will thus be part of the stack being assembled in the subsequent overturning . as said , folding of the strip 5 has a folding direction ( shown by arrow f ) that is the same for each overturning . it is seen clearly from fig8 that during overturning the folding line ( corresponding to position t ) advances in the advancing direction of the strip 5 , remaining substantially in the ( horizontal ) advancing plane defined by the product ( strip 5 bearing the electrodes c and a ) which advances , in such a manner as to avoid irregular movements ( jolts ) of the strip 5 that could modify the correct position of the electrodes c and a . the rotating support s that rotates the gripping elements 25 and the pressure elements 23 and 24 can rotate by varying the position of the rotation axis z - z thereof , in particular in such a manner that the folding line ( position t ) of the strip 5 remains , at each overturning of the stack being formed , substantially in the strip 5 advancing direction x or in the advancing plane of the strip 5 ( for example with the aim that the preset position of the electrodes arranged on the moving strip is not lost through irregular movements of the strip ). in particular , the rotation axis z - z of the rotating support s will be able to perform a trajectory ( orbit or at least partial orbit ) having at least one of the trajectory portions with an ascending and descending vertical motion ( transverse to the advancing direction x of the strip 5 ) and / or trajectory portions with horizontal motion ( parallel to the advancing direction x of the strip ) forwards and backwards ( where forwards and backwards is defined with reference to the advancing direction x of the strip 5 ). as said , during winding ( i . e . the various overturnings by 180 ° of the stack under construction around the subsequent folding lines of the strip 5 ) the first electrode ( i . e . the electrode that has been overturned first at the start of formation of the stack ) is maintained grasped by the gripping device ( comprising in this case the lateral gripping elements 25 ). the gripping elements 25 are provided with the possibility of disengaging from the stack assembled at the end of winding . the disengagement may comprise opening the gripping elements ( for example in the case of gripping elements of the gripper type ), with a slight movement in order not to damage the stack that has just been assembled in which the gripping elements are located , followed by a removal movement that may comprise , as in the specific case , reciprocal moving away of the two gripping elements 25 in a horizontal direction ( in fig9 there is indicated by a dashed line the position of reciprocal moving away of the two opposite rotating semi - elements that comprise the support s and support the gripping elements 25 and , also , the pressure elements 23 and 24 ). in fig1 to 16 there is illustrated schematically the operation of the pressure elements 23 and ( in these figures the separating strip that advances in the advancing direction x has not been illustrated for the sake of greater clarity ). at the start of overturning , one of the pairs of pressure elements ( in the illustrated example the pair indicated by 23 ) operates on the front portion ( with reference to the advancing direction x ) of the stack p being assembled , by pressing from the bottom up . the first pressure elements 23 are commanded to adopt an active locking position ( see fig1 or 12 ) in which they can interact in contact with the stack p being assembled , whilst the second pressure elements 24 are in an inactive non - interference position ( see fig1 or 12 ) in which they do not interfere with the stack and can rotate without interfering with the separating strip . in fig1 , after rotation by a set amount ( greater than 90 °, the same as , for example , approximately 145 ° as in the specific example ), the first pressure elements 23 start to move towards the inactive non - interference position in which they do not interfere with the stack . in fig1 , after rotation by a set amount ( greater than 90 °, equal , for example , to about 172 ° as in the specific example ), the second pressure elements 24 start to move towards the active or locking position in which they can interact in contact with the stack p under construction . after which , after a 180 ° rotation has terminated , it starts another overturning with the pressure elements 23 and 24 that operate reciprocally . the closing movement ( towards locking ) of a pressure element may be commanded after the opening movement ( towards non interference ) of the other pressure element , as in the specific example . the opening and closing movements of the pressure elements 23 and 24 can be driven mechanically , for example by a cam mechanism 26 having a cam guiding profile with a circular base that is coaxial with the rotation axis z - z . in fig1 to 16 the movement is clearly visible of the ( horizontal ) rotation axis z - z of the winding device in a ( vertical ) direction that is perpendicular to the ( horizontal ) advancing direction x of the separating strip 5 . in greater detail , each pressure element 23 or 24 comprises , in the specific example illustrated here , a carriage 27 , an arm 28 and a contact member 29 . the carriage 27 is coupled with the rotating support s and is movable ( for example may comprise a slide that is slidable along sliding guides ) in a direction that is parallel to the rotation axis z - z of the rotating support ( to enable the rotating support to move towards or away from the side of the stack p ). the arm 28 is pivoted on the carriage 27 around a rotation pivot ( with an axis that is horizontal and transverse to the rotation axis z - z ) with the possibility of moving towards or away from a ( flat ) face of the stack . the contact member 29 is an end element of the arm 28 , configured for contact with the stack p being assembled . the contact member 29 can be coupled with the arm 28 by a rotation pivot . each gripping element 25 may comprise a gripper carried by a further carriage 30 coupled with the rotating support s ( for example a slide that is slidable along sliding guides ). the further carriage 30 is movable in a direction that is parallel to the rotation axis z - z of the rotating support s , to enable , at the end of the formation of the stack , the removal of the gripper from the stack by moving away from the side of the stack . in fig1 there is illustrated the stack of electrodes c and a made with the apparatus and the method disclosed above . the various electrodes face one another . the cathodes c and the anodes a are arranged alternately . the dielectric separator comprises a single strip 5 wound around the electrodes , in which the initial end strip ( shown with 51 ) of the strip is situated in the centre of the stack ( near or interposed between the two most central electrodes inside the stack ), and the final end strip ( indicated by 52 ) of the strip is located outside the stack . the separating strip 5 is wound , from the initial end to the outside of the stack , always in the same winding direction .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

a first exemplary embodiment of the lock ring mounting arrangement for a blow head of the present invention is illustrated in fig1 through 38 , while a second exemplary embodiment of the lock ring mounting arrangement for a blow head of the present invention is illustrated in fig3 through 74 . referring first to the first embodiment , and specifically to fig1 , a blow head arm assembly 100 is mounted on a vertical post 102 and is raised and lowered with respect to blow molds ( not shown in the figures ). extending from the bottom of the blow head arm assembly 100 are three blow head assemblies 104 that in operation will be lowered respectively onto the top of three blow molds . although the present invention relates to the apparatus and method for installing and removing the blow head assemblies 104 onto the apparatus of the blow head arm assembly 100 , as background a brief description of the construction of the blow head arm assembly 100 will be provided in conjunction with fig2 . the various components of the blow head arm assembly 100 are assembled onto an upper blow head arm member 110 having three cylindrical interiors 112 ( which have various passages located therein which are not pertinent to the present invention ). three cylindrical sleeves 114 ( which also have passages not pertinent to the present invention located therein ) are respectively mounted into the three cylindrical interiors 112 , where they are maintained by bolts 116 that are screwed into the upper blow head arm member 110 . three slider assemblies 118 each have a cylindrical upper portion 120 which will extend into a respective one of the cylindrical sleeves 114 and an upper lock ring segment 122 located at the bottom of each of the cylindrical upper portions 120 . a pair of piston rings 124 are respectively mounted on grooves located on the cylindrical upper portion 120 of the slider assembly 118 . a pin 126 extends between each of the slider assemblies 118 and its respective cylindrical sleeve 114 to prevent the slider assemblies 118 from rotating , but allowing them some degree of linear movement with respect to their respective cylindrical sleeves 114 . a washer 128 having multiple apertures about its periphery is mounted onto the top end of each of the cylindrical upper portions 120 of the slider assembly 118 using a bolt 130 . the washers 128 are sized to fit into the cylindrical interiors 112 , but are stopped from further downward movement by the tops of the cylindrical sleeves 114 . a spring 132 is located above each of the washers 128 in each respective cylindrical interior 112 , with a retaining cap 134 being screwed into the top of each of the cylindrical interiors 112 to compress the springs 130 to bias the slider assembly 118 downwardly , as limited by the washers 128 . this bias will be used by the blow head arm assembly 100 to place downward pressure on the blow head assemblies 104 to maintain them in position on blow molds ( not shown herein ). the upper lock ring segments 122 are each inserted into a lower lock ring assembly 136 . located around the cylindrical upper portion 120 of each of the slider assemblies 118 and inserted into the top ends of the lower lock ring assemblies 136 above the upper lock ring segments 122 are ( from bottom to top ) a spring 138 , a ring 140 , and a retaining ring 142 . the function of each of these components will become apparent below in conjunction with the description of the upper lock ring segment 122 and the lower lock ring assembly 136 . referring now to fig3 through 7 , the construction of the upper lock ring segment 122 of the slider assembly 118 will be described . the upper lock ring segment 122 includes a smaller diameter upper portion 150 and a larger diameter lower portion 152 . the smaller diameter portion 150 includes an aperture 154 located therein into which the pin 126 ( shown in fig2 ) will be inserted . the larger diameter lower portion 152 is hollow on the inside thereof as best seen in fig5 and 7 , and its outer wall includes two opposed notches 156 and 158 on the bottom thereof . the cylindrical upper portion 120 of the slider assembly 118 has two annular grooves 160 and 162 located therein into which the piston rings 124 ( shown in fig2 ) will be located . a central passage 164 extends through the slider assembly 118 , from the top of the cylindrical upper portion 120 to the interior of the upper lock ring segment 122 , and will be used to supply blow air . multiple passages 166 extend through the cylindrical upper portion 120 and are arrayed around the central passage 164 into the interior of the upper lock ring segment 122 , and will be used to supply cooling air . referring now to fig8 through 13 , the construction of the lower lock ring assembly 136 will be described . the lower lock ring assembly 136 is largely a hollow cylinder completely open on the top side thereof to facilitate it being installed onto the larger diameter lower portion 152 of the upper lock ring segment 122 ( best shown in fig3 , 6 , and 7 . located on the bottom side of the lower lock ring assembly 136 are two opposed inwardly - extending arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 which define between them two opposed notches 174 and 176 on the bottom portion of the outer wall of the lower lock ring assembly 136 . located on the top surfaces of the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 at a central location thereof are two detent recesses 178 and 180 . finally , an annular recess 182 is located on the inner surface of the lower lock ring assembly 136 near the top thereof . referring next to fig1 through 19 , the construction of the relevant portions of the blow head assembly 104 will be described . the blow head assembly 104 has three segments , which include , from the bottom to the top , a blow head portion 190 , a cylindrical blow head neck portion 192 , and a blow head mounting portion 194 . the blow head portion 190 includes a cylindrical recess 196 that is open at the bottom of the blow head assembly 104 ( and that will engage the finish portion of a parison , which is not shown herein ). the blow head neck portion 192 is sized to fit between the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 ( best shown in fig1 ). the blow head mounting portion 194 has opposed locking flanges 196 and 198 extending laterally therefrom on opposite sides thereof . the outer diameters defined by the locking flanges 196 and 198 are sized to fit within the inner diameter of the lower lock ring assembly 136 , and the widths of the locking flanges 196 and 198 are defined to fit within the areas defined between the ends of the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 . further , the widths of the locking flanges 196 and 198 are designed to respectively fit within the detent recesses 178 and 180 , which locking flanges 196 and 198 and detent recesses 178 and 180 can be collectively thought of as engageable retaining mechanisms . the sides of the locking flanges 196 and 198 are preferably angled on the bottom sides as best shown in fig1 . a central passage 200 extends through the blow head assembly 104 , from the top of the blow head mounting portion 194 to the interior of the blow head portion 190 , and will be used to supply blow air . multiple passages 202 extend through the blow head mounting portion 194 , the blow head neck portion 192 , and the blow head portion 190 and are arrayed around the central passage 200 in the interior of the blow head assembly 104 , and will be used to supply cooling air . referring now to fig2 through 26 , the assembly of the lower lock ring assembly 136 onto the upper lock ring segment 122 of the slider assembly 118 is shown . while fig2 through 24 show the external appearance of the completed lock ring assembly , fig2 and 26 show particular details of the interior of the lock ring assembly , and are helpful to an understanding of the operation of the lock ring assembly . the upper lock ring segment 122 is inserted completely into the interior of the lower lock ring assembly 136 . the notches 156 and 158 of the larger diameter lower portion 152 of the upper lock ring segment 122 sit on the top side of the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 of the lower lock ring assembly 136 . the upper lock ring segment 122 and the lower lock ring assembly 136 together define a hollow interior portion open only at the bottom thereof intermediate the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 , which opening is best shown in fig2 . it will be appreciated that this opening is configured to have a contour that will closely admit the blow head mounting portion 194 of the blow head assembly 104 ( as best shown in fig1 and 15 ). a spring 210 fits around the smaller diameter portion 150 of the upper lock ring segment 122 and rests on top of the larger diameter lower portion 152 of the upper lock ring segment 122 . a flat ring 212 also fits around the smaller diameter portion 150 of the upper lock ring segment 122 and is located on top of the spring 210 . a retaining ring 214 also fits around the smaller diameter portion 150 of the upper lock ring segment 122 and is located both on top of the retaining ring 214 and in the annular recess 182 in the lower lock ring assembly 136 . it will thus be appreciated that the larger diameter lower portion 152 of the upper lock ring segment 122 is urged downwardly by the spring 210 with respect to the lower lock ring assembly 136 . the completed lock ring assembly thus consists of the upper lock ring segment 122 , the lower lock ring assembly 136 , the spring 210 , the ring 212 , and the retaining ring 214 . referring next to fig2 through 29 , the insertion of the blow head mounting portion 194 of the blow head assembly 104 into the lock ring assembly is shown . the blow head mounting portion 194 including the locking flanges 196 and 198 are inserted through the opening between the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 in the larger diameter lower portion 152 of the upper lock ring segment 122 and into the interior thereof . the opening between the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 are configured to admit the blow head mounting portion 194 therebetween . referring now to fig3 through 33 , the rotation of the blow head mounting portion 194 of the blow head assembly 104 within the lock ring assembly from the inserted position that it is in following the process illustrated in fig2 through 29 is shown . the edges of the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 in the larger diameter lower portion 152 of the upper lock ring segment 122 and / or the locking flanges 196 and 198 of the blow head mounting portion 194 are angled to allow the blow head mounting portion 194 to begin to be rotated in contact with the top surfaces of the locking flanges 196 and 198 . this action will draw the lower lock ring assembly 136 downwardly , compressing the spring 210 . referring next to fig3 through 37 , the installed and locked position of the blow head mounting portion 194 of the blow head assembly 104 on the lock ring assembly is shown . the blow head mounting portion 194 of the blow head assembly 104 continues to be rotated with the locking flanges 196 and 198 of the blow head mounting portion 194 located on top of the arcuate engagement flanges 170 and 172 in the larger diameter lower portion 152 of the upper lock ring segment 122 . when the blow head mounting portion 194 of the blow head assembly 104 has been rotated 90 degrees following its insertion into the interior of the lock ring , the locking flanges 196 and 198 of the blow head mounting portion 194 are aligned with the detent recesses 178 and 180 , and the force of the spring 210 urge the lower lock ring assembly 136 upwardly , thereby retaining the locking flanges 196 and 198 of the blow head mounting portion 194 in the detent recesses 178 and 180 . this will retain the blow head assembly 104 in place on the blow head arm assembly 100 . it will be appreciated that the installation of the blow head assembly 104 on the blow head arm assembly 100 can be performed with one hand of an operator , and that no tools are required to install the blow head assembly 104 . removal of the blow head assembly 104 can be accomplished in similar fashion , since the detent recesses 178 and 180 are also angled to allow the blow head assembly 104 to be rotated , with sufficient force to pull the lower lock ring assembly 136 downwardly against the force exerted by the spring 210 . referring now to the second embodiment of the lock ring mounting arrangement for a blow head of the present invention is illustrated in fig3 through 73 , and specifically to fig3 , a blow head arm assembly 300 is mounted on a vertical post 302 and is raised and lowered with respect to blow molds ( not shown in the figures ). extending from the bottom of the blow head arm assembly 300 are four blow head assemblies 304 that in operation will be lowered respectively onto the top of three blow molds . a brief description of the construction of the blow head arm assembly 300 will be provided in conjunction with fig3 . the various components of the blow head arm assembly 300 are assembled onto an upper blow head arm member 310 having four cylindrical interiors 312 ( which have various passages located therein which are not pertinent to the present invention ). four cylindrical sleeves 314 ( which also have passages not pertinent to the present invention located therein ) are respectively mounted into the four cylindrical interiors 312 , where they are maintained by bolts 316 that are screwed into the upper blow head arm member 310 . each of the cylindrical sleeve 314 has a tab 315 extending downwardly which tabs 315 will be used to prevent the lock rings 322 from rotating , as will become apparent below . four slider assemblies 318 each have a cylindrical upper portion 320 which will extend into a respective one of the cylindrical sleeves 314 and a lock ring 322 located at the bottom of each of the cylindrical upper portions 320 . a pair of piston rings 324 are respectively mounted on grooves located on the cylindrical upper portion 320 of the slider assembly 318 . a roll pin 326 extends between each of the slider assemblies 318 and its respective cylindrical sleeve 314 to prevent the slider assemblies 318 from rotating , but allowing them some degree of linear movement with respect to their respective cylindrical sleeves 314 . a washer 328 having multiple apertures about its periphery is mounted onto the top end of each of the cylindrical upper portions 320 of the slider assembly 318 using a bolt 330 . the washers 328 are sized to fit into the cylindrical interiors 312 , but are stopped from further downward movement by the tops of the cylindrical sleeves 314 . a spring 332 is located above each of the washers 328 in each respective cylindrical interior 312 , with a retaining cap 334 being screwed into the top of each of the cylindrical interiors 312 to compress the springs 130 to bias the slider assembly 318 downwardly , as limited by the washers 328 . this bias will be used by the blow head arm assembly 300 to place downward pressure on the blow head assemblies 304 to maintain them in position on blow molds ( not shown herein ). two identical locking mechanisms will be inserted into the top of the lock ring 322 on opposite sides thereof . each of these locking mechanisms includes ( from bottom to top ) a detent ball 338 , a spring 340 , and a retaining screw 342 . the function of each of these components will become apparent below in conjunction with the full and complete description of the lock ring 322 . while not directly relevant to the present invention , it may also be seen that the blow head assembly 104 consists of a main blow head segment 344 and a blow head sleeve 346 that will be installed onto the main blow head segment 344 . referring now to fig4 through 45 , the construction of the lock ring 322 of the slider assembly 318 will be described . the lock ring 322 is fundamentally cylindrical , with a pair of the detent recesses 350 and 352 located on the top side thereof adjacent opposite sides of the lock ring 322 . as may be seen particularly in fig4 , the detent recesses 350 and 352 extend into the interior of the lock ring 322 . the top surface of the lock ring 322 also includes an aperture 354 located therein into which the roll pin 326 ( shown in fig3 ) will be inserted . the outer wall of the lock ring 322 includes two opposed notches 356 and 358 located on the bottom thereof , with a large vertical slot 359 located in the outer wall of the lock ring 322 above the notch 356 . the tab 315 extending from the cylindrical sleeve 314 ( both shown in fig3 ) will extend into the vertical slot 359 to prevent the lock ring 322 from rotating during operation . the cylindrical upper portion 320 of the slider assembly 318 has two annular grooves 360 and 362 located therein into which the piston rings 324 ( shown in fig3 ) will be located . a central passage 364 extends through the slider assembly 318 , from the top of the cylindrical upper portion 320 to the interior of the lock ring 322 , and will be used to supply blow air . multiple passages 366 extend through the cylindrical upper portion 320 and are arrayed around the central passage 364 into the interior of the lock ring 322 , and will be used to supply cooling air . the lock ring 322 has a hollow interior as best shown in fig4 and 45 , and is also partially open on the bottom thereof . it will be appreciated that this opening is configured to have a contour that will closely admit the blow head mounting portion 394 of the main blow head segment 344 ( as best shown in fig4 and 50 the details of which are described below ). located on the bottom side of the lock ring 322 are two opposed inwardly - extending arcuate engagement flanges 370 and 372 which have the two opposed notches 356 and 358 extending therebetween on the bottom portion of the outer wall of the lock ring 322 . an aperture 384 is located in the arcuate engagement flange 372 and is axially aligned with the aperture 354 in the top of the lock ring 322 . finally , referring to fig4 , it may be seen that the detent recesses 350 and 352 are open at the bottoms thereof into the hollow interior of the lock ring 322 respectively above the arcuate engagement flanges 370 and 372 . referring next to fig4 through 48 , the blow head sleeve 346 is shown to be of hollow cylindrical construction . it has four angularly equally spaced apertures 380 located therein near the bottom end thereof . the blow head sleeve 346 is sized appropriately to fit on the bottom portion of the main blow head segment 344 . referring now to fig4 through 54 , the construction of the relevant portions of the main blow head segment 344 will be described . the main blow head segment 344 has three segments , which include , from the bottom to the top , a blow head portion 390 , a cylindrical blow head neck portion 392 , and a blow head mounting portion 394 . the blow head portion 390 includes a cylindrical recess 396 that is open at the bottom of the main blow head segment 344 as shown in fig4 ( and that will engage the finish portion of a parison , which is not shown herein ). the blow head neck portion 392 is sized to fit between the arcuate engagement flanges 370 and 372 ( best shown in fig4 ). the blow head mounting portion 394 has opposed locking flanges 396 and 398 extending laterally therefrom on opposite sides thereof . the outer diameters defined by the locking flanges 396 and 398 are sized to fit within the inner diameter of the interior of the lock ring 322 , and the widths of the flanges 396 and 398 are defined to fit within the areas defined between the ends of the arcuate engagement flanges 370 and 372 . the sides of the locking flanges 396 and 398 are angled on the top sides as best shown in fig4 and 50 . a central passage 400 extends through the main blow head segment 344 , from the top of the blow head mounting portion 394 to the interior of the blow head portion 390 , and will be used to supply blow air . multiple passages 402 extend through the blow head mounting portion 394 , the blow head neck portion 392 , and exit at the outside of the blow head portion 390 and are arrayed around the central passage 400 in the interior of the main blow head segment 344 , and will be used to supply cooling air . multiple passages 404 extend through the blow head portion 390 from the outside to the inside thereof . it will be appreciated that when the blow head sleeve 346 ( shown in fig4 through 48 ) is mounted onto the blow head portion 390 , 402 and the passages 404 will supply blow air from the top of the blow head mounting portion 394 to the interior of the blow head portion 390 . respectively centrally located on the top sides of the locking flanges 396 and 398 at the distal ends thereof are detent recesses 404 and 406 . located about the circumference of the blow head portion 390 are four apertures 410 that will be aligned with the four apertures 380 in the blow head sleeve 346 when the blow head sleeve 346 is mounted on the main blow head segment 344 . four venting screws 412 ( best shown in fig3 and 72 ) are screwed through the apertures 380 in the blow head sleeve 346 and into the apertures 410 in 390 of the main blow head segment 344 , and function both to retain the blow head sleeve 346 on the main blow head segment 344 as well as to allow cooling air to be vented out of the blow head 304 . referring next to fig5 through 59 , the slider assembly 318 is shown with the detent ball apparatus installed and with the retaining screws 342 being visible ( the detent ball 338 and the spring 340 shown in fig3 are not visible in these figures ). additionally , the blow head sleeve 346 illustrated in fig4 through 48 is shown installed onto the main blow head segment 344 shown in fig5 through 54 , with the venting screws 412 being clearly visible . further , the blow head 304 ( which includes the main blow head segment 344 and the blow head sleeve 346 ) is installed into the lock ring 322 of the slider assembly 318 . referring now to fig6 , the roll pin 326 is shown installed in the apertures 354 and 384 of the slider assembly 318 . the function of the roll pin 326 is to limit the rotation of the locking flange 396 of the blow head 304 to 90 degrees once it has been inserted into the lock ring 322 of the slider assembly 318 . referring next to fig6 through 63 , the insertion of the blow head mounting portion 394 of the blow head assembly 304 into the lock ring 322 of the slider assembly 318 is shown . the blow head mounting portion 394 including the locking flanges 396 and 398 are inserted through the opening between the arcuate engagement flanges 370 and 372 in the lock ring 322 of the slider assembly 318 and into the interior thereof . the opening between the arcuate engagement flanges 370 and 372 are configured to admit the blow head mounting portion 394 therebetween . referring now to fig6 through 66 , the rotation of the blow head mounting portion 394 of the blow head assembly 304 within the lock ring 322 of the slider assembly 318 from the inserted position that it is in following the process illustrated in fig6 through 63 is shown . as the blow head 304 is rotated , the angled corners on top of the locking flanges 396 and 398 at the edges thereof come into contact with the detent balls 338 , as shown in detail in fig6 . as the blow head 304 continues to be rotated , the angled corners on top of the locking flanges 396 and 398 will force the detent balls 338 upwardly against the force exerted by the springs 340 . referring next to fig6 through 71 , the installed and locked position of the blow head mounting portion 394 of the blow head assembly 304 within the lock ring 322 of the slider assembly 318 is shown . the blow head mounting portion 394 of the blow head assembly 304 continues to be rotated with the locking flanges 396 and 398 of the blow head mounting portion 394 located on top of the arcuate engagement flanges 370 and 372 in the lock ring segment 322 . when the blow head mounting portion 394 of the blow head assembly 304 has been rotated 90 degrees following its insertion into the interior of the lock ring 322 , the detent recesses 406 and 408 of the locking flanges 396 and 398 , respectively , of the blow head mounting portion 394 are aligned with the detent balls 338 , which are urged by the spring 340 into the detent recesses 406 and 408 , thereby retaining the locking flanges 396 and 398 of the blow head mounting portion 394 in the position in which it is shown in fig6 through 71 . in this regard , the detent balls 338 and the detent recesses 406 and 408 can be collectively thought of as engageable retaining mechanisms . this will retain the blow head assembly 304 in place on the blow head arm assembly 300 . in fact , rotation of the blow head mounting portion 394 of the blow head assembly 304 more than 90 degrees is prevented by the roll pin 326 blocking the locking flange 398 , as best shown in fig6 . it will be appreciated that the installation of the blow head assembly 304 on the blow head arm assembly 300 can be performed with one hand of an operator , and that no tools are required to install the blow head assembly 304 . removal of the blow head assembly 304 can be accomplished in similar fashion , since the detent recesses 406 and 408 are also angled to allow the blow head assembly 304 to be rotated , with sufficient force to push the detent balls 338 upwardly against the force of the springs 340 . referring finally to fig7 , additional detail is provided showing the venting screws 412 used to exhaust cooling air from the blow head 304 . in order to vary the amount of cooling air vented from the blow head 304 , venting screws 412 having different inner diameters can be exchanged to vary to cooling air flow therethrough . alternately , a valving arrangement could be included in the design of the venting screws 412 and / or the apertures 410 in the blow head mounting portion 394 that would vary the cooling air flow therethrough by rotating the venting screws 412 . it may therefore be appreciated from the above detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention that it provides apparatus and a related method to facilitate the installation and removal of blow heads onto their respective blow head mounting members . in this regard , the lock ring mounting arrangement apparatus and method of the present invention does not require tools to remove and replace the blow heads , and further facilitates the removal and installation of blow heads using only a single hand . additionally , the lock ring mounting arrangement apparatus and method also provides a preload to prevent slackness in the blow heads with respect to the blow head mounting members , thereby preventing vibration during oscillation of the blow heads as well as reducing wear on the blow heads . finally , the lock ring mounting arrangement apparatus and method of the present invention achieves numerous advantages without incurring any substantial relative disadvantage . although the foregoing description of the present invention has been shown and described with reference to particular embodiments and applications thereof , it has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the particular embodiments and applications disclosed . it will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art that a number of changes , modifications , variations , or alterations to the invention as described herein may be made , none of which depart from the spirit or scope of the present invention . the particular embodiments and applications were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . all such changes , modifications , variations , and alterations should therefore be seen as being within the scope of the present invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly , legally , and equitably entitled . while the current application recites particular combinations of features in the claims appended hereto , various embodiments of the invention relate to any combination of any of the features described herein whether or not such combination is currently claimed , and any such combination of features may be claimed in this or future applications . any of the features , elements , or components of any of the exemplary embodiments discussed above may be claimed alone or in combination with any of the features , elements , or components of any of the other embodiments discussed above .

2Chemistry; Metallurgy

the following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention , its embodiments , its application , or its uses . following is a description of an exemplary embodiment of a hybrid absorbing element 10 of the computer - implemented apparatus 20 and method 100 for finite element explicit time difference calculations leveraging the hybrid absorbing element 10 described by modeling parameters comprised of perfectly matched layers and infinite elements to create a hybrid configuration having the performance characteristics desired . now referring to fig1 a and 1b , a simplified two - dimensional illustration of a hybrid absorbing element 10 used in the apparatus 20 and method 100 herein is described . a hybrid absorbing element 10 , as defined more fully herein , is comprised of a single finite - sized base facet 17 and a plurality of semi - infinite facets 14 . for example , a quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 ( fig1 a and 10b ) consists of a finite quadrilateral base facet 67 and four semi - infinite facets 14 ; a triangular hybrid absorbing element 70 ( fig1 a and 11b ) consists of a finite triangular base facet 77 and three semi - infinite facets 14 . other hybrid absorbing element configurations consisting of more than four semi - infinite facets 14 based upon base facets having more than four sides are supported by the apparatus 20 and method 100 . the finite element structure , also known as the mesh , is comprised of a plurality of finite elements , each of which consists of base facets of shell - type geometry . for simplicity , the structure of each element is first described in the context of a two - dimensional view of the hybrid absorbing element 10 having semi - infinite facet 14 illustrated in fig1 a and 1b . as illustrated in fig1 a and 1b , from a two - dimensional perspective , a semi - infinite facet 14 of the hybrid absorbing element 10 according to an aspect of the invention is defined by an interior point 11 and a boundary or base facet 17 defined by nodes 12 . infinite - direction bounding rays 15 , 16 emanate from the single interior point 11 common to all infinite elements in a set . the bounding rays 15 , 16 are defined from the interior point 11 , through each infinite element node 12 . alternative definitions of the bounding rays 15 , 16 at nodes 12 are permissible , as long as the hybrid absorbing elements 10 which share a node 12 share the bounding ray emanating from that node 12 . for example , in an alternative embodiment , not shown here , each single interior point 11 may be replaced with a pair of user - defined points , allowing prolate - spheroidal or oblate - spheroidal geometry to be used to define bounding rays 15 , 16 shared between adjacent hybrid absorbing elements 10 . this ensures that the volumes of the hybrid absorbing elements 10 will in entirety fill the exterior volume of the model . the hybrid absorbing element 10 comprises a semi - infinite volume 19 defined by the base facet boundary 17 , and the infinite - direction bounding rays 15 , 16 . additional detail addressing the configuration and use of hybrid absorbing elements 10 based upon the semi - infinite facet 14 is subsequently provided to more fully explain the use of the semi - infinite facet 14 for modeling according to various embodiments of the apparatus 20 and method 100 . referring to fig2 , we describe an exemplary basic configuration of the apparatus 20 associated with the method 100 herein . the apparatus 20 includes a processor 30 with access to electronic data storage 40 , wherein the processor 30 and associated operations are accessed via a user interface 50 . processor 30 orchestrates functionality of various modules to generate an ultimate solution . modules that operate on processor 30 include hybrid element module 31 , decay function module 32 , mapping module 33 , derivation module 34 , mass matrix module 35 , and compute element module 36 . modules 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , and 36 may be implemented in software , hardware , firmware , some combination of software , hardware , and firmware , or otherwise implemented . it should be appreciated that although modules 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 and 36 are illustrated in fig2 as being co - located within a single processing unit . for implementations in which processor 30 includes and supports multiple processing units , modules 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , and / or 36 may be located remotely from the other modules and associated with additional individual processors 30 . further , the description of the functionality provided by the different modules 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 and 36 described below is for illustrative purposes , and is not intended to be limiting , as any of modules 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 and / or 36 may provide more or less functionality than is described . for example , one or more of modules 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , and 36 may be eliminated , and some or all of the functionality may be provided by other ones of modules 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , and 36 . as another example , processor 30 may support one or more additional modules that may perform some or all of the functionality attributed below to one of modules 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , and 36 . the various aspects and embodiments of the apparatus 20 and method 100 leverage features of the finite element method . fig3 is a top - level structural flowchart of fundamental modules and processes associated with the apparatus 20 and method 100 herein . more particularly , the computer - implemented method 100 implements the finite element method ( fem ), performed with assistance of one or more computers or computer processors , for predicting behavior of a physical system by obtaining numerical solutions to mathematical equations that describe the system and its loading conditions . referring to the flowchart of fig3 , the use of the fem as taught by the method 100 may be thought of as comprising three primary compute phases : preprocessing 110 , solution 120 , and post - processing 130 . now , in still greater detail , referring to fig2 and fig4 , the apparatus 20 and method 100 according to various aspects and embodiments of the invention is described . hybrid element module 31 drives hybrid element shape function definition process 310 to support one or more subsequent interpolation functions wherein element shapes are defined in two and three spatial dimensions . decay function module 32 applies and drives decay functions 320 to specify the pml - like function governing the rate of decay of an acoustic wave field inside the hybrid infinite element domain . the decay functions 320 also affect the variation of the acoustic wave field in directions tangent to the terminating surface or base facet : the decay function must specify zero added damping so that the field impedance at the surface of the hybrid absorbing element 10 is matched to that of the adjacent finite element . mapping module 33 drives a mapping process 330 wherein a coordinate map is associated with the hybrid absorbing element model and described in part by the base facet shape functions , in part in an isoparametric manner , and in part by a singular function . together , the isoparametric and singular functions map the true , semi - infinite domain onto the parent element quadrilateral . to specify a map for a given element , distances are defined between each infinite element node on a base facet and the element &# 39 ; s reference node . intermediate points in the infinite direction are defined as offset replicas of the nodes on the terminating surface . with reference to fig3 , in a preprocessing phase 110 , at step 111 , the physical domain of the problem is partitioned into a pattern of subdomains of simple geometry , referred to as “ elements .” the resulting pattern associated with the geometric configuration of the elements is referred to as a “ mesh .” in addition , problem data such as physical properties , loads , and boundary conditions are specified . in a solution phase 120 , a system of equations which governs the wave propagation of the problem of interest is addressed and solved . the solution phase 120 of fig3 is carried out in a programmed computer / data processor 30 . in step 122 of solution phase 120 , an element system of equations is first derived . the element system of equations comprises a set of numerically computable mathematical formulas that are derived theoretically and implemented into the computer code that forms the fem program . at step 123 , numerical values are computed for the coefficients in the “ element equations ” associated with each element in the mesh . during computer implementation of the fem program , the code for these formulas associated with the element equation is accessed by each element in the mesh . numerical values are computed for the coefficients in the formulas using the geometric and physical data associated with each individual element . at step 122 , derivation of the element equations embodies the following aspects . the unknown field variable ( s ), for which the finite - element analysis is seeking a solution , is represented approximately within each element as a finite sum of known functions , referred to as “ shape ” functions . these shape functions are chosen to be polynomials , typically , although alternative functions may be used . unknown parameters , referred to as “ degrees of freedom ” ( dof ), become the new unknowns for which the finite - element analysis finds values by solving the global system of equations . the dof values that the unknown field variable takes at specific points in the element , are referred to as “ nodes .” when values for the dof are subsequently computed in step 128 , the approximate fem solution will then be known everywhere , continuously , throughout each element . both the shape functions and the parameters will be known , and these , together , define the complete solution in the entire problem domain at step 123 , coefficients in the element equations are evaluated and numerical values for those coefficients are generated . these coefficients are stored in electronic storage 40 such as digital memory . the representation of the unknown field variable in terms of shape functions is inserted into the governing physics equations . the physics equations are differential or integral equations that express the physical laws to which the physical system is subject . these differential equations reduce to a system of algebraic equations which describe the element equation . the expressions for the coefficients in the element equation are manipulated to support optimized computing . at step 124 , the element equations for all the elements associated with the analysis are combined or assembled into one global system of equations . the equations associated with all the elements that share nodes in the mesh will contribute terms to the equations governing the dof at that node , thereby establishing continuity in the field variable from element to element . the system of equations grows larger and larger as element equations are aggregated , resulting in one global system of equations . element coefficients are assembled to form a system of equations wherein system equation coefficients are maintained in electronic storage 40 . for clarity , further aspects of the method 100 will be described in association with the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 illustrated in fig1 a and 10b . however , the following descriptions will be applicable to other forms of hybrid absorbing elements 10 , such as the triangular hybrid absorbing element 70 illustrated in fig1 a and 11b . with continuing reference to fig4 , the equations defining the hybrid absorbing element 60 are derived and likewise incorporated within the global system of equations at step 124 . subsequently , in step 126 , the global system of equations is modified to consider boundary and loading conditions applicable to the physical system being modeled . in step 128 , the system of equations is solved , using any of a variety of numerical analysis techniques . since there are thousands , or even millions of unknown dof , depending on the problem to be solved , the solution of the system of equations is preferably distributed across one or more computers or processors . the result of the solution phase 120 is a description of the values assumed by a field variable throughout the mesh . this result is then subjected to post - processing 130 in a processor 30 , and output to a storage device 40 or user interface 50 such as a display device . the result may also be exported to other software systems and processors for further analysis . in the post - processing phase 130 , at step 132 , the final solution to the system of equations is processed for presentation or display to a user analyst in a plurality of different meaningful forms . in the post - processing phase 130 , other useful information may be derived from the solution and likewise displayed to a user . it is a general property of the solution phase 120 that as the physical wave frequency increases , the computational burden increases significantly . consequently , it is advantageous to use , for data processor 30 , a parallel processor , such as a massively parallel processor or a scalable parallel processor . in addition , data processor 30 can likewise be comprised of a plurality of cloud - based computing resources to support elasticity of demand for use and to address significantly larger modeling requirements driven by either the physical size of the model , required accuracy , and / or wave frequency . the solution for an acoustic problem according to an embodiment of the method 100 in an unbounded exterior space is assumed to be linear and governed by the same equations as the finite acoustic region . a parameter is used to denote velocity - dependent “ volumetric drag ” ( material damping / loss ) which may exist in fluid associated with the acoustic medium . where the infinite exterior of a region of acoustic fluid is bounded by a convex surface and a conventional finite element mesh defined on the surface , each facet of the surface mesh , together with the normal vectors at the nodes , defines a subdivision of the infinite exterior , referred to as the infinite element . further derivation according to one embodiment of the method establishes values for other dependent variables . a diagonal mass matrix ensures that the implementation of the underlying algorithm is efficient for explicit transient dynamic simulations . in finite elements , low - polynomial - order element mass matrices are lumped into diagonal entries . in an embodiment of the hybrid absorbing element , infinite direction functions are handled differently and selected such that they are orthogonal with respect to the mass integral , so that the contributions are naturally diagonal . in one embodiment of the invention , the element shape and test functions for the hybrid absorbing element 60 consist of conventional low - order isoparametric finite element functions defined on the base facet 67 , multiplied by a set of high - order polynomials in the infinite direction . by carefully selecting polynomials to be used in the infinite direction , only the degrees of freedom at the base of the hybrid absorbing element 60 are coupled to the finite element mesh , avoiding the need to transform the element &# 39 ; s diagonal mass into a non - diagonal form in order to couple to the mesh . many different sets of orthogonal functions may be derived to achieve this property . each of the functions are normalized so that the first function has unitary value at the finite element mesh , like the finite element neighbors , and the higher functions are normalized with respect to the mass integral . once corresponding weight functions are completed , the functions are presented such the element may be computed conventionally . referring now to fig4 , the hybrid absorbing element definition process 300 , hereinafter the haed process 300 , is described in greater detail . the process 300 of defining the hybrid absorbing element 60 comprises several steps including hybrid absorbing element shape function definition 310 , decay function 320 , mapping 330 , derivation 340 , mass matrix construction 350 , and compute element function 360 . these steps will be described in further detail for the simplest embodiment of the invention , linear acoustic wave propagation . referring now to fig5 , additional details associated with hybrid absorbing element shape function definition 310 are described . first , in step 311 , the hybrid absorbing element geometry is defined . the hybrid absorbing element geometry includes definition of the base facet 67 in step 312 , definition of the rays 65 emanating from the base facet 67 in step 314 , definition the semi - infinite facets 14 in step 316 , and definition of the semi - infinite volume 69 of the hybrid absorbing element 60 in step 318 . referring now to fig6 , the haed process 300 includes functions and implementation steps to support a decay function module 320 . first , in step 322 , hybrid absorbing element shape functions are defined as follows : in three spatial dimensions . the shape functions serve to specify the minimum rate of decay of an acoustic field inside the infinite element domain . the subindex α ranges over the n nodes of the base facet 67 of the infinite element , while the subindex β ranges over the number of functions used in the infinite direction . the function index i is equal to the subindex α for the first n functions , i = n + α for the second n functions , and so on . the functions b α ( g , h ) are conventional two - dimensional shape functions ( in three dimensions ) or , with h = 0 , one - dimensional shape functions for axisymmetric or two - dimensional elements . the role of these functions is to specify the variation of the acoustic field in directions tangent to the terminating surface in step 324 where the terminating surface is congruent with the base facet 67 . the variation of the acoustic field in the infinite direction is given by the functions b β ( ξ ), which are members of a set of polynomials in the infinite - direction coordinate ξ ( see below ). the first member of this set of polynomials corresponds to the value of the acoustic pressures on the terminating surface ; the other functions are generalized degrees of freedom . specifically , we choose where g β ( ξ ) are chosen to be orthogonal with respect to the mass matrix integral ( see below ). all of the b β ( ξ ) are equal to zero at the terminating surface , except for b 1 ( ξ ). this ensures that the degrees of freedom on the base facet 67 are defined in step 326 in terms of the first - order terms only . referring now to fig7 , the haed process 300 includes functions and implementation steps to support a mapping module 330 . the coordinate map for each model is described in part by the base facet shape functions , in the usual isoparametric manner , and in part by a singular function . together , the functions map the true , semi - infinite domain onto the parent element square or cube . to specify the map for a given element , we first define in step 332 the distances r α between each infinite element node a on the base facet 67 and the element &# 39 ; s reference node , located at x 0 : intermediate points in the infinite direction are defined as offset replicas of the nodes on the terminating surface : in step 334 , we use the interpolated reference distance on the terminating surface , in the definition of the parent coordinate , ξ , corresponding to the infinite direction : where r is the distance between an arbitrary point in the semi - infinite volume and the reference point , x 0 . with these definitions , the geometric map can be specified in step 336 as the infinite elements are not isoparametric as such , since the map uses a lower - order function of the parent coordinates than the interpolation scheme does . however , this singular mapping is convenient and invertible . referring now to fig8 , the haed process 300 includes functions and implementations steps to support a derivation module 340 . the solution in the unbounded acoustic medium is assumed linear and governed by the same equations as the finite acoustic region : the parameter γ is used to denote velocity - dependent ‘ volumetric drag ’ ( material damping / loss ) which may exist in the fluid . consider the infinite exterior of a region of acoustic fluid bounded by a convex surface and a conventional finite element mesh defined on this surface . each facet of this surface mesh , together with the normal vectors at the nodes , defines a subdivision of the infinite exterior that will be referred to as the ‘ infinite element ’, v e . application of the method of weighted residuals in step 342 results in a weak form of this equation over the infinite element volume : this equation is formally identical to that used in the finite element region ; however , the choice of functions for the weight , δp , and for the solution field , p , will be different . to continue with the derivation , we transform the weighted residual statement into the frequency domain in step 344 as follows : φ j are the shape functions , d is the physical dimension ( 2 or 3 ), and p j are element degrees of freedom . the shape functions will be described below . the factor f is the astley - leis factor , which ensures integrability for the element terms . inserting the shape and weight functions and integrating by parts , we obtain the equation for a single element in the frequency domain in step 346 , as follows : in step 348 , using the mapping defined above , the element equation is written explicitly in terms of the “ tangential ” variables g and h , and the “ infinite ” variable ξ . referring now to fig9 , the haed process 300 includes functions and implementations steps to support a mass matrix construction module 350 . for explicit finite element applications , a diagonal mass matrix ensures that the algorithm is efficient . low - order finite element mass matrices are typically “ lumped ” into diagonal entries . however , the method 100 herein handles the presence of the infinite direction functions differently . here , in step 351 , we select a set of infinite - direction functions in ξ , which are orthogonal with respect to the mass integral , so that these contributions are naturally diagonal . as described above , the element shape and test functions consist of conventional low - order isoparametric finite element functions defined on the base facet 67 , multiplied by a set of high - order polynomials in the infinite direction . consequently , when the appropriate substitutions are made in step 353 , the mass matrix consists of terms of the form here , we write using the physical r instead of ξ , at the outset ; d is the physical dimension ( 2 or 3 ). the first part of the integral is akin to a conventional finite element mass matrix in two dimensions , so it may be lumped using standard techniques to obtain an operator diagonal in the indices α 1 and α 2 . the latter term simplifies to which , after applying the physical - parent transformations in step 355 : in step 357 , orthogonal functions are derived . three functions that are orthogonal with respect to this integral are : the ( 1 − ξ ) factors are required for integrability . the ( 1 + ξ ) factors are included in the higher functions to ensure that the field at the interior face of the element is dependent only on the first function ; i . e ., that only a single nodal degree of freedom in the element is coupled to the finite element mesh . this coupling avoids having to transform the element &# 39 ; s diagonal mass into a non - diagonal form in order to couple to the mesh . more orthogonal functions may be derived if higher - order elements are desired . the functions above are normalized in step 359 so that the first function has unitary value at the finite element mesh , like the finite element neighbors , and the higher functions are normalized with respect to the mass integral . these functions are now in a form that allows the element to be computed conventionally in step 360 . for illustrative purposes , in practice and use , referring to fig1 a and 10b , we describe aspects of the use of a quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 wherein the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 uniquely blends features of the perfectly matched layer ( pml ) concept with the infinite element concept . leveraging the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 , the method 100 is able to accurately model wave propagation , absorb short - wavelength waves at all angles of incidence and devolve to a correct low - frequency limit . devolving to a correct low - frequency limit is typically unachievable using pml alone , since pml are usually implemented using stacks of the usual domain operator ( finite elements or finite differences ) which terminate at some fixed layer thickness . such an approach does not work well at very low frequency , because the pml damping is nearly zero , and the underlying code therefore perceives a finite domain size . an infinite element formulation is known to work well at the low frequency limit of acoustics and elasticity . combining the infinite element and pml concepts according to method 100 to form the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 addresses limitations associated with singular use of the two approaches . by creating the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 , the method 100 allows underlying algorithms to be used spatially local to minimize storage and communication requirements and associated costs . it also ensures that second - order time derivatives are compatible with the explicit central difference time integration schema . it also ensures that method 100 converges to the appropriate low - frequency limits . the method 100 according to the invention is intended to work well in an explicit time - domain finite element code , and hence , the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 includes a finite ( i . e . non - zero ) and lump - able ( diagonal ) mass operator . in the tangential directions , this requirement is satisfied by linear finite element basis functions ; in the infinite direction , the basic functions are orthogonalized with respect to the mass integral . in practice , pml formulations require smooth variation of the damping parameter as a function of the infinite direction . consequently , the method 100 supports inclusion of one or more infinite - direction basis functions . the set of functions contain only one member with nonzero value at the inner “ finite ” boundary . using such a member set in the infinite direction , together with linear finite element shape functions in the tangential directions , allows the mass operator of the hybrid absorbing element 60 to be diagonal , ensuring that the coefficients for the second - order derivatives are diagonal for inclusion as a lumped mass . in modeling associated with finite element techniques , the simpler the elemental structure , the easier it is for a user to configure their desired model using fundamental descriptive elements properly . in the method 100 , the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 may be used according to common practice in infinite elements wherein : the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 is defined using two nodal layers : an inner node 61 at a finite boundary , and a second base facet 67 defined by nodes 62 whose positions define the infinite - direction rays 65 bounding each quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 . the user need only define the inner set of nodes 62 , as if the element were a shell or membrane , and define the infinite - direction bounding rays 65 using a single interior point 61 common to all the infinite elements in a member set . the bounding rays 65 are defined from the interior point 61 , through each infinite element node 62 . this approach ensures that the elements 60 fill the exterior volume . the single interior point 61 may be replaced with a pair of user - defined points , allowing prolate - spheroidal or oblate - spheroidal geometry to be used to define the rays . temporal stability and accuracy requirements are driven by the eigenvalues of the hybrid absorbing element 60 . the imaginary parts of the eigenvalues lie in the upper half of the complex plane ( when the positive sign convention for the fourier transform is used ). this property is tested and designed by applying the proposed element formulation to a spherical exterior , and using legendre modes in place of finite element tangential discretization . in this manner , the impedance curves of the element formulation , which depend on the pml damping parameter , can be compared to classical results for the sphere across a range of frequencies . the variation of the pml damping parameter in the infinite direction is driven by similar testing and comparison to classical results . in practice , the number of semi - infinite facets 14 associated with a hybrid absorbing element may vary . in one embodiment , shown in fig1 a and 10b , a quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 comprises four semi - infinite facets 14 . in another embodiment , shown in fig1 a and 11b , a triangular hybrid absorbing element 70 comprises three semi - infinite facets 14 . use of other polygons for the base facet is foreseen . referring now to fig1 a and 10b , the structure of a hybrid absorbing element 60 having a quadrilateral configuration is described in further detail . the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 is comprised of a semi - infinite portion 69 . the entirety of the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 is defined by four semi - infinite facets 14 and the base quadrilateral facet 67 . the base quadrilateral facet 67 is defined by four nodes 62 . bounding rays 65 extend from the interior origin point 61 and through each of the nodes 62 of the base facet 67 , extending to infinity to define the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 . the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 blends a perfectly matched layer ( pml ) model with an infinite element model . thus configured , the apparatus 20 and method 100 according to the invention supports simultaneous absorption of short - wavelength waves at all angles of incidence while also causing the model to devolve to a correct low - frequency limit . devolution to a correct low - frequency limit substantially complements pml formulations alone , since pml is implemented using stacks of the domain operator ( finite elements or finite differences ) which terminate at some fixed layer thickness . pml formulations alone do not work well at very low frequency , because the pml damping is nearly zero at low frequency , and the underlying code will incorrectly perceive a finite domain size . the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 is functionally efficient within explicit time - domain finite element code , having a finite ( i . e . non - zero ) and lumpable mass operator . in the tangential directions , this requirement is satisfied by linear finite element basis functions ; in the infinite direction , the basic functions are orthogonalized with respect to the mass integral . the pml formulations preferably include smooth variation of a damping parameter as a function of the infinite direction . consequently , the apparatus 20 and method 100 driven by application of the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 provides for application of one or more infinite - direction basis functions . as a matter of convenience , each function contains only one member with nonzero value at the inner finite boundary . since modeling of different phenomena and devices can include complex geometry and operational requirements , the apparatus 20 and method 100 leverages the novel features of the quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 applied within the context of various practices associated with infinite elements . the apparatus and method 100 will likewise leverage the novel features of hybrid absorbing elements having different base facet geometries . temporal stability and accuracy requirements of the apparatus 20 and method 100 are dependent on the eigenvalues of each quadrilateral hybrid absorbing element 60 . the imaginary parts of the eigenvalues lie in the upper half of the complex plane when the positive sign convention for the fourier transform is used . this requirement is addressed by applying the proposed element formulation to a spherical exterior , and using legendre modes in place of finite element tangential discretization . in this manner , impedance curves of the hybrid element formulation , which depend on the pml damping parameter , can be compared to classical results for the sphere across a range of frequencies . the variation of the pml damping parameter in the infinite direction is determined with iterative computing analysis to coincide with real - world results and resulting empirical data . referring now to fig1 a and 11b , another embodiment of a hybrid absorbing element 70 having a triangular configuration is described . the triangular hybrid absorbing element 70 is comprised of a semi - infinite portion 79 . the entirety of the triangular hybrid absorbing element 70 is defined by three semi - infinite facets 14 and the base triangular facet 77 . the base triangular facet 77 is defined by three nodes 72 . bounding rays 75 extend from the interior origin point 71 and through each of the nodes 72 of the base facet 77 , extending to infinity to define the triangular hybrid absorbing element 70 . now referring to fig1 and fig1 , the apparatus 20 and method 100 is implemented on a computer in software or firmware aiding in the pre - and post - processing of finite element models for presentation on a display device . referring to fig1 in further detail , a top view of a three - dimensional representation 400 is an illustrative schematic of determining the radiation from an acoustic source 410 into an infinite medium 470 . in practice , a simplified finite element model generated by a finite element software program on a computer will generate a viable computer model according to various approximations . for the theoretical unbounded model , which does not lend itself to computational simulation , the acoustic source 410 is surrounded by the infinite medium 470 . the acoustic source 410 generates an acoustic wave 475 that propagates throughout the infinite medium 470 until its energy is dissipated and no returns of energy occur . in a first approximation , an absorbing boundary condition 450 is established to truncate the computational model sufficiently to allow the computation and display of results . the absorbing boundary condition 450 is set a distance from the source 410 sufficient to minimize returns from the modeled acoustic wave 455 wherein the size of the computer model extends the distance of the absorbing boundary condition 450 . the absorbing boundary condition 450 represents a first approximation of the behavior of a signal 455 emanating from the acoustic source 410 . the size of the resulting computing model using conventional methods is driven by the volume 440 within the truncation established by the absorbing boundary condition 450 . according to one embodiment , the computational model required is a function of the hybrid condition 430 established at a distance from the acoustic source 410 to accommodate the distance associated with the wave length 435 . consequently , the required computational model size , driven by the hybrid condition volume 420 is reduced significantly from the conventional implementation using absorbing boundary condition 450 versus that of the apparatus 20 and method 100 of the invention , which uses the hybrid perfectly matched layer 430 . for further clarification and now referring to fig1 , a three - dimensional representation of the illustration in fig1 is shown . a three - dimensional acoustic source 410 is represented by a sphere and may be , for example , a tonpilz transducer consisting of an active ( piezoelectric or magnorestrictive ) material placed between a light , stiff radiating head mass and a heavy tail mass designed to create an unbalanced load in sonar applications . the infinite volume 470 extending beyond the three - dimensional outer border 450 models an acoustic wave 475 propagating through the infinite volume 470 . the three - dimensional model 400 includes an absorbing boundary condition represented by the surface 450 , which establishes the size of the computational model associated with a conventional method of finite element analysis using only the absorbing boundary condition 450 for truncation of the model at a distance established by requirements for the acoustic signal wave 455 . for exemplary purposes , a typical model may consist of approximately twenty million elements whose interactions and signal propagations must be computed . in an embodiment of the apparatus 20 and method 100 , a further approach for truncating the computational model comprises a hybrid absorbing boundary condition that establishes the outer surface 430 penetrated by an acoustic wave 435 , which is efficiently absorbed at the outer surface 430 to minimize returns . the number of elements required by the model according to an embodiment of the invention is significantly reduced to approximately one million elements , saving significant compute time and compute resources after application of one embodiment of the apparatus 20 and method 100 described herein . now referring to fig1 , the apparatus 20 and method 100 is implemented across a global network , generally supported by the internet and the world wide web . fig1 illustrates a computer network or similar digital processing environment 1000 in which the apparatus 20 and method 100 may be implemented . client computer ( s )/ devices 1050 and server computer ( s ) 1060 provide processing , storage , and input / output devices executing application programs and the like . client computer ( s )/ devices 1050 can also be linked through communications network 1070 to other computing devices , including other client devices / processes 1050 and server computer ( s ) 1060 . communications network 1070 can be part of a remote access network , a global network ( e . g ., the internet ), a worldwide collection of computers , local area or wide area networks , and gateways that currently use respective protocols ( tcp / ip , bluetooth , etc .) to communicate with one another . other electronic device / computer network architectures are suitable . fig1 is a diagram of the internal structure of a representative computer ( e . g ., client processor / device 1050 or server computers 1060 ) in the computer system of fig1 . each computer 1050 , 1060 contains system bus 1179 , where a bus is a set of hardware lines used for data transfer among the components of a computer or processing system . bus 1179 is essentially a shared conduit that connects different elements of a computer system ( e . g ., processor , disk storage , memory , input / output ports , network ports , etc .) that enables the transfer of information between the elements . attached to system bus 1179 is an input / output ( i / o ) device interface 1182 for connecting various input and output devices ( e . g ., keyboard , mouse , displays , printers , speakers , etc .) to the computer 1050 , 1060 . network interface 1186 allows the computer to connect to various other devices attached to a network ( e . g ., network 1070 of fig1 ). memory 1190 provides volatile storage for computer software instructions 1192 and data 1194 used to implement an embodiment ( e . g ., object models , codec and object model library discussed above ). disk storage 1195 provides non - volatile storage for computer software instructions 1192 and data 1194 used to implement an embodiment . central processor unit 1184 is attached to system bus 1179 . central processor unit 1184 provides for the execution of computer instructions . in one aspect , the processor routines 1192 and data 1194 are a computer program product , including a computer readable medium ( e . g ., a removable storage medium , such as one or more dvd - roms , cd - roms , diskettes , tapes , hard drives , etc .) that provides at least a portion of the software instructions for the apparatus 20 and method 100 . computer program product can be installed by any suitable software installation procedure , as is well known in the art . in another embodiment , at least a portion of the software instructions may also be downloaded over a cable , communication and / or wireless connection . in other embodiments , the apparatus 20 and method 100 programs are a computer program propagated signal product embodied on a propagated signal on a propagation medium 1007 ( e . g ., a radio wave , an infrared wave , a laser wave , a sound wave , or an electrical wave propagated over a global network , such as the internet , or other network ( s )). such carrier medium or signals provide at least a portion of the software instructions for the routines / program 1192 . in alternate aspects , the propagated signal is an analog carrier wave or digital signal carried on the propagated medium . for example , the propagated signal may be a digitized signal propagated over a global network ( e . g ., the internet ), a telecommunications network , or other network . in one embodiment , the propagated signal is a signal that is transmitted over the propagation medium over a certain time period , such as the instructions for a software application sent in packets over a network over a period of milliseconds , seconds , minutes , or longer . in another embodiment , the computer readable medium of computer program product is a propagation medium that the computer system may receive and read , such as by receiving the propagation medium and identifying a propagated signal embodied in the propagation medium , as described above for computer program propagated signal product . the term “ carrier medium ” or transient carrier encompasses the foregoing transient signals , propagated signals , propagated medium , storage medium and the like . aspects of the invention have been particularly shown and described with respect to certain preferred embodiments and features thereof . however , it should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes and modifications in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventions as set forth in the appended claims . for example , the apparatus 20 and method 100 may be implemented in a variety of computer architectures . the computer network of fig1 and compute elements of fig1 are for purposes of illustration and not limitation of the inventive subject matter . as contemplated herein , various aspects and embodiments of the inventive subject matter can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment , an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements . in one embodiment , the inventive subject matter is implemented in software , which includes but is not limited to firmware , resident software , microcode , and other forms . furthermore , embodiments of the inventive subject matter can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer - usable or computer - readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system . for the purposes of this description , a computer - usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain , store , communicate , propagate , or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . the medium can be an electronic , magnetic , optical , electromagnetic , infrared , or semiconductor system ( or apparatus or device ) or a propagation medium . examples of a computer - readable medium include a semiconductor or solid - state memory , magnetic tape , a removable computer diskette , a random access memory ( ram ), a read - only memory ( rom ), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk . some examples of optical disks include compact disc - read only memory ( cd - rom ), compact disc read / write ( cd - r / w ) and dvd . a data processing system suitable for storing and / or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus . the memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code , bulk storage , and cache memories , which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code are retrieved from bulk storage during execution . input / output or i / o devices ( including but not limited to keyboards , displays , pointing devices , etc .) can be coupled to the apparatus 20 either directly or through intervening i / o controllers . network adapters may also be coupled to the apparatus 20 to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks . modems , cable modem and ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters . thus , specific compositions and methods of the computer - implemented apparatus 20 and method 100 have been disclosed . it should be apparent , however , to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein . the inventive subject matter , therefore , is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the disclosure . moreover , in interpreting the disclosure , all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context . in particular , the terms “ comprises ” and “ comprising ” should be interpreted as referring to elements , components , or steps in a non - exclusive manner , indicating that the referenced elements , components , or steps may be present , or utilized , or combined with other elements , components , or steps that are not expressly referenced .

6Physics

the following detailed description , which references and incorporates fig1 - 3b , describes and illustrates specific embodiments of the invention . these embodiments , offered not to limit but only to exemplify and teach the invention , are shown and described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention . thus , where appropriate to avoid obscuring the invention , the description may omit certain information known to those of skill in the art . fig1 shows an information handling system comprising a convergence ( or pc - tv ) system 100 in accord with the invention . specifically , pc - tv system 100 , which in a preferred embodiment , incorporates features of the destination pc - tv system from gateway , inc ., includes a monitor 110 , a tuner - receiver 120 , a personal computer 130 , and a detector 140 . monitor 110 , the heart of the system from a user perspective , plays or displays video programming from the tuner - receiver 120 and / or personal computer 130 . monitor 110 includes an epg display 110 a for displaying epg information . monitor 110 also includes built - in audio speakers ( not shown ) for outputting audible signals , including audible epg signals . to facilitate audible epg signals , the system includes a toggle or mixing circuit ( not shown ) to allow for output of epg audio over , or in place of , normal program audio . tuner - receiver 120 receives analog or digital channel signals via direct connection or wireless coupling to a multi - channel programming source . the signals for a given channel carry a scheduled or unscheduled sequence of programs , or programming events . in an exemplary embodiment , tuner - receiver 120 accepts digital or analog cable television signals , local over - the - air broadcast signals , and direct satellite television signals . exemplary signals that tuner - receiver 120 can receive include a program or channel signal 10 with embedded markers 10 a and 10 b and / or a parallel channel signal 20 with embedded markers 20 a and 20 b . in an exemplary embodiment , markers 10 a and 10 b and markers 20 a and 20 b identify the respective beginning and end of a program on channel signal 10 and 20 respectively . computer 130 , operatively coupled to monitor 110 and tuner - receiver 120 , includes a processor 131 , a local memory 132 , mass data storage devices 133 and 134 , a modem 135 , a clock 136 , and a set of user interface devices 137 . modem 135 , and other available means of communication , are capable of supporting apparatus and / or software ( not shown ), such as streaming - media players for any current or future format . interface devices 137 include a keyboard or keypad 137 a , a mouse or other pointing device 137 b , and a microphone 137 c , all of which support user interaction with a graphical user interface , such as the windows operating system from microsoft . in some embodiments , one or more of the interface devices 137 may be wireless . mass data storage device 133 , for example a computer - controllable video cassette recorder ( vcr ), a hard drive , or other recording device , records audio , video , or digital data on a read - write , data - storage medium , such as a magnetic recording tape . however , the invention encompasses any device capable of recording data , whether in analog or digital form . mass data storage device 134 may include one or more hard drives , and store an electronic program guide ( epg ) software 134 a and related database 134 b , as well as recording - device - control software 134 c . epg software 134 a and recording - control software 134 c cooperate with detector 140 to respectively control epg display 110 a and mass storage device 133 . detector 140 , which is operatively coupled to receive a version of channel signal 10 and / or channel signal 20 from tuner - receiver 120 or modem 135 , identifies and decodes markers 10 a and 10 b and / or markers 20 a and 20 b . in one embodiment , these markers are contained in vertical blanking intervals ( vbis ) of a television channel signal . in another , they are contained in digital data packets of a digital television signal or a digital media stream received via modem 135 , which is coupled through a local or wide area network to a provider of programming marked in accord with the invention . in still other embodiments , the markers are carried by a digital or analog communication channel , such as signal 20 , that is distinct from channel signal 10 , but that provides markers synchronized with the programs of channel signal 10 . in general operation , system 100 receives channel signal 10 and / or channel signal 20 via tuner - receiver 120 or modem 135 . detector 140 identifies a marker 10 a , using identification information embedded within the marker and / or using logical or contextual inference based on the channel and time information within epg database 134 b , as a start marker for a given program . once a marker is identified and / or decoded , detector 140 sends a signal to computer 130 , which directs epg software to output epg data to epg display 10 a and / or directs mass storage device 133 to start or stop recording a program scheduled for recording . more particularly , fig2 shows an exemplary method of operation in at least a portion of epg software 134 a . the method begins at block 202 with receipt of channel signals 10 and / or 20 . channel signal 20 , which is generally unnecessary if channel signal 10 includes markers 10 a and 10 b , is a shadow signal that provides markers for programs on channel signal 10 . execution of the exemplary method then proceeds to process block 204 . process block 204 determines whether detector 140 has identified any markers associated with channel signals 10 and 20 . if no markers have been detected , then the method loops back to block 202 . however , if a marker has been detected , execution proceeds to decision block 206 . in decision block 206 , the system determines whether the detected marker is a program start marker . the exemplary embodiment assumes the marker is either a program start marker or a program stop marker . however , other embodiments check for alternative types of markers , such as commercial start and stop markers , which would bracket a commercial occurring during a program . embodiments that check for commercial markers can mark the location of commercials on recording media and / or skip initial recording of the commercials , or provide a commercial - only recording mode . embodiments that accept streaming media check for a wide variety of markers consistent with the format of the a given media stream , one or more of which can be validly interpreted to control operation of an epg or a recording device . the streaming media can assume any available or future streaming media format . media formatted according to hypertext mark - up language ( html ), a virtual hypertext markup language ( vhtml ), or x mark - up language ( xml ) can also be processed in alternative embodiments of the invention . in any case , if the detected marker is a program start marker , execution branches to decision block 208 . decision block 208 determines whether the current program associated with the start marker is scheduled for recording . in an exemplary embodiment , this entails consulting a scheduling database associated with recording - device - control software 134 c , for example , epg database 134 b . if the program associated with the start marker is scheduled for recording , execution proceeds to process block 210 , which starts the recording . in some embodiments , the start marker precedes actual starting of the program by some predetermined time period , such as 5 or 10 seconds , or by a time period indicated in the marker itself . if the marker does proceed the start in this fashion , these embodiments queue the recording device to start at an appropriate time to capture at least the actual start of the program . after block 210 , execution returns to block 202 . if decision block 208 determines that the program associated with the detected start marker is not scheduled for recording , execution proceeds to process block 212 , which outputs at , least a portion of any epg data for the program associated with program start marker . in an exemplary embodiment , this specifically entails searching epg database 134 b ( or a remote database on another network accessible computer ) based on available channel and time information , or based on other information provided in or with the program start marker , such as a program identifier . in any event , once the appropriate data ( which can take a wide variety of forms , such as text , audio , and / or video information ) is located , the epg software directs its output at one or more appropriate portions on the monitor 110 , such as epg display 110 a . execution then returns to block 202 . at block 206 , if the detected marker is determined not to be a start marker , but instead to be a program stop marker for its associated program , execution branches or proceeds to decision block 214 . at this decision block , the exemplary embodiment determines whether the program associated with the detected stop marker is currently being recorded by the system . one way of determining this is to check the status of mass storage device 133 or any other recording devices coupled to system 100 . if the program associated with the program start is currently being recorded , execution proceeds to block 216 to stop the recording . in some embodiments , the stop marker precedes actual stopping of its associated program by some predetermined time period , such as 5 or 10 seconds , or by a time period indicated in the marker itself . if the marker does proceed the stop in this fashion , these embodiments queue the recording device to stop at an appropriate time to ensure capture of at least the end of the program . if the program ( or programs ) associated with the stop marker are being recorded , and after execution of block 216 , the exemplary method continues with execution of process block 218 . block 218 outputs the next epg data , i . e ., outputs at least a portion of any epg associated with the program following the program associated with the program stop marker on the current channel . fig3 a and 3b show respective examples of first epg display 300 a for a current program which the system outputs upon detection of a program start marker , and a second epg display 300 b which the system displays after detection of a program stop marker for the current program . displays 300 a and 300 b , which also function as graphical user interfaces to epg data , include respective affiliated data areas 302 a and 302 b , media area 304 a and 304 b , preview selection areas 306 a and 306 b , and back - channel access areas 308 a and 308 b . affiliated data areas 302 a and 302 b display data provided by local network affiliates or cable providers , such as local weather conditions or promotional information . media areas 304 a and 304 b display video information , such as program trailers contained within epg database 134 b or imported in real time as streaming media via modem 135 . notably , media area 304 a displays a media clip , such a program trailer , for dateline nbc , the current program , upon detection of a program start marker . on the other hand , media area 304 b which is displayed automatically ( that is , without user initiation ) upon detection of program stop marker for dateline nbc , displays a media clip for homicide , which is the program indicated as following after dateline nbc in fig3 b . selection areas 306 a and 306 b permit selection of specific epg data , and back - channel access areas 308 a and 308 b facilitate access to internet sites related to specific channels or programs . the preferred embodiments described above are intended only to illustrate and teach one or more ways of practicing or implementing the present invention , not to restrict its breadth or scope . the scope of the invention , intended to encompass all ways of practicing or implementing the principles of the invention , is defined only by the following claims and their equivalents .

7Electricity

the conveying unit 1 , 21 according to the fig1 to 6 includes a plate - like base body 2 as well as a plate - like inclining body 3 a , which , together with a two - part encompassing frame 10 , forms a conveying member 3 . the plate - like inclining body 3 a forms the rest element 9 of the conveying member 3 . the rest element 9 forms a plane rest ( support ) surface c for the conveyed object 11 . the encompassing frame 10 forms a lateral limitation for the object 11 to be conveyed , so that this cannot slip from the rest surface c during the conveying , e . g . by way of braking or accelerating the conveying unit 1 . the conveying unit 1 moreover includes an inclining mechanism with a first inclining joint 6 a , which forms a first pivot axis s 1 , and with a second inclining joint 7 a , which forms a second pivot axis s 2 . the two inclining joints 6 a , 7 a are rigidly connected to one another via a connecting plate 5 a . the first inclining joint 6 a is arranged towards the first delivery side a and connects the inclining body 3 a to the connecting plate 5 a . in this manner the inclining body 3 a is pivotable relative to the connecting plate 5 a and also relative to the base plate 2 about the first pivot axis s 1 towards the first delivery side a into an inclined position . the second inclining joint 7 a is arranged towards a second delivery side b opposite to the first delivery side a and connects the base body 2 to the connecting plate 5 a . in this manner , the inclining body 3 a together with the connecting plate 5 a is pivotable relative to the base plate 2 towards the second delivery side b about the second pivot axis s 2 , likewise into an inclined position . the inclining mechanism moreover includes a third inclining joint 6 b with a third pivot axis s 3 likewise for pivoting the inclining body 3 a towards the first delivery side a , and a fourth inclining joint 7 b with a fourth pivot axis s 4 likewise for pivoting the inclining body 3 a towards the second delivery side b . the third and the fourth inclining joint 6 b , 7 b are rigidly connected to one another via a second connecting plate 5 b . the third inclining joint 6 b is arranged at the side of the first inclining joint 6 a but fastened to the base body 2 . the fourth inclining joint 7 b is arranged at the side of the second inclining joint 7 a but is fastened to the inclining body 3 a . accordingly , the second connecting plate 5 b runs counter to the first connecting plate 5 a . the stability of the design can be increased by way of this . the first and the third pivot axis s 1 , s 3 of the first and third inclining joint 6 a , 6 b lie on a common axis during the pivoting of the inclining body 3 a about these pivot axes s 1 , s 3 . the second and fourth geometric pivot axis s 2 , s 4 of the second and fourth inclining joint 7 a , 7 b lie on a common axis during the pivoting of the inclining body 3 a about the mentioned pivot axes s 2 , s 4 . the inclining joints 6 a , 7 a ; 6 b , 7 b are arranged on the base body 2 and the inclining body 3 a respectively , in particular on a lateral edge termination to the delivery side a , b . accordingly , the pivot axes s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , s 4 are also arranged on the lateral edge termination . in particular , this permits a practically complete lowering of the inclining body 3 a onto the base body 2 in the neutral conveying position . according to the inventive solution for ensuring a sufficient pivoting radius , the inclining body 3 a does not therefore need to be spaced from the base body 2 , as would otherwise be the case for example with a pivot axis arranged centrally between the base body and the inclining body . the rest surface c of the rest element 9 can therefore be selectively pivoted to the first delivery side a by way of pivoting the inclining body 3 a about the pivot axis s 1 , s 3 of the first and third inclining joint 6 a , 6 b , and to the opposite , second delivery side b by way of pivoting the inclining body 3 a about the pivot axis s 2 , s 4 of the second and fourth inclining joint 7 a , 7 b . the first and the second inclining joint 6 a , 7 a with the connecting plate 5 a , as well as the third and fourth inclining joint 6 b , 7 b with the second connecting plate 5 b are each arranged in pairs . this increases the stability of the design , in particular on pivoting . the first and the second inclining joint 6 a , 7 a with the connecting plate 5 a , as well as the third and the fourth inclining joint 6 b , 7 b with the second connecting plate 5 b however can also be each arranged individually . in a modified embodiment , the third and fourth inclining joint 6 b , 7 b with the second connecting plate 5 b can also be omitted . a cam roller 16 a , 16 b for the positive actuation of the inclination of the inclining body 3 a is arranged on the inclining body 3 a towards both delivery sides a , b . the cam rollers 16 a , 16 b interact with a cam guide 56 of the conveying device 51 by way of at least one cam roller 16 a , 16 b rolling on a running surface of the cam guide 56 at least for inclining the inclining body 3 a . the cam roller 16 a , 16 b rolling on the running surface and , with this , the inclining body 3 a , are lifted at the side of this cam roller 16 a , 16 b by way of an ascent of the mentioned running surface . the lifting of the inclining body 3 a at one side effects an inclining of this ( see fig4 ). the two - part encompassing frame 10 includes two u - shaped part - frames 10 a , 10 b each with two arm sections 15 a , 15 b . the part - frames 10 a , 10 b with the frame section are each aligned to one of oppositely lying delivery slides a , b and thus form a lateral limitation to the delivery sides a , b . accordingly , the u - shaped part - frames 10 a , 10 b lie opposite one another , wherein these are directed towards one another with their arm sections 15 a , 15 b . the arm sections 15 a , 15 b of the part - frames 10 a , 10 b are mounted on the rest element 9 via a common frame pivot axis rs of a frame joint and are pivotable relative to the rest element 9 as well as independently of one another . the two part - frames 10 a , 10 b are moreover each connected to the base body 2 via an articulately attached actuation rod 12 , 13 ; 22 , 23 . the actuation rod 12 , 13 ; 22 , 23 is articulately fastened to an arm section 15 a , 15 b of the part - frame 10 a , 10 b in each case via a first rotation axis d 1 and is pivotable relative to this arm section about the first rotation axis d 1 . the first rotation axis d 1 runs parallel to the frame pivot axis rs . the actuation rod 12 , 13 , 22 , 23 is moreover articulately fastened to the base body 2 via a second rotation axis d 2 and is pivotable relative to this about the second rotation axis d 2 . the fastening is effected via a fastening tab on the base body 2 . according to a first embodiment according to fig1 to 4 , the actuating rod 12 , 13 is fastened to a free arm section 15 a , 15 b of the part - frame 10 a , 10 b . the first rotation axis d 1 is arranged offset to the frame pivot axis rs towards the end of the free arm section 15 a , 15 b . the actuation rod 12 , 13 is moreover fastened to the base body 2 in each case towards the oppositely lying delivery side a , b , to which the free arm sections 15 a , 15 b of the respective part - frame 10 a , 10 b are directed . accordingly , departing from the first rotation axis d 1 , the actuation rod 12 , 13 runs obliquely downwards towards the second rotation axis d 2 in the direction of the opposite delivery side a , b . if the rest element 9 is now pivoted to one of the two delivery sides a , b via one of the two pivot axis pairs s 1 , s 3 ; s 2 , s 4 of the inclining joints 6 a , 6 b ; 7 a , 7 b , then by way of the coupling of the part - frames 10 a , 10 b onto the base body 2 via an actuation rod 12 , 13 , the part - frame 10 a , 10 b , which is directed to the delivery side a , b , to which the inclining body 3 a is pivoted is lifted to above the rest surface c of the rest element 9 amid the formation of a delivery opening 14 . this is effected by way of the actuation rod 12 , 13 pressing the arm section 15 a , 15 b downwards in the region of the first rotation axis d 1 by way of the relative movement between the inclining body 3 a and the base plate 2 . the frame pivot axis rs thereby acts in the manner of a rocker , which has the effect that the part - frame section , which is arranged on the other side of the frame pivot axis rs , is pivoted upwards . according to a second embodiment according to fig5 and 6 , the first rotation axis d 1 of the actuation rod 22 , 23 is arranged offset to the frame pivot axis rs towards the delivery side , at which the encompassing frame 10 is to be lowered . the actuation rod 22 , 23 is moreover fastened to the base body 2 towards the delivery side a , b , to which the arm sections 15 a , 15 b of the respective part - frame 10 a , 10 b are directed . the second rotation axis d 2 is thereby arranged below the frame pivot axis rs . accordingly , departing from the first rotation axis d 1 , the actuation rod 22 , 23 runs obliquely downwards in the direction of the opposite delivery side a , b towards the second rotation axis d 2 . if the rest element 9 is now pivoted to one of the two delivery sides a , b via one of the two pivot axis pairs s 1 , s 3 ; s 2 , s 4 of the inclining joints 6 a , 6 b , 7 a , 7 b , then by way of the coupling of the part - frame 10 a , 10 b onto the base body 2 via an actuation rod 22 , 23 , the part - frame 10 a , 10 b , which is directed to the delivery side a , b , towards which the inclination body 3 a is pivoted is lowered to below the rest surface c of the rest element 9 amid the formation of a delivery opening 14 . this is effected by way of the actuation rod 22 , 23 pressing the arm section 15 a , 15 b downwards in the region of the first rotation axis d 1 due to the relative movement between the inclining body 3 a and the base plate 2 . the conveyed object 11 can slide in the indicated arrow direction through the delivery opening 14 away from the inclined rest surface c due to gravity by way of lifting or lowering the encompassing frame 10 in the manner described above . fig1 shows a conveying device 51 with a plurality of conveying units 1 according to the invention , which are arranged successively in the conveying direction f . the rest surfaces c of the conveying units 3 , as also in fig2 , are situated in the horizontal position in the neutral conveying position . the conveying units 3 are each arranged on conveying vehicles 53 and with these form a conveying module . the conveying vehicles 53 of the conveying modules are connected to one another into a conveying chain via suitable joint connections . the conveying vehicles 53 include runner rollers 54 , via which these are moved along a guide rail 55 . the runner rollers 54 run along the guide rail 55 during the movement of the conveying vehicles 53 in the conveying direction f . the guide rail 55 accordingly sets the movement path of the conveying units 1 . a transfer device 70 , e . g ., in the form of a take - over table can be arranged laterally of the guide rail 55 , to which take - over device the conveyed objects 11 can be transferred by way of sliding - away from the inclined rest surface c of the conveying unit 1 . a take - over conveyor can also be present instead of the take - over table .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

referring to fig1 the single - tube pressurised hydraulic damper comprises a tube 1 fixed at its lower end by a lug 2 . a gas / liquid separator piston 3 mounted to slide freely in the lower part of the tube 1 has a seal 4 and separates the tube into two closed compartments . the lower compartment 5 contains a pressurised gas and the upper compartment 6 is filled with a liquid which is usually an incompressible oil . a second piston 7 is fixed to the lower end of a piston rod 8 , displacement of which inside the tube 1 is guided by an obturator device 9 fixed to the upper part of the tube 1 . the upper end of the piston rod 8 of the piston 7 is fastened to a fixing pin . the damper can be completed by a generally tubular protector 14 fastened to the upper part of the piston rod 8 and capping the top of the tube 1 . to act as a damper the piston 7 has permanent passages 15 for the oil of the damper to pass through . these passages 15 cooperate with a floating valve 16 to define two active hydraulic chambers on respective opposite sides of the piston 7 . a conventional obturator device 9 comprises a seal 10 , a expansion abutment member 11 made from a metal flange and a guide plug 12 against the inside of which the seal 10 is pressed by the oil pressure , being held in place by the expansion abutment member 11 . the assembly is fixed to the inside of the tube 1 at the top of the latter by two circlips 13 . axial displacement of the piston rod 8 of the piston 7 is guided by the guide plug 12 . the expansion abutment member 11 has a central opening through which the piston rod 8 passes with radial clearance and supports the seal 10 . the seal 10 has two complementary parts : a static washer - like first part providing a seal between the guide plug 12 and the inside wall of the tube 1 , and a dynamic second part fitting around the piston rod 8 by virtue of elastic deformation to provide a seal between the guide plug 12 and the piston rod 8 of the piston 7 . the seal 10 is made from an elastomer material or two different elastomer materials . given that the seal 10 prevents the damper oil penetrating between the surfaces in contact with the guide plug 12 and the piston rod 8 , there is virtually no lubrication of these contacting surfaces . repeated operation of the damper then causes wear by friction of the surfaces of contact between the metal piston rod 8 and the guide plug 12 , which is often made of metal . this friction can cause localised heating which damages the dynamic part of the elastomer seal 10 . if the damper is subject to loads which are not strictly axial impacts occur between the guide plug 12 and the piston rod 8 , which bends , and this can cause noise which is unpleasant for the driver of the vehicle to which the damper is fitted . as shown in fig2 through 7 the obturator device of the invention comprises a seal 10 with two concentric parts assembled together : a static part 10a in the form of a washer and a dynamic part 10b which is also annular and centered relative to the static part 10a . the seal 10 can instead be in one piece ( fig3 ). the dynamic part 10b of the seal is forcibly radially expanded by the piston rod 8 of the piston 7 which passes through it and acts as an oil scraper around the piston rod 8 . the outside edge of the static part 10a of the seal is in contact with an inside peripheral surface of a circular housing of a guide 18 described below . the obturator device also includes an annular plug 17 whose outside diameter is substantially equal to or slightly less than the inside diameter of a peripheral surface of the circular housing in the guide 18 and the inside diameter of which is greater than the diameter of the piston rod 8 , so that there is a radial clearance to prevent direct contact between the plug 17 and the piston rod 8 during operation of the damper . the obturator device further comprises a cylindrical lubricated guide 18 with a base 18a whose outside diameter is substantially equal to the inside diameter of the damper tube 1 and whose inside diameter is very slightly greater than the diameter of the piston rod 8 , so that it is able to guide axial movement of the piston . the guide base 18a is extended upwardly by an axial peripheral wall 18b whose cylindrical outside surface mates with the inside wall of the damper tube 1 . the peripheral wall 18b defines with the guide base 18a a circular housing open at the top which receives and centers the seal 10 and the plug 17 . the seal 10 is sandwiched between the plug 17 and the guide base 18a around the piston rod 8 at the bottom of the circular housing of the guide 18 near the upper end of the damper tube 1 . this assembly can be fixed into the tube 1 in the axial direction by means of a circlip 19 constituting an axial abutment for the plug 17 in the circular housing of the lubricated guide 18 and a radial contraction 20 of the tube 1 cooperating with a peripheral groove 21 on the lubricated guide 18 to constitute an axial abutment for the guide ( see fig2 to 4 ) or by crimping the upper end of the tube 1 to the plug 17 at 22 and a radial contraction 20 of the tube 1 cooperating with a peripheral groove 21 on the lubricated guide 18 ( or with the lower end of the guide with no such peripheral groove ) to constitute an axial abutment for the lubricated guide 18 ( see fig5 to 7 ). as shown in fig2 to 5 a cylindrical lubricated guide 18 can have on the base 18a an annular groove 23 concentric with the central opening 18c providing an axial guide for the piston rod 8 . the annular groove 23 has a substantially trapezoidal or v - shape cross - section widening towards its open side . at the bottom of the annular groove 23 one or more axial perforations 24 through the guide 18 are regularly distributed along the annular groove 23 . the annular groove 23 thus defines an expansion volume for the oil between the seal 10 and the guide 18 , this expansion volume communicating with the oil in the damper through the perforations 24 . in practice , the diameter of the central opening 18c of the lubricated guide 18 is greater than the diameter of the piston rod 8 by a few hundredths of a millimeter , preferably less than one tenth of a millimeter , to enable proper guidance of movement of the piston rod 8 . this difference in diameter is sufficient to allow an oil film to remain at all times between the guide 18 and the piston rod 8 , given that the guide 18 is entirely immersed in the oil in the damper and the guide surfaces between the guide 18 and the piston rod 8 are constantly supplied with oil by capillary action and by virtue of the axial movement of the piston rod 8 which draws oil into this guide space . the guide 18 is therefore lubricated at all times , which reduces wear between the piston rod 8 and the guide 18 and so increases the service life of these components . the oil film on the guide surfaces also reduces heating of the components , and especially of the guide 18 which is immersed in the oil and cooled thereby . the seal 10 is made from an elastomer material . the static and dynamic parts 10a , 10b can have different chemical compositions . to enable deformation of the seal 10 around the piston rod 8 , an annular housing 17b is provided on the bottom of the plug 17 . the diameter of the central opening 17a of the plug 17 is greater than the diameter of the piston rod 8 by a few tenths of a millimeter , preferably less than one millimeter . excessive radial clearance between the plug 17 and the piston rod 8 could allow excessive elastic deformation of the seal 10 , which could cause oil to leak past the seal 10b around the piston rod 8 , the oil pressure in the damper possibly being as much as 250 bars during operation of the damper . the seal 10 is preferably mechanically sandwiched between the plug 17 and the guide base 18a by two concentric surfaces 18d and 18e of the base 18a separated radially by the annular groove 23 which defines the oil expansion volume between the seal 10 and the guide 18 . the seal 10 is then exposed to the oil pressure over a great part of its lower surface , which allows good deformation of the seal assembly to provide the seal function . it is possible to increase the surface area of the seal 10 in permanent contact with the oil in the damper by recessing the inside annular surface 18e of the guide 18 relative to the outside annular surface 18d of the guide 18 , said annular surfaces facing the lower surface of the seal 10 . it is then advantageous to provide a ring 10c projecting axially from the lower surface of the seal 10 and bearing axially against the recessed inside annular surface 18e of the guide 18 . in this way the seal 10 is better controlled by the oil in the damper . variation in the oil pressure when the damper operates does not affect the lubricated guide 18 as both sides of the base 18a are exposed to the same hydraulic pressure because of the perforations 24 . it is important to provide an expansion volume for the oil between the guide 18 and the seal 10 which is at the same pressure as the oil in the damper tube 1 , to prevent any increase in pressure at the dynamic part 10b of the seal which could cause oil to leak out . fig6 and 7 show two other embodiments of the invention providing an expansion volume for the oil . rather than providing an annular groove 23 on the lubricated guide 18 , it is possible to form the static part 10a of the seal 10 with an annular groove 10d axially facing the perforations 24 in the guide 18 ( fig6 ) or to provide a concave slightly conical surface 18g on the top of the base 18a of the guide 18 and facing the seal 10 ( fig6 ). the piston rod 8 is usually made from hard chromium - plated steel for wear and corrosion resistance . the guide 18 can be made from sintered iron impregnated with oil , from sintered iron steam treated to harden the surface or from hard anodised aluminium . instead of being in one piece , the lubricated guide 18 can be in two separate parts ( fig4 ): a body 18 having a circular central bore and a tubular sleeve 18f inside the central bore of the guide body 18 providing the surface against which the piston rod rubs and by which the latter is guided . the sleeve 18f can have its inside surface coated with ptfe . to prevent ingress of polluting particles , dust or sand into the radial clearance between the piston rod 8 and the plug 17 the obturator device of the invention preferably comprises scraper means around the piston rod 8 above the plug 17 . one possible solution is to provide an annular plastics material scraper 25 fixed to the top of the plug 17 ( fig4 ), for example by means of an annular flange that is not shown . the scraper 25 has an inside circumferential lip bearing against the piston rod 8 all around it . the scraper means 25 can of course be used in the other embodiments of the invention . to improve the seal between the guide 18 and the damper tube 1 a peripheral groove 18h can be provided around the guide to receive a rubber o - ring 26 which is compressed radially in the groove 18h by the inside wall of the tube 1 . the circular housing of the guide 18 can have a uniformly cylindrical inside peripheral surface 18i ( fig2 to 4 ) or a cylindrical inside surface with a radial constriction at the bottom ( fig5 to 7 ) to center the seal 10 . the outside diameter of the plug 17 can be made very slightly greater than the diameter of the inside peripheral surface 18i of the guide 18 so that the plug is a force fit in the circular housing of the guide . the upper end of the tube 1 can be crimped to the plug 17 to immobilise the obturator device axially in the damper tube 1 . if the damper is often expanded , i . e . if the piston rises in the tube , or the suspension is eccentric in the upward direction , which is equivalent to being constantly at the end of the damper travel , to brake the movement of the piston it is then necessary to have a damper law varying from a few tens of dan to a few tons over a very short travel . a hydraulic brake can provide this deceleration without excessively violent impact . in the embodiments now to be described in detail , the lower part of the guide base 18a is shaped to cooperate with a predetermined upper part of the piston as it slides . the resulting guide base and said predetermined upper part of the piston together form a hydraulic abutment . the guide base 18a includes a skirt at the bottom into which the predetermined upper part of the piston can penetrate at least in part during its sliding movement at the end of the expansion phase . a predefined clearance with a cross - section of a few mm 2 , typically 5 mm 2 to 50 mm 2 , is provided between the inside of the skirt and the outside lateral surface of the predetermined upper part of the piston . to reduce the load at the start of the compression phase following the expansion phase , the predetermined upper part of the piston includes at least one through - passage whose upper end can be shut off by a flexible top valve . during the expansion phase and during penetration of the predetermined part of the piston into the skirt at the bottom of the guide , the valve shuts off the through - passage ; at the start of downward movement of the piston at the beginning of the compression phase the flexible valve readily opens to expose the opening at the top of the through - passage . in the embodiment shown in fig8 said predetermined upper part of the piston in the standard top bearing washer 50 of the piston . the flexible valve 51 which shuts off the through - passages 53 during the expansion phase is disposed between the top surface of the bearing washer and a fixing washer 52 . the cylindrical skirt 18j at the bottom of the guide base 18a is a few millimetres thick , typically 1 mm to 5 mm , and 3 mm in this example . in this embodiment the clearance 54 between the outside lateral surface 50a of the bearing washer 50 and the inside lateral surface 18k of the cylindrical skirt 18j provides the restriction to the flow of fluid procuring the hydraulic abutment effect over the last 2 mm to 5 mm travel of the piston . in fig9 to 11 components similar to or having functions similar to those in fig8 have the same reference numbers as in fig8 increased by 100 , 200 and 300 , respectively . only the differences between these figures are described . referring to fig9 the predetermined upper part of the piston 155 is here an expansion on top of the top bearing washer 150 of the piston . this expansion 155 has a cylindrical outside lateral surface 157 parallel to the cylindrical inside lateral surface 118k of the cylindrical skirt 118j at the bottom of the guide base . although in this figure the outside cylindrical part 157 is shown as virtually in contact with the cylindrical skirt 118j , there is naturally clearance between these two surfaces to provide the hydraulic abutment effect . also , the lateral surface 157 of the extension 155 is joined to the bottom and top surfaces of the extension 155 by respective bevels 156 and 158 . the skirt 118j is longer than the skirt 18j in fig8 to provide a hydraulic abutment with travel of 5 mm to 25 mm , 15 mm in this example , with the thickness of the skirt 118j still a few millimetres . although the skirt 118j is shown here in the form of a cylinder with a constant inside diameter providing a non - progressive hydraulic abutment , it is possible to obtain a continually progressive abutment by providing a conical skirt 118j with a cone angle of 2 ° ( for example ) over the 15 mm of travel or a stepped progressive hydraulic abutment by providing a skirt 118j having three sections of different diameter each with a height of 5 mm . the embodiment shown in fig1 is substantially analogous to that shown in fig8 in the sense that it is the standard bearing washer of the piston 250 which provides the hydraulic effect in combination with the bottom skirt 218j . however , it can be particularly advantageous in some applications to have the benefit of both types of abutment , a speed - proportional hydraulic abutment and a displacement - proportional elastic abutment . to this end an auxiliary elastic abutment member 260 made from rubber or polyurethane is fastened to the piston rod and bears against the inside surface 218m of the guide base . in the embodiment shown in fig1 the predetermined upper part of the piston contributing to the hydraulic abutment effect is also an extension 355 on top of the top bearing washer 350 of the piston 307 . however , whereas in the embodiment shown in fig9 the top surface of the extension 155 is plane and parallel to the plane bottom surface of the guide base , in the embodiment shown in fig1 the lower surface of the guide base includes a plane central part 318r and an annular recess 318p defining with the inside surface 318k of the bottom cylindrical skirt a cavity 365 . the top surface of the extension 355 of the piston has a plane central part 359 to which is joined a projecting annular lug 358 adapted to enter at least partially into the cavity 365 during sliding of the piston at the end of the expansion phase . this embodiment enables nesting of the piston and the guide to gain a travel of 2 mm to 8 mm , typically 5 mm , without excessive lengthening of the cylindrical skirt . all embodiments of the invention utilise a one - piece part to provide the piston rod guide function and the hydraulic abutment function . accurate centering of the piston by the guide and the piston rod is obtained , together with an accurate coaxial relationship between the inside diameter of the skirt and the piston rod bore of the guide . finally , to reduce the cost of machining the part , it is possible to sleeve , glue or weld the cylindrical skirt to a shoulder on the guide . nevertheless , each of these two parts is then made in one piece so that assembly can be automated .

5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting

fig1 and 3 apply to this portion of the description . a preferred use of the microcomputer system 10 is for controlling the energization of a three phase motor 13 . the motor is energized by a two - conductor dc bus 52 that is coupled across the motor windings by an inverter circuit 11 ( fig2 ). a prior art inverter circuit having switching transistors that are selectively rendered conductive by application of control inputs to the inverter is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 371 , 824 to david j . gritter . the patent is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and is incorporated herein by reference . in fig1 a representative digital waveform 14 presented at the phase a output pha from the high speed output block 12 is seen to include a series of on / off pulses . the microcomputer system 10 includes software for programming the duration of these pulses . in particular , in an application used in energizing a three - phase motor , the output on phase a is a repetitive waveform whose shape is programmed to approximate a sine wave having a desired frequency . the digital outputs at the phase b and phase c interface outputs phb , phc are also programmed to approximate sine waves , which are phase - shifted with respect to the phase a output . the three digital outputs from the high speed output 12 are coupled to a programmable logic array 20 having logic circuitry ( fig2 ) that modulates or adjusts the digital outputs from the microcomputer output 12 . were it not for the modulation effects of the programmable logic array 20 , the three phase - shifted outputs from the high speed output 12 would , in conjunction with the inverter circuit 11 , drive a three - phase motor at a constant frequency and maximum voltage . the microcomputer system 10 incorporates an intel 8096 microprocessor that includes a high speed output that can be programmed to generate the phase a , phase b and phase c output signals . these signals are interrupt - driven based on a time base from an external clock signal at a clock input 22 ( fig1 ). a timer 24 is clocked by the clock signal 22 . a time output 24a is coupled to the high speed output 12 which produces programmed transitions at the phase a , b and c outputs whenever the timer output 24a equals the programmed transition time . fig3 are additional circuit diagrams that are part of the inverter and may be of interest , but whose details need not be described in order to understand the present dc braking invention . fig4 and 5 apply to this portion of the description . the present invention uses the same current limit signal as is employed in normal drive operation , to implement dc braking . two modes of braking operation are described herein , both of which are preferably utilized at different times in the same apparatus . in the first mode of operation a clock signal ( or the equivalent software implementation ) causes , for example , two &# 34 ; upper &# 34 ; inverter power switches 100 , 104 , and one &# 34 ; lower &# 34 ; inverter switch 106 to be latched on , applying bus voltage to the motor terminals a , b , c ( as drawn in fig4 ). the current , shown by the solid arrows 100a , 104a , 106a , increases until the current limit comparator 62 , ( fig3 ), senses an overcurrent condition and clears the latch . this causes all three power switches 100 , 104 , 106 to be turned off , forcing the motor current to be commutated to the opposite inverse parallel diodes , as shown by the dashed arrows 101a , 105a , 107a . as long as motor current continues to flow , the negative of bus voltage , which is always larger in magnitude than the motor &# 39 ; s speed voltage , is available to cause the current to decrease . the rate of decrease continues to be a function of back emf , so the rate of decrease exhibits periodic variations . in order to maintain adequate control of current it is necessary to allow motor current to become discontinuous over part of the speed voltage cycle , and thus to suffer a high peak - to - average braking current ratio and thus to lower the average braking torque in this first mode . furthermore , this first mode recovers energy from the motor and places it on the bus whenever the back emf is of the proper polarity to assist in increasing current . excessive braking currents could therefore cause the dc bus current to increase to the high bus trip level . an alternative method would use a second current comparator to set the latch when the magnitude of bus current decreases below a predetermined level and thus re - enable the power switches . ( this method would add to circuit complexity and require inverter switching frequencies much higher than normal , but may nevertheless be desirable for some applications .) this first mode is employed repeatedly until the speed voltage is reduced to a level which will not force excessive currents through the motor &# 39 ; s winding impedance . in practice , this means that the peak of the speed voltage must be equal to or less than the drop caused in the sum of the stator and rotor resistances by a current equal to the maximum allowable transistor current . this will typically be 5 to 10 percent of rated motor voltage . the speed voltage magnitude is proportional to the product of rotor speed and rotor flux . rotor flux decays at the time constant of the motor , which is typically about 1 / 2 second . the second mode of operation proceeds identically to the first in that it latches on , for example , two upper devices 100 , 104 , and one lower device 106 ( fig5 solid arrows ). however , when the current limit signal occurs , instead of turning all devices off , it turns off only the lower device 106 . the upper diode 108 in this phase then conducts , shorting all three motor terminals , and allowing the motor currents to freewheel toward zero ( dashed arrows of fig5 ). because only the semiconductor devices and the motor resistances are providing voltage drops to force current to fall , the rate of fall is quite slow and a low peak - to - average current ratio is established , allowing higher braking torques in the motor . ( a higher average current can be tolerated without incurring peaks that are dangerously high .) in both modes , the peak transistor current is controlled and the inverter is fully utilized without any need to &# 34 ; tune &# 34 ; the dc braking voltage to the particular motor being used . fig6 , and 8 apply to this portion of the description . in the upper left - hand corner of fig6 input 1 , 110 , is a clock signal . it drives all of the flip - flops of fig8 . the a , b and c terminals 112 , 114 , 116 are the gating signals for the inverter , preferably generated in the microprocessor . they are normal - operation gating signals . the reverse input 118 at lower left and the first set of and gates 120 combine signals to go into the first set of or gates 122 . together they can interchange the gating signals of two of the phases to reverse the phase rotation . three conductors 124 from these or gates 122 go down to the exclusive or gates 126 in the middle of fig7 . those exclusive or gates pick out which gating signal is different from the other two . in the present example there are one signal in the lower group of switches and two ( turned on ) at that time in the upper group . input 128 , labeled &# 34 ; current limit &# 34 ; on the left - hand side of fig7 is supplied with a signal from a current limit comparator 62 ( fig1 ), whenever bus current exceeds a programmable reference signal 62b . the bus current signal fed to comparator 62 can be derived from either the positive or negative dc bus 52 of the inverter by means of a shunt resistor 54 and a differential amplifier 56 of fig1 . ( alternatively , any of a number of commercially available wide - bandwidth dc current transformers can be used to obtain the comparator signal .) a nonlinear circuit is used to extend the peaks of the actual bus current as described in the above - mentioned patent application . in normal operation of the drive , &# 34 ; dc - brake &# 34 ; input 136 and &# 34 ; dc - brake - start &# 34 ; input 138 are held low , and input 128 signal is gated through an and gate 130b and an or gate 132 ( fig7 ) along line 140a to an output pin 12 ( 134 ) of fig8 . this pine 134 simply serves as a node to allow the current limit signal to be fed back to other gates in the logic circuit . this feedback signal is applied along line 140 through an inverter 142 to a group of three nor gates 144 ( fig7 ). if , as was previously assumed , the gating signal of c phase is for a different bus than the other two , the output of a gate 144a will be the only nor gate output to go high . its output signal , 144b , is brought to exclusive or gate 146 of fig6 . this causes the exclusive or gate 146 to invert the c phase signal , causing zero voltage to be applied to the motor for the entire time interval in which input 128 is active . further details of the normal current limit action can be found in the above - mentioned patent application . the group of gates labeled 130 in fig7 allow the operation of the current limit circuitry to be changed to enable the two modes of dc braking . whenever the dc brake input 136 is active , the current limit feedback signal 140 is gated through an and gate 130 and an or gate 132 to lines 140 and 140a . this path closes a positive feedback loop , effectively turning signal 140 into a latched current limit signal . thus when signal 136 is made active , the current limit signal 128 is latched . mode 1 dc braking is enabled by bringing both inputs 136 and 138 high after freezing the a , b , c gating inputs 112 , 114 , 116 into one of six possible states . this causes a pin 1 on nand gate 156 to become active . then the current limit signal 140 is latched active in response to a current - limit input 128 , the output of 156 becomes inactive , prohibiting gate - enable signal 141 ( fig7 ) from making gate - out output 160a active ( fig8 ). external circuitry requires signal 160a to be active before any of the six inverter switches are gated . the latch may be cleared by bringing signal 136 inactive and signal 138 active . thus , in the mode 1 configuration a cycle of dc braking is initiated by bringing signal 136 inactive to clear the latch 140 while holding signal 138 high . at this point three inverter switches are gated , applying voltage to the motor , and causing current to increase . when bus current builds to a predetermined programmed level , input 128 becomes active , and signal 140 is latched , causing the inverter switches to turn off until signal 136 is again brought inactive and 138 brought active to clear the latch 140 . mode 2 dc braking operates similarly to mode 1 except that the signal 138 is inactive while 136 is active . in this mode the latched current limit signal 140 is not able to affect the gate - out signal 160a . instead , latched signal 140 is directed through the not gate 142 and nor gates 144 ( fig7 ) to cause the one gating signal which is different from the other two to change polarity as it would in a normal current limit action . when dc - brake is commanded ( block 164 of fig9 ), the waveform generator stops the pwm waveform at a position 90 electrical degrees behind the peak of the normal stator voltage and where the phase commands to the logic circuit are not all the same . ( throughout dc braking these phase command inputs to the logic circuit remain the same ). after the last pwm command has been executed the waveform generator switches to the first mode of dc braking ( block 166 , fig9 ). this is done by setting to active both the dc - brake 136 input and the dc - brake - start 138 input to the logic circuit . this condition is held until current limit is reached , at which time all phase commands from the logic circuit are turned off ( this is done by clearing the gate - out signal 160a ( fig8 ) which turns off all phase commands ). as stated above , this is the difference between mode 1 and mode 2 . when current limit is reached in mode 2 the odd output phase command is switched to the same state as the other ( instead of turning them all off ). this current limit condition is latched , so even if the drive current decreases so as to come out of current limit , the phase commands will remain in this current limit state . this current limit latch 140 is cleared by clearing the dc - brake input and setting the dc - brake - start input to the logic circuits ( fig7 ). this clear command is executed at a predefined frequency so that the switching of the phase commands occurs at this predefined rate . after this clear command is executed the output phase commands return to the previous state in which two phases are the same and one is opposite . usually mode 1 operation continues for a user defined number of switching periods at which time mode 2 is entered . this is done by setting the dc - brake command and clearing the dc - brake - start command . there is an exception to the above sequence that occurs at low speeds . mode 1 is not needed at low speeds and causes undesired &# 34 ; backup &# 34 ; when the apparatus starts dc braking . to avoid this problem mode 1 is disabled if dc braking is entered below a user - preselected speed . in addition to the above sequence of events the current limit setting is adjusted , 62b , fig3 . when dc braking is entered , a user - selected current - limit setting is used . the current - limit setting is &# 34 ; ramped up &# 34 ; to the user &# 39 ; s preselected setting . this ramping up of the current limit setting has helped to resolve problems where the dc bus has overcharged in mode 1 . then , at a user - defined time after dc braking started , another user - selected current limit setting is used . the first current - limit setting is used as a stopping limit while the second setting is a holding limit . the stopping limit is set to give additional stopping torque , which in turn causes greater motor heating . then the holding limit is set to give sufficient current to hold the drive without the undesirable excessive heating of the motor . fig9 which is a flow chart of the braking operations , shows at the top a block 162 labeled &# 34 ; run mode &# 34 ;. a description of this chart serves as a recapitulation of the operation description above . any time that the motor is being run , the algorithm polls for a dc braking command , block 164 . there are several ways in which this command can occur , as in the following examples : ( 1 ) releasing the jog key and decelerating to a user - definable speed . ( 2 ) pressing the stop key / pushbutton , and decelerating to a user - definable speed . ( 4 ) setting the current speed reference to 0 . 00 and decelerating to 0 . 8 hz . the next block , 166 , in the flow sequence of fig9 is labeled &# 34 ; waveform correct ?&# 34 ;. the system is looking for a spot in the waveform that is suitable for braking . this is more critical at lower speeds . an example would be when using the &# 34 ; jog &# 34 ; function to index the shaft into a desired position . when jogging at low speeds , if dc braking starts at a wrong place in the waveform , backlash tends to occur in the motor . when the waveform is correct the system prepares to start dc braking . &# 34 ; start dcb switching period &# 34 ; block 168 , is a time reference which occurs every 0 . 6 milliseconds . the flow chart is merely defining it as a reference for the beginning of the switching period . next in the sequence is block 170 , &# 34 ; mode - 1 - flag = true &# 34 ;, which sets up the dc braking algorithm to start mode 1 . the flag remains &# 34 ; true &# 34 ; until mode 1 times out , then it switches to &# 34 ; false &# 34 ;. at the next switching time thereafter the system switches to mode 2 . the lower half of the diagram of fig9 is for both modes 1 and 2 . here the flow of events encounters a block 172 &# 34 ; stop dcb command ?&# 34 ;. when either the dc braking times out or the operator physically stops it , the system drops out of the dc braking mode , and the waveform starts up , at a point in the waveform 90 electrical degrees ahead of where it had stopped with the given phase commands . this is important when going from dc braking directly back to a run condition , and gives bumpless starting from dc braking . if &# 34 ; mode 1 - flag &# 34 ; is true ( block 174 ), the system is in mode 1 , and appropriate conditions described above are set up as the inputs to the logic circuits of fig6 - 8 . the system sets both the dc - brake input 136 and the dc - brake start input 138 to high , which tells the logic circuits that the system is in mode 1 . after the first mode times out the system goes to the second mode of dc braking . the dc - brake input signal at 136 is set high and the dc - brake - start input signal at 138 is set low . the timing out of mode 1 sets the mode 1 flag to &# 34 ; false &# 34 ;. when the system reaches the &# 34 ; end of switching period ?&# 34 ; block , 176 , it waits until the switching period is complete , which is 0 . 6 millisecond , and clears the current limit latch 140 . the system is in mode 2 . to clear the latch 140 the system has set dc - brake 136 to zero and dc - brake start 138 to 1 . that tells the logic circuits to clear the current limit latch 140 , which puts the system back into the normal mode of having two transistors of one bus and the other one phase &# 39 ; s opposite transistor turned on . the system then repeats the entire process above . during braking , the system repeats the procedure of mode 1 for a predetermined length of time . after expiration of that preset time the mode 1 flag is removed and the system goes into mode 2 . it then repeats mode 2 for a preset time interval . although the invention has been described with the aid of an example , which is the best embodiment , it is usable in many other forms . the scope of the invention is determined by the claims .

7Electricity

referring now in greater detail to the drawings , in which like numerals represent like components throughout the several views , fig1 is an exterior , perspective view of a parts washer apparatus ( the “ parts washer ”) 10 , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention . the parts washer 10 includes a tank 12 and a basin 14 . the basin 14 includes a sink member 16 that defines a basin cavity 18 . the sink member includes a sink ledge 20 around the periphery of the inlet to the basin cavity 18 . a back - splash 22 extends upward from a rear portion of the sink ledge 20 , and a flexible faucet 24 penetrates the rear portion of the sink ledge 20 and terminates in the form of a nozzle 26 . an optional work light ( not shown ) extends upward from the basin and illuminates the basin cavity 18 . the tank 12 preferably includes a level indicator 28 and a control panel 30 . the level indicator 28 is depicted as comprising a temperature sensitive , liquid crystal display . tile control panel 30 includes an off / on switch 32 , a power indicator light 34 , a low fluid warning light 36 , and a timer switch 38 . fig2 is a cut - away , perspective , exploded view of certain components ( mentioned below ) of the parts washer 10 , in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention . a lower portion of the tank 12 is cut - away , and the faucet 24 and components associated with tile lower portion of the tank 12 are not shown in fig2 . the tank 12 includes tank walls 42 that define a tank cavity 44 therebetween . the tank 12 further includes a tank lip 46 that extends around the periphery of the inlet to the tank cavity 44 . the sink member 16 includes sink walls 48 extending downward from the sink ledge 20 to a bottom panel 50 that defines a drain hole 52 therethrough . the sink walls 48 and bottom panel 50 define the basin cavity 18 . the sink walls 48 further define an upper ledge 54 and a lower ledge 56 . each of the ledges 54 , 56 encircle the basin cavity 18 and include four segments that together define a rectangular shape . each edge of a planar , rectangular support grid 58 rest upon a segment of the lower ledge 56 such that the support grid 58 partitions the basin cavity . a rectangular filter pad 60 rests upon and covers ( lie support grid 58 . each edge of a generally planar , rectangular false bottom member 62 rests upon a segment of tile upper ledge 54 such that the false bottom member 62 also partitions the basin cavity 18 and is disposed above the support grid 58 . the false bottom member 62 is preferably unitary , defines a drain hole 64 therethrough and includes an upwardly protruding lip 66 around the periphery thereof a strainer ( not shown ) is defined within the drain hole 64 . a pair of supplemental drain holes 70 are defined through the rear sink wall 48 just above the filter pad 60 . fig3 is a front , vertical cross - sectional , cut - away view of the parts washer 10 , wherein certain portions of the parts washer are , for explanatory purposes , not cross - sectioned or cut - away . fig3 represents each of the mechanical component ( i . e ., the hardware , or “ parts washer ” 10 , as herein described ), the fluid component ( represented by a cleaning fluid 72 ), and the biological component ( not seen ) living within the cleaning fluid 72 . as depicted in fig3 the periphery of the false bottom member 62 preferably snugly contacts the sink walls 48 . the tank cavity 44 is preferably partially filled with a cleaning fluid 72 . a submersible pump 73 is disposed within the tank cavity 44 . when the pump 73 is operating , it draws the cleaning fluid 72 from the bottom region of the tank cavity 44 and discharges the cleaning fluid 72 into a conduit 74 . the conduit 74 is connected to and discharges into a base ( not shown ) of the faucet 24 , whereby the fluid discharges from the nozzle 26 . the parts washer 10 is preferably further equipped with optional cleaning accessories ( not shown ) such as a fountain brush ( not shown ) that is in fluid communication with the conduit 74 . a heater 76 , that is controlled by a thermostat 75 , selectively heats the cleaning fluid 72 , and tile heater 76 is acceptably in the form of an electric heating element that extends from the control panel 30 into the depths of the tank cavity 44 . a level probe monitors the depth of the cleaning fluid 72 , and the level probe is acceptably in the form of a float actuated electric switch 78 that includes a magnet equipped float 80 . a lip 82 extends around the periphery of the sink ledge 20 forward of the back - splash 22 . the lip 82 and back - splash 22 seek to keep cleaning fluid 72 from dripping over the edges of the sink ledge 20 . in accordance with the presently preferred construction of the present invention , much of the parts washer 10 is acceptably constructed from high density polyethylene . in addition , the sink walls 48 , bottom panel 50 , upper ledge 54 , lower ledge 56 , sink ledge 20 , and backsplash 22 , are , in accordance with the presently preferred construction , formed as a single , molded , unitary piece . the biological component is preferably in the form of microorganisms that biodegrade organic compounds such as , for example and not limitation , hydrocarbons , oils , greases , petroleum by - products , creolates , polychlorinated biphenols , and other carbon based compositions . for example , the microorganisms convert hydrocarbon compounds into elements of water , carbon dioxide , and other digestion products . the microorganisms employed preferably not only , have the capability of biodegrading organic waste , but further are resistant to environmental shock and have metabolic versatility . additionally , the microorganisms are preferably nonpathogenic . acceptable microorganisms , for example and not limitation , are those from the genera bacillus , pseudomonas , and flavobacterium . suitable species are well known and reported in the art . the microorganisms preferably range in size from approximately three to five microns , whereby they readily pass through the filter pad 60 . the microorganisms are preferably employed in combination with nitrifying or denitrifying bacteria , phosphate solubilizing strains of microorganisms , bio - emulsifer producing strains of microorganisms , and strains of microorganisms which produce growth factors such as , for example and not limitation , b - vitamins . the microorganisms are preferably subjected to a preservation technique in an effort to ensure their viability in the field , their viability while remaining in spore form for extended periods , and their resistance to environmental shock . for example , nutrient and buffer components such as , for example and not limitation , agar , and water soluble adhesives such as , for example and not limitation , gum , are preferably mixed with the microorganisms to promote stability of the microorganisms prior to mixing the microorganisms with a carrier . the carrier is , for example and not limitation , acceptably an inert and nutrient organic material such as , but not limited to , heat treated , expanded , cellulose material . the carrier preferably preserves and protects the microorganisms in spore form during storage and transportation . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of tile present invention , an acceptable example of tile microorganisms is available from the louisiana remediation company , located in motaire , la ., as part number lrc - 1 . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of tile present invention , the filter pad 60 functions as a vehicle for bringing the microorganisms in spore form into contact with the cleaning fluid 72 . the filter pad 60 is acceptably constructed , for example and not limitation , from cotton , cellulose , polyolefin fibers , polyester fibers , fiberglass , or the like . additionally , the filter pad 60 is acceptably constructed from combinations of such components . further , the filter pad 60 is acceptably a ten micron filter or larger . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention , microorganisms in spore form are attached to the filter pad 60 with an adhering agent 84 ( fig4 ) that is water soluble and releases the microorganisms when the cleaning fluid 72 is introduced to tile filter pad 60 , as discussed below . referring to fig4 which is a perspective , cut - away view of the filter pad 60 in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention , the filter pad 60 includes a layer 86 of inert material that is disposed below a layer 88 of micron - rated media . the inert material is acceptably fiberglass . the micron - rated media is preferably a material that does not have an affinity for hydrocarbons such as , for example and not limitation , polyester . the microorganisms in spore form , the components mixed therewith as discussed above , and the adhering agent 84 are preferably sandwiched between the layers 86 , 88 of the filter pad 60 . a portion of the layer 88 is cut - away for explanatory purposes in fig4 such that the adhering agent 84 is seen . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention , an acceptable adhering agent 84 is “ super 77 spray adhesive ”, which is available from the 3m corporation of st . paul , minn . once the microorganisms in spore form are attached to the filter pad 60 , the filter pad 60 is acceptably stored until its usage within the parts washer 10 is desired . in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention , the microorganisms are added directly to the cleaning fluid 72 without being initially attached to the filter pad 60 . thus , the filter pad 60 functions , in accordance with the preferred embodiment , as both a mechanical filter ( i . e ., straining particulate matter from the fluid 72 ) and as an initial transport medium for the microorganisms and in an alternate embodiment , the filter pad 60 functions solely as a mechanical filter . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention , the cleaning fluid 72 is compatible with ( i . e ., is non - toxic to ) the microorganisms such that the microorganisms are capable of living within the cleaning fluid 72 . additionally , the cleaning fluid 72 tends to remove organic waste from parts washed in the basin 14 , as will be discussed in greater detail below . an acceptable cleaning fluid 72 , for example and not limitation , is a mixture of ph neutral emulsifiers and surfactants containing no volatile organic compounds , phosphates , formaldehyde , biocides , or other toxic materials . t he emulsifier and surfactants are blended in liquid form to produce a biodegradable , non - toxic , non - caustic , non - flammable oil dispersant cleaner and degreaser . further , and for example and not limitation , the exemplary acceptable cleaning fluid 72 contains no known carcinogens , no osha ( occupational health and safety act ) or dot ( united states department of transportation ) regulated chemicals , no ingredients requiring sara ( superfund amendments and reauthorization act ) title iii reporting , no rcra ( solid waste disposal act as amended by the resources and conservation recovery act of 1976 as amended ), hazardous waste chemicals , and no items on the cercla ( comprehensive environmental response , compensation and liability act ) hazardous substance list ( based upon the relevant regulations at the time this application was filed ). additionally , and for example and not limitation , the exemplary cleaning fluid 72 is a freely flowing liquid with a specific gravity of 1 . 083 , a slight pleasant odor , no flash point , a boiling point of 210 ° fahrenheit , a ph of approximately seven , and which is infinitely soluble in water . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention , an acceptable example of the cleaning fluid 72 is available from warren chemical corporation of robert , la ., as part number sea wash 7 . referring further to fig3 in operation , the pump 73 , conduit 74 , and faucet 24 circulate cleaning fluid 72 from the depths of the tank cavity 44 to the basin cavity 18 where parts cleaning takes place . the false bottom member 62 is preferably sufficiently sturdy and well supported such that a variety of parts are capable of being placed thereon for cleaning . in accordance with one method of the present invention , cleaning fluid 72 flows out of the nozzle 26 and the part being washed is oriented within the stream of cleaning fluid 72 exiting the nozzle 26 . the cleaning fluid 72 removes organic waste from the part being washed , and then the cleaning fluid 72 , along with the organic waste and any small particulate washed from the part , flows by gravity through the drain hole 64 and the strainer ( not shown ) associated therewith . the strainer will , of course , keep certain objects from passing through the drain hole 64 . the cleaning fluid 72 , organic waste , and remaining particulate matter then encounter the filter pad 60 . subsequently , the fluid 72 and organic contaminants pass through the support grid 58 , and drain hole 52 to deposit into the tank cavity 44 . should flow through the filter pad 60 become obstructed , flow will divert through the pair of supplemental drain holes 70 defined through the rear sink wall 48 just above the filter pad 60 . the filter pad 60 preferably functions to trap the particulate matter and allow the organic contaminants and cleaning fluid 72 to pass therethrough . because the filter pad 60 does not collect tile organic contaminant , it is capable of being disposed of as a solid waste . if the filter pad 60 is new or relatively new such that all of the microorganisms in spore form have not been previously released therefrom , the cleaning fluid 72 releases dormant microorganisms attached to the filter pad 60 , and the released microorganisms flow with the cleaning fluid 72 and organic contaminants through the drain hole 52 into the tank cavity 44 . within the tank cavity 44 , a large percentage of the microorganisms and organic contaminants will tend to accumulate proximate to the surface of the cleaning fluid 72 such that a large portion of the biodegradation takes place proximate to the surface of the cleaning fluid 72 . in theory , this forms a sort of vapor barrier that tends to minimize the evaporation of the cleaning fluid 72 . if living microorganisms are not present in the parts washer 10 , increasing amounts of organic waste will accumulate toward the surface of the cleaning fluid 72 in the tank cavity 44 , and this condition is indicative of tile need to replenish the microorganisms . in theory , however , if the parts washer 10 is used for normal parts cleaning , new microorganisms should never need to be added to the cleaning fluid 72 of the parts washer 10 . nonetheless , by virtue of the fact that the filter pad 60 is the vehicle for adding the microorganisms to the cleaning fluid 72 , as discussed above , microorganisms are added to tile cleaning fluid 72 each time a new filter pad 60 is added to the parts washer 10 , as discussed in greater detail below . by virtue of the microorganisms digesting the organic waste within the tank 12 , the cleaning fluid 72 is “ recycled ” within the parts washer 10 , whereby the cleaning fluid 72 has the potential to last for extended periods of time . it is likely , however , that some cleaning fluid 72 replenishment will be required , however , to make up for evaporative and “ drag - out ” losses incurred as parts are removed from the basin cavity 18 in wet condition . furthermore , by virtue of the cooperative effect of the filter pad 60 ( removing particulate matter ) and the microorganisms ( digesting organic waste ), the tank is , potentially , seldom in need of “ dredging ” to remove waste . the pump 73 is preferably proximate to the bottom of the tank 12 such that any sludge that might tend to accumulate at the bottom of the tank cavity 44 is circulated through the filter pad 60 . referring back to fig1 and 3 , when the off / on switch 32 is in the “ on ” position electricity is supplied to circuitry ( not shown ) which is housed within the control panel 30 by way of a conventional power cord ( not shown ), and the indicator light 34 is illuminated . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention , once the off / on switch 32 is in the “ on ” position , the circuitry , in combination with the thermostat 75 , will activate and deactivate the heater 76 . while the thermostat 75 senses that the temperature of the cleaning fluid 72 within the tank cavity 44 is below a desired temperature , the heater 76 is on , and while the thermostat 75 senses that the temperature of the cleaning fluid 72 is at or above the desired temperature , the heater 76 is off , the cleaning fluid 72 is preferably maintained in a temperature range which supports the lives of the particular microorganisms employed within the parts washer 10 . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention , the temperature is acceptably maintained in the range of approximately 110 ° to 115 ° degrees fahrenheit . the float actuated electric switch 78 also controls the operation of heater 76 . when the magnet equipped float 80 drops downward due to a low level of cleaning fluid 72 , the switch 78 is actuated which , in combination with the circuitry , disables the heater 76 and causes the low level warning light 36 to illuminate . operation of the pump 73 is controlled by the timer switch 38 . a user can manually actuate the timer switch 38 which , in combination with the circuitry , causes the pump 73 to operate and automatically cut off after a certain period of time . in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention , an additional switch ( not shown ) is provided that overrides the timer switch 38 such that the pump 73 will remain running as long as the additional switch is “ on ” referring back to fig2 and 3 , the parts washer 10 is designed to provide easy access to the filter pad 60 . access is obtained by simply lifting the false bottom member 62 out of the basin cavity 18 . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention there is no restrictive engagement between any of the components that are depicted as exploded away from each other in fig2 whereby the components of the parts washer 10 are readily accessible . while certain of the preferred and alternate embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed herein , other embodiments of the apparatus and methods of tile present invention will suggest themselves to persons skilled in the art in view of this disclosure . therefore , it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention and that the scope of the present invention should only be limited by the claims below . additionally , while it is intended that the scope of the present invention also include various alternate embodiments , it should be understood that each of the embodiments disclosed herein , including the preferred embodiment , includes features and characteristics which are considered independently inventive . accordingly the disclosure of variations and alterations expressed in alternate embodiments is intended only to reflect on the breadth of the scope of the present invention without suggesting that any of the specific features and characteristics of the preferred embodiment are in any way obvious or unimportant .

2Chemistry; Metallurgy

turning first to fig1 , a side view of a support arm 10 is shown . in a first embodiment two curved lengths of the arm 10 form two concave resting positions 12 where bottles ( not shown ) may rest . these resting positions 12 may be nearly any size , diameter , or shape without departing from the spirit of the invention , so long as they are capable of supporting a bottle . it is understood that the depressions are of a uniform size , requiring only a single arm style to fully support a bottle . although two depressions or resting positions 12 are shown in this embodiment , the invention is not so limited . one , two , three , or even more depressions or resting positions 12 may be included on a support arm 10 , so long as the arm 10 is capable of supporting the weight of the equivalent number of full bottles . for example , fig2 shows an arm with only one depression and fig3 shows an arm with three depressions . additionally , the cross sectional shape of the supporting arm 10 may be a circle , square , oval , or virtually any other shape without departing from the essence of the invention . to facilitate the support of a large number of bottles , alternative embodiments of the support arm may include integrated supports . for example , fig5 illustrates an arm with an under hanging support arm . fig6 demonstrates an arm and support constructed from one continuous material , with depressions simply cut out of the top of the material . fig7 details an alternative embodiment of a support arm 20 . the arm 20 may be composed of wood , metal , plastic , or any other material suitable for supporting the weight of full bottles . in this embodiment , the support arm 20 is constructed from , for example , a sheet of metal . a metal arm is bent to form multiple resting positions 22 for bottles . fig8 illustrates yet another alternative embodiment of a support arm 24 . in this embodiment the resting positions 26 are specifically adapted to receive either the body or neck of a bottle . as in other embodiments of the invention , only one arm style is required to fully support a bottle . a first arm 24 can support the neck of a bottle in the small indentation of the resting position 26 while a second arm 24 can support the body of a bottle in the main resting position 26 . fig9 is an isometric view of the support arm 10 depicted in fig1 . at the end of the support arm 10 are mounting means , in this embodiment , a plate 30 . the plate 30 can be utilized with mounting systems that provide a horizontal slot ( not shown ) to accommodate product dispensers . using this mounting system allows the user to easily configure a rack to individual tastes . the user can configure a rack to support bottles ( not shown ) substantially horizontally by spacing two identical support arms 10 relatively close together so that the body of the bottle is supported in resting positions 12 . conversely , the user can configure the rack to support bottles angled substantially downward by spacing the support arms 10 further apart , so that the neck of the bottle rests in one of the resting positions 12 . an alternative embodiment is depicted in fig1 . in this embodiment , the plate 30 of fig8 is replaced with a hook 40 suitable for insertion into a peg board ( not shown ) or similar mounting structure . similar to the prior embodiment , this mounting also provides the user with an opportunity to personalize how wine is stored by spacing support arms 42 to a preferred distance , as well as by vertical separation . fig1 demonstrates yet another method of mounting support arms 50 . in this embodiment , a plurality of support arms 50 are vertically integrated into a mounting frame 52 . the mounting frame 52 may be composed of wood , metal , plastic , or any other suitable material . the mounting frame 52 can then be mounted on a wall or on a freestanding base pedestal with a second similar mounting frame 52 to form a complete rack . as disclosed above , the user can modify the orientation of stored bottles merely by varying the space between mounting frames 52 . it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the mounting frame 52 may be any height , and include any number of support arms 50 without varying from the spirit of the invention . the methods of attaching the support arms 50 to the mounting frame 52 , and the mounting frame 52 to the wall or freestanding base pedestal are well know in the art , and thus are not described here . the mounting means of the present invention are not limited to the preceding examples , and may be virtually any means capable of mounting support arms to a wall or frame . for example , an alternative embodiment of the mounting means is illustrated in fig3 and 12 . in fig3 , a small ball 60 at the end of a support arm 62 is sized such that it fits through the wide top portion of a keyhole slot shown in fig1 . fig1 is a reverse view of the keyhole slot ; the ball 60 located at the end of the arm 62 has entered the slot . the ball 60 will be locked into place , securing the arm 62 , when it slides downward into the narrower part of the slot . yet another mounting means is shown in fig4 . one end of a support arm is threaded like a wood screw 80 . it is then screwed into a corresponding hole in a wall or frame . other suitable mounting means will be apparent to one skilled in the art .

0Human Necessities

according to the invention , long sector processing ( lsp ) advances the apparent real - time queue position of a data block . an lsp circuit 10 operates in a control unit device interface ( cudi ) environment with a microprocessor based system control unit ( scu ) 12 . the scu 12 supervises a disk drive such as the model 7350 disk storage drive developed by iss sperry - univac of cupertino , california and cooperates with the lsp circuit 10 to implement selected data block priority servicing . long sector processing is useful in any multiplexed data access environment where data locations are accessible serially . however , for simplicity , the description herein is limited to applications in connection with a rotational position sensing ( rsp ) disk drive environment . in the disk drive environment of fig1 the scu 12 interfaces a computer mainframe or central processing unit ( cpu ) 14 via data and control buses 16 and 18 with a plurality of disk drives 20 ( numbered 0 through 7 ). a common signal bus 22 connects all drives 20 to the scu 12 . the lsp circuit 10 is incorporated into each disk drive 20 . the scu 12 is provided with instruction capability for communicating with each lsp circuit - equipped disk drive 20 . the capability may comprise circuitry or microcode internal to the scu 12 . each drive 20 is connected through dedicated read / write cables 24 to scu 12 . in the computer data storage system herein described , the data is serially arranged in time - referenced units ( herein called sectors ) on tracks of a storage medium . at least two independently operating mass storage devices are coupled to a common controller . in a disk operating system , each disk drive 20 is designed to read data into and write data off of rotating disks 24 ( fig1 a ), the data being arranged in periodic tracks 26 figuratively illustrated on upper and lower surfaces of a parallel stack of disks 24 sharing a common spindle 28 . the collection of tracks of a disk stack is referred to as a cylinder , a cylinder being defined relative to a set of vertically aligned read / write heads 30 positioned over a selected track 26 on all disk surfaces . the manner in which the tracks 26 of the same disk are distinguished from one another is not important to this invention . each track 26 ( or cylinder ) is subdivided into a plurality of sectors 32 . in fig2 a diagram of track 26 ( or cylinder ) of all disk drives 20 is illustrated as they might be in relation to one another at a selected window in time . in a typical architecture 2 7 = 128 equally spaced sectors are provided in each track 26 . for simplicity , only 2 4 = 16 sectors are shown in fig2 . each sector 32 is referenced by its relation in terms of the number of clock units ( or sector counter units ) to a fixed physical location on the track 26 called an &# 34 ; index &# 34 ; 34 ( shown figuratively in fig1 and 2 ). blocks of data , called data records 36 , are stored in the serially arranged sectors 32 , the locations of which are defined as a &# 34 ; relative displacement &# 34 ; with reference to the index 34 of each disk drive . for convenience , data records 36 may be labeled sequentially x 0 to x 15 . each data record may require one or more sectors 32 of sequential storage space of one track ( or cylinder ) 26 . the data records 36 cyclically pass the read / write head 30 of each disk drive as the disk 24 spins . therefore , data records are available for access only during short periods or windows of time . the location of the read / write head 30 can therefore be visualized as advancing sequentially relative to the data sectors 32 at the increment or sector count of a master clock . actual data recording may be by means of variable length records uniquely identified physically by a previous label ( id .) the sector location or address is a means of relatively locating the id field . in the examples of fig2 the sum of control unit connection / disconnection times normal rps connection , data transfer time , and lag factors is assumed to require six sectors . this assumption simplifies the examples hereinbelow , since it permits instantaneous scu - drive interaction to be used for illustrative purposes of demonstrating efficiency . the initial environment defined in the examples shows all eight disks with requests from the controller outstanding . it is assumed that when a disk completes transfer of data , no new request is issued to that disk . this is not normal behavior in a real operating environment , but it does maintain the simplicity of the examples of fig2 . all disks 24 rotate at approximately the same velocity , although rotation is actually asynchronous . for short periods of time a dynamic map or catalog of data storage locations can be constructed based on the relative displacement of each data record 36 from the index 34 of each disk drive and the number of sector counter clock units the disk 24 has advanced since the index 34 on the disk 24 crossed the read / write head 30 of the disk drive 20 . in a normal command sequence or command chain , the scu 12 issues a request to transfer data to selected drives 20 , then it scans the disk drives 20 looking for a report of readiness to perform a data transfer , as indicated by a sector interrupt signal . this condition indicates that the next available sector 32 is in position to read or write data . if the scu 12 can obtain access to the main frame of the computer ( the cpu 14 and its main memory ) during the pendency of a sector interrupt , then the scu 12 issues a second command which transfers system control to the designated disk drive 20 . the likelihood that a particular disk drive will be issued the second command by the scu 12 is related to the duration of its sector interrupt signal . according to the invention , the likelihood of early access to a chosen data block is enhanced by increasing the duration of the interrupt signal indicating the availability of a priority data block and by advancing the apparent initial location or address of the data block in a data location catalog . the invention is best understood in terms of an explanation of operation of the scu 12 relating to the access of data blocks having been assigned a priority . the scu 12 , however , performs other operations whose exact nature is not important to an understanding of the invention . these functions can include directing the selection of tracks to be accessed , calculating data locations by the relative sector and communicating with the cpu 14 . the operation of invention is illustrated by fig2 and the table of fig2 a . the scu 12 defines locations with reference to sliced clock units , in fig2 consecutively designated a through r , corresponding to the number of sectors 36 of each periodic track . only sixteen are shown , as explained above . the table of fig2 a illustrates system operation . each row represents a track of a different disk drive . beginning with data block x 2 ( row 1 ), it will be noted that a two - sector clock unit priority or long sector assignment 39 has been assigned to the data block . therefore data block x 2 is advanced in queue position over data blocks x 5 and x 12 . data block x 2 is thus accessed first . servicing data block x 2 requires eight sectors ( including the long sector priority assignment 39 ). at the end of servicing , at sector 11 , the scu looks for the next available data block . in this case , the next available data block is x 1 , which has also been assigned a priority 39 . after the servicing of x 1 , x 5 ( of row 2 ) is the next available data block . the service cycle continues until all data blocks have been attended to or until otherwise interrupted . in the example illustrated ( fig2 a ), the demand or priority requests are serviced in 82 clock units . computation of outcome of queue positioning according to the standard processing would require 106 clock units to service the demand requests . the improvement in demand requests occurs with some decrease in the efficiency of throughput . in this example , standard rps processing requires 113 clock units to complete while long sector processing requires 124 clock units to complete all servicing . another way of viewing the improvement in demand request processing for this example is to recognize that the average access to any demand data block improves from 1 . 26 rotations to 0 . 96 rotations of the periodic track . in fig3 a and 3b an lsp circuit 10 block diagram is shown , together with selected interface circuitry and rps control logic of scu 12 . the pertinent functional elements of lsp circuit 10 are a storage register 38 , coupled to a down counter 40 which is coupled to an interrupt control latch 42 . these elements are together operative to receive a long sector interval value and to issue a sector interrupt for a designated duration . the sector interrupt is typically provided through an or gate 57 , where other drive interrupt conditions are fed into the signal line , and thence to interface control logic 53 . an output bus of interface control logic 53 is supplied to drivers 55 which drive the drive / controller cable 22 &# 39 ; coupled to the scu 12 ( fig1 ). the circuit of fig3 a and 3b is reasonably self - explanatory in conjunction with the timing diagrams fig4 through 6 . however , the following explanation will assist in an understanding of the novel features of the circuitry . each signal line is labeled with either a command or a coupling designation . a plus (+) sign before a label indicates the designated condition is enabled or true with a &# 34 ; positive &# 34 ; sense . a negative (-) sign indicates the converse . a circle (°) at an input or an output terminal indicates a signal inversion . referring particulary to fig3 a and 3b , storage register 38 may be a type 74174 storage register operative with seven input terminals , namely , four variable data terminals 1d through 4d , a clock terminal clk and a clear terminal . a further input terminal 5d is tied to a true reference for reasons hereinafter explained . five output terminals 1q through 5q are provided , corresponding to 1d through 5d . decoders and buffers 44 , from cudi receivers 46 , couple a parallel four bit digital signal to terminals 1d through 4d of register 38 , as provided by a data channel from scu 12 . ( fig1 ). the four corresponding data signal lines are designated + bus out 7 through 4 , respectively . the four - bit signal on lines + bus out 7 through 4 identifies the value or length ( in sector clock units ) of the long sector interval . the interval is externally assigned . within the scu 12 the catalog is modified such that the interval represented by the four - bit signals is appended to the beginning of each selected data block to advance the queue position of the data block . the interval may be from zero ( one clock interval ) to fifteen units ( sixteen clock intervals ). the output of an and gate 48 is coupled to the clock input clk of storage register 38 via a control line labeled + load interrupt duration register . the and gate 48 is for comparing two control signals from decoders and buffers 44 labeled + bus out 0 and + tag 1 ( also called + bus out 0 ). tag 1 is the set sector command of the rps command set . the coincidence of bus out 0 = true and tag 1 = true at and gate 48 causes storage of the data at data inputs 1d through 4d , the contents of register 38 being made available at outputs 1q through 5q . output 5a is operative to issue a command to one input of an and gate 50 indicating a special interrupt duration request , overriding the normal rps + sector interrupt signal . in order to clear the register 38 , an + rps reset command , externally generated , is issued to the clear terminal of register 38 . the rps reset command also has the effect of generating a false signal via the special interrupt duration requested line to and gate 50 . the consequence of this signal is explained hereinafter in conjunction with example 3 . down counter 40 may be a type 74193 up - down counter wired to decrement . counter 40 receives the four - bit long sector interval value at parallel inputs a0 through a3 upon an externally generated - record ready signal inverted and provided to its counter load terminal . the counter 40 is operative to decrement the value of the long sector interval with each positive transition of an external clock signal provided at a count down clock terminal . counter 40 issues a - borrow output signal at zero . this signal , when provided to the other input of and gate 50 causes a - clear interrupt latch command to be generated . latch 42 is a conventional d - type bistable multivibrator ( or flip - flop ) with the d input tied to a true value and the preset input tied via inversion of the true level to a false value . the externally generated record ready signal line is coupled to the clock input . the clear input is coupled via inversion to the output of and gate 50 , i . e ., the - clear interrupt latch line . only the q output of latch 42 is used . the q output and - record ready signal lines are coupled to the input terminals of a dual input nand gate 52 ( such as a type 7400 ), shown here as a negated or gate . nand gate 52 issues a + sector interrupt signal in all states except when both q is true ( high ) and - record ready is false . the persistence of the + sector interrupt signal indicates the continued availability of the data block of the referenced drive for access . the longer the + sector interrupt signal is enabled the higher the likelihood that control will be transferred to the referenced drive since the period of its indicated availability comprises a greater percentage of the polling or scanning cycle of the scu 12 . the exact sequence of operation under various conditions is explained hereinafter below in connection with the diagrams of fig4 - 6 . in order to understand the interaction of the lsp circuit 10 with an rps system , it is helpful to understand how the - record ready signal is generated . reference is made to rps control logic 54 of fig3 a . the rps control logic 54 of particular interest comprises a sector register 56 , a sector counter 58 , which may be a ring counter or the like , a sector control clock generator ( clock ) 60 , a comparator 62 and a dual input and gate 64 with an inverter 66 at one input . data lines + bus out 1 through 7 are coupled to sector register 56 . data line + tag 1 is coupled to the first input of dual input and gate 64 and data line + bus out 0 is coupled through inverter 66 to the other gate input . clock generator 60 is coupled via a + sector counter advance control line to a clock input of sector counter 58 and provides one pulse per sector to sector counter 58 . in addition , a control line labeled - byte 16 is coupled to the count down clock input of down counter 40 , which is operative to provide a pulse per sector slightly delayed relative to the sector counter advance . the encoded outputs of sector register 56 and sector counter 58 are provided to comparator 62 . at coincidence , comparator 62 issues a - record ready signal , indicating that a designated sector is in the correct location for issuance of the - record ready signal . the scu 12 issues tag 1 = true and bus out 0 = false to load sector register 56 with the data of bus out 7 through 1 . these data define the sector at which the - record ready signal is issued . the scu 12 also issues tag 1 = true and bus out 0 = true to load the value of the long sector interval into register 38 . the drive 20 immediately commences to search for the requested sector , identified by the data in sector register 56 . sector counter 58 tallys with the clock pulses . the - record ready signal issues at coincidence of the value in sector register 56 and sector connector 58 and each periodic cycle thereafter of the sector counter 58 until the system is otherwise reset . fig4 illustrates a normal search for a data block . the normal search is initiated by the tag 1 command which triggers the load sector register command . in the example , bus out 6 is true . this is equivalent to a request for a sector interrupt signal starting at sector number 2 . the sector queuing is not affected by this sequence . instead , the - record ready signal issues at the commencement of sector number 2 and the + sector interrupt signal follows immediately thereafter through nand gate 52 . latch 42 has no effect because it is disabled by the persistence of - clear interrupt latch = true from and gate 50 . in other words , a clear command is issued to latch 42 except when both the special interrupt duration requested signal is true ( high ) and the - borrow output signal is true ( low ). in the example of fig5 the lsp circuit 10 is activated . data line bus out 4 through 7 reads 0010 2 at sector counter unit = 0 which indicates requested data coupling must commence with the sector location corresponding to sector counter unit = 2 . at sector counter unit = 1 , data lines bus out 4 through 7 read 0001 2 . the coincidence of bus out 0 = true and tag 1 = true initiates the load interrupt duration register command , which issues a sustained special interrupt request signal to and gate 50 . the - clear interrupt latch command is also thereupon disabled (= false ) thereby activating latch 42 . the - record ready signal issues at the commencement of sector 2 for one sector duration . the sector interrupt signal issues immediately following the issuance of the - record ready signal . at the end of one sector the trailing edge of the record ready signal triggers the latch 42 output q which maintains the sector interrupt signal enabled as the - record ready signal drops to its disabled state . in other words , the sector interrupt signal is not disabled as in example 1 . the effect is to append an extended duration or long sector interrupt signal to a normal duration sector interrupt signal . the condition is maintained until down counter 40 at the clock signal issues its - borrow output = true ( low ) signal to and gate 50 . thereupon the and gate 50 initiates the - clear interrupt latch = true ( low ) command , which in turn disables the interrupt duration control latch command at the input of nand gate 52 terminating the sector interrupt signal . the cycle repeats with each issuance of the record ready signal , as outlined above , for each revolution of the disk . in fig6 the same sequence is followed as in example 2 . however , an external reset command is issued at a random time , which resets the lsp circuit 10 to its initial conditions . the command - rps reset clears the interrupt duration logic in preparation for a subsequent cycle or transfer of control to another peripheral device . the lsp circuit 10 , herein described operates in connection with a multiplexed data transfer system utilizing an rps - based controller ( scu 12 ) which is adapted to provide a processing preference to data blocks identified by a priority assignment . the priority assignment of the scu 12 is implemented as follows : each data block to be read is identified by a label or id and its sector location is calculated ( based on the location of this id ) relative to the index of its disk . selected data blocks are externally designated as priority data blocks , indicating processing preference is to be given . the priority assignment is expressed as a code which is included in the command from the scu to the disk . the priority code may be an externally selected value chosen to correspond to a desired extension in the apparent length of the data block and is measured in sector units . the variable priority code can also represent a variable duration long sector interrupt signal value . each of the priority designated data blocks is assigned a &# 34 ; look - ahead &# 34 ; advantage , that is , the address of each such data block location is advanced toward the index location although the actual location of the data is not changed . a &# 34 ; spacer &# 34 ; is effectively created between the indicated location and the actual location of the data block . the spacer may be an internal bookkeeping operation similar to the compensation for lag factors wherein the difference value between the actual and apparent address location is registered to account for overlap in apparent locations of data . in the illustration of fig2 each of the designated priority data blocks , namely x 2 , x 1 , x 10 , x 13 , and x 6 , has been assigned a uniform two sector look - ahead advantage , or long sector interval 39 , over the actual data location . prior to a transfer of data , a map may be created of the position of each disk relative to the read / write head , based on sensed locations of the disk indexes . a queue may be set up by comparing the initial address of each data block . data blocks are then accessed according to queue location relative to the read / write heads of each drive . a sequence of real time operation may be as follows : a request for data is transmitted by the cpu 14 to the scu 12 . if priority status is desired , the request includes a long sector interrupt indicator . the request is directed by the scu 12 over the control channel 24 to the particular peripheral disk drive 20 addressed . the scu 12 scans or polls the peripheral disk drives 20 to ascertain if any are in position to respond with data , i . e ., if any data blocks are within the data access window and available for immediate data transfer . those disk drives having data within the window issue the + sector interrupt signal as explained above . if the scu 12 is active with another disk drive 20 or another cpu 14 request , a disk drive sector interrupt signal will not be responded to by the scu 12 . in this case , once the window has passed , the + sector interrupt signal is dropped by the disk drive . during the period when either the + sector interrupt signal of one disk drive is not being acted on or the scu 14 is otherwise not occupied , the first subsequently occurring + sector interrupt signal will be responded to by the scu 14 . if the scu 12 can respond to a + sector interrupt signal a connection is made to allow data transfer to begin from the disk drive to the scu 12 and through to the cpu 14 memory . this sequence is constantly repeated with all of the disk drives 20 interacting with the scu 12 to effect data transfer requests made by the cpu 14 . the invention has now been explained with reference to specific preferred embodiments . further embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure . for example , long sector processing works especially well in any system where data storage locations are arranged to be periodically accessible , that is , where data blocks are disposed in a closed loop and serially accessible on a cyclic or periodic basis . rotating drums , flexible disk drive systems , charge coupled devices , bubble memories , shift registers and the like are examples of storage media system according to the invention . in addition , the invention can be adapted for use where data blocks are serially accessible generally , such as tapes , storage cylinders and the like , where access time is substantially slower than in conventional disk drive or periodic data storage systems . however , for simplicity the detailed description has been limited to a description of the preferred embodiment in a multiplexed disk drive system operating with an intelligent peripheral input / output ( i / o ) controller , such as an iss sperry - univac model 7835 controller coupled to model 7350 disk drives . therefore , it is not intended that the invention be limited , except as set forth in the appended claims .

6Physics

the disclosure of the above - referenced u . s . pat . no . 5 , 448 , 582 , issued sep . 5 , 1995 , entitled &# 34 ; optical sources having a strongly scattering gain medium providing laser - like action &# 34 ;, by nabil m . lawandy is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . also incorporated by reference herein in its entirety is the disclosure of u . s . pat . no . 5 , 434 , 878 , issued jul . 18 , 1995 , entitled &# 34 ; optical gain medium having doped nanocrystals of semiconductors and also optical scatterers &# 34 ;, by nabil m . lawandy . reference is first made to fig2 a and 2b for showing an embodiment of a catheter 10 that is suitable for use in photo - dynamic therapy applications . it should be realized , however , that the various methods and apparatus of this invention are not limited for use with only this one , albeit important , application . the catheter 10 includes an optical fiber 12 or other suitable conduit of electromagnetic radiation , and a protective covering or sheath 12a made from , by example , a non - reactive material such as teflon ™. a first end of the catheter 10 is coupled to a laser source such as a frequency doubled or frequency tripled nd : yag laser 2 . in the illustrated example the laser 2 provides light at a first wavelength ( λ 1 ), such as 532 nm . the light is conveyed to a terminal end of the catheter 12 where a scattering region 15 having a mirror 14 is provided . the scattering region 15 may be comprised of silicone containing titania or other suitable scattering particles . the purpose of the region 15 is to direct the incident light out of the optical fiber 12 or light conduit and into a surrounding sheath or structure 16 that includes a gain medium as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 488 , 582 . that is , the sheath or structure 16 includes , by example , a selected dye molecule or molecules 13a in combination with scattering sites 13b which provide in combination a laser like emission when stimulated by the light from the laser 2 . the structure 16 outputs light with a second , desired wavelength ( λ 2 ). in this embodiment of this invention the gain medium may be contained in a transparent polymer of a type that contracts or shrinks when heated , such as heat shrinkable tubing . the output wavelength ( λ 2 ) is selected in accordance with the activation requirements of a photosensitive drug or substance used in a given pdt treatment . fig3 shows an embodiment wherein a dichroic mirror 20 is provided in combination with a substrate 22 that contains the gain medium . by example , the dichroic mirror 20 is transparent at the pump wavelength ( e . g . 532 nm ) and is reflective at the wavelength ( e . g . 650 nm ) that is emitted by the gain medium within the substrate 22 . the substrate 22 may be a polymer , a glass , or any suitable material for containing the gain medium ( e . g . dye molecules and scattering sites , such as particles of tio 2 or alumina ). two known photo - sensitive drugs that are activated by 650 nm light are mpth and photofrin . the embodiment of fig3 is well suited for treating external or exposed tissue , whereas the embodiment of fig2 a and 2b is well suited for treating internal tissue . in general , it is desirable to position the gain medium in close proximity to the tissue to be treated in order to maximize the amount of light that can be delivered to the photo - sensitive drug or drugs that are being used . fig4 a shows an embodiment wherein the substrate 22 is curved , and may represent a cross - section through a hemisphere or dome . fig4 b illustrates an embodiment wherein a plurality of the curved substrates 22a and 22b are employed to provide at least first and second wavelengths ( λ 2 , λ 3 ). as can be seen , the substrates 22a and 22b can have a generally concave inner surface , and one may be nested or contained within the other . in both of these embodiments the substrate shape leads to an integrating sphere effect for providing a more uniform illumination of the tissue being treated . in the embodiment of fig4 b it is assumed that the substrate 22a is substantially transparent at λ 2 , and that the substrate 22b is substantially transparent at λ 2 . fig5 a and 5b illustrate embodiments wherein a plurality of the structures 16 ( e . g ., sub - structures 16a - 16c ) are arranged circumferentially or longitudinally , respectively , about the terminal end of the optical fiber 12 . each substructure 16a - 16c has an associated emission wavelength λ 2 - λ 4 , respectively . the result is the simultaneous presence of a plurality of wavelengths for simultaneously activating a plurality of photo - sensitive drugs during a pdt treatment . more or less than three sub - structures can be provided . fig6 illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein a gain medium - containing substrate 23 is given a predetermined three - dimensional shape for conforming the substrate to a shape of a region of tissue to be treated . by example , a mold of a region of tissue to be treated ( e . g , a tumor ) is made , and the substrate 23 , such as polymeric material containing the gain medium , is formed from the mold . alternatively , a three dimensional surface profile or map of the region of tissue can be obtained from a medical imaging technique ( e . g ., cat scan or nmr image ), and the shape of the substrate 23 conformed to the profile . this embodiment of the invention is useful in providing an intimate fit between the substrate 23 and the region of tissue to be treated , thereby maximizing an amount of photo - sensitive drug or drugs that are activated . it should be realized that the dichroic mirror 20 can also be used with the embodiment of fig6 as well as the embodiment of fig4 b . fig7 illustrates a further embodiment of this invention wherein the terminal end of the optical fiber 12 is wrapped with one or more polymer filaments 26 that contain the gain medium . preferably adjacent wraps of the filaments 26 touch one another to prevent any leakage of the light at λ 1 . a plurality of different filaments can be used for providing a plurality of different wavelengths of light for activating a plurality of photo - sensitive drugs . a suitable laser system for driving this and other embodiments of this invention is a 15 mj , 1000 hz prr , 532 nm laser available from continuum . in general , a diode pumped nd : yag laser can be employed to provide a compact and relatively low cost source . in other embodiments a pure silica fiber 12 can be used with an ultraviolet ( uv ) source operating at , by example , 400 nm , and can provide an emission of , by example , 1 . 7 micrometers , depending on the characteristics of the selected gain medium . it can be realized that the teaching of this invention provides the ability to readily provide a number of different wavelengths of therapeutic light , while avoiding the problems inherent in providing , operating , and maintaining a conventional tuneable light source , such as a dye laser . in a further embodiment of this invention the dye molecules that comprise a portion of the gain medium may be replaced by semiconductor nanocrystals selected for their emission wavelength ( s ) ( e . g ., gan for blue , znse for green , cdse for red ). in this case the semiconductor nanocrystals may also function as scattering sites for the stimulated emission , either alone or in combination with the scattering particles . in a still further embodiment of this invention the polymer structure or substrate itself may provide the stimulated emission , such as a polymer comprised of ppv or mehppv . although described above in the context of specific materials , dimensions and the like , it should be appreciated that the teaching of this invention is not intended to be limited to only these disclosed exemplary embodiments and values . neither is the teaching of this invention intended to be limited to only the specific catheter and other embodiments described above . as such , while the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention .

6Physics

various embodiments of the present invention generally relate to systems and methods for delivering content . in particular , various embodiments relate to delivering advertising content to a client via a communications network such as the internet . in addition , various embodiments provide for systems and methods of transmitting content over a communication network to a client without the need to run code from the destination ( e . g ., website ) selections of that client . according to one embodiment , a system and method of transmitting content over a communications network that is capable of use and exploitation by an isp , enterprise , and / or the like may be provided . according to one embodiment , a method may include one or more of the following steps : 1 ) intercepting a data transfer protocol request and / or response ; 2 ) analyzing information contained within the intercepted data transfer protocol request / response ; 3 ) selecting advertising content to send to the requesting / intended client ; and 4 ) sending the selected content to the client . in one embodiment , the content may be selected based on information contained within the communication protocol request and / or response , such as information indicative of the client ( e . g ., an ip address used alone or as an index or key to retrieve a profile associated with the client ), information indicative of the destination ( e . g ., an ip address used alone or as an index or key to retrieve a profile associated with the destination ), the request - uri in the http request method , the host field in the http request header , the content in the response , such as the webpage content ( e . g ., keywords in the page ). according to various embodiments of the present invention , the systems and methods may be used at an enterprise level in order to intercept communication protocol requests / responses and deliver content , such as advertisements . for example , a hotel may provide internet service to its customers . according to one embodiment , a hotel may intercept the communication protocol requests originated by those clients using the hotel &# 39 ; s internet service or the communication protocol responses destined for those clients using the hotel &# 39 ; s internet service , analyze information contained within the intercepted communication protocol request / response , select advertising content to send to the client , and send the selected content to the client . according to one embodiment , a hotel may create a client profile . for example , an enterprise , such as a hotel may create a client profile by collecting and storing information about a client through a membership program , optional questionnaires , and / or the like . this information may then be accessed using the information contained within the data transfer protocol request . then , an appropriate advertising choice may be based on the client profile . in some embodiments , no client profile is used . in this case , an enterprise , such as a hotel , may send advertisements as they become available , or on a pre - allocated basis . in one embodiment , pre - allocating an advertisement refers to determining the percentage one advertisement will be delivered in relation to other advertisements . in one embodiment , the advertising content may be delivered via the same communications methodology used to make the request or provide the response . for example , if a client is making an http request , then advertising content may be delivered via http . in some embodiments , additional information is known about the client and advertisements can be delivered via another communication method . for example , when an http session is detected as active , an advertising system may send a message to the client &# 39 ; s instant messenger while the http session continues without interference . in the following description , for the purposes of explanation , numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention . it will be apparent , however , to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details . embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a computer program product which may include a machine - readable medium having stored thereon instructions which may be used to program a computer ( or other electronic devices ) to perform a process . the machine - readable medium may include , but is not limited to , floppy diskettes , optical disks , compact disc read - only memories ( cd - roms ), and magneto - optical disks , roms , random access memories ( rams ), erasable programmable read - only memories ( eproms ), electrically erasable programmable read - only memories ( eeproms ), magnetic or optical cards , flash memory , or other type of media / machine - readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions . moreover , embodiments of the present invention may also be downloaded as a computer program product , wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer to a requesting computer by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link ( e . g ., a modem or network connection ). for the sake of illustration , various embodiments of the present invention have herein been described in the context of computer programs , physical components , and logical interactions within modern computer networks . specifically , for convenience , embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to detecting an active session or connection by intercepting or observing tcp / ip requests over the internet originated by clients . however , embodiments of the present invention are equally applicable to detecting an active communication protocol session or connection by intercepting or observing tcp / ip responses intended for clients . additionally , embodiments of the present invention are equally applicable to various other transport protocols , systems , devices , and networks as one skilled in the art will appreciate . for example , various embodiments may be used in conjunction with communications networks , such as wans , lans , other computer networks , telephone systems , and / or the like . more specifically , embodiments are applicable to multiple levels of implementation . for example , communication systems , services , enterprises , and devices such as cell phone networks and compatible devices . in addition , embodiments are applicable to all levels of computing from the personal computer to large network mainframes and servers . additionally , monitoring and / or proxying of other transport communication protocol connection requests and / or responses , such as user datagram protocol ( udp ), datagram congestion control protocol ( dccp ), stream control transmission protocol ( sctp ), il , reliable user datagram protocol ( rudp ), appletalk echo protocol ( aep ), appletalk transaction protocol ( atp ), cyclic udp ( cudp ), name binding protocol ( nbp ), netbios extended user interface ( netbeui ), routing table maintenance protocol ( rtmp ), sequenced packet exchange ( spx ) protocol , network news transport protocol ( nntp ), real - time transport protocol ( rtp ) and / or the like , may be used in accordance with the specific communications network as known to those skilled in the art . terminology brief definitions of terms , abbreviations , and phrases used throughout this application are given below . the phrase “ advertising content ” generally refers to the promotion of products , services , brands , ideas , companies , and / or the like . advertising content may be delivered in a variety of formats . examples include , but are not limited to , pop - up advertisements , pop - under advertisements , voice advertisements , various text advertisements , and / or the like . the phrase “ communication network ” or term “ network ” generally refers to a group of interconnected devices capable of exchanging information . a communication network may be as few as several personal computers on a local area network ( lan ) or as large as the internet , a worldwide network of computers . as used herein “ communication network ” is intended to encompass any network capable of transmitting information from one entity to another . in one particular case , a communication network is a voice over internet protocol ( voip ) network . in some cases , a communication network may be comprised of multiple networks , even multiple heterogeneous networks , such as one or more border networks , voice networks , broadband networks , service provider networks , internet service provider ( isp ) networks , and / or public switched telephone networks ( pstns ), interconnected via gateways operable to facilitate communications between and among the various networks . the phrase “ communication protocol ” generally refers to any type of communication protocol used to facilitate the exchange of information between two devices connected to a communication network . for example , a communication protocol may include any data transfer protocol request . in one embodiment , a communication protocol may be an application protocol including , but not limited to dns , ftp , http , imap , irc , nntp , pop3 , sip , smtp , snmp , ssh , telnet , bittorrent , and the like . in one embodiment , a communication protocol may be a transport protocol including , but not limited to dccp , sctp , tcp , rtp , udp , il , rudp , and the like . still yet in another embodiment , a communication protocol may be a network protocol including , but not limited to ipv4 , ipv6 , and the like . in accordance with one embodiment , a communication protocol may include an ethernet protocol including , but not limited to wi - fi , token ring , mpls , ppp , and the like . importantly , this definition is meant to be exemplary rather than limiting . as such , other protocols known to those skilled in the art are within the scope of this definition . the terms “ connected ” or “ coupled ” and related terms are used in an operational sense and are not necessarily limited to a direct physical connection or coupling . thus , for example , two devices may be couple directly , or via one or more intermediary media or devices . as another example , devices may be coupled in such a way that information can be passed there between , while not sharing any physical connection one with another . based on the disclosure provided herein , one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate a variety of ways in which connection or coupling exists in accordance with the aforementioned definition . the phrases “ in one embodiment ,” “ according to one embodiment ,” and the like generally mean the particular feature , structure , or characteristic following the phrase is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention , and may be included in more than one embodiment of the present invention . importantly , such phases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment . if the specification states a component or feature “ may ”, “ can ”, “ could ”, or “ might ” be included or have a characteristic , that particular component or feature is not required to be included or have the characteristic . fig1 illustrates a block diagram showing the connection between a client and the internet in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention . however , the choice of the internet is for illustrative purposes and embodiments of the present invention are applicable to any type of communication network . as shown in fig1 , a client 10 , which according to one embodiment , may be a single computer or a computer network consisting of one or more computers . in the embodiment depicted , the computer ( s ) may be connected to the internet 14 through an internet service provider ( isp ) 12 . the isp 12 is typically a cable or telephone company that provides the infrastructure for the internet 14 . this infrastructure consists of various elements of computer hardware and software , including physical cable connections , routers for connecting multiple connections , and computers for directing traffic , identifying users and authorizing access to the system . according to one embodiment , communication between the client 10 and the internet 14 uses tcp / ip (“ transfer control protocol over internet protocol ”). while a variety of different protocols are contained within tcp / ip , the most commonly used for retrieving webpages is the hypertext transfer protocol ( http ). as such , when the client 10 wishes to access the internet 14 using http , the process shown in fig2 is followed . specifically , fig2 illustrates a flowchart describing a process of interpreting a client http request in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention . a request is sent ( 20 ) to retrieve a desired webpage . the request is interpreted ( 22 ) and the webpage is retrieved ( 24 ) and sent to the client ( 26 ), where the webpage code is run on the client computer to produce the webpage ( 28 ). it is at this last step 28 where conventional methods of advertising over the internet take place . code for the desired advertisement may be placed within the webpage code and run at the same time the code for the webpage is run . alternatively , the code for the desired advertisement may be placed as a separate webpage code . the resulting advertisement is then produced according to the extra code . typical advertisement code may include scripts that retrieve advertisements from other web servers ( i . e . separate from the server which hosts the webpage code ), that open new windows on the client computer to display advertisements , or that even temporarily display an advertising webpage prior to allowing the client to view the desired webpage . regardless of the method of advertising used , each method is initiated within the code for the webpage . in other words , it is the client &# 39 ; s selection of webpage and running of the code for that webpage that determines both whether advertising will be displayed and the types of advertisements shown . according to various embodiments of the present invention , additional computer software and / or hardware may provided by the isp 12 ( as seen in fig1 ), enterprise , or by the end user . as a result , advertising content can be selected and delivered at the interpreting step 22 ( see fig2 ) as opposed to the code running step 28 ( also in fig2 ). alternatively , advertising content may be selected and delivered based on the http response at step 26 ( see fig2 ). according one embodiment of the present invention , the content delivery system may include three components provided by the isp 12 as shown in fig3 . content server 30 may be configured to store the content , such as advertisements , advertising content or other informational content , that is to be delivered to the client 10 . insertion server 32 may be configured to monitor client traffic and act to detect a client &# 39 ; s communication protocol request , e . g ., a http request , and / or a destination &# 39 ; s communication protocol response , e . g ., a http response , and substitute content from the content server 30 for the requested content or supplement the requested content with content from the content server 30 . alternatively , upon determining the existence of an active communication protocol connection or session between a destination and a client , the insertion server 32 may deliver content via another communication method by sending a message to the client &# 39 ; s instant messenger , for example , while the http session continues without interference . in one embodiment , the insertion server 32 is implemented as a proxy server , transparent or not . the insertion server 32 may intercept all connections and connection with the destination on behalf of the client for all connections , whether needed to insert content or not . alternatively , the insertion server 32 may only intercept connections when content insertion is desired as determined by the policy server 34 . policy server 34 may be configured to determine when insertion server 32 detects a request or response , what content is delivered from content server 30 , and how long the content is displayed to the client 10 , e . g ., the duration until the client &# 39 ; s original http request is fulfilled . while in the embodiment depicted , insertion server 32 is shown connected to the isp 12 , for example , as part of a firewall between the client 10 and the internet 14 , it may also be located between the client 10 and the isp 12 . in this arrangement , rather than content hosted and provided by the isp 12 at its level of the internet infrastructure , the content may hosted at the network level of the client 10 . for example , a location that provides internet access to multiple clients , such as an enterprise , library or an internet cafe , may set up its own content delivery system at its network connection to the isp 12 in order to transmit selected content to clients on its network . in this configuration , the system may be set up as part of a network firewall to minimize overhead . fig4 and fig5 . illustrate how the tcp / ip process may be modified in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention . specifically , fig4 illustrates a flowchart representative of a process of detecting and intercepting a client tcp / ip request in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention . those skilled in the art will appreciate similar modifications may be made to the tcp / ip process when detecting and / or intercepting tcp / ip responses destined for a client . fig4 , illustrates a “ pass - through ” method whereby the http request is intercepted before reaching its intended destination . according to this embodiment , when the system is active , it waits for a client tcp / ip request to be detected 40 . if there is no request , the system waits for one to be detected 60 . this detection step 40 may be incorporated as part of existing firewall monitoring processes , such as the process used by a firewall to monitor for viruses and unauthorized network access attempts , for example . once a tcp / ip request is detected 40 , it is intercepted 41 and the desired content is selected 42 , retrieved 44 from the content server and sent 46 to the client . in one embodiment , the content may be selected based on information contained within the communication protocol request and / or response , such as information indicative of the client ( e . g ., an ip address used alone or as an index or key to retrieve a profile associated with the client ), information indicative of the destination ( e . g ., an ip address used alone or as an index or key to retrieve a profile associated with the destination ), the request - uri in the http request method , the host field in the http request header , the content in the response , such as the webpage content ( e . g ., keywords in the page ). after the content is sent 46 , the process delays 48 thereby displaying the content to the client for a fixed amount of time before processing the original tcp / ip request 50 . in this embodiment , the insertion server 32 acts as a proxy server handling the original tcp / ip request . alternatively , content may be delivered via a different communication method than used to detect the client / destination connection , concurrently with or completely in lieu of the requested content via the same communication method used to detect the client / destination connection . according to yet another alternative embodiment , the insertion server 32 may determine the need for and / or select appropriate content to be delivered to the client based upon a “ pass - through ” method involving intercepting of http responses before they reach the client . fig5 illustrates a flowchart describing a process of detecting and inserting content into a tcp connection in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention . according to the embodiment shown in fig5 , a “ pass - by ” methodology may be used . in this embodiment , network packets are examined 70 as they pass by on the network . when a tcp / ip request is detected 72 , it is checked 76 against the policy for content insertion to determine if the packet should be intercepted . if the tcp / ip request is not to be intercepted , no action is taken and the tcp / ip request proceeds to its intended destination 78 . if no tcp / ip request is detected , or the request is allowed to proceed the system resumes examining packets 74 . according to one embodiment , if the tcp / ip request is to be intercepted , then two actions may be taken . first , a canceling message may be sent 80 to the destination to negate the tcp / ip request . second , the desired substitute or supplemental content may be selected 42 , retrieved 44 and sent 46 to the client in lieu of or in addition to the content requested by the intercepted tcp / ip request . according to one embodiment , the timing of the canceling message is such that it reaches the destination and the substitute or supplemental content is sent to the client before the destination can respond to the tcp / ip request . the system then delays 48 for a period of time to allow the substitute or supplemental content to be displayed at the client before resuming 74 the packet examination process . in one embodiment , the original tcp / ip request may need to be re - sent by the client after the delay period 48 for displaying the content . if the canceling message 80 fails to reach the destination before it responds to the original tcp / ip request , the response will be ignored by the client as long as the content is sent 46 to the client before the response from the destination as the tcp connection has effectively been hijacked . according to one embodiment , policy server 34 may require a limited number of instructions to execute the desired method of content insertion . in one embodiment , the instructions may specify the timing of detecting and intercepting ( if required ) a client &# 39 ; s tcp / ip request and the duration of sending the advertisement to that client and completing ( if necessary ) the tcp / ip request . for example , a list of instructions for the pass - through method might include : 1 ) every hour , begin the detection process on the insertion server 32 ; 2 ) for the next two minutes , intercept each tcp / ip request and send advertising content in addition to or in lieu of the content requested by the tcp / ip request ; 3 ) for each intercepted tcp / ip request , complete that request ten seconds after sending the advertising content . the last step of completing the original tcp / ip request is preferable , but optional according to various embodiments . alternatively , according to one embodiment , the client may be required to re - send the tcp / ip request in the same manner that existing webpage - based interrupt advertising works . in accordance with one embodiment , during the advertising delay , the client cannot re - send the tcp / ip request until the time specified for the delay ( ten seconds in the above example ) has expired . this latter method may be preferable for certain types of non - advertising content which are discussed below . according to various embodiments , more complex selection algorithms may be used . according to one embodiment , a selection algorithm may include identifying clients for advertising , thus allowing for more targeted advertising to clients and selective delivery of advertising content . this algorithm may also use certain content in the http request ( e . g . the domain or ip information ) to select content suitable for the client . also , according to one embodiment , multiple insertion servers 32 can be used . when multiple insertion servers 32 are provided , a reduction on the load on each individual server may result as well as the ability to differentiate clients based on the server . according to one embodiment , this system may create different advertising system potentials for the isp . for example , a system with multiple insertion servers 32 may ( i ) allow clients who pay a premium to have reduced or no advertising content , ( ii ) facilitate setting different advertising rates for regions which use more or less bandwidth , and / or ( iii ) allow individual servers to be provided for isp clients which have their own large internal computer networks ( large companies , universities , etc .). while the above embodiments describe the use of advertising content , it is contemplated that the systems and methods described here in may be easily adapted for use with other types of suitable content . for example , a corporation may use the system to provide employees with daily updates and other information , with the assurance that the information is more likely to be read than if the information were transmitted via email alone . according to one embodiment , the systems and methods may be used by governments to provide emergency and disaster information , much in the same way that the emergency broadcasting system is used on television and radio . accordingly , while this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments , such as the internet and http , this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense . importantly , applications of various embodiments of the present invention are applicable to a wide variety of communication networks and communication protocols . various modifications of the illustrative embodiments , as well as other embodiments of the invention , will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to this description . embodiments of the present invention include various steps , which will be described in more detail below . a variety of these steps may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine - executable instructions , which may be used to cause a general - purpose or special - purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps . alternatively , the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware , software , and / or firmware . as such , fig6 is an example of a computer system 60 , such as a client or server ( e . g ., web server , content server , insertion server or policy server ) with which embodiments of the present invention may be utilized . according to the present example , the computer system includes a bus 61 , at least one processor 62 , at least one communication port 63 , a main memory 64 , a removable storage media 65 a read only memory 66 , and a mass storage 67 . processor ( s ) 62 can be any know processor , such as , but not limited to , an intel ® itanium ® or itanium2 ® processor ( s ), or amd opteron ® or athlon mp ® processor ( s ), or motorola ® lines of processors . communication port ( s ) 63 can be any of an rs - 232 port for use with a modem based dialup connection , a 10 / 100 ethernet port , or a gigabit port using copper or fiber . communication port ( s ) 63 may be chosen depending on a network such a local area network ( lan ), wide area network ( wan ), or any network to which the computer system 60 connects . main memory 64 can be random access memory ( ram ), or any other dynamic storage device ( s ) commonly known in the art . read only memory 66 can be any static storage device ( s ) such as programmable read only memory ( prom ) chips for storing static information such as instructions for processor 62 . mass storage 67 can be used to store information and instructions . for example , hard disks such as the adaptec ® family of scsi drives , an optical disc , an array of disks such as raid , such as the adaptec family of raid drives , or any other mass storage devices may be used . bus 61 communicatively couples processor ( s ) 62 with the other memory , storage and communication blocks . bus 61 can be a pci / pci - x or scsi based system bus depending on the storage devices used . removable storage media 65 can be any kind of external hard - drives , floppy drives , iomega ® zip drives , compact disc - read only memory ( cd - rom ), compact disc - re - writable ( cd - rw ), digital video disk - read only memory ( dvd - rom ). optionally , operator and administrative interfaces ( not shown ), such as a display , keyboard , and a cursor control device , may also be coupled to bus 61 to support direct operator interaction with computer system 60 . other operator and administrative interfaces can be provided through network connections connected through communication ports 63 . the components described above are meant to exemplify some types of possibilities . in no way should the aforementioned examples limit the scope of the invention , as they are only exemplary embodiments . in conclusion , the present invention provides novel systems , methods and arrangements for delivering advertising content to client systems . while detailed descriptions of one or more embodiments of the invention have been given above , various alternatives , modifications , and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art without varying from the spirit of the invention . therefore , the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention , which is defined by the appended claims .

7Electricity

referring now to the drawings , fig1 is a schematic illustration of an internal combustion , reciprocal engine of the two - cycle type designated generally by the reference numeral 10 . the two - cycle engine includes a cylinder 12 , a piston 14 reciprocal in the cylinder and a piston head 16 . around the perimeter of the cylinder 12 is a series of air intake ports 18 which are exposed when the piston 14 is at the bottom of its power stroke as shown in fig1 . poppet valves 20 provide for timed exhaust of combusted gases through exhaust ports 22 leading to an exhaust conduit 24 . conventional fuel such as diesel oil , is injected through fuel line 26 by fuel injector 28 into the combustion chamber 30 formed by the cylinder head 16 , the cylinder 12 and the piston head 31 . compressed air is delivered through the intake ports 18 by a positive displacement , rotary compressor 32 which includes a sealing system in part illustrated by end seals 34 for delivering high pressure air to the engine cylinder 12 for further compression by the piston 14 . the rotary compressor 32 is of a wankel - type and includes two compression chambers 36 and 38 , one of which is shown communicating with cylinder 12 . the other compression chamber 38 can be coupled to an adjacent cylinder of a multi - cylinder engine . the compression chamber outlet 40 is protected by flap valve 42 to prevent any back flow of combusted gases before the gases are exhausted through exhaust ports 22 . once the pressure in the compression chamber exceeds that of the remaining combusted gas in the cylinder the flap valve permits the compressed air to scavenge remaining combustion gases and charge the cylinder with fresh compressed air . in the preferred embodiment , the rotary compressor 32 is supplied precompressed air by a conventional turbocharger 43 . the turbo - charger 43 has an air compression side 44 and a gas expansion side 46 . the gas expansion side 46 is connected to the exhaust conduit 24 such that the turbo - charger is driven by the exhaust gases from the combustion chamber . in the preferred embodiment , the rotary compressor 32 is driven by a geared shaft 48 connected to a crank shaft 50 of the engine . the crank shaft 50 is of course connected to the piston 14 by a conventional connecting rod 52 . in an alternate embodiment , the rotary compressor can comprise a rotorcharger that is constructed in wankel - type configuration , but with a gas expansion side and an air compression side as described in our patent entitled , regenerative thermal engine , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 791 , 787 , issued , dec . 20 , 1988 . while the positive displacement rotary compressor 32 can deliver a substantially greater quantity of air to the cylinder than a conventional supercharger , the use of the coupled turbocharger 43 and an intermediate intercooler 54 enables the desired excess charge to be delivered to the cylinder for insuring a lean mixture under all operating conditions . charged air in the range between 5 and 20 atmospheres is preferred and achievable with the systems described . in addition to the standard fuel injector 28 for injecting a conventional fuel into the engine , the engine includes an auxiliary fuel delivery system 57 which includes a fuel supply 58 for an alternative fuel such as methanol , ethanol , hydroammonia or liquid natural gas . the system 57 also includes a fuel pump 60 which forces fuel through a filter 62 to a fuel injector 64 , which is preferably electronically controlled , a cooling line 66 which passes around the valve seats 68 and a fuel injector nozzle 70 for injecting the preheated fuel into the intake ports 18 once the exhaust valves 20 have closed and the rotary compressor 32 is delivering its air charge to the cylinder 12 . in this manner according to the operation and timing of the injector pump 64 , auxiliary fuel can be supplied into the air intake stream entering a combustion chamber 30 . the auxiliary fuel charge is kept on the lean side to prevent premature detonation . detonation is caused by a final injection of conventional fuel through the fuel injector 28 during the period of peak compression . because of the substantial supercharging of the air charge , over scavenging of the cylinder and loss of the air charge is prevented by a throttle valve 72 in the exhaust conduit 24 . the throttle valve 72 impedes the exhaust flow creating a controlled , back - pressure which effectively enables regulation of air and gas flow through the engine . the throttle valve 72 and the injector pump 64 are electronically controlled by a microprocessor 74 . the microprocessor is of a conventional type that is commonly used in modern engine and includes various sensors for sensing engine load , exhaust temperature operating demands and other factors . when a separate auxiliary fuel system is employed , substantially the entire existing fuel injection system can be utilized without modification . in a microprocessor controlled system , however , it is preferred that at least the electronic feed pump 76 be coupled to the fuel injector 28 such that the fuel allocation and quantities can be regulated by a connection microprocessor 74 . in operation , the engine can be operated using the conventional fuel injection system alone , for example during long haulage cross country , and incorporate the combined fuel system during operation in urban areas . up to approximately 95 % of the fuel by volume can be supplied by the auxiliary system . improved anti - pollution benefits result as the percentage of the auxiliary fuel increases over the conventional fuel . it is recognized that the auxiliary fuel has a substantially reduced btu content over conventional diesel oils and gasolines . the hybrid systems disclosed , however , provides a substantially improved system over conventional engines where the vehicle is operated in urban areas or in areas where pollution control is a substantial consideration . where fuel capacity is not of critical importance , such as in short hauls or in strictly urban use , blended fuels can be used in the conventional fuel engine system . this would allow the existing fuel injection system to be operated at full fluid capacity while the combustion cycle is supplemented by induction of the supplementary auxiliary fuel for appropriate thermodynamic operation . the combined fuel system can be adapted to four cycle engines as well . referring to fig2 a portion of an engine designated generally by the reference numeral 80 is shown with an engine head 82 , a piston head 84 and a combustion chamber 86 . the piston head 82 includes an intake valve 87 and an exhaust valve 88 mounted on each side of a centrally located fuel injector 90 . the fuel injector 90 provides fuel , such as gasoline or diesel oil to the combustion chamber 86 through a supply line 92 . an auxiliary fuel supply 94 for the low polluting , high hydrogen content fuel , such as methanol , ethanol , hydroammonia or liquid natural gas is delivered through an auxiliary system 96 to the engine 80 . the auxiliary system 96 includes a fuel pump 98 , fuel line filter 100 and an electronically controlled injection pump 102 that delivers the auxiliary fuel through a cooling circuit 104 that passes through a cooling jacket 106 in a valve seat collar 108 , passes through connecting passage 110 to a cooling chamber 112 around the injector nozzle 90 before being delivered to a series of outlet passages 114 in the intake port 116 for the intake valve 186 . the preheated fuel after cooling the hot areas of the engine head 82 , are inducted into the combustion chamber with the intake air for compression and combustion with the fuel injected through the injection nozzle 90 . the engine 80 of fig2 can preferably be operated with the various auxiliary components shown in connection with the engines of fig1 . as previously noted , the engines can be operated either in a conventional mode where pollution is not of a substantial concern or in a mode that provides up to 95 % of the engine fuel from the auxiliary fuel system . final injection of a quantity of the conventional fuel is required to initiate detonation . the engine is designed to operate with an excess quantity of air such that nitrogen oxide formation are inhibited . preferably , in both systems , excess air is delivered by a positive displacement , rotary compressor in combination with a throttle valve in the exhaust conduit to maximize the pressure and quantity of air delivered through the cylinder . while in the foregoing embodiments of the present invention have been set forth in considerable detail for the purposes of making a complete disclosure of the invention , it may be apparent to those of skill in the art that numerous changes may be made in such detail without departing from the spirit and principles of the invention .

5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting

the numeral 10 refers generally to the frame assembly for eyeglasses of the present invention , as shown generally in fig1 - 4 . the frame assembly 10 is preferably provided with a lense frame 12 . it will be clear to those of skill in the art that nearly any shape or style of lense frame 12 can be incorporated with the present invention without departing from the spirit of the same . accordingly , the general shape and style of the lense frame 12 depicted in the accompanying figures is provided for example purposes only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention . the lense frame 12 should be provided with at least one , but preferably two or more , mounting holes 14 . the mounting holes 14 are preferably formed in the opposite end portions of the lense frame 12 , as depicted in fig1 . the frame assembly 10 is preferably provided with a securement member for positioning the lense frame 12 closely adjacent the eyes of the user . in one embodiment , an elongated cord 16 provides a securement member that generally wraps around the user &# 39 ; s head and is coupled to the lense frame 12 at its mounting holes 14 using a pair of mounting pins 18 . the mounting pins 18 are secured to the opposite ends of the cord 16 and then disposed within the mounting holes 14 . in one embodiment , the mounting pins 18 are provided with an open recess 21 that is formed at the free end of the shaft 22 . it is preferred that the open recess 21 be provided with threaded mating members 24 to securely engage the free end of the securement member . where the cord 16 is used as the securement member , it is preferred that the cord be formed from a flexible material , such as plastic , rubber , nylon or other similar material . such materials not only provide for the desired flexibility of the cord 16 but also allow the mating threads 24 of the mounting pins 18 to “ bite ” into the opposite ends of the cord 16 as the mounting pins 18 are threaded thereon . where a mounting pin 18 is not provided with mating threads 24 within the open recess 21 , it will be preferred that the cord 16 have a sufficient diameter to press - fit or frictionally engage within the open recess 21 . while it is envisioned that the cord 16 could be permanently secured within the open recess 21 of the mounting pin 18 using an adhesive or the like , it is preferred that the same be releasably coupled to one another . in still another embodiment , the shaft 22 of the mounting pin 18 could be provided with a narrow diameter and mounting threads on its exterior surface so that the mounting pin 18 could be threaded into the end of cord 16 . the cord 16 can be coupled with the lense frame 12 in a number of different ways . in a preferred embodiment , the two opposite ends of the cord 16 are first disposed through the mounting holes 14 of the lense frame 12 from the rear of lense frame 12 . the mounting pins 18 are then coupled to the opposite ends of cord 16 . the mounting pins 18 can then be press - fit or frictionally engaged with the inner diameter of the mounting holes 14 . to the extent that this mounting option is desired , the diameters of the shaft 22 and the diameter of mounting hole 14 should be apportioned accordingly . it is also contemplated that the inner diameter of mounting hole 14 as well as the outer surface of the shaft 22 of mounting pin 18 could be provided with mounting threads to threadably secure the structures to one another . although it is contemplated that the mounting pin 18 could be permanently set within the mounting hole 14 using an adhesive or other such method , it is preferred that the mounting pin 18 be releasably secured within the mounting hole 14 . in an altemate method of mounting the cord 16 , a single mounting pin 18 is secured to one end of the cord 16 . the remaining free end of the cord 16 is then threaded through one of the mounting holes 14 from the forward the side of the lense frame 12 . the free end of the cord 16 can then be disposed through the remaining mounting hole 14 and the mounting pin 18 secured to the cord 16 and the mounting hole 14 as described previously . the mounting cord 16 provides not only the necessary support for the user to wear the eyeglasses but also provides a means for temporary non - use . where the user desires to remove the eyeglasses , but use an again in the near future , the lense frame 12 can be moved downwardly in front of the user &# 39 ; s face and the cord 16 can be moved over the user &# 39 ; s ears and down around the user &# 39 ; s neck . in this position , the frame assembly 10 can remain around the user &# 39 ; s neck , much like a necklace , until the time for future use has arrived . for storage , the cord 16 can be removed from the lens frame 12 . however , the flexible nature of the cord 16 permits the same to be bent and folded anywhere along its length so that the frame assembly 10 assumes a slim profile to be disposed within a pocket , glasses case , etc . this embodiment clearly provides a benefit over the prior art , having hinges and rigid hinge mounting structures , which are frequently broken or otherwise damaged during non - use . the elongated securement member of the present invention may also be provided in the form of a pair of arm members 20 . although a pair of arm members is preferred , it is contemplated that a single arm member 20 could be used to support the lense frame 12 closely adjacent the use &# 39 ; s face . the arm member 20 is preferably comprised of a semi - flexible material , which permits the shaping of the arm member by the user to better conform the arm member with the user &# 39 ; s physical features . it is further preferred , however , that the material used to form the arm member be sufficiently rigid to substantially retain the shape that the user has formed . many lightweight materials from copper , aluminum , tin and various blends thereof , as well as several plastics and nylon plastic blends , would suffice for these purposes . the rearward end of the arm member 20 is preferably shaped to engage the upper and rearward surfaces of the user &# 39 ; s ear when the eyeglasses are being worn . however , any shape , including one which is straight , are contemplated . the forward end of the arm member 20 is shaped to be secured to the mounting pin 18 , much in the same manner as the ends of cord 16 . accordingly , where a mounting pin 18 is provided with an open recess 21 having mating threads 24 , the forward end of the arm member 20 should be appropriately threaded to engage the mounting pin 18 . however , where no mating threads 24 are provided , the diameter of the forward end of the arm member 20 should be formed to appropriately press - fit or frictionally engage within the open recess 20 . it is also contemplated that , where a narrow diameter shaft 22 is provided on the mounting pin 18 and mating threads are provided on the surface thereof , an open - threaded recess could be formed within the forward end of the arm member 20 to threadably receive the mounting pin 18 accordingly . the arm members 20 can be coupled to the lense frame 12 in several different ways . preferably , the mounting pin 18 is secured to the forward end of the arm member 20 as described hereinabove . the rearward end of the mounting arm 20 can then be “ threaded ” through the mounting hole 14 from the forward side of the lense frame 12 until the mounting pin 18 is secured within the mounting hole 14 . it is also contemplated that the forward end of the mounting arm 20 could be inserted though the mounting hole 14 from the rearward side of the lense frame 12 , where the mounting pin 18 could be secured thereto and then secured within the mounting hole 14 . as discussed hereinabove , the mounting pin 18 is preferably press - fit or frictionally engaged within the mounting hole 14 to retain the removable nature of the structure . this could also be accomplished using mating threads or other such securement structures . for a desired application , the mounting pin 18 could be permanently secured within the mounting hole 14 using an adhesive or the like . when the arm members 20 are to be moved from their use position to a collapsed position , the mounting pin 18 is uncoupled from mounting hole 14 , and the arm members 20 are moved in a forward direction out of the mounting holes 14 . in this collapsed position , the frame assembly 10 can be easily stored in a pocket or carrying case . as with the previously described embodiment , this embodiment provides an assembly that is less likely to be broken than those prior art frame assemblies having hinges and hinge mounting structures . moreover , the reduction of the number of such complex component parts greatly reduces the cost as well as the complexity of manufacture . moreover , the coaxial mounting nature of the mounting pin 18 to either of the elongated securement members provides for a mechanically strong structure that is easy to manufacture when compared to the “ wrap - around ” hinge mounting structure of the prior art . in the drawings and in the specification , there have been set forth preferred embodiments of the invention ; and although specific items are employed , these are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation . changes in the form and proportion of parts , as well as substitute of equivalents , are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as further defined in the following claims . thus it can be seen that the invention accomplishes at least all of its stated objectives .

6Physics

referring now to the drawings , and particularly to fig1 and 2 , the preferred embodiment of the omni - directional position and orientation adjusting apparatus of the invention is shown generally at numeral 10 for use in placement of seedings for treating prostate cancer . the apparatus 10 includes first , second , third and fourth descendingly spaced and somewhat coextensive plate members 12 , 14 , 36 , and 54 . the first or upper plate member 12 is structured as best seen in fig3 for supportive connection with a stepping device 80 ( not shown in fig1 and 2 ) which is commercially available for receiving a transrectal ultrasound imaging probe and other similar precision medical instrumentation . generally positioned between the second or intermediate plate 14 and the upper plate 12 is an arrangement which effects rotational positioning about a longitudinal and a transverse axis therebetween . the upper and second plates 12 and 14 , respectively , are pivotally connected one to another by universal cross members 16 and 18 which are themselves connected together centrally and connected at each end thereof into support blocks 20 and 22 , respectively , blocks 20 being connected atop second plate 14 while blocks 22 are connected to the lower surface of upper plate 12 . by this arrangement , upper plate 12 is rotatable about the orthogonal longitudinal and transverse axes of cross members 18 and 16 in the direction of arrows a 1 in fig1 and a 2 in fig4 respectively . two upright compression springs 24 oriented at 90 ° to one another about upright axis g with respect to the axes of cross members 16 and 18 are positioned between aligned end portions of plates 12 and 14 . a guide pin 26 connected to second plate 14 within each spring 24 maintains the stable configuration of each spring 24 under compression . two adjusting members 30 which are threadably engaged onto threaded shafts 28 mounted and upwardly extending from the opposite ends of second plate 14 from springs 24 . a spherical ball 32 positioned between upper plate 12 and the upper end of each adjusting member 30 provides for minimal frictional contact at that point so that , as adjusting members 30 are each rotated about their respective threaded shafts 28 , movement in the direction of arrows c and d effects the angular orientation a 1 and a 2 . instead of the spherical ball , a conical or triangular shaped point can be used to achieve low friction contact with the plate . a plastic spacer block 34 is positioned between second plate 14 and third plate 36 , spacer block 34 being slideably positioned therebetween . two fully threaded shafts 40 and 46 are threadably engaged in orthogonal fashion through block 34 . threaded shaft 40 slideably engages through end support blocks 38 which are connected near each longitudinal end of second plate 14 , while threaded shaft 46 is slideably engaged through end support blocks 42 connected adjacent each lateral end of third plate 36 . adjusting knob 44 at one end of the threaded shaft 40 is provided to effect linear movement of second plate 14 in the direction of arrow b with respect to block 34 and third plate 36 . adjusting knobs 48 at each end of threaded shaft 46 facilitate lateral movement in the direction of arrow h of second plate 14 with respect to block 34 and third plate 36 . angular orientation about the upright longitudinal axis g of this apparatus 10 is effected by rotation of adjusting knob 68 and threaded shaft 58 ( not shown in fig1 ). threaded shaft 58 is threadably engaged into plastic block 60 which , in turn , is held for pivotal movement only about pin 62 , the lower end of pin 62 being connected to one end 54 a of fourth or lower plate 54 . frictional tensioning and positioning of knob 68 against bracket 56 connected to third plate 36 is accomplished by threaded nut 66 against spring 64 . by suitable rotation of adjusting knob 68 , movement of flange 56 in the direction of arrow f effects rotational movement of third plate 36 and , consequently second plate 14 and upper plate 12 , about the vertical axis g . referring now to fig3 and 5 , the apparatus 10 also includes a support tube 50 which slideably engages within an outer support tube 52 connected and downwardly extending from lower plate 54 . by this arrangement , in combination with the structure and function associated with adjusting knob 86 previously described , only vertical movement in the direction of arrow e between third plate 36 and lower plate 54 is provided . to achieve fine vertical adjustment in the direction of arrow e , a threaded shaft 85 seen in fig5 which is connected to , and extends downwardly from support tube 50 , threadably engages into plastic adjusting wheel 86 . the plastic adjusting wheel 86 is held for rotational movement only with respect to outer support tube 52 by block 84 . the vertical movement adjusting wheel 86 and associated cooperating members at the lower end of outer tube 52 of fig1 is best seen in fig3 . referring now to fig6 to 8 , the entire system of the present invention is shown generally at numeral 150 and includes the apparatus 10 previously described , articulating lockable arms 120 and 120 a and a portable floor stand 100 . the floor stand 100 seen best in fig7 is structure to facilitate both easy rolling during transport and quick stationary lockability during use . a rolling frame 104 includes an upright rectangular tubular member 102 and radially extending legs having rolling wheels downwardly disposed at each end . a lockdown frame 108 also includes an upwardly extending rectangular tubular member 106 which slideably engages within tubular member 102 . disposed at the lower end of tubular member 106 is a stabilizing base which includes radially extending arms and non - skid floor contact members . an eccentric adjusting cam 110 is pivotally connected to tubular member 106 such that the periphery of the adjusting member 110 contacts one upper margin of tubular member 102 . by rotation of the adjusting member 110 , the lockdown member 108 is either placed in contact with the floor or elevated to place the wheels in contact with the floor . by this arrangement , once the entire system 150 is generally positioned as desired , the floor stand 100 may be quickly locked in place to secure that overall positioning . in this system embodiment 150 , two articulating lockable arm members 120 and 120 a are provided . each of these arm members 120 and 120 a include two separate arm segments 90 / 116 and 88 / 117 , respectively which are each pivotally connected one to another at locking knobs 118 and 98 , respectively . each of the ends 92 , 94 , 114 and 122 of these articulating arm members 120 and 120 a include universally movable support shafts 62 , 73 , 112 and 119 , respectively . the lockable articulating arms 120 and 120 a are thus angularly orientable at three locations when locking handles 98 and 118 are released and simultaneously lockable after being selectively positioned . these lockable articulating arms 120 and 120 a are commercially available and are called three - link locking lever mechanisms . such devices are included in the prior art martin immobilization device described in the background . connected to shaft 119 is a table clamp 124 which is quickly engagable onto an edge of a table t by locking handle 126 . while shaft 112 of articulating arm 120 is shown threadably engaged into the upper end of floor stand 100 , a similar self - locking member 124 may be substituted therefor as will be described in fig9 . by this arrangement , after floor stand 100 has been generally positioned with respect to a patient or an operating table and locked in that position as previously described , a precision medical instrument such as an ultrasound imaging probe which has been mounted in stepping member 80 may be manually positioned while articulating arm members 120 and 120 a are in the unlocked position . thereafter , by simply rotating locking knobs 98 and 118 , the manually selected position and orientation of the precision instrument is fully maintained . referring to fig9 a schematic of the preferred embodiment of the invention in use for radioactive seed implantation in a diseased prostate p of a patient is shown at numeral 150 a . the omni - directional adjusting apparatus 10 has the stepping member 80 mounted thereatop . mounted within the stepping member 80 is the transrectal ultrasound imaging probe 130 which is initially positioned manually for having probe 132 inserted into the rectal area of the patient . during the surgical procedure , one articulating arm 120 a is connected to table t ′ while the other articulating arm 120 a is connected to an upper support member 113 of floor stand 100 a . floor stand 100 a is otherwise identical to the floor stand 100 previously shown and described in fig7 . in one embodiment of method of use , to initially manually position the ultrasound probe 130 , the locking knobs 118 of each articulating arm 120 a are released . a surgeon or medical practitioner may than manually manipulate the ultrasound probe 130 by grasping shaft 52 or as may be otherwise convenient . by monitoring the image output of the ultrasound probe 130 with a conventional crt monitor or the like , the surgeon may carefully place the probe 132 into the rectal area for optimal initial alignment . while still holding this initial alignment , locking knobs 118 of each of the articulating arm assemblies 120 a are then quickly locked to secure the manually selected initial alignment and orientation of the probe 132 . should floor stand 100 a be inconveniently positioned , lock member 124 may be released to remove floor stand 100 a and then reconnected to another fixed or stationary object such as an edge of table t . in a preferred method of use , only a single articulating arm assembly 120 a which is connected to floor stand 100 a or table , is used as above described to establish the manually selected initial placement of the ultrasound probe 130 . thereafter , the other articulating arm 120 a is connected between lower plate 54 and another stationary or fixed in place object such as the edge of table t ′. this preferred sequence of use minimizes obstacles that might be in the way of the surgeon performing the initial instrument placement during the procedure . after the ultrasound image probe 130 is thus positioned and secured in the manually selected initial orientation by either of the above methods , each of the omni - directional fine adjusting mechanisms of the apparatus 10 as best shown in fig1 and 2 and as previously described may be carefully adjusted to fine tune the positioning of the probe 132 . note that each of the six adjustments for linear positioning in all three orthogonal directions and rotational orientation about all three orthogonal axes are accomplished individually and without affecting any of the other adjusted positions . a preferred use of the system 150 a is depicted in fig9 in conjunction with the implantation of radioactive seeds into a diseased prostate p . this procedure is also depicted in conjunction with promotional brochures for the martin immobilization device . a template 134 is connected to the stepping device 80 and generally orthogonally oriented with respect to the longitudinal axis of the ultrasound transducer 130 . the transparent template 134 includes a plurality of evenly spaced small holes 140 formed therethrough to receive an implant needle 138 of a seed implant device 136 . assisted . by crt images provided by the ultrasound probe assembly 130 , exact positioning of implant needle 138 and the radioactive seeds within the prostate p is achieved . in general , the invention thus provides an instrument platform for facilitating omni - directional freehand positioning of the instrument during perineal surgery , for immediate securement of the chosen freehanded instrument positioning to at least one and preferably two fixed objects and , finally , for fine omni - directional micro - adjustment of the instrument position and angular orientation about all three linear axes and about all three axes of rotation of the platform . perineal surgery includes surgery of the rectal , vaginal , urethral and perineal areas . fig9 shows another embodiment of the apparatus 160 of the invention . this device is essentially the same as that shown in the previous drawings , with the exception that stepping device 80 is not present . where the same components are present as in the other figures , the same numerals have been used . in place of stepper so , the apparatus of fig9 includes a simple support plate 165 which can be secured to plate member 12 by screws and bolts or the like . upon this support plate 165 can be mounted any one of a wide variety of probes , biopsy guides , needles , needle guides , or other instruments for use in surgical or diagnostic procedures . one of ordinary skill in the art can easily provide the necessary adapters , supports or grips for these instruments so that they can be securely mounted to support plate 165 . the apparatus 160 can then be used to enhance the accuracy and security of the procedure . for example , for percutaneous biopsy , it is easy to image the biopsy line with all necessary equipment lined up in position . this provides a positive confirmation of accuracy before and during the actual biopsy by standard imaging techniques and avoids the uncertainties and variables associated with manual manipulation . for certain procedures , fine adjustment in only three rather than four planes provides sufficient precision . four planes would be used for the most critical procedures for best results . thus , the present device is useful for guided biopsy of the breasts , thyroid or kidney as well as for other intra - abdominal or retroperitoneal organs or areas . this device is designed to hold needle biopsy guides in a precise way to allow intermittent imaging and use of a variety of modalities to confirm position before advancing the needle to biopsy the tissue of concern . referring to fig1 , another embodiment of a positioning apparatus 210 according to the present invention includes a side to side adjustment knob 212 which provides for translational movement along an x axis . a vertical adjust knob 214 provides for translational movement along ay axis . a plastic threaded knob 216 can be tightened to limit the vertical adjustment and the unit &# 39 ; s travel . the plastic knob 216 cooperates with a milled flat 217 as shown in fig1 for guiding the vertical limits of adjustment . the plastic threaded knob 216 sits on the milled flat 217 to lock the vertical adjustment and eliminate tolerance in the system or apparatus . another knob 218 provides for front to back adjustment along az axis of translational movement . in addition to the three translational adjustments along the above - identified x , y and z axes , the apparatus 210 also provides for one rotational adjustment along a predetermined axis . this rotational adjustment is obtained by knob 220 which allows for a tilt control of about plus or minus 7 degrees about a rotational z axis . the rotational adjustment obtained by knob 220 works against the compression of spring 222 as shown on the opposite side in fig1 . the spring 222 holds the top plate in position . the apparatus 210 also includes a handle 224 as well as universal jointed arms 226 and 228 which have clamps 230 and 232 , respectively . if desired , arm 226 can be detached so that the remaining arm 228 can be used to connect the apparatus 210 to a table . the apparatus 210 does not require a wheeled base . as shown in fig1 , the components of the apparatus 210 include lead screws 234 and 236 which have knobs 212 and 218 on one end thereof . a plastic block 238 has threaded passages 240 for the lead screws 234 and 236 . the apparatus 210 also includes a top 242 , a second plate 248 and two tilt members 244 and 246 which are attached to the top plate 242 . these tilt members 244 , 246 have one surface that is flat and an opposing surface that is arcuate , so that they provide substantial tilt control adjustment about the rotational z axis . also included is a centering piece attached to the second plate 248 to prevent the top plate 243 from sliding along the z axis . while the instant invention has been shown and described herein in what are conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is recognized that departures may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art , and it is intended that the appended claims cover all such departures and modifications to the extent that they fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention .

0Human Necessities

the focus calibration embodiments are described herein primarily in the context of movie cameras . however , nothing limits the claims or the invention to movie cameras . the disclosure is also applicable to any camera including emulsion film and digital moving image or still image cameras — or , indeed in any optical instrument — for which it is desirable to obtain a fine - tuned focus adjustment . fig1 depicts a simplified movie camera incorporating a focus calibration apparatus 105 . a camera lens 110 connects to a camera body 100 . the focus calibration apparatus 105 comprises a rotatable ring 130 and a first threaded disc 140 . the focus calibration apparatus 105 additionally comprises a second threaded disc — not visible in this figure — that is positioned between the first threaded disc 140 and an image plane on the camera . the second threaded disc mounts the focus calibration apparatus 105 to the camera body 100 at a mounting point 120 . the camera lens 110 is mounted onto the first threaded disc 140 . the “ mountings ” carried by the focus calibration apparatus 105 for mounting to the camera and to the lens may be any of a variety of conventional connections known to persons skilled in the art . the mounts may include fixed mounts , like screws , pins , rivets , welds , or solder joints . or , the mounts may include detachable mounts , like clasps , snaps , bayonet , breach , friction , tabbed , or threaded mounts . detachable mounts will often be suitable for the camera lens mount . however , focus calibration apparatuses of the present disclosure might also be suitable for a fixed lens , where environmental factors like thermal expansion make fine adjustments to the focal length between lens and sensor advantageous . the focus calibration apparatus may be integral with either the camera body 100 or the camera lens 110 . fig2 depicts a movie camera with an exploded view of one implementation of a focus calibration apparatus . a camera body 200 connects to a camera lens 210 . the focus calibration apparatus connects to a mount point 220 on the camera body 200 . a camera - mount disc 242 has a plurality of pins or holes 251 that mesh with complementary mounting structures such as holes 252 on the camera such as on the camera body 200 . pins , rivets , screws , or other fasteners are all appropriate mechanisms to connect the camera - amount disc 242 to the camera body 200 . alternatively , the camera - mount disc 242 is secured onto the camera body 200 such as by welding or adhesives , or formed integral with the camera body 200 . as described herein , the mounting to the “ camera body ” refers to mounting in a manner that fixes the camera mounting such as camera mount disc 242 with respect to the image sensor . this may be achieved by direct mounting to the camera housing , or to a mounting surface on the camera that is distinct from the housing . the camera - mount disc 242 has threads 244 on its outer perimeter that mate with a rotatable ring 230 . a rotatable ring 230 threadably engages the threads 244 of the camera - mount disc 242 with threads 234 on the interior of the ring 230 . the rotatable ring 230 has a second set of internal threads 233 into which a lens - mount disc 241 is screwed . the lens - mount disc 241 has exterior threads 243 that mate with the internal threads 233 of the rotatable ring 230 . one or two or more pins 261 ( e . g . four ) rotationally link the lens - mount disc 241 with the camera - mount disc 242 . the pins 261 are inserted through a first plurality of pin holes 262 in the lens - mount disc 241 and a second plurality of pin holes 263 in the camera - mount disc . the pins 261 maintain the lens - mount disc 241 in the same rotational orientation as the camera - mount disc 242 , but are slideably engaged with at least one of the discs 241 and 242 to permit axial adjustment along the optical path . the camera lens 210 mounts to the lens - mount disc 241 . because the camera - mount disc 242 is fixedly attached to the camera , the lens - mount disc 241 and also the lens 210 are maintained in the same rotational orientation as the camera body 200 . in this embodiment , the pitch of the rotating ring &# 39 ; s first set of internal threads 233 and second set of internal threads 234 are oriented in opposite directions . one set of threads are right - handed , and the other set of threads are left - handed . thus , when the rotating ring 230 is turned by an operator in a first direction , the lens - mount disc 241 and camera - mount disc 242 move longitudinally away from one another , relative to the rotating ring 230 , along the optical axis . the change in the focal length between lens and sensor is the sum of the longitudinal movement along the first set of internal threads 233 and the second set of internal threads 234 . thus , the precision of the adjustments that can be made in this embodiment depends , among other things , on the size of the threads as will be discussed further below . fig3 depicts an assembled focus calibration apparatus . a rotatable ring 330 encloses a lens - mount disc 341 . the lens - mount disc 341 connects to a camera - mount disc , behind the lens - mount disc , with four pins 361 . the four pins 361 are inserted into a plurality of holes 362 in the lens - mount disc 341 . the rotatable ring 330 may be provided with any of a variety of surface structures or features to facilitate gripping and rotating the ring 330 to accomplish the fine calibration described herein . for example , ridges , grooves , knurling , or other friction enhancing surface structures or textures may be utilized . fig4 depicts a focus calibration apparatus as in fig3 , illustrating rotational movement 471 of a focus ring 430 to make fine adjustments to the focal length between a camera lens and sensor . the focus ring 430 has two sets of internal , opposed threads . one set of internal threads mates with the threads 443 on the perimeter of a lens - mount disc 441 . the other set of internal threads on the focus ring 430 mates with the threads 444 on the perimeter of a camera - mount disc 442 . the lens - mount disc 441 and the camera - mount disc 442 maintain their rotational relationship to one another with four pins 461 that are placed through holes in each disc . in this figure , the pins 461 are inserted through a first set of holes 462 in the lens - mount disc 441 and a second set of holes 463 in the camera - mount disc . as the focus ring is rotated 471 , the opposed threads of the ring push the two threaded discs longitudinally apart 472 , or pull them together if the ring 430 is rotated in a second , opposite direction , without rotational movement of the discs themselves . the pitch on the threads 443 of the lens - mount disc 441 and the threads 444 on the camera - mount disc 442 are generally no more than about 3 mm , often no more than about 2 mm , and , in one embodiment , no more than about 1 mm . one revolution of the focus ring 430 having a 1 mm pitch on each end produces 2 mm of longitudinal lens travel — 1 mm of travel by the lens - mount disc 441 and 1 mm of travel by the camera - mount disc 442 . of course , grosser or finer pitches may be suitable , depending on the particular application . the rotatable ring 330 may be provided with any of a variety of visual or tactile indicium of the amount of adjustment that has been accomplished . for example , a calibration scale such as a plurality of lines may be provided on the rotatable ring 330 or a non - rotatable adjacent component , with a line or marker on the other of the rotatable ring or non - rotatable structure . the calibration scale may be calibrated to allow a user to make adjustments in the axial length of the optical path either continuously or in increments of 0 . 001 inches , 0 . 0005 inches , or other distance . tactile feedback may be provided by including a plurality of detents between the rotatable ring and a non - rotatable component so that the user may hear and / or feel as the rotatable ring 330 clicks or snaps in predetermined increments as the ring is rotated . in general , the focus calibration apparatus will be calibrated to allow changes in the axial length along the optical path between the lens and the sensor in a controllable fashion as low as 0 . 002 inches , preferably as low as 0 . 001 inches , and , in some embodiments , as low as 0 . 0005 inches or less . the total adjustment range for the change in length is generally no greater than about 0 . 10 inches , and in many applications , the adjustment length will be no more than about 0 . 020 inches or 0 . 010 inches or less . thus , the calibration adjustment achieved by the present invention is not intended as a substitute for conventional focus adjustment achieved by the lens . a user calibrates focus by adjusting the focus ring and comparing the focus level to a visual pattern placed at a known distance . alternatively , the focus calibration apparatus has indices indicated on the barrel , such that the user can determine an objectively correct focus calibration . indices of this sort are useful , for instance , if the user has a set of lenses used on the same camera , and knows to which index the focus calibration apparatus was set the last time a lens was used . in other embodiments , it is possible to double the resolution of the focus ring for a given thread pitch by using only one threaded disc . the simplest way of accomplishing this is to axially fix either the lens - mount disc or camera - mount disc in the focus ring while continuing to permit relative rotation . either the lens - mount disc or camera mount disc may rotatably travel in one or a plurality of annular grooves , rather than on threads . thus , the focus ring merely spins about the disc , with no longitudinal travel , as the user adjusts the focus ring . fig5 depicts an exploded view of a focus calibration apparatus similar to the one shown in fig4 , but with twice the sensitivity for a given thread pitch . a focus ring 530 has a first set of internal threads 533 that mate with the threads 543 on the perimeter of a lens - mount disc 541 , as has been discussed . the focus ring 530 has a second set of internal annular ridges and grooves 534 which are parallel to each other and mate with corresponding ridges and grooves 544 on the perimeter of a camera - mount disc 542 . the lens - mount disc 541 and the camera - mount disc 542 are connected with four pins 561 . the pins 561 are inserted through a first set of holes 562 in the lens - mount disc 541 and a second , parallel set of holes 563 in the camera - mount disc 542 . the pins 561 maintain the lens - mount disc 541 and the camera - mount disc 542 in the same rotational relationship even as the user rotates the focus ring 530 . because the camera - mount disc 542 is fixedly attached to the camera at a plurality of attachment points 551 , the lens - mount disc 541 will maintain its relative rotational orientation to the camera , even as rotation of the ring 530 causes the disc to travel longitudinally . since the internal annular ridges and grooves 534 on the focus ring 530 are parallel with each other , the focus calibration apparatus of this embodiment cannot be assembled by threading the focus calibration ring 530 over the camera - mount disc 542 . thus , the ring 530 is provided with one or two or more part lines 536 at which the ring is separable into two or more components . in this manner , the ring may be partially or completely opened and mounted over the annular ridges and grooves 544 and thereafter reclosed into an annular structure and bonded such as by welding or other technique at part line 536 . fig6 a and 6b depict two cross - sectional views of a focus calibration apparatus such as that illustrated in fig3 . a focus ring 630 has a first set of internal threads 643 that mate with the threads on the perimeter of a lens - mount disc 641 . the focus ring 630 also has a second set of internal threads 644 that mate with the threads on a camera - mount disc 642 . the lens - mount disc 641 and the camera - mount disc 642 are maintained in the same rotational relationship with a plurality of axially slidable pins 661 . the pins 661 fit through holes 662 in the lens - mount disc 641 and another set of holes 663 in the camera - mount disc 642 . fig7 depicts an embodiment of a focus calibration apparatus that includes a lock such as a clamp for retaining a desired adjustment . a focus ring 730 has two sets of internal threads — each opposed to the other — that mate with the threads on a lens - mount disc 741 and the threads on a camera - mount disc 742 . the lens - mount disc 741 and the camera - mount disc 742 are maintained in the same rotational relationship with four pins 761 . the pins 761 are inserted through a set of holes 762 in the lens - mount disc 641 and another set of holes in the camera - mount disc 742 that are not visible in this figure . in addition to these features , which are similar to those present in other embodiments described herein , the focus ring 730 has a clamping mechanism . the focus ring 730 in this embodiment is not complete circle , but has a gap 784 . on one side of the gap are one or two or more receivers 782 that accept corresponding screws 783 . on the other side of the gap are corresponding sockets 781 into which the screws 783 are screwed to tighten the gap 784 in the focus ring 730 . as the screws 783 are tightened , the ring 730 tightens around the lens - mount disc 741 and the camera - mount disc 742 . this tightening action prevents the ring 730 from being inadvertently turned by the user or anything else , causing unintended longitudinal movement of the lens - mount disc 741 and the camera - mount disc 742 . other examples of locking features , besides the clamp depicted in fig7 , include clasps , locking pins , or switches . indeed , any of a variety of mechanisms that lock the focus calibration ring in place , such that it cannot be inadvertently adjusted , may be utilized . in other embodiments , no locking feature is built onto the ring , but the ring turning mechanism has high friction , or is detented , such that the ring is unlikely to move without an intentional application of force . various embodiments have been described above . although described with reference to these specific embodiments , the descriptions are intended to be illustrative and are not intended to be limiting . various modifications and applications may occur to those skilled in the art .

6Physics

with reference to fig1 device 10 is the device of the claimed invention . the basic components of device 10 include ribs 11 - 17 , collar 18 and a clear flexible single - piece cover 20 . collar 18 is a thin circular structure having a circular aperture 22 in its center . the diameter of circular aperture 22 is about one - half that of the outer diameter of circular collar 18 . integrally connected to collar 18 is an arm 24 having the same thickness as collar 18 and having a length approximately equal to the inside diameter of collar 18 . attached to opposite portions of collar ribs 11 - 17 . as shown in fig . 6 each rib 11 - 17 has an arcuate portion 26 and a pair of linear segments 28 . linear segments 28 are constructed so that a first end 30 of each linear segment 28 is integrally attached to the arcuate portion of an associated rib . the second ends 32 and 33 of the pair of linear segments 28 of each rib face each other , and with the linear segments 28 of an associated rib , lie in a plane that includes the arcuate portion of the rib . the ribs may be constructed of metal and may be of a gauge similar to the wire used to construct clotheshangers . ends 32 and 33 of each linear segment 28 of ribs 11 - 17 are hingedly attached to diametric points on the periphery of the collar . for instance the collar may have attached to its surface a first series of knuckles ( not shown ) and a second series of knuckles ( not shown ). the second series of knuckles are diametrically positioned on the collar relative to the first . the ends 32 and 33 of ribs 11 - 17 are used as pintles . ends 32 of ribs 11 - 17 are inserted into the first series of knuckles and ends 33 of ribs 11 - 17 are inserted into the second series of knuckles , and the ends 32 and 33 are rotatable within the knuckles , and hingedly connect ribs 11 - 17 to collar 18 . alternatively , sockets may be drilled into the sides of the collar and ends 32 and 33 of ribs 11 - 17 may be rotatably seated within the sockets . as seen in fig . 1 rib 14 is located on the collar so that its apex 36 lies approximately above the center of aperture 22 of collar 18 . in this position linear segments 28 , of rib 14 , have their ends 32 and 33 attached approximately on or near a diameter of circular collar 18 and a folding hinge line 19 . ribs 13 and 15 have their linear segments 28 attached to collar 18 so that these linear segments are parallel to , and positioned on either side of the linear segments of ribs 14 ; linear segments 13 and 15 are spaced an equal linear distance from the linear segment of rib 14 . although the linear segments of ribs 13 and 15 are parallel to one another the planes defined by the linear segments , and the arcuate portions of each of these ribs are not parallel as apexes 36 of ribs 13 and 15 are spaced a greater distance from one another than are their respective linear segments . ribs 16 and 12 are fastened to the collar on either side of rib 14 at points which lie approximately two times the linear distance from the linear segments of rib 14 than do the linear segments of ribs 13 and 15 . the planes defined by the linear segments and the arcuate portions of ribs 12 and 16 are not parallel to one another as apexes 36 of these ribs are also spaced a greater linear distance from one another than their respective linear segments . ribs 11 and 17 also have linear segments with ends 32 and 33 attached to the periphery of collar 18 . the ends 32 and 33 of ribs 11 and 17 are positioned at an equal distance from either side of the linear segments of rib 14 at points which are spaced approximately three times the linear distance from linear segments 28 of rib 14 than are the linear segments of ribs 13 and 15 . the apexes of ribs 11 and 17 lie at about a forty - five degree angle relative to the apex of rib 14 and therefore these two ribs lie in approximately the same substantially horizontal plane perpendiucular to the plane defined by rib 14 . the collar 18 and the ribs 11 - 17 form a supporting substructure or a framework for single - piece cover 20 which is transparent and flexible . the cover may be a laminate composed of different plastics or of the same plastic . alternatively , the cover may be formed of only one sheet of plastic . plastic such as polyethylene , polypropylene or polyethylene terephthalate may be used . the cover lies over the supporting ribs and may be attached , for example by staples , velcro fasteners , or snap fasteners to the underside of collar 18 . as seen from fig . 1 , the structure described is a semi - circular structure having a cavity 38 . access is permitted to the cavity through aperture 22 , and two bottom slits 53 and two tops slits 55 . bottom slits 53 are used by the individual within cavity 38 . these slits allow one to perform self - grooming services . bottom slits 53 have overlapping rubber flaps ( not shown ) to seal the slits when the individual within cavity 38 withdrawals his hands from cavity 38 . top slits 55 may be parallel neighboring slits formed in a midportion of single - piece cover 20 located between any of ribs 11 - 17 . a barber gains access to cavity 38 by placing his hands through top slits 55 as shown in fig . 1 and 2 . on the outside surface of cover 20 , positioned over top slits 55 , as shown in fig . 2 , are a plurality of overlapping rubber flaps 65 . rubber flaps 65 seal slits 55 to maintain a slight vacuum in cavity 38 when the barber removes his arms from cavity 38 . although not deoicted , the overlapping flaps may form a structure that resembles the iris of diaphram in a single lens reflex camera . collar 18 , as discussed above , has an arm 24 integrally connected thereto . the arm 24 is a support for vacuum hose 40 ( fig1 and 2 ) and for air filter 42 and breathing tube 44 . vacuum hose 40 as seen more clearly in fig2 is attached at a first end to the vacuum side of a vacuum pump 45 . a portion of vacuum hose 40 is supported by passing it through a hole in arm 24 , and an open end of the hose is positioned in cavity 38 defined by collar 18 , ribs 11 through 17 and cover 20 . the section or open area of arm 24 between vacuum hose 40 and arm 24 may be packed with suitable material to seal the area where the hose protrudes therethrough to help maintain a slight vacuum within cavity 38 . the air filter 42 is composed of a perforated plastic structure having a porous - cover , for example a cloth cover . the filter is tapered at its neck for positioning the filter through a hole in arm 24 as shown . breathing tube 44 is fastened to the neck of the filter which secures air filter 42 to arm 24 . breathing tube 44 includes mouth piece 46 to be used as shown in fig2 . although not depicted , the overlapping flaps may form a structure that resembles the iris diaphram in a single lens reflex camera . as seen in fig4 the collar may be formed of two half sections 54 and 56 , wherein arm 24 is integrally connected at a midpoint of the collar about one quarter the circumferential distance of the collar from the linear segments 28 of rib 14 . in a first embodiment the two half sections 54 and 56 are connected to one another by hinges . these hinges are constructed of material similar to the material sold under the trademark velcro , and therefore the hinge pieces can be quickly and easily disconnected from one another . the hinges ( not shown ) are positioned on the underside of collar 18 across hinge line 19 . in a second embodiment , the two half sections 54 and 56 of collar 18 are connected by a pivot pin 58 . by this construction a first end of half section 56 of collar 18 lies above a first end of half section 54 . when the collar sections are brought together to form aperture 22 , the second end of half section 56 also lies above the second end of half section 54 . the half sections at their non - pivotally connected ends may be connected by a pin or other fastener device ( not shown ). in order to gain access to device 10 to cut hair , in accordance with the first embodiment , ribs 15 - 17 are folded in one direction as shown in fig4 and ribs 11 - 14 are folded in an opposing direction , relative to ribs 15 - 17 . the two velcro type hinges are released and the astronaut receiving the hair cut positions his neck between collar half sections 54 and 56 which are then rejoined by the velcro type fasteners . to gain access to device 10 to cut hair , the velcro hinges , in accordance with the first embodiment are removed or the pin connecting the second ends of the collar halves , in accordance with the second embodiment , is removed . as shown in fig4 the collar is opened by rotating collar half section 54 in the direction of arrow 60 . cover 20 is constructed of a sufficient amount of material to accommodate such movement . the astronaut positions his neck within the opening of the collar , under the cover , and then the collar half sections are closed about his neck . the hinges are replaced or the removed pin is then replaced to connect the second ends of half sections 54 and 56 . thereafter the ribs are unfolded returning them to their position shown in fig1 . in embodiments one and two the astronaut &# 39 ; s head is positioned within cavity 38 as shown in fig2 and 3 . in embodiments one or two the device 10 has a flexible circular seal flap 62 ( e . g ., a rubber flap ) attached to the circumference of the inside diameter of collar 18 . seal flap 62 as shown in fig4 has two half sections , each section being secured to an associated collar half section . when the half sections of the collar , 54 and 56 are closed about the astronauts neck seal flap 62 conforms to the contour of the astronauts neck maintaining the slight vacuum cavity 38 . alternatively , the astronaut receiving the hair cut may be fitted with a separate flexible plastic or rubber cylindrically - shaped collar ( not shown ). this collar is fastened about the neck of the astronaut and is attached at its top portion to the top or bottom portion of collar 18 and secured thereto . a bottom portion of the cylindrically shaped collar is draped around the persons neck and the cylindrically shaped collar has a skirt with a drawstring . the string is tightened in a comfortable manner to seal the aperture and to help maintain the slight vacuum within cavity 38 relative to the cabin . to cut the barber or groomer places his arms through top slits 55 in cover 20 parting overlapping rubber flaps 65 ; the astronaut places the mouthpiece 46 of the breathing tube 44 in his mouth , and the barber , by manipulating scissors and a comb , is able to cut the astronaut . the astronaut can cut his own hair , or shave his facial hair by putting his own arms through bottom slits 53 ( fig1 ) in the bottom of single - piece cover 20 . as hair clippings are produced the vacuum hose 40 , connected to the vacuum pump , which is operating to create a reduced pressure atmosphere within the cavity relative to the cabin , quickly and cleanly disposes of the clippings . in view of reduced gravity in space the device is easily rotated about the astronauts neck so that the device essentially follows the muscle movements of the baber as shown in fig2 and 3 . both astronaut and barber can be completely secured within the cabin by placing their feet through stirrups 67 shown in fig2 and 3 . the astronaut is also preferably restrained in a seated position . the device may also be used to collect the aerosol droplets of hair spray or small powder residue and the residue of other cosmetics which otherwise would float freely throughout the cabin if applied to an individual not using the present invention . a manicure can be conducted using the device of the invention . to recieve such a service the astronaut places his hands through aperture 22 of the collar 18 parting seal flap 62 , and the manicurist , by placing his hands through top slits 55 of flexible cover 20 , can clip the nails and cuticles of an astronaut . the nail and cuticle clippings thus produced can be quickly disposed of via vacuum hose 40 within cavity 38 . when the device is used as a manicure station , the air filter can be removed and an appropiate support can be inserted in place of the air filter to elevate the device or support the device so the astronaut receiving the manicure can rest comfortably . hair cutting tools and / or manicure tools may be releasably attached , for example by magnets , or velcro type fasteners , to the top surface of collar 18 as illustrated by scissors 63 in fig1 . the device 10 of the invention has low mass and is portable and can be easily and quickly stored within the crew cabin . for instance , after grooming activities are concluded , and the astronaut is removed from the device , ribs 11 - 17 are folded in the direction of arrow 61 of fig5 and collar half section 54 is folded along hinge line 19 , to collapse device 10 . vacuum hose 40 is disconnected from the collapsed device aand the device is then placed in container 62 and stored in cabinet 64 as shown in fig5 . while the device of the instant invention has been described and illustrated , it should be apparent that many modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , the disclosed invention is not limited by the foregoing description , but is only limited by the scope of the claims appended hereto .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

as used herein , the term “ macromer ” refers to a large molecule containing at least one active polymerization site or binding site . macromers have a larger molecular weight than monomers . for example , an acrylamide monomer has a molecular weight of about 71 . 08 grams / mole whereas a poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide macromer may have a molecular weight of about 400 grams / mole or greater . preferred macromers are non - ionic , i . e . they are uncharged at all phs . as used herein , the term “ environmentally responsive ” refers to a material ( e . g ., a hydrogel ) that is sensitive to changes in environment including but not limited to ph , temperature , and pressure . many of the expansile materials suitable for use in the present invention are environmentally responsive at physiological conditions . as used herein , the term “ non - resorbable ” refers to a material ( e . g ., a hydrogel ) that cannot be readily and / or substantially degraded and / or absorbed by bodily tissues . as used herein , the term “ unexpanded ” refers to the state at which a hydrogel is substantially not hydrated and , therefore , not expanded . as used herein , the term “ ethylenically unsaturated ” refers to a chemical entity ( e . g ., a macromer , monomer or polymer ) containing at least one carbon - carbon double bond . as used herein , the term “ bending resistance ” refers to the resistance exhibited by a sample ( e . g ., an unexpanded hydrogel ) as it steadily and evenly is moved across a resistance - providing arm or vane . the maximum displacement of the resistance - providing arm or vane is measured at the point the sample bends and releases the resistance - providing arm or vane . that maximum displacement is converted to bending “ resistance ” or “ stiffness ” using conversions appropriate to the machine , its calibration , and the amount of resistance ( e . g ., weight ), if any , associated with the resistance - providing arm or vane . herein , the units of measure for bending resistance will be milligrams ( mg ) and essentially is the amount of force required to bend the sample . referring to fig1 - 8 , the invention is a device comprising an expansile element 1 and a carrier member 2 . the expansile element 1 may be made from a variety of suitable biocompatible polymers . in one embodiment , the expansile element 1 is made of a bioabsorbable or biodegradable polymer , such as those described in u . s . pat . nos . 7 , 070 , 607 and 6 , 684 , 884 , the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference . in another embodiment , the expansile element 1 is made of a soft conformal material , and more preferably of an expansile material such as a hydrogel . in one embodiment , the material forming the expansile element 1 is an environmentally responsive hydrogel , such as that described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 878 , 384 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference . specifically , the hydrogels described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 878 , 384 are of a type that undergoes controlled volumetric expansion in response to changes in such environmental parameters as ph or temperature . these hydrogels are prepared by forming a liquid mixture that contains ( a ) at least one monomer and / or polymer , at least a portion of which is sensitive to changes in an environmental parameter ; ( b ) a cross - linking agent ; and ( c ) a polymerization initiator . if desired , a porosigen ( e . g ., nacl , ice crystals , or sucrose ) may be added to the mixture , and then removed from the resultant solid hydrogel to provide a hydrogel with sufficient porosity to permit cellular ingrowth . the controlled rate of expansion is provided through the incorporation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers with ionizable functional groups ( e . g ., amines , carboxylic acids ). for example , if acrylic acid is incorporated into the crosslinked network , the hydrogel is incubated in a low ph solution to protonate the carboxylic acid groups . after the excess low ph solution is rinsed away and the hydrogel dried , the hydrogel can be introduced through a microcatheter filled with saline at physiological ph or with blood . the hydrogel cannot expand until the carboxylic acid groups deprotonate . conversely , if an amine - containing monomer is incorporated into the crosslinked network , the hydrogel is incubated in a high ph solution to deprotonate amines . after the excess high ph solution is rinsed away and the hydrogel dried , the hydrogel can be introduced through a microcatheter filled with saline at physiological ph or with blood . the hydrogel cannot expand until the amine groups protonate . in another embodiment , the material forming the expansile element 1 is may be an environmentally responsive hydrogel , similar to those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 878 , 384 ; however , an ethylenically unsaturated , and preferably non - ionic , macromer replaces or augments at least one monomer or polymer . the applicants surprisingly have discovered that hydrogels prepared in accordance with this embodiment can be softer and / or more flexible in their unexpanded state than those prepared in accordance with u . s . pat . no . 6 , 878 , 384 . indeed , hydrogels prepared in accordance with this embodiment may have an unexpanded bending resistance of from about 0 . 1 mg to about 85 mg , about 0 . 1 mg to about 50 mg , about 0 . 1 mg to about 25 mg , about 0 . 5 mg to about 10 mg , or about 0 . 5 mg to about 5 mg . the applicants also have discovered that ethylenically unsaturated and non - ionic macromers ( e . g ., poly ( ethylene glycol ) and derivatives thereof ) may be used not only to prepare a softer unexpanded hydrogel ; but , in combination with monomers or polymers containing ionizable groups , one that also may be treated to be made environmentally responsive . the surprising increase in unexpanded flexibility enables the hydrogels to be , for example , more easily deployed in an animal or deployed with reduced or no damage to bodily tissues , conduits , cavities , etceteras . the hydrogels prepared from non - ionic macromers in combination with monomers or polymers with ionizable functional groups still are capable of undergoing controlled volumetric expansion in response to changes in environmental parameters . these hydrogels may be prepared by combining in the presence of a solvent : ( a ) at least one , preferably non - ionic , macromer with a plurality of ethylenically unsaturated moieties ; ( b ) a macromer or polymer or monomer having at least one ionizable functional group and at least one ethylenically unsaturated moiety ; and ( c ) a polymerization initiator . it is worthwhile to note that with this type of hydrogel , a cross - linking agent may not be necessary for cross - linking since , in certain embodiments , the components selected may be sufficient to form the hydrogel . as hereinbefore described , a porosigen may be added to the mixture and then removed from the resultant hydrogel to provide a hydrogel with sufficient porosity to permit cellular ingrowth . the non - ionic macromer - containing hydrogels &# 39 ; controlled rate of expansion may be provided through the incorporation of at least one macromer or polymer or monomer having at least one ionizable functional group ( e . g ., amine , carboxylic acid ). as discussed above , if the functional group is an acid , the hydrogel is incubated in a low ph solution to protonate the group . after the excess low ph solution is rinsed away and the hydrogel dried , the hydrogel can be introduced through a microcatheter , preferably filled with saline . the hydrogel cannot expand until the acid group ( s ) deprotonates . conversely , if the functional group is an amine , the hydrogel is incubated in a high ph solution to deprotonate the group . after the excess high ph solution is rinsed away and the hydrogel dried , the hydrogel can be introduced through a microcatheter , preferably filled with saline . the hydrogel cannot expand until the amine ( s ) protonates . more specifically , in one embodiment , the hydrogel is prepared by combining at least one non - ionic macromer having at least one unsaturated moiety , at least one macromer or monomer or polymer having at least one ionizable functional group and at least one ethylenically unsaturated moiety , at least one polymerization initiator , and a solvent . optionally , an ethylenically unsaturated crosslinking agent and / or a porosigen also may be incorporated . preferred concentrations of the non - ionic macromers in the solvent range from about 5 % to about 40 % ( w / w ), more preferably about 20 % to about 30 % ( w / w ). a preferred non - ionic macromer is poly ( ethylene glycol ), its derivatives , and combinations thereof . derivatives include , but are not limited to , poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide , poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylate , and poly ( ethylene glycol ) dimethacrylate . poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide is a preferred derivative of poly ( ethylene glycol ) and has a molecular weight ranging from about 8 , 500 to about 12 , 000 . the macromer may have less than 20 polymerization sites , more preferably less than 10 polymerization sites , more preferably about five or less polymerization sites , and more preferably from about two to about four polymerization sites . poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide has two polymerization sites . preferred macromers or polymers or monomers having at least one ionizable functional group include , but are not limited to compounds having carboxylic acid or amino moieties or , derivatives thereof , or combinations thereof . sodium acrylate is a preferred ionizable functional group - containing compound and has a molecular weight of 94 . 04 g / mole . preferred concentrations of the ionizable macromers or polymers or monomers in the solvent range from about 5 % to about 40 % ( w / w ), more preferably about 20 % to about 30 % ( w / w ). at least a portion , preferably about 10 %- 50 %, and more preferably about 10 %- 30 %, of the ionizable macromers or polymers or monomers selected should be ph sensitive . it is preferred that no free acrylamide is used in the macromer - containing hydrogels of the present invention . when used , the crosslinking agent may be any multifunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound , preferably n , n ′- methylenebisacrylamide . if biodegradation of the hydrogel material is desired , a biodegradable crosslinking agent may be selected . the concentrations of the crosslinking agent in the solvent should be less than about 1 % w / w , and preferably less than about 0 . 1 % ( w / w ). as described above , if a solvent is added , it may be selected based on the solubilities of the macromer ( s ) or monomer ( s ) or polymer ( s ), crosslinking agent , and / or porosigen used . if a liquid macromer or monomer or polymer solution is used , a solvent may not be necessary . a preferred solvent is water , but a variety of aqueous and organic solvents may be used . preferred concentrations of the solvent range from about 20 % to about 80 % ( w / w ), more preferably about 50 % to about 80 % ( w / w ). crosslink density may be manipulated through changes in the macromer or monomer or polymer concentration , macromer molecular weight , solvent concentration and , when used , crosslinking agent concentration . as described above , the hydrogel may be crosslinked via reduction - oxidation , radiation , and / or heat . a preferred type of polymerization initiator is one that acts via reduction - oxidation . suitable polymerization initiators include , but are not limited to , n , n , n ′, n ′- tetramethylethylenediamine , ammonium persulfate , azobisisobutyronitrile , benzoyl peroxides , 2 , 2 ′- azobis ( 2 - methylpropionamidine ) dihydrochloride , derivatives thereof , or combinations thereof . a combination of ammonium persulfate and n , n , n ′, n ′- tetramethylethylenediamine is a preferred polymerization initiator for use in the macromer containing embodiments of the invention . after polymerization is complete , the hydrogels of the present invention may be washed with water , alcohol or other suitable washing solution ( s ) to remove any porosigen ( s ), any unreacted , residual macromer ( s ), monomer ( s ), and polymer ( s ) and any unincorporated oligomers . preferably this is accomplished by initially washing the hydrogel in distilled water . the hydrogels of the present invention may be made environmentally - responsive by protonating or deprotonating the ionizable functional groups present on the hydrogel network , as discussed above . once the hydrogel has been prepared and , if needed , washed , the hydrogel may be treated to make the hydrogel environmentally - responsive . for hydrogel networks where the ionizable functional groups are carboxylic acid groups , the hydrogel is incubated in a low ph solution . the free protons in the solution protonate the carboxylic acid groups on the hydrogel network . the duration and temperature of the incubation and the ph of the solution influence the amount of control on the expansion rate . in general , the duration and temperature of the incubation are directly proportional to the amount of expansion control , while the incubation solution ph is inversely proportional thereto . it has been determined that incubation solution water content also affects expansion control . in this regard , higher water content enables greater hydrogel expansion and is thought to increase the number of protonation - accessible carboxylic acid groups . an optimization of water content and ph is required for maximum control on expansion rate . expansion control , among other things , has an affect on device positioning / repositioning time . typically , a positioning / repositioning time of about 0 . 1 to about 30 minutes is preferred for hydrogel devices in accordance with the present invention . after incubation , the excess treating solution is washed away and the hydrogel material is dried . a hydrogel treated with the low ph solution has been observed to dry down to a smaller dimension than an untreated hydrogel . this effect is desirable since devices containing these hydrogels may be delivered through a microcatheter . for hydrogel networks where the ionizable functional groups are amine groups , the hydrogel is incubated in a high ph solution . unlike carboxylic acid functional groups , deprotonation occurs on the amine groups of the hydrogel network at high ph . aside from incubation solution ph , the incubation is carried out similarly to that of the carboxylic acid containing hydrogels . in other words , the duration and temperature of the incubation and the ph of the solution are directly proportional to the amount of expansion control . after incubation is concluded , the excess treating solution is washed away and the hydrogel material is dried . in a preferred embodiment , the expansile element 1 is an expansile hydrogel comprised of ( a ) at least one , preferably non - ionic , ethylenically unsaturated macromer or monomer or polymer having at least two crosslinkable groups ; ( b ) at least one monomer and / or polymer which has at least one crosslinkable groups , and at least one moiety that is sensitive to changes in an environmental parameter ; and ( c ) a polymerization initiator . in some embodiments , the monomers and polymers may be water soluble , while in other embodiments they may be non - water soluble . suitable polymers for components ( a ) and ( b ) include poly ( ethylene glycol ), poly ( ethylyene oxide ), poly ( vinyl alcohol ), poly ( propylene oxide ), poly ( propylene glycol ), poly ( ethylene oxide )- co - poly ( propylene oxide ), poly ( vinyl pyrrolidinone ), poly ( amino acids ), dextrans , poly ( ethyloxazoline ), polysaccharides , proteins , glycosaminoglycans , and carbohydrates , and derivatives thereof . the preferred polymer is poly ( ethylene glycol ) ( peg ), especially for component ( a ). alternatively , polymers that biodegrade partly or completely may be utilized . one embodiment comprises combining in the presence of a solvent ( a ) about 5 % to about 40 % of a non - ionic , ethylenically unsaturated macromer or monomer or polymer ; ( b ) about 5 % to about 40 % of a ethylenically unsaturated monomer or polymer with at least one ionizable functional group ; and , ( c ) a polymerization initiator . suitable ionizable , ethylenically unsaturated monomers include acrylic acid and methacrylic acid , as well as derivatives thereof . one suitable monomer having at least one ionizable functional group is sodium acrylate . suitable macromers with two ethylenically unsaturated moities include poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylate and poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide , and poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide , which have molecular weights ranging between 400 and 30 , 000 grams / mole . the use of macromers with a plurality of ethylenically unsaturated groups permits the elimination of the crosslinker , as the crosslinker functions are performed by the multi - functional polymer . in one embodiment , the hydrogel comprises , about 5 % to about 40 % sodium acrylate , about 5 % to about 40 % poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide , and the remaining amount water . a sodium acrylate / poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide hydrogel is used to enhance the mechanical properties of the previously - described environmentally responsive hydrogel . since a sodium acrylate / poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide hydrogel is softer than a sodium acrylate / acrylamide hydrogel ( e . g ., the one utilized in hydrogel embolic system ( hes ) made by microvention , aliso viejo , calif . ), devices incorporating it may be more flexible . due to the relative stiffness of the hes , microvention recommends pre - softening the device by soaking in warm fluid or steaming the implant . in addition , devices made from acrylamide are relatively straight before pre - softening because the stiffness of the acrylamide - based hydrogel prevents the carrier member ( for the hes , a microcoil ) from assuming its secondary configuration . devices made from a sodium acrylate / poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide hydrogel may not require pre - softening techniques such as soaking in warm fluid such as saline or blood or exposure to steam in order to form into a secondary configuration heat - set into the carrier member 2 or a similar carrier member . thus , in embodiments comprising , for example , sodium acrylate and poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide , a substantially continuous length of hydrogel disposed either within the lumen 3 of the carrier member 2 as shown in , for example , fig1 or on a carrier element such as those shown in the martinez &# 39 ; 981 application or greene &# 39 ; 261 , will form into the secondary configuration pre - formed into the carrier member without pre - treatment ( e . g . exposure to steam , fluid , or blood ). this makes the device easier to use because it allows elimination of the pre - treatment step and the device may be safer when deployed into the patient because a softer device is less likely to cause damage to the lesion . 3 g of acrylamide , 1 . 7 g of acrylic acid , 9 mg of bisacrylamide , 50 mg of n , n , n ′, n ′- tetramethylethylenediamine , 15 mg of ammonium persulfate , and 15 . 9 g water were combined and polymerized in a 0 . 020 inch tube . the tubularized polymer was removed from the tubing to prepare hydrogel 1 in accordance with u . s . pat . no . 6 , 878 , 384 . 4 . 6 g of poly ( ethylene glycol ) diacrylamide , 3 . 3 g of sodium acrylate , 100 mg of n , n , n ′, n ′- tetramethylethylenediamine , 25 mg of ammonium persulfate , and 15 . 9 g water were combined and polymerized in a 0 . 020 inch tube . the tubularized polymer was removed from the tubing to prepare hydrogel 2 , in accordance with a macromer - containing hydrogel embodiment of the present invention . a hydrogel identical to hydrogel 2 was prepared ; however , it additionally was acid treated in accordance with the present invention to prepare hydrogel 2 - acid . a large platinum microcoil has a 0 . 014 inch outer diameter and a 0 . 0025 inch filar . a small platinum microcoil has a 0 . 010 inch outer diameter and a 0 . 002 inch filar . the bending resistance of the unexpanded hydrogel samples and the bending resistance of the microcoils were obtained using a gurley 4171et tubular sample stiffness tester with a 5 - gram counterweight attached to its measuring vane . the sample length was 1 inch . the average measured resistance and standard deviation of five replicates each are summarized in the following table . the results show the large difference in relative stiffness between the first generation hydrogel 1 ( hes ), the second generation macromer - containing hydrogel 2 , the second generation macromer - containing hydrogel 2 that has been acid treated , and the microcoils . hydrogel 1 is nearly 20 times stiffer than a large platinum microcoil whereas hydrogel 2 is less than 5 times stiffer than a large platinum microcoil . the acid - treated hydrogel 2 is less stiff than a large platinum microcoil and about as stiff as a small platinum microcoil . a skilled artisan will appreciate that much more flexible unexpanded macromer - containing hydrogels are provided by the methods and materials disclosed in the present invention . when used in a medical device , these hydrogels may result in a more flexible medical device as well . in another embodiment , monomers are used to impart moieties to the expansile element 1 that are suitable for coupling bioactive compounds , for example anti - inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids ( e . g . prednisone and dexamethasone ); or vasodilators such as nitrous oxide or hydralazine ; or anti - thrombotic agents such as aspirin and heparin ; or other therapeutic compounds , proteins such as mussel adhesive proteins ( maps ), amino acids such as 3 -( 3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenyl )- l - alanine ( dopa ), genes , or cellular material ; see u . s . pat . no . 5 , 658 , 308 , wo 99 / 65401 , polymer preprints 2001 , 42 ( 2 ), 147 synthesis and characterization of self - assembling block copolymers containing adhesive moieties by kui hwang et . al ., and wo 00 / 27445 ; the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference . examples of moieties for incorporation into hydrogel materials include , but are not limited to , hydroxyl groups , amines , and carboxylic acids . in another embodiment , the expansile element 1 may be rendered radiopaque by incorporation of monomers and / or polymers containing , for example , iodine , or the incorporation of radiopaque metals such as tantalum and platinum . in some embodiments , the carrier member 2 is a flexible , elongate structure . suitable configurations for the carrier member 2 include helical coils , braids , and slotted or spiral - cut tubes . the carrier member 2 may be made of any suitable biocompatible metal or polymer such as platinum , tungsten , pet , peek , teflon , nitinol , nylon , steel , and the like . the carrier member may be formed into a secondary configuration such as helix , box , sphere , flat rings , j - shape , s - shape or other complex shape known in the art . examples of appropriate shapes are disclosed in horton u . s . pat . no . 5 , 766 , 219 ; schaefer application ser . no . 10 / 043 , 947 ; and wallace u . s . pat . no . 6 , 860 , 893 ; all hereby incorporated by reference . as previously described , some embodiments of the instant invention may comprise polymers that are sufficiently soft and flexible that a substantially continuous length of the expansile element 1 will form into a secondary configuration similar to the configuration originally set into the carrier member 2 without pre - softening the device or exposing it to blood , fluid , or steam . in some embodiments , the carrier member 2 incorporates at least one gap 7 that is dimensioned to allow the expansile element 1 to expand through the gap ( one embodiment of this configuration is shown in fig1 - 2 ). in other embodiments , the carrier member 2 incorporates at least one gap 7 that allows the expansile element 1 to be exposed to bodily fluids , but the expansile element 1 does not necessarily expand through the gap ( one embodiment of this configuration is shown in fig8 ). in other embodiments , no substantial gap is incorporated into the carrier member 2 . rather , fluid is allowed to infiltrate through the ends of the device or is injected through a lumen within the delivery system and the expansile element 1 expands and forces its way through the carrier member 2 . in one embodiment shown in fig1 , the expansile element 1 comprises an acrylamide or poly ( ethylene glycol )- based expansile hydrogel . the carrier member 2 comprises a coil . at least one gap 7 is formed in the carrier member 2 . the expansile element 1 is disposed within the lumen 3 defined by the carrier member 2 in a generally coaxial configuration . a tip 4 is formed at the distal end of the device 11 by , for example , a laser , solder , adhesive , or melting the hydrogel material itself . the expansile element 1 may run continuously from the proximal end to the distal end , or it may run for a portion of the device then terminate before reaching the distal or proximal end , or both . as an example , in one embodiment the device is dimensioned to treat a cerebral aneurysm . those skilled in the art will appreciate that the dimensions used in this example could be re - scaled to treat larger or smaller lesions . in this embodiment , the expansile element 1 is about 0 . 001 ″- 0 . 030 ″ before expansion and about 0 . 002 ″- 0 . 25 ″ after expansion . the expansile element is , for example , approximately 5 %- 30 % sodium acrylate , 10 %- 30 % poly ( ethylene glycol ) di - acrylamide with a molecular weight ranging between 400 and 30 , 000 grams / mole , and the remainder water . those skilled in the art will appreciate that the ratio of expansion could be controlled by changing the relative amounts of sodium acrylate , peg di - acrylamide , and water . the carrier member 2 in this embodiment is a microcoil in the range of about 0 . 005 ″- 0 . 035 ″ in diameter . in an alternate embodiment , the microcoil diameter has a range of 0 . 008 °- 0 . 016 °. the microcoil may have a filar in the range of 0 . 0005 ″- 0 . 01 ″. in an alternate embodiment , the filar range is 0 . 00075 ″- 0 . 004 ″. the implant 11 comprises at least one gap 7 ranging from 0 . 5 filars ( 0 . 00025 ″) long to 20 filars ( 0 . 2 ″) long . in an alternate embodiment , the gap range is between approximately 0 . 00025 ″ to 0 . 005 ″. in one preferred embodiment , the microcoil has a diameter of 0 . 012 ″ and a 0 . 002 ″ filar , with a gap 7 of 0 . 0013 ″. a coupler 13 is placed near the proximal end to allow the implant 11 to be detachably coupled to a delivery system or pushed or injected through a catheter . examples of delivery systems are found in co - pending application ser . no . 11 / 212 , 830 to fitz , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 425 , 893 to guglielmi , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 994 , 069 to ritchart , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 063 , 100 to diaz , and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 690 , 666 to berenstein ; the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference . in this embodiment , the implant 11 is constructed by formulating and mixing the hydrogel material as previously described in order to form the expansile element 1 . the carrier member 2 is wound around a helical or complex form , and then heat - set by techniques known in the art to form a secondary diameter ranging from 0 . 5 mm to 30 mm and a length ranging from 5 mm to 100 cm . after processing , washing , and optional acid treatment , the expansile element 1 is threaded through the lumen 3 of the carrier member 2 . the distal end of the expansile element 1 is then tied , for example by forming a knot , to the distal end of the carrier member 2 . adhesive , such as uv curable adhesive or epoxy , may be used to further enhance the bond between the expansile element 1 and the carrier member 2 and to form the distal tip 4 . alternatively , the tip may be formed by , for example , a laser weld or solder ball . in some embodiments , depending on the size of the gap 7 and the ratio of expansion , loops or folds 12 may form as shown in fig7 as the expansile element 1 expands . although the loop or fold 12 may not affect the functionality of the device , in some embodiments it is desirable to prevent the loop or fold 12 from forming . this can be done by stretching the expansile element 1 either before placing it within the carrier member 2 or after the distal end of the expansile element 1 is secured to the carrier member 2 . for example , once the distal end of the expansile element 1 is secured to the carrier member 2 , the expansile element 1 is stretched to a final length between 101 % to 1000 % of its initial length ( e . g . if the initial length is 1 ″, the expansile element is stretched to 1 . 01 ″- 10 . 0 ″) or to a length sufficient to prevent loops from forming in the expansile element 1 after expansion . for example , in the previously described cerebral aneurysm treatment embodiment , the expansile element 1 is stretched to a final length , which is approximately 125 %- 600 % of the initial length . in an alternate embodiment , the expansile element 1 is stretched to a final length , which is approximately 125 %- 300 % of the initial length . in one preferred embodiment the expansile element is stretched to a final length that is approximately 267 % of its initial length . after stretching , the expansile element 1 may be trimmed to match the length of the carrier member 2 and then bonded near the proximal end of the carrier member 2 by , for example , tying a knot , adhesive bonding , or other techniques known in the art . once the implant 11 has been constructed , it is attached to a delivery system previously described by methods known in the art . the device may also be exposed to , for example , e - beam or gamma radiation to cross - link the expansile element 1 and to control its expansion . this is described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 537 , 569 which is assigned to the assignee of this application and hereby incorporated by reference . previously , the secondary dimensions of prior devices ( e . g . hes ) are generally sized to a dimension 1 - 2 mm smaller than the dimension ( i . e . volume ) of the treatment site due to the relative stiffness of these devices . the increased flexibility and overall design of the implant 11 of the instant invention allows the secondary shape of the implant 11 to be sized to a dimension approximately the same size as the treatment site , or even somewhat larger . this sizing further minimizes the risk of the implant moving in or slipping out of the treatment site . prior implant devices , such as the hes device , currently provide the user with about 5 minutes of repositioning time . however , the implant 11 of the present invention increases the length of repositioning time . in some embodiments , the repositioning time during a procedure can be increased to about 30 minutes . in this respect , the user is provided with a longer repositioning time to better achieve a desired implant configuration fig2 shows an implant 11 similar to that shown in fig1 after the expansile element 1 has expanded through the gap 7 to a dimension larger than the carrier member 2 . fig3 shows an implant 11 wherein multiple expansile elements 1 run somewhat parallel to each other through the carrier member 2 . in one embodiment , this configuration is constructed by looping a single expansile element 1 around the tip 4 of the implant 11 and tying both ends of the expansile element 1 to the proximal end of the carrier member 2 . in another embodiment , multiple strands of the expansile element 1 may be bonded along the length of the carrier member 2 . the construction of these embodiments may also comprise stretching the expansile element 1 as previously described and / or forming gaps in the carrier member 2 . fig4 shows an embodiment wherein the implant 11 comprises a non - coil carrier member 2 . in one embodiment , the carrier member 2 is formed by cutting a tube or sheet of plastic such as polyimide , nylon , polyester , polyglycolic acid , polylactic acid , peek , teflon , carbon fiber or pyrolytic carbon , silicone , or other polymers known in the art with , for example ; a cutting blade , laser , or water jet in order to form slots , holes , or other fenestrations through which the expansile element 1 may be in contact with bodily fluids . the plastic in this embodiment may also comprise a radiopaque agent such as tungsten powder , iodine , or barium sulfate . in another embodiment , the carrier member 2 is formed by cutting a tube or sheet of metal such as platinum , steel , tungsten , nitinol , tantalum , titanium , chromium - cobalt alloy , or the like with , for example ; acid etching , laser , water jet , or other techniques known in the art . in another embodiment , the carrier member 2 is formed by braiding , knitting , or wrapping metallic or plastic fibers in order to form fenestrations . fig5 shows an implant 11 comprising a carrier member 2 , an expansile element 1 , and a stretch resistant member 10 . the stretch resistant member 10 is used to prevent the carrier member 2 from stretching or unwinding during delivery and repositioning . the stretch resistant member 10 may be made from a variety of metallic or plastic fibers such as steel , nitinol , pet , peek , nylon , teflon , polyethylene , polyolefin , polyolefin elastomer , polypropylene , polylactic acid , polyglycolic acid , and various other suture materials known in the art . construction of the implant 11 may be by attaching the ends of the stretch resistant member 10 to the ends of the carrier member 2 as described by u . s . pat . no . 6 , 013 , 084 to ken and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 217 , 484 to marks both hereby incorporated by reference . alternatively , the distal end of the stretch resistant member 10 may be attached near the distal end of the carrier member 2 and the proximal end to the stretch resistant member 10 attached to the delivery system as described in co - pending application ser . no . 11 / 212 , 830 to fitz . fig6 is an alternative embodiment comprising a stretch resistant member 10 wrapped around , tied to , or intertwined with the expansile element 1 . this may occur over the length of the expansile element 1 , or the wrapping or tying may be in only one area to facilitate bonding the expansile element 1 to the carrier element 2 by using the stretch resistant member 10 as a bonding element . fig7 shows a loop or fold 12 of the expansile element 1 protruding outside the carrier element 2 . in some embodiments , it may be desirable to avoid this condition by , for example , stretching the expansile element 1 as previously described . this would be done , for example , in embodiments configured for delivery through a small microcatheter to prevent the implant 11 from becoming stuck in the microcatheter during delivery . in other embodiments , slack may be added to the expansile element 1 so that the loop or fold will be pre - formed into the implant 11 . this would be done in embodiments where , for example , a large amount of volumetric filling were necessary because the loops or folds would tend to increase the total length of the expansile element 1 . fig8 shows an embodiment wherein the expansile element 1 is configured to expand to a dimension larger than its initial dimension , but smaller than the outer dimension of the carrier member 2 . this may be done by adjusting the ratio of , for example , peg di - acrylamide to sodium acrylate in embodiments wherein the expansile element 1 comprises a hydrogel . alternatively , a relatively high dose of radiation could be used to cross - link the expansile element 1 , thus limiting its expansion . embodiments such as shown in fig8 are desirable when low volumetric filling is necessary and it is desirable to have a substrate for tissue growth and proliferation that the expansile element 1 provides . in an embodiment used to treat cerebral aneurysms , this configuration would be used as a final or “ finishing ” coil , or in devices dimensioned to treat small ( under 10 mm diameter ) aneurysms , or as a first “ framing ” or 3 - d coil placed . in one embodiment , the expansile element 1 comprises a hydrogel incorporating a porosigen as previously described to provide a reticulated matrix to encourage cell growth and healing . incorporating , for example , growth hormones or proteins in the expansile element 1 as previously described may further enhance the ability of the implant 11 to elicit a biological response . in one embodiment of the invention a vaso - occlusive device comprises an expansile polymer element having an outer surface , a carrier member that covers at least a portion of the outer surface of the expansile polymer element , and wherein no carrier is disposed within the outer surface of the expansile element . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device comprises a coil having a lumen and a hydrogel polymer having an outer surface wherein the hydrogel polymer is disposed within the lumen of the coil and wherein the hydrogel polymer does not contain a coil within the outer surface of the hydrogel polymer . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device comprises a carrier member formed into a secondary configuration and an expansile element , wherein the expansile element is made from a polymer formulated to have sufficient softness that the expansile element will substantially take the shape of the secondary configuration formed into the carrier member without pre - treatment . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device comprises a carrier member formed into a secondary configuration and a substantially continuous length of hydrogel , wherein the device will substantially take the shape of the secondary configuration formed into the carrier member without pre - treatment . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device comprises a microcoil having an inner lumen and an expansile element disposed within the inner lumen . in this embodiment the expansile element comprises a hydrogel selected from the group consisting of acrylamide , poly ( ethylene glycol ), pluronic , and poly ( propylene oxide ). in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device comprises a coil and a hydrogel polymer disposed at least partially within the coil wherein the hydrogel has an initial length and wherein the hydrogel polymer has been stretched to a second length that is longer than the initial length . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device comprises an expansile element and a carrier member defining an inner lumen , wherein the expansile element is disposed within the inner lumen of the carrier member and wherein the expansile element has been stretched to a length sufficient to prevent a loop of the expansile element from protruding through the carrier member . the invention disclosed herein also includes a method of manufacturing a medical device . the method comprises providing a carrier member having an inner lumen and an expansile element , inserting the expansile element into the inner lumen of the carrier member , and stretching the expansile element . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device comprises an expansile element encapsulated by a carrier element , wherein said expansile element is comprised substantially entirely and substantially uniformly of material having an expansile property . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device comprises a carrier element and an expansile element wherein the carrier element has a secondary shape that is different from its primary shape and wherein the expansile element is sufficiently flexible in a normal untreated state to conform with the secondary shape of the carrier . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device includes a carrier and an expansile element wherein the expansile element is fixed to the carrier in a manner such that the expansile element is in a stretched state along the carrier . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device includes a carrier having a plurality of gaps along the carrier and an expansile element positioned along an inside envelope of the carrier and wherein the expansion of the expansile element is controlled such that the expansile element expands into the gaps but not beyond the external envelope of the carrier . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device includes a carrier member and an expansile element wherein the expansile element is comprised of multiple strands extending along the carrier . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device includes a carrier and an expansile member wherein the carrier is a non - coiled cylindrically shaped structure and wherein said expansile member is disposed inside said carrier . in another embodiment , a vaso - occlusive device includes a carrier and an expansile member and a stretch resistant member ; said expansile member and said stretch resistant member being disposed in an internal region of the carrier and wherein the stretch resistant member is in tension on said carrier . the invention disclosed herein also includes a method of treating a lesion within a body . the method comprises providing a vaso - occlusive device comprising a carrier member and an expansile element wherein the carrier member is formed into a secondary configuration that is approximately the same diameter as the lesion and inserting the vaso - occlusive device into the lesion . although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described in this specification and the accompanying drawings , it will be appreciated that a number of variations and modifications may suggest themselves to those skilled in the pertinent arts . thus , the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments and examples described herein , but should be deemed to encompass alternative embodiments and equivalents . unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients , properties such as molecular weight , reaction conditions , and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about .” accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms “ a ,” “ an ,” “ the ” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., “ such as ”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are described herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . furthermore , numerous references have been made to patents and printed publications throughout this specification . each of the above - cited references and printed publications are individually incorporated herein by reference in their entirety . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .

0Human Necessities

fig1 b shows a hydraulic directional valve 1 according to the invention in partial cross section using the example of a directional valve 1 constructed as a 4 / 3 directional proportional valve . the directional valve 1 comprises an actuating unit 2 and a valve section 3 . such directional valves 1 are used , for example , for controlling hydraulic camshaft adjusters . fig1 a shows a longitudinal section through an exemplary electromagnetic actuating unit 2 . the electromagnetic actuating unit 2 has a coil body 5 and a connection element 6 constructed in one piece with this coil body . the coil body 5 carries a coil 7 made from several windings of a suitable wire . the radially outer casing surface of the coil 7 is surrounded by a sleeve - shaped material layer 8 , which is made from a non - magnetizable material . the material layer 8 can be made , for example , from a suitable plastic and can be sprayed onto the wound coil 7 . within the connection element 6 , an electrical plug connection 9 is held , by means of which the coil 7 can be connected to a current or voltage source . the coil body 5 is constructed with an essentially cylindrical , blind hole - like recess 10 , which is arranged concentric with respect to the coil 7 . in addition , the coil body 5 and the connection element 6 hold a sleeve - shaped first magnetic yoke 11 on the base - side end of the recess 10 . within the recess 10 , a pot - shaped armature - guidance sleeve 12 is arranged , wherein its outer contours are adapted to the inner contours of the recess 10 . the thin - walled armature guidance sleeve 12 is made from a cylindrical section 12 b , which is bounded by a sleeve base 12 c . the sleeve base 12 c is provided with axial stops 13 extending inwardly . the armature guidance sleeve 12 extends in the axial direction along the entire recess 10 , wherein the recess at least partially surrounds the coil body 5 at its opening in the radial direction . the coil body 5 is arranged within a pot - shaped housing 14 . the open end of the housing 14 projects past the connection element 6 in the axial direction , and this element and thus the coil body 5 are fixed within the housing 14 by a crimped connection 15 . within the armature guidance sleeve 12 there is an armature 16 displaceable in the axial direction . the displacement path of the armature 16 is bounded in one direction by the stops 13 and in the other direction by a second magnetic yoke 17 . the second magnetic yoke 17 has a tubular section 18 and a cylindrical wall 19 a connecting to this section in the axial direction . the tubular section 18 extends through an opening 21 constructed in the base 20 of the housing 14 in the armature guidance sleeve 12 arranged in the recess 10 of the coil body 5 . here , the outer diameter of the tubular section 18 is adapted to the diameter of the opening 21 . the inner diameter of the axial end of the tubular section 18 , which faces the armature 16 , has a larger construction than the outer diameter of the armature 16 . thus , the armature sinks into this section . in addition , the outer casing surface of the tubular section 18 tapers to a point in the direction of the armature 16 . the housing 14 is supported by a mounting flange 22 on the annular section 19 . the mounting flange 22 is used for attaching the directional valve 1 to a not - shown surrounding construction . in this embodiment , the second magnetic yoke 17 is made from two components , a pole core 23 , and a sleeve - shaped projection 24 constructed in one piece with the mounting flange 22 . a sealing ring 26 is arranged between the tubular section 18 of the second magnetic yoke 17 , the base 20 of the housing 14 , and the armature guidance sleeve 12 . in interaction with the armature guidance sleeve 12 , this prevents pressure medium from penetrating into the electromagnetic actuating unit 2 , as a rule motor oil , and reaching the coil body 5 , by which this coil body is protected from damage due to the pressure medium . a tappet rod 33 extends through the interior of the pole core 23 and is connected at one end to the armature 16 . in fig1 c , an alternative embodiment of a hydraulic directional valve 1 according to the invention is shown , which is in wide parts identical to the embodiment shown in fig1 b . in contrast , the receptacle 19 b is constructed in this case by the wall 19 a of an open end of the pot - shaped housing 14 . as can be seen in fig1 b , 1 c , the valve section 3 of the directional valve 1 constructed as a 4 / 3 directional proportional valve comprises a valve housing 27 and a control piston 28 . the valve housing 27 is constructed as a separate component and is connected to the actuating unit 2 . for this purpose , a flange section 27 a , which is positioned in a receptacle 19 b of the wall 19 a , is formed on the valve housing 27 . here , the inner diameter of the wall 19 a is adapted to the outer diameter of the flange section 27 a . an annular groove 27 b , in which a section of the wall 19 a engages , is constructed on the flange section 27 a . therefore , the valve housing 27 is fixed axially with respect to the second magnetic yoke 17 and thus to the actuating unit 2 . on the outer casing surface of the valve housing 27 there are several annular grooves 29 , which communicate via recesses 30 formed in the groove bases of the annular grooves 29 with the interior of the essentially hollow , cylindrical valve housing 27 . the annular grooves 29 and the opening facing away from the electromagnetic actuating unit 2 in the valve housing 27 are used as pressure - medium ports a , b , p , t . the middle annular groove 29 , which is used as a feed port p , communicates via a not - shown pressure medium line with a similarly not shown pressure medium pump . the two outer annular grooves 29 , which are used as working ports a , b , communicate with users , for example , each with a pressure chamber or a group of counteracting pressure chambers of a similarly not shown camshaft adjuster . the axial port ( tank port ) t communicates with a similarly not shown pressure medium reservoir . within the valve housing 27 there is the control piston 28 displaceable in the axial direction . control sections 31 constructed as annular connecting pieces are formed on the outer casing surface of the control piston 28 . the outer diameter of the control sections 31 is adapted to the inner diameter of the valve housing 27 . through suitable axial positioning of the control piston 28 relative to the valve housing 27 , adjacent pressure medium ports a , b , p can be connected to each other . each working port a , b not connected to the feed port p is simultaneously connected to the tank port t . in this way , pressure medium can be selectively fed to or discharged from the individual pressure chambers of the camshaft adjuster . the control piston 28 is charged on one end with the force of a spring element 32 in the direction of the electromagnetic actuating unit 2 . at the other axial end of the control piston 28 there is a tappet rod 33 , which extends through a borehole of the second magnetic yoke 17 and is fixed in position with the armature 16 . in the non - energized state of the coil 7 , the control piston 28 is forced in the direction of the electromagnetic actuating unit 2 due to the force of the spring element 32 . the housing 14 , the first magnetic yoke 11 , the armature 16 , and the second magnetic yoke 17 are made from a magnetizable material , while the connection element 6 , the tappet rod 33 , the coil body 5 , and the armature guidance sleeve 12 are made from a non - magnetizable material . thus , by energizing the coil 7 within the electromagnetic actuating unit 2 , a magnetic flux , which forces the armature 16 in the direction of the valve section 3 , is established via the armature 16 , the first magnetic yoke 11 , the housing 14 , the second magnetic yoke 17 , and an air gap 34 located between the armature 16 and the second magnetic yoke 17 . therefore , the control piston 28 is shifted in the axial direction by the tappet rod 33 against the force of the spring element 32 . through suitable regulation of the current flowing in the coil 7 , the control piston 28 can be adjusted into any position between two end stops relative to the valve housing 27 , and thus the pressure medium flows to or from the pressure chambers of the camshaft adjuster are regulated . fig2 a shows a cross section along the line iia - iia through a first embodiment of a hydraulic directional valve 1 according to the invention from fig1 b . essentially circular outer contours of a groove base 27 c of the annular groove 27 b have an indentation 35 . the indentation 35 can be , for example , as shown in fig2 a , a chord - like section 36 . the material of the wall 19 a engages in the annular groove 27 b in such a way that this contacts the groove base 27 c along the entire periphery of the annular groove 27 b , that is , also on the boundary surface of the indentation 35 . thus , in the peripheral direction a positive - fit connection between the valve housing 27 and the actuating unit 2 is created . in addition to an indentation 35 , naturally any number of indentations 35 can be formed . additionally or alternatively , a radially outward extending bulge 37 can be formed on the outer contours of the groove base 27 c . during the production of the connection between the valve housing 27 and the wall 19 a , the material of the wall 19 a contacts the outer contours of the bulge 37 , whereby a positive fit is produced in the peripheral direction . the dimensions of the indentations or bulges 35 , 37 shown in fig2 a and deviating from a circular form are shown excessively large for simplification . to achieve sufficient torsional rigidity , these can be formed considerably smaller . alternatively , it is also imaginable to form the groove base 27 c of the annular groove 27 b in cross section in a geometric shape , for example , elliptical , rectangular , or polygonal , deviating from the circular form . fig2 b shows a cross section along the line iib - iib through a second embodiment of a hydraulic directional valve 1 according to the invention from fig1 c . the essentially circular outer contour of the groove base 27 c of the annular groove 27 b features teeth 38 extending in the radial direction . the material of the wall 19 a engages in the annular groove 27 b in such a way that this contacts the groove base 27 c along the entire periphery of the annular groove 27 b . thus , the material of the wall 19 a engages in the teeth 38 , via which a positive - fit connection between the valve housing 27 and the actuating unit 2 is created in the peripheral direction . the radial dimensions of the teeth 38 shown in fig2 a is shown excessively large for clarification . to achieve sufficient torsional rigidity , micro - teeth can be formed on the groove base 27 c . the connection between the wall 19 a and the valve housing 27 can be produced , for example , by a fixing , rolling , or orbital forging method . it is also conceivable to produce the connection by an axial crimping method . for this purpose , the valve housing 27 is positioned in the receptacle 19 b , with the valve housing 27 being centered radially by the wall 19 a . in a subsequent processing step , an essentially hollow , cylindrical plunger is guided by the valve housing 27 until its axial end contacts the wall 19 a . the hollow cylindrical plunger is provided with a rounding or a conical counter surface at its end turned toward the wall 19 a . the plunger is charged with a defined force in the axial direction , whereby material of the wall 19 a is forced into the annular groove 27 b . by forcing the wall 19 a into the annular groove 27 b , a connection between the valve housing 27 and the housing 14 is achieved with a high axial pull - off resistance , with the flange section 27 a coming into contact with the second magnetic yoke 17 . here , the force or the axial displacement is selected such that the material contacts the groove base 27 c along the entire periphery of the annular groove 27 b . therefore , the positive - fit connection in the peripheral direction is produced with high torsional rigidity between the wall 19 a and the valve housing 27 , without there being the risk of damaging the housing 14 or the second magnetic yoke 17 or the valve housing 27 .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

fig1 illustrates apparatus 10 in accordance with the present invention for advancing and reducing the diameter of metal tubing 12 . apparatus 10 includes draw die 14 enclosed within die housing frame 16 . the frame is attached to a circular bushing 18 by a number of screws 17 preferably about five screws . the circular bushing has a central opening for conveying the tubing horizontally to the die . the circular bushing opening extends to cylindrial die socket 20 approach zone to the draw die and thus encircles the front entrance of the draw die . lubricant supply port 22 delivers high pressure lubricant from a lubricant source into die socket 20 into contact with the tubing . a hydraulic pump 26 forces the high pressure lubricant into the die socket and in contact with the tubing exterior surface exerting radial compression stress on the tubing entering the draw die as indicated by the arrows shown pressing against the sides of the tubing . fig1 a is a schematic illistration indicating the lines of stress exerted on the tubing wall . curved line 13 illustrates what would happen if there is no lubricant pressure being applied to the tubing ; the tubing wall would bulge outwardly . thus , the high pressure lubricant exerting radial compression stress on the tubing wall prevents the tubing wall from bulging outwardly . compression feeding mechanism 28 is provided at the entrance to the frame . the compression feeding mechanism includes a pair of opposing rotating rolls 30 and 32 which apply compressive force to the tubing therebetween to advance it into circular bushing 18 and into die socket 20 . rolls 30 and 32 have elastomeric grooved rolls 34 and 36 . the rolls are driven by hydraulic motors 38 and 40 in the direction of the arrows . the hydraulic motors are controlled to run at the same speed which pushes the tubing uniformly forward . the speed of the motors can be synchronized by various means such as by a chain mechanism , or a hydraulic flow divider mechanism , or electronically controlled speed valve mechanism . fig1 and 2 illustrate the forces acting on the tubing during the tube drawing operation of the invention . the tubing is pulled forward , by a draw block not shown , subjecting the tubing to tensile stress . simultaneous to this forward pulling by the draw block , the compressive movement of tubing 12 between rolls 30 and 32 as indicated in fig2 pushes the tubing forward through circular bushing 18 into die socket 20 and into draw die 14 as seen in fig1 . the compressive movement of the tubing from the rolls lessens and partially equalizes the tensile stress from the draw block pulling forward . coinciding with these two compensating functions is the high pressure lubricant created hydraulic pressure in the die socket 20 which presses on the tubing entering the draw die 14 shown in fig1 and fig1 a . the high pressure lubricant generates a compressive stress on the exterior surface of the tubing which lessens the tensile stress and further increases the equalizing of the tensile stress from the draw block pulling forward of the tubing . the high pressure lubricant radial pressure pressing on the tubing prevents the tubing surface from bulging at the entrance to the draw die and also improves the lubrication of the drawing operation by forcing the tubing through the die . arrows 42 illustrate the applied radial pressure to the exterior surface of the tubing . also indicated in fig1 is the zero clearance 44 existing between tubing 12 and circular bushing 18 . the zero clearance of the outside diameter of the tubing and the inside diameter circular bushing is critical to the present invention in order to form a seal between the tubing 12 and circular bushing 18 and thus confine the high pressure lubricant within the die socket 20 . hence , with the high pressure lubricant being confined to the die socket , the lubricant in the die socket is able to generate a compressive stress on the tubing by applying radial pressure on its exterior surface . zero clearance in the present invention means that the difference between the outside diameter of tubing 10 and the diameter of circular bushing 18 is just enough difference in diameters to allow the tubing to move through the circular bushing in the drawing operation and to create a seal therebetween preventing the high pressure lubricant from passing through . usually , this difference in the outside diameter of tubes 10 and the inside diameter of circular bushing 18 for zero clearance is about 0 . 25 percent . thus , for tubing having an outside diameter of about three eighths of an inch the difference is about 0 . 001 inch ; for tubing having an outside diameter of about two inches the difference is about 0 . 005 inch . fig3 is directed to the tubing being reduced in diameter in the draw die . shown is tubing 10 in draw die 14 and floating plug 46 . although the present invention is also applicable to spinners , plugs or mandrels which form grooves in the internal surface of the tubing during the drawing procedure , and is further applicable to fixed mandrel for draw bench procedures , fig3 is directed to a floating plug 46 shown having a plain surface and is generally used to produce reduced diameter tubing without inner grooves . generally , a plain surface floating plug produces a greater reduction in the cross - section of the tubing which can be as much as 30 percent reduction of the original cross section . the present invention , including the novel procedure of zero clearance , high pressure lubricant and feeding rolls is an improvement over the prior art by providing a reduction in cross - section of up to about 60 percent of the original cross - section or twice the reduction as obtained by the prior art . for example , with prior art methods for two inch diameter tubing , generally about eleven passes in tube drawing operations are required to reduce the diameter to three eights of an inch . with the present invention of zero clearance , high pressure lubricant and feed rolls , the same reduction in diameter of the tubing can be accomplished in about six passes through the equipment . thus , the present invention results in as much as 50 percent fewer passes through the tube drawing stage . the present invention results in savings in time , labor , equipment and inventory over prior art procedure . having now fully described the invention , it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth herein .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

many known systems and methods for media display can only be operated outdoors and on smooth flat services . also , many of the devices currently known require a lot of space as they need large areas to make turns and / or move . thus , a system and method that can be used in small spaces , near large public buildings , or has the ability to go off - road is desirable . it is envisioned that the system and method according to the present disclosure can be used in a variety of locations including outdoor sporting and public events on cut grass , hard packed sand / dirt , and semi - loose gravel . furthermore , the system may be used at a large variety of events including : the olympics ™, pga ™ golf tournaments , pre - game promotion at large outdoor field sporting tournaments , large outdoor concert series , outdoor public markets , outdoor creative arts festivals , large political outdoor gatherings , at the waters edge at large boating races , or any event that occurs off - road . the system allows a message to reach large groups of people in a short period of time . the advertising system allows for operation in large public buildings , in small spaces , or in areas that are not flat , hard , or smooth . the system can also utilize steer technology of the customized segway i2 ™, which allows the operator to control with their feet , knees , and legs only , which reduces clutter and provides a sleek look and an unobstructed tacking area for the media display . the transporter utilizes lean steer technology as the method of controlling the direction of travel such that leaning or banking the deck causes the wheels to steer . leaning the handles or the attachment on the steering column of the base with either the user &# 39 ; s hands , bodyweight , or knee directionality , to the right causes the wheels ( relative to the direction of travel ) to steer to the right ( e . g . toward the inside of an up - coming turn ). the reverse is also true in that leaning the deck to the left causes the wheels to steer to the left . in one embodiment , in a handlebar lean machine , the yaw input is proportional to the handlebar angle with respect to the frame , the chassis . preferably , the pivot axis is mounted as low as practical on the transporter ground - contacting module in order to allow the bar motion to follow the users body motion naturally , since a person leans most stably by pivoting at the ankles . in other words , a low pivot handlebar tracks the body &# 39 ; s kinematics . in this embodiment , the yaw input is converted into a yaw command using standard personal transporter algorithms , which apply a fixed gain to yaw input at low speeds , but scale the gain at higher speed to make the yaw input correspond to lateral acceleration instead of yaw rate . this works well with the handlebar lean device , since the desired lean angle is roughly proportional to lateral acceleration . the result is a very natural input method , where the user “ thinks ” right or left via leaning , and the machine follows . in another embodiment , instead of a handlebar lean machine and yaw input being proportional to the handlebar angle , there is a mechanism which the user can place his knees that can be used to steer the vehicle through the use of the user &# 39 ; s knees and lean of the user &# 39 ; s body position . in accordance with yet other embodiment of the invention , with the direction of travel as the reference point , the pivoted handlebar may be either mounted in the front or the rear of the transporter . the configuration of a rear mounted pivot handlebar enables a user to steer the transporter with other parts of the body such as the knees , in addition to using a limb coupled to the handlebar . in another embodiment , the transporter may include a feature that disables the lean steer when a user is mounting or dismounting . the feature may be activated when the transporter determines that a user is partially on / off the platform such that the transporter may not turn into or away from the user while mounting or dismounting . the transporter utilizes a regenerative breaking mechanism , also referred to as regenerative charging or sailing , by which , while the user is conducting their method of advertisement , the battery power of the base or transporter is recharged . in regenerative breaking , the electric motor applies resistance to the drive train to slow the rotation of one or more wheels . the energy from the rotation of the one or more wheels turns a motor that can charge the on - board battery . the on - board batteries in the device may be recharged by capturing the kinetic energy created when using the brakes ( referred to as “ regenerative breaking ” or “ regenerative charging or sailing ”). a regenerative brake is an energy recovery mechanism that reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy and / or potential energy ( due to elevation ) into a useful form of energy instead of dissipating it as heat , as with a conventional brake . the converted kinetic energy is stored for future use or fed back into a power system for use by other vehicles . in one embodiment , when the user is utilizing the breaking mechanism of the device , the battery of the device is recharged . in another embodiment , when the device is propelled in one direction by the wind , or the wind directionality changes , the device is recharged . in this embodiment , the term may not be referred to as regenerative breaking , but rather regenerative charging or regenerative sailing . in another embodiment , when the user is going uphill , the battery power of the device is recharged . the same mechanism that is utilized in regenerative breaking can be used in regenerative charging or regenerative sailing when the device is pulled or pushed by the blade because of the position of the wind on the display . in another embodiment , regenerative breaking or charging system is connected through a connection to the on - board battery . while the vehicle is breaking , the regenerative breaking system converts the kinetic energy from the moving vehicle into electrical energy , as is known in the art , such as is discussed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 322 , 659 , finch et al ., method and system for brake distribution in a regenerative breaking system that is hereby incorporated by reference . the regenerative breaking system delivers this recaptured electrical energy preferably to the power battery through the connection at the current and the voltage . unlike the regenerative breaking system described above , the current invention also uses regenerative charging or sailing whereby when the vehicle is pulled or pushed , due to the wind resistance on the airfoil display , the system converts the kinetic energy from the moving vehicle into electrical energy . the system delivers the recaptured energy to the on - board battery through a connection at the current and the voltage . in a typical situation , the breaking mechanism in the vehicle is accomplished with a combination of breaking systems . for example , breaking is accomplished with a friction breaking system and an electro - mechanical breaking system that at least partially utilizes the regenerative breaking system . when these two systems are combined , vehicle stability is desirable and the amount of recaptured kinetic energy is maximized . regenerative breaking , such as is used on hybrid gas / electric vehicles to recoup some of the energy lost during breaking , is also similar to the regenerative charging or sailing mechanism . the energy saved as a result of the vehicle breaking , being propelled by the wind , or driving uphill is stored in a storage battery and used later to power the vehicle when necessary . but regenerative breaking does more than simply stop the vehicle . electric motors and electric generators ( such as a vehicle &# 39 ; s alternator ) are essentially two sides of the same technology . both use magnetic fields and coiled wires , but in different configurations . regenerative breaking systems take advantage of this duality . whenever the electric motor of a vehicle begins to reverse direction , it becomes an electric generator or dynamo . this generated electricity is fed into a chemical storage battery and used later to power the vehicle . regenerative breaking takes energy normally wasted during breaking and turns it into usable energy . it is not , however , a perpetual motion machine . energy is still lost through friction with the road surface and other drains on the system . the energy collected during breaking does not restore all the energy lost during driving . it does improve energy efficiency and assist the main alternator . the current invention provides that the display of the device is in the shape of an airfoil to facilitate ease of movement as well as propel the device and contribute to the regenerative breaking / charging mechanism described earlier . the effect of having the media display in the shape of an airfoil is that it results in more propulsive force and correspondingly more speed . an airfoil has a pulling or pushing effect , dependent upon the wind and the steering conducted by the user of the device . when the airfoil is connected to the base of the media display system , wind provides drag over the airfoil which then propels the base in a direction that is generally forward . the direction of the airfoil can be at any angle as long as the base is propelled in a forward or backward direction . as the media display system is propelled , the electronic circuitry in the system will start recharging the battery , as previously explained . hence , by way of example , when wind is applied to the airfoil from any direction , the airfoil will have drag and then propel the device in that direction . for example , fig4 shows if the wind travels in y direction , the device can be pulled in x direction , thus instituting the regenerative process and recharging the battery of the system . as is shown in fig4 , in this aspect , the forward or front end of the media display can be travelling in one direction , y while the forward or front end of the transporter base can be pointed in another direction , x . therefore , the front of the media display and transporter base are travelling in two different directions even though they are driven by wind travelling in one direction . to produce both flow - deflection as well as the circulation required for lift , the trailing edge of an airfoil must be fairly sharp . whenever the trailing edge of an airfoil causes air to move to one side or the other , two other things occur . first , the air ahead of the airfoil will move over the leading edge of the airfoil . second , the air on one side of the airfoil will speed up , and the air on the other side of the airfoil will slow down . each fast - moving parcel of air on one side of the airfoil greatly outraces its counterpart flowing on the other . air divided by the airfoil doesn &# 39 ; t rejoin again , instead a narrow region of fast flowing air appears on one side the airfoil , and a wide region of slow air appears on the other . the difference in pressure on each side of the airfoil creates a “ lifting force ” or “ drag ” that contributes to the regenerative breaking , charging , or sailing system of the device . as the user is holding on to the airfoil display device to stabilize the display in one direction or another , dependent upon the wind direction , the drag created by the airfoil results in the regenerative breaking , charging , or sailing mechanism of the device to be triggered and recharging of the battery of the system to begin . in one embodiment where the media display is a flexible material , as wind passes around the airfoil , negative pressure is induced out front of and on the side of the airfoil that the wind is blowing . this in turn causes surrounding air to rush into the display and propel the device further based on the acceleration caused by the wind . this airfoil action is compounded as the device travels faster , the wind around the display creates more negative pressure , causing the device to travel faster , causing more negative pressure , and so forth . the user of the device may guide the display by steering the column attached to the display . the drag that is created by the pressure and surrounding air contributes to the regenerative breaking , charging , or sailing mechanism of the media display system . the method and system according to the present disclosure incorporates a tighter turning radius to improve mobility , especially in small areas . furthermore , the system is easy to operate and takes less endurance strength . a connection bar is mounted between the base of the transporter and the airfoil display device to provide maximum stability but also flexibility , if needed by the user of the device . the bar provides for stability , facilitates turning , allows the user to steer the entire device without using their hands or handle connected to the airfoil or display . the connection bar provides additional safety and rigidity . a variety of alternatives exist for where the connection bar is most beneficial , dependent upon the intended use of the media display device . in one embodiment , the connection bar is mounted at the base of the transporter at one end and the base of the media display , above the wheel , at the other end . in an alternative embodiment , the user may desire to have the bar mounted at the base of the transporter at one end and at approximately knee - level on the end of the media display . the position of the connection bar on the display is dependent upon the user &# 39 ; s preference , the terrain on which the device will be used , and the wind speed on the day the device will be used . the connection bar can be rigid in size , extendable , or expandable . the connection bar can be made of any material to support the rigidity or flexibility needed by the user of the device . the connection bar may be made of metal , plastic , or a spring - like substance to provide for absorption of movement of the device and base in alternate directions or any directionality of the transporter . in an alternate embodiment , the bar can be flexible , bendable , or pliable to allow for limited sway or movement depending upon the road or ground conditions . in an alternate embodiment , the connection between the transporter and display can be made up of one or more strut - like members , instead of a single bar . now turning to the figures , fig1 a and fig1 b , depict an exemplary embodiment according to the present disclosure . an operator 10 , stands on a base 12 . base 12 is operatively connected to wheels 14 via a connection bar 23 . the base 12 and wheels 14 , can be a segway device as provided by segway ™ inc . the operator 10 holds handle 16 . handle 16 is operatively connection to display means 18 . there may be a track 20 in display means 18 such that handle 16 slides into track 20 to allow the connection . a gurney wheel 22 is attached to the bottom of media display 18 . wheel 22 allows for 360 ° rotation . wheel 22 can be a small wheel or large wheel depending on the terrain where the system is being used . this allows operator 10 to maneuver the device in a variety of directions and turn the device quickly and precisely if needed . this particular embodiment allows for three points , a tripod styled base / foundation of support that allows for freedom of movement and stability of the operator . base 12 allows for the operator to stand on and provide the operator with a way to move the display means 18 without standing on the ground . both drive systems ( segway ™ i2 & amp ; x2 models ) that can be used , among others , as base 12 can be propelled in a variety of different directions . this system also allows the operator to maneuver display means 18 to meet the sight lines the audience placement around the display demands of any given project . fig2 shows the base and wheels portion of the system according to an exemplary embodiment with the connection bar 23 that can be mounted between the base and the display mechanism of the device . in this embodiment , a modified segway device is used . the segway incorporates segway smart motion ™ and is controlled by a network of sensors , mechanical assemblies , propulsion , and control systems . via lean steer technology , an operator uses his or her body position to move and steer the segway device . the segway device shown in fig2 has wheels 26 , connection bar 23 , and base 28 . a steering column 30 is shorter than the standard segway device in this embodiment . this modification of the segway devices allows for the user to effectively steer the media display system without the use of their hands . the handles 30 are in a reverse position from a standard segway device to allow the user to use their knees to help maneuver the system . the media display , such as an airfoil , is shown in fig3 . fig3 is a bottom view of the media display 36 . the media display structure 36 may be constructed with an internal mast , surrounded by sign foam and a hard skin made of fiberglass . in one embodiment , media display 36 sub - finish is a under laminate reflective sheeting ( from , the 3m corporation ™ of st . paul , minn .) called scotchlite ® brand , ( white color ) diamondgrade ® sheeting . this is an energy efficient non - illuminated system that is iridescent during the day light and highly reflective at night . the media display 36 can be can be double sided and the convex surfaces may be highly visible from a wide viewing angle . the artwork can be printed and applied on top of the reflective surface . in one embodiment , the media display 36 is printed ( vivid digital printing : ( 4 ) four color , up to ( 6 ) six color , inkjet press using solvent inks for long life ) on clear cling graphic film . the printed media ( the final over laminate ) allows for great variety of images and / or advertising to be displayed . the media display 36 can display large or small messages and allows for many people to see the message from a distance . fig3 shows a media display 36 that is an airfoil and can generate drag and contribute to the regenerative breaking or sailing system of the device , as described above . wind 39 directionality creates drag on the airfoil which can cause lift and connect back through the circuitry , in one embodiment contained within the connection bar between the airfoil and base , to the battery to regenerate the battery &# 39 ; s power . wind 39 accelerates over one surface of an airfoil , either because it is at an angle to the flow , or because it has more curvature than the other side , or both . when air is accelerated , the pressure that it imparts on an adjoining surface decreases . this lower pressure pulling upward on the upper surface of an airfoil produces lift or drag . in another embodiment the drag created by the airfoil alone is a sufficient breaking mechanism by which the regeneration of the battery needs no connection back to the battery . in another embodiment , the media display 36 allows for the advertisement or message to be electronically displayed . thus , media may be dispatched and monitored from the computer of an advertising account executive , using real time collaboration technologies incorporated ( cti inc .™) software via fttp over the internet and / or cellular phone networks , finally arriving through a wireless handheld onboard or through a similar connection to the system according to the present disclosure . the operator of the media display 36 can control distribution and an it system can track performance data from the field automatically . the operator may also interact with viewers . thus information can be compiled and the file data can be transmitted . the operator can manually track interactions data on a preplanned schedule . a final summary report can be sent via e - mail at the end of the project . in another embodiment , the media display 36 can be changeable to allow for ease of changing the advertisement or message . one such changeable media display 36 can include electronic paper such as that provided through e ink corporation ™. e paper technology is thin , light , flexible and updated by wireless connectivity via local hot spots made possible from plastic logic ™. in an alternate embodiment , the media display 36 may be electronic signage such as an lcd light that illuminates without the use of energy . indicia or advertisements can be displayed on the airfoil and can be changed or alternated in real time through messages or directions sent via a smartphone . for example , if an advertiser who is paying for the display of indicia or an advertisement on the airfoil would like to change what is displayed on the airfoil during the time the device is in use , the advertiser may log on to their computer , upload a message and send the signal to a smartphone . the signal received by the smartphone , and utilized by the operator of the device , will receive the signal and change the indicia that is displayed on the airfoil . in another embodiment , the media display 36 can be mounted on a mast that is operatively connected to the base and wheels rather than only being connected to the base by way of the operator . for example , there can be a permanently or removably mounted c - channel extrusion running up the mast and a permanently or removably mounted kerning , flexible solid tube wrapped in a fiberglass cloth type hinge , to the airfoil or display means . the media display 36 can have free - swinging forward leaning media that can automatically turn , on level grades , in the direction of the transporter as it turns . this is desirable for maximum visibility while moving around corners or navigating around objects . fig4 depicts an embodiment where the front end of the base a and the front end of the display b are pointed in two different directions , y and x respectively . even with the connection bar present between the base and the display , they are still able to move in different directions . fig4 depicts that while a is moving in y direction , the trajectory of b is in x direction , instead of y direction like the base . this is desirable for maximum versatility of the user during display for turning in tight corners , maneuvering around pedestrians and observers , obtaining maximum advantage of wind gusts during use of the device , and provide for maximum resourcefulness of the device . further , the difference in directions on the base of the device and the display contribute to the regenerative breaking or sailing mechanism of the device . the system also can include a variety of features to allow for bluetooth communication and / or digital camera features . for example : such as an iphone ™ from apple , inc . can be included in the media display system . from the segway i2 & amp ; x2 the info key ™ can be remounted at eyelevel on the media air foils hardware ( arm / handle ). this info key ™ is the segway &# 39 ; s bluetooth wireless controller . other embodiments can include cpu with wifi connection and real time collaboration web based software technologies , etc . many modifications to the system according to the present disclosure are contemplated . other accessories that can be used with or on the media display system according to the present disclosure . these accessories include , but are not limited to , media display travel bag for shipping , hard travel case for shipping of segway transporter base and eco ads leansteer ™ quick connector , segway hard cases by gm ® for storage of hand out materials , segway 5 watt led lithium - ion lighting kits ™ for night time operations , bose ™ corp . mini satellite ( wireless ) sound systems for broadcasting audio , segway i2 lower cargo frame kit for mounting pa , av and lighting equipment , segway ramp kit ™ for loading into a vehicle , segway leansteer frame tool - less release ™ for easy and fast set - ups , segway locking kit ™ for added security , and segway comfort mats ™ for alleviating fatigue on long days . when an operator desires to operate the system according to the present disclosure , the operator starts the segway with the infokey , and then raises the display means , air foil to a balanced upright position with its wheel touching the segway . the operator holds onto the handle located on the media display with one hand . the operator holds onto the edge on the display means with the other hand and finds the lower pivot point to adjust the balance of the display means . there may be an indicator light that signals when it is safe for an operator to step on such as after the ( red ) status led &# 39 ; s change to ( green ) status . then the operator steps onto the base while still holding the display means . the operator used his or her feet to propel the device forward . the operator drives the device using the steering shaft and operates the segway with ( his or her ), legs and feet . it will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein . therefore , the above description should not be construed as limiting , but merely as exemplification of the various embodiments . those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto .

6Physics

a roller guard according to the concepts of the present invention , generally indicated by the numeral 60 in the accompanying drawings , is used in connection with a movable barrier , such as a garage door system , generally indicated by the numeral 10 in the accompanying drawings . since the roller guard 60 may be used in connection with a number of different door systems 10 , only general reference will be made to the door system components other than those directly involved with the roller guard 60 . in general , door system 10 ( fig1 ) is mounted within an opening defined by a framework having a pair of spaced vertical jambs 11 connected by a laterally extending header 12 near the upper vertical extremity of the jambs 11 . a door d resides within the opening and is moveable on a pair of guide track assemblies , generally indicated by the numeral 15 , that guide the door d between a generally vertical closed position and a generally horizontal open position ( not shown ). to offset the weight of the door d , as it is operated on guide track assemblies 15 , a counterbalance assembly , generally indicated by the numeral 20 , may be used in connection with the door d in a manner well known in the art . guide track assemblies 15 include a generally vertical track section 16 and a generally horizontal track section 17 which are joined by a curved transition track section 18 . in the track assemblies 15 shown , a second horizontal track section 19 is disposed above the horizontal track section 17 . referring to fig1 - 4 , track sections 16 - 20 receive rollers 25 of door d in arrangements known to persons skilled in the art . referring particularly to fig4 , guide track assemblies 15 in cross section are of a generally j - shaped configuration , having an upstanding leg 22 with a u - shaped curve 23 proximate to one end for receiving the running surface 24 of a roller 25 , which is mounted on the end of a shaft 26 . the other end of the upstanding leg 22 has a lateral leg 27 that restrains excessive movement of the roller 25 from the u - shaped curve 23 . track assembles 15 are coupled to standoff brackets 28 attached to the vertical track sections 16 by a plurality of bolts 29 having heads 30 which located on the interior of track 15 . while the present embodiment depicts a single vertical track design , it should be appreciated that the invention described herein is equally applicable to dual vertical track designs or any other roller track arrangements known in the art . as best shown in fig2 and 3 , each shaft 26 may be secured to door d at a hinge , generally indicated by the numeral 31 . hinge 31 includes a first leaf 32 and a second leaf 33 pivotally attached to first leaf 32 . first leaf 32 is mounted flush on a door panel d ′ and similarly secured thereto by a plurality of bolts 34 . second leaf 33 is mounted flush on an adjoining door panel d ″ and secured by a plurality of bolts 35 . first and second leaves 32 and 33 are each secured to a pin 36 which allows relative pivotal movement of door panels d ′ and d ″. second leaf 33 is provided with a pair of spaced flanges 37 which project away from door panel d ″. each flange 37 is provided with an aperture 38 . secured between apertures 38 , which are axially aligned , is a roller carrier 39 which is a hollow cylindrical tube adapted to slidably and removably receive a shaft 26 which mounts a roller 25 . roller 25 is provided with a bearing ( not shown ) which allows for free rotation relative to shaft 26 . shaft 26 also is free to move axially within roller carrier 39 during operation of door d . referring to fig4 and 5a , a first circumferential boss 40 may be provided on shaft 26 and has a radius greater than that of shaft 26 . a second circumferential boss 41 having the same radius as the first boss 40 may further be provided and positioned between roller 25 and first boss 40 . it should be appreciated that , while the present embodiment includes a pair of bosses , the invention described herein is applicable to roller and shaft designs which do not include bosses and other roller and shaft arrangements known in the art . as best shown in fig4 , upstanding leg 22 , u - shaped curve 23 and lateral leg 27 define an interior track cavity 50 . further , an opening 51 is defined between the lateral leg 27 and u - shaped curve 23 of track 15 . as will be appreciated , objects entering opening 51 may interfere with the operation of the door d or be damaged as rollers 25 traverse track 15 . of particular concern is the entrapment of a hand or fingers within interior track cavity 50 during door operation . to prevent a foreign object , hand or finger from entering opening 51 proximate a roller 25 , the roller guard , according to the concepts of the present invention , and , generally indicated by the numeral 60 , is provided . as best shown in fig2 - 4 , roller guard 60 is carried on shaft 26 and at least partially encompasses roller 25 , so as to reduce the likelihood of crushing a foreign object or finger between tracks 15 and a roller 25 . as shown , roller guard 60 is a single piece body 61 which , when installed , resides entirely within interior track cavity 50 . body 61 includes a shield wall 62 which , as seen in fig5 a , partially covers opening 51 when installed . as best seen in fig7 , shield wall 62 may be generally rectangular defining a pair of longitudinal edges 63 a and 63 b and a pair of lateral edges 64 wherein longitudinal edges 63 a and 63 b are joined by lateral edges 64 . when roller shield 60 is mounted in tracks 15 , shield wall 62 is generally parallel to upstanding leg 22 , as is evident in fig4 , and may be positioned within and obstruct at least a portion of opening 51 . referring to fig5 - 7 , an annular projection 65 may extend axially from shield wall 62 towards hinge 31 . extending through both shield wall 62 and annular projection 65 is a bore 66 which is adapted to receive circumferential bosses 40 and 41 therein . the diameter of bore 66 may be sized to provide a press fit when the roller guard 60 is installed over circumferential bosses 40 and 41 . a circumferential flange 67 is provided at the end of annular projection 65 extending radially inward therefrom . a plurality of circumferentially spaced tabs 68 are provided which extend radially inward from flange 67 . each tab 68 includes a contact surface 69 which may be positioned to engage shaft 26 . flange 67 and tabs 68 are sized so that when assembled , contact surfaces 69 of tabs 68 grip shaft 26 . in this manner , the roller guard 60 is thereby restrained both axially and rotationally relative to shaft 26 . referring to fig4 - 7 , a pair of opposed sidewalls 70 project orthogonally from shield wall 62 at lateral edges 64 and a top wall 71 projects generally orthogonally from shield wall 62 at longitudinal edge 63 a . top wall 71 includes a pair of spaced edges 72 which extend towards shield wall 62 and are joined by a curved edge 73 . edges 72 and 73 define a groove 74 which allows a portion of roller 25 to project therethrough . in other words , when installed , a portion of roller 25 extends beyond top wall 71 to enable contact with lateral leg 27 of track 15 as best seen in fig4 , 5 and 5 a . side walls 70 and top walls 71 intersect at edges 75 . edge 75 is radiused in order to prevent jamming of roller guard 60 within tract 15 as will be discussed later . in one or more preferred embodiments depending upon curvature of track 15 and other dimensions , the radius of edge 75 is from between 0 . 125 and 0 . 375 inches . in a particularly preferred embodiment the radius of edge 75 is 0 . 250 inches . body 61 is further provided with a pair of fingers 80 which are positioned at the bottom of roller guard 60 proximate to the u - shaped curve 23 in track 15 as seen in fig4 , 5 and 5 a . fingers 80 project from side walls 60 on either side of roller 25 . fingers 80 are adapted to further prevent objects from being entrapped between roller 25 and track 15 , while also preventing jamming as rollers 25 traverse track 15 . referring to fig4 and 5 , fingers 80 include a beveled surface 81 which is disposed at an angle from side walls 70 . in one or more preferred embodiments , depending upon the curvature of track 15 and other dimensions , the angle is between 45 and 70 degrees . in a particularly preferred embodiment the angle is 60 degrees . as seen in fig4 , fingers 80 in a direction axially of roller 25 include a first angled surface 82 and a second opposed angled surface 83 which are joined by a curved surface 84 in an open u - shaped configuration . first angled surface 82 is disposed at an angle α from shield wall 62 . second angled surface 83 is disposed at an angle β from an edge 85 defined by side wall 70 . the angle α of first angled surface 82 is chosen to reduce contact with track 15 . in one embodiment the angle α may be chosen so that it is generally parallel to the portion of track 15 which faces first angled surface 82 or so that running surface 24 of roller 25 engages the proximate surface of u - shaped curve 23 before angled surface 82 can engage the u - shaped curve 23 . in another embodiment the angle α may be about 45 °. similarly , the angle β of second angled surface 83 is chosen to reduce contact with track 15 . in one embodiment the angle β may be chosen so that it is generally parallel to the portion of track 15 which faces second angled surface 83 or so that running surface 24 of roller 25 engages the proximate surface of u - shaped curve 23 before angled surface 83 can engage the u - shaped curve 23 . in another embodiment the angle β may be about 25 °. fingers 80 and shield wall 62 define a bottom groove 86 extending between fingers 80 which is adapted to allow a portion of roller 25 to extend therethrough . when installed , a portion of roller 25 extends beyond fingers 80 to provide contact with the u - shaped curve 23 of track 15 . as seen in fig6 , shield wall 62 , side walls 70 , top wall 71 and fingers 80 define a chamber 87 which receives roller 25 therein . chamber 87 includes an annular surface 88 which projects radially outward from bore 66 . a pair of roller surfaces 89 circumferentially surround roller 25 and terminate at edges 72 and fingers 80 . positioned between annular surface 88 and roller surface 89 is a curved surface 90 , which smoothly connects the aforementioned surfaces . as is evident from fig5 , roller 25 resides in chamber 87 and , to that end , roller surfaces 89 define a diameter which is greater than that of roller 25 to allow free rotation therein . referring now to fig2 - 4 , it can be seen that roller guard 60 is located axially of shaft 26 , and when positioned over roller 25 , will prevent objects from being crushed between track 15 and roller 25 . when installed , roller guard 60 in cooperation with track 15 encloses roller 25 , leaving no substantial part of roller 25 exposed to external objects . further , as rollers 25 traverse track 15 , side walls 70 , edge 75 and beveled surface 81 push any intervening object harmlessly in front of guard 60 . as is evident from fig2 and 3 , the body 61 of roller guard 60 resides within track 15 . particularly , shield wall 62 , side walls 70 , top wall 71 , and fingers 80 are all positioned within the interior track cavity 50 defined by track assembly 15 . only annular projection 65 extends beyond opening 51 , closely encircling bosses 40 and 41 . friction is minimized because no shielding surfaces remain in continuous contact with the track assembly . additionally , roller guard 60 will not interfere with any external track system components . further , due to its compact design , guard 60 can be installed on any of the rollers 25 , including those located on the lowermost edge of door d . it is to be appreciated that the guard 60 not only protects users from injury but does not encumber door movement . therefore , the roller guard 60 of the present invention produces little friction and is not prone to jamming . jamming is particularly a concern as roller guard 60 traverses a transitional track section 18 , due to the curved orientation thereof . it should be appreciated that components of transitional track section 18 embody different radii of curvature . specifically , the radius of curvature of lateral leg 27 is larger than that of curved portion 23 . in order to promote smooth operation , radiused edges 75 and beveled surface , 81 are provided . as discussed above , edge 75 is provided with a radius to reduce contact with lateral leg 27 while traversing track section 18 . further , beveled edge 81 is disposed at angle which reduces contact with curved section 23 . while it is desired that the roller guard 60 contact the track assembly 15 as little as possible , it should be evident , that due to the orientation of the roller guard 60 within track assembly 15 , some contact is necessary . particularly , while traversing track section 18 , beveled surface edge 81 and edges 75 intermittently contact track assembly 15 in order to progressively reorient the roller guard 60 therein . such contact is only intermittent and edges 75 and 81 are adapted to reduce friction when such contact occurs . in this manner , guard 60 does not interfere with roller movement or unduly create frictional forces . thus , it should be evident that the roller guard for a movable barrier disclosed herein carries out one or more of the objects of the present invention set forth above and otherwise constitute an advantageous contribution to the art . as will be apparent to persons skilled in the art , modifications can be made to the preferred embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit of the invention , the scope of the invention herein being limited solely by the scope of the attached claims .

4Fixed Constructions

the method to generate electrical energy includes a cathode which reacts with alpha particles generating electrically charged particles . the device that will be described includes an electron generating cathode and alpha source that allows for a practical and compact power supply . atomic reactions are converted to electrical energy with extreme efficiency within the scope of the present invention . furthermore , it will be understood that the generated electrical current can be directly converted into a useful voltage and amperage . the conversion of the electrons that are emitted from said cathode generates useful electrical current that will be made apparent and that the alpha fusion valve is unique in generating electrical power . it will be made apparent in the following descriptions ; referring now to fig1 of the drawings , the said invention consists of a vessel 1 that is made out of an electrically insulating airtight material , such as glass , ceramic , plastic or the like . it is preferred that a natural alpha source be used but an artificial alpha source might also be used and this will not depart from the spirit of the present invention . vessel 1 includes a corona wire 2 , made out of a delta - ray emissive element , compound , or alloy , such as germanium , silicon , or lead - sulfide , etc . . . . delta - ray emissive substances emit delta - ray electrons when bombarded with alpha particles . the vessel 1 contains a high work function electron - collecting cylinder 3 , preferably made out of palladium because this metal can absorb a large volume of gas . after a period of time , the alpha particles lose their charge , become helium gas , build up , and the present invention eventually becomes electrically blocked . this is because helium gas is electrically non - conductive . a high work function material that has the ability to absorb gas will delay this process . other alternative electrical collector materials , such as activated carbon , which has the ability to absorb large volumes of gas , may be used and this will not depart from the spirit of the invention . radon gas emissive radioactive material 4 is placed at the base inside vessel 1 . the radioactive material 4 can be placed in a number of locations within vessel 1 and still not depart from the spirit of the invention . the electron emitter 2 can take the form of a wire , rod , cylinder , disc , plate , etc . . . . the electron collector 3 can also take the form of a wire , rod , cylinder , disc , plate , etc . . . . i do not stake my claim on the form or geometry of the electron emitter or electron collector . i stake my claim on the method used to generate electrical power using an alpha fusion reaction . in the instant invention a negative charge of one - thousand volts or higher is applied to pin 5 , which is electrically connected to corona wire 2 . respectively , a positive charge is applied to pin 6 which is electrically connected to a high work function electron collection cylinder 3 . this has the effect of attracting and concentrating radon gas onto the corona wire 2 which becomes an abundant supply of alpha reactive particles . a lower voltage may also be applied across pin 5 and pin 6 . the applied voltage will depend on the parameters of the wattage design of the present invention , which are too numerous to mention . electrically conductive pin 5 and pin 6 exit through an airtight seal at the bottom of vessel 1 , not shown . there are a number of sealants that are available in the field . the inner cavity of vessel 1 is evacuated of air at a low pressure of about 1 / 10th of an atmosphere . the amount of air that is evacuated is not critical but care must be taken not to obtain too low of a vacuum because this can result in the generation of undesirable x - ray emission . there are a number of high voltage sources that can be used to apply the required activating potential through pin 5 and pin 6 and this will not depart from the spirit of the present invention . i stake my claim to my new and novel method that directly generates electrical power which results from the alpha fusion process and i do not stake my claim to the activating external voltage source thereof . the speed in which the present invention will build up power depends on the potential difference that is applied to it and type of radon gas that it contains . the quantity of the alpha particle source determines the amount of amperage that is generated . the target material 2 is also a determining factor of how much current will be generated . when the target material 2 temperature rises , a greater number of electrons are emitted from its surface . the heated cathode 2 increases the odds of alpha particles hitting head on with its atoms , thus , producing a greater number of alpha fusion reactions , which further increases the surface heat boiling off additional thermally generated electrons . the surface area of the cathode 2 and anode 3 is also a determining factor of how much electrical current will be obtained . the present invention generates a high voltage direct current . the present invention also generates a greater amperage per given density from what has been obtained from any previously known method or device in the prior art . the instant invention described can be slightly modified to convert high voltage , high frequency , and radio frequency currents into a direct current . this feature is accomplished by adding an electrically conductive substance such as mercury , not shown , into the electrically non - conducting vessel 1 . any number of electrically conductive substances that will form a vapor or gas when heated can be used and this will not depart from the spirit of the invention . said modification can also be utilized without the use of the radioactive substance 4 , if the input source has enough energy to excite the vapor or gas into its electrically conductive state . the present modification of the primary invention is more efficient than the prior art in converting alternating or oscillating currents because there is less electrical resistance in the conversion process . therefore , energy can be more efficiently received and converted into a direct current . the present invention is named alpha fusion valve 8 in the block diagram that follows : the block diagram shown illustrates an example of how an alpha fusion valve 8 can be utilized in a practical application . many differing types of systems are made possible using the present invention and will not depart from the spirit of the invention . the alpha fusion valve 8 must be energized by an external potential difference to function if it is initially inactive or is allowed to become inactive after it has been producing power , not shown . this can be accomplished by applying a high voltage charge obtained from an electronic power supply 7 . the reactions will build up within the alpha fusion valve 8 to the point where the surface of its internal electron emitter is totally bathed with radon gas . the alpha fusion valve 8 has to be primed with a potential difference to begin generating electrical power . the alpha fusion valve 8 produces a high voltage direct current . the output of the alpha fusion valve 8 can be used to charge a high voltage capacitance 9 . the high voltage is then lowered to twelve volts through a step - down converter 10 . the twelve volts then charges a low voltage capacitance 11 which can be a set of parallel - connected twelve - volt storage batteries . a set of parallel - connected high farad capacitors could also be used . the stored energy in capacitance 11 can be used to provide power to electrical loads that require a twelve - volt direct current or it can provide a twelve - volt power supply to an inverter 12 . the output of the inverter 12 can be designed by methods known in the art to provide a voltage and frequency that is required by specific electrical loads 13 . it is preferable that an electronic voltage source be used to keep the alpha fusion valve 8 in a constant energized state , which can be alternating or non - alternating . numerous electronic circuit designs may be used to supply the potential difference required to energize the alpha fusion valve 8 . such electronic circuits are known in the field and are not what i stake my claim to . alternatively , a strong enough source of alpha , beta , gamma radiation or a combination thereof may also be used to energize the alpha fusion valve 8 . a simple earth ground and antenna raised to a suitable height can be used to take advantage of the potential difference that exists between the planet and its atmosphere , although this is not always practical . charging capacitance 9 with this method is unpredictable and slow . any suitable circuit may be used to supply the required potential difference to energize the alpha - fusion valve 8 and this will not depart from the spirit of the invention .

6Physics

the hanging according to the invention consists of a supporting bar 1 which , in the example illustrated , has a circular cross - section and which has a constant cross - section over its entire length . the surface of the supporting bar is burnished with a high luster ; it consists of metal , for example steel , brass or aluminum alloys of sufficient strength , and can carry an appropriate coating , for example chromium , rhodium or the like , to improve the reflectivity of its cylindrical surface . the supporting bar 1 consists of a threaded rod 2 , onto which is pushed a metal tube 3 having a burnished outer surface . an ornamental nut 4 , for example of spherical form , is screwed onto the lower end of the threaded rod 2 , and at the upper end a ring nut 5 is located , by means of which the hanging can be fastened to the chandelier or the like . a supporting plate 6 belongs to each of the two nuts 4 , 5 . in the example illustrated , the two supporting plates are identical , but they can also have different appearances . the supporting plates 6 have essentially a tub shape , and the encircling edge 7 holds together the outer bars 8 made of transparent material with a high luster surface and the supporting bar . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated , the outer bars have a circular cross - section and are of identical diameter which is constant over their entire length and which is somewhat greater than that of the supporting bar 1 . they consist of glass with a preferably high coefficient of refraction ; however , they can also be made of synthetic glass ( plexiglass , polymethacrylate and the like ). to retain the four outer bars 8 at the correct distance from one another and at a distance from the supporting bar 1 , there is in each supporting plate 6 a square spacer piece 9 which is drawn against the metal tube 3 by means of the two nuts 4 and 5 , with shims 10 being interposed . the length of the outer bars 8 is somewhat less than the distance between the bottoms of the supporting plates 6 , so that , even when the nuts 4 , 5 are tightened to a high degree , the outer bars 8 cannot undergo any compressive stress which could result in damage or breakage . because the transparent outer bars 8 are arranged at a distance from one another and at a distance from the high - luster surface of the supporting bar 1 , and because the diameter or cross - section of the outer bars is made at least equal to , but preferably greater than that of the supporting bar 1 , there arises , especially when the hanging is irradiated by lateral light sources , such as , for example , the filament bulb 11 indicated in fig1 as a special effect , above all the impression that the outer bars are themselves the light sources , as a result of the multiple light reflections on the surfaces of the supporting bar and outer bars and the multiple refraction of the direct and reflected light in the outer bars . furthermore , a substantially uniform light distribution is achieved , specifically even in high rooms , provided that the hanging according to the invention is of adequate length . the hanging described can be modified in various ways , without thereby having to depart from the scope of the invention . thus , the supporting bar or just some outer bars , or even all the outer bars can have cross - sections differing from the circular form , for example the form of polygons , preferably regular polygons . in a further design , the supporting bar and / or some or all of the outer bars can be twisted round the longitudinal axis if they are designed with a polygonal cross - section . this twisting can extend in the same direction for all the bars , but it is also possible to alternate the twisting direction , for example from one outer bar to another , preferably with the supporting bar not being twisted . finally , it is also possible to arrange several hangings of the type described round the light source or round part of the latter , thus resulting in a form of light fitting .

5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting

shown in fig1 is a multi - card processor for calculating the fast fourier transform ( fft ). in particular , a series of cards 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 19 is shown , representative of a number of identical cards , say 32 , which constitute the processor . in addition in i / o board 21 and a control and test board 23 complete the processor unit . each processor card , such as card 11 , has memory units 25 and 29 which store input words which are fed to switch 33 . during one entire iteration of the fft one memory unit supplies pairs of complex words to the butterfly unit 35 via the switch 33 , while the other receives pairs of complex words from other processor boards via the switch 37 . at the end of the iteration the switches change positions and the roles of the two memories reverse for the next iteration . thus roles alternate from one iteration to the next . each memory unit is further subdivided into four sections , as described later , to permit parallel access of pairs of complex words . the memory units 25 , 29 are standard semiconductor integrated circuits in the form of random access memories or shift registers . butterfly 35 is similarly a semiconductor integrated circuit which performs a complex multiplication , and a complex addition and subtraction in a well - known way . to perform the operation , a complex weighting coefficient is supplied by the sine / cosine generator 39 just prior to the time that the butterfly operation is performed . output signals from butterfly 35 are taken along the line 41 and fed as inputs to two other boards as described below . both the butterfly 35 and the sine / cosine generator are available as semiconductor integrated circuits . an i / o register 43 is used to input data to the memories prior to performing a transform and to output data following a transform . during these operations a direct data path exists between the i / o registers and the memories , that takes precedence over the above - mentioned paths . a data bus 45 is common to similar i / o registers on each board , and transfer of data over this bus is performed in a time - division multiplexed manner . the i / o board 21 controls transfer of data between devices external to the fft processor and the various processor boards . it may also perform preprocessing functions , such as scaling input data or multiplying such data by a specified set of coefficients . the i / o board also can transfer internally generated test data to processor boards in lieu of normal data . the number of boards in fig1 depends mainly on the required processing speed of the overall processor . in general , this size will be a power of the radix ( 2 , for the present case ) and in the preferred embodiment , 32 boards are required for the example described herein . however , this number is not critical and more or fewer boards could be used . thirty - two boards would result in a processing speed increase somewhat less than 32 times that for a single board and would permit an increase of transform size by a factor of 32 . in fig1 a control and self - test board 23 is also shown to be connected to the other boards . the control board contains a master clock for providing timing signals , as well as interrupt logic for truncating arithmetic operations after a desired number of iterations , or for other desired purposes which may be programmed into such logic . optionally , the test board may contain a microprocessor for exercising the system in accord with a set of instructions and for performing diagnostic operations which may designate a malfunction . the relationship between the test and control board and the i / o board and the processor cards may be seen in fig2 . with reference to fig2 i / o board 21 and test and control board 23 may be seen connected to exchange words of test data along lines 47 , 49 . signals from the master clock are fed from board 23 to board 21 along line 51 , while acknowledging responses from the i / o board 21 to the test board 23 are received along line 53 . i / o board 21 receives external data from analog to digital converters , external to the processor , along lines 55 and has a pair of output ports for either serial word outputs taken along line 57 or channelized outputs along lines 59 . for block floating point arithmetic , scale factor data is transmitted outwardly along line 61 and data indicating word count is transmitted through line 63 . as previously mentioned , a data bus 45 connects the i / o board with the identical processor cards , illustrated in fig1 . each of the identical processor cards 11 - 19 also receives control signals along line 46 and sends responses along line 48 , with respect to test and control board 23 . the output from each board is taken along two paths which are connected to two neighboring boards as explained hereinafter . data is manipulated by the processor of the present invention in accord with singleton &# 39 ; s algorithm . fig3 a , 3b and 4 show a convenient arrangement for input and output files which are organized into the memory units shown in fig1 for each processor card . in fig3 a , the input file 57 is shown to have two rows 61 , 63 wherein words are stored for transmission to a butterfly . output is from the right hand side of the input file . after the butterfly is performed words are stored in the output file 65 , with words entered from the right hand side in the two levels 67 , 69 . this same routing is used at each stage of the algorithm . it will be seen that the words 0 , 32 from input file 57 are stored in the upper level 67 of the output file after the butterfly is performed . since only one word can be entered at a time , it is advantageous to split the output file into two portions so that the word 0 and the word 32 can be written simultaneously in two output files . the input file must be split similarly since at the next stage the roles of the two files are reversed . in fig3 b , the input and output files have been divided as mentioned above . now , input files 71 , 73 have interleaved input data while output files 75 , 77 have interleaved output data . in the example mentioned above , the input words &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; 32 &# 34 ; may be accessed from the input file 73 and the &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; stored in output file 77 , while the word &# 34 ; 32 &# 34 ; is written in output file 75 . in this way , both output words may be written at the same time because they are written in separate memory units . fig4 shows an even further subdivision of the memory files which is possible if four butterflies are performed in parallel . all files with a common number in their designation can be placed on one circuit board together with a butterfly unit . four such circuit boards are then required by the subdivision of fig4 . each of the input files a1a , a1b , a1c and a1d can be regarded to be a separate memory unit which is connected to a butterfly , with one pair of memory units being connected to a butterfly at a time through a switch , such as shown in fig1 . for example , the input files a1c and a1d may be connected to a butterfly for input of the words &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 32 &# 34 ; at one time . one cycle later the input files a1a , a1b are connected to the butterfly for input of the words &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 36 &# 34 ;. in the first instance , the words &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 32 &# 34 ; are processed by the butterfly and transmitted to output files b1c and b2c , as shown . the input words &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 36 &# 34 ; are then processed and placed in the next storage location of the same output files , b1c and b2c . while the first butterfly processes words &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 32 &# 34 ; the second processes &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 33 &# 34 ;, the third processes &# 34 ; 2 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 34 &# 34 ; and the fourth processes &# 34 ; 3 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 35 &# 34 ;. the resulting data words are sent in parallel to the output files shown in fig4 . the sequence for operation of the files illustrated in fig4 is shown in fig5 . on odd - numbered passes , data is taken from files with &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; in their designations , passed through butterflies and transmitted to files with &# 34 ; b &# 34 ; in their designations . on even - numbered passes the roles of these files are reversed . this procedure is repeated until the fft processing is complete . fig6 a and 6b show the interconnection of 32 processor cards . this is the direct extension of fig4 . each processor card contains an input file and an output file , each of which is divided into four subfiles in the manner of fig4 . fig6 a and 6b are divided so that the interconnection between boards may be clearly seen . however , to understand the interconnections fig6 a and 6b should be mentally superposed , one atop the other . a geometric regularity may be seen with respect to the interconnections . processor cards with numbers i in the region 1 to 16 transmit data to cards 2i - 1 , and 2i and those with numbers between 17 and 32 transmit data to cards 2i - 1 - 32 and 2i - 32 . this fixed interconnection of cards implements singleton &# 39 ; s algorithm for carrying out all stages of the fft . the processor design is highly modular , allowing quick replacement of processor cards which become defective . fig7 shows a block diagram of a processor card . the memory 83 is divided into eight sections in accordance with the previous discussion of fig4 . the files are denoted 1el , 1ol , etc . the first number specifies whether the file is an input or output file . when &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; is an input file , &# 34 ; 2 &# 34 ; is an output file , and vice versa . the designation e and o refers to even and odd . this implements the splitting of input files into two files containing even and odd numbered or indexed words , in accordance with fig3 b . finally , the designation u and l refers to upper and lower . this segments data so that two words may be sent simultaneously to the butterfly unit 85 . the designation comes from the fact that one word of the pair has index less than n / 2 ( beginning with index 0 ) and the other index greater than or equal to n / 2 , where n is the number of points of the fft . in normal operation , let 1 be the input file and 2 the output file . then 1 transmits words to the butterfly unit of fig7 by alternately supplying pairs of words first from memory segments 1el and 1eu and then on the next clock cycle from 1ol and 1ou . words within a given memory segment are accessed in a normal sequential manner . simultaneously , memory segments 2 are receiving data from other processor boards following performance of butterfly operations on these boards . data is stored in these segments by placing pairs of data words in segments 2el and 2ol for n / 2 clock cycles until these memories are completely filled . within each segment memory words are accessed in normal order . next , memory segments 2eu and 2ou receive pairs of data words until these memories are filled . a transform stage , or iteration , is them complete and the roles of memories 1 and 2 are reversed . addressing of memory and read / write commands may be derived directly from an address counter 91 via some logic , termed a &# 34 ; switch matrix &# 34 ; 93 in fig7 . as seen in this figure , the processor boards contain sine / cosine generators 87 in the form of semiconductor read - only memory look - up tables . these tables are also addressed by signals derived from the same address counter 91 . as the transform proceeds from one stage to the next the number of different words addressed in this memory doubles . the masking circuit 89 of fig7 following the address counter 91 uncovers one additional bit per iteration from the address counter , thus implementing the required number of words to be accessed . the butterfly unit 85 multiplies one of its complex inputs by the complex exponential supplied by the sine / cosine generator 87 , and then forms two complex words by adding and subtracting the result from the second complex word fed to the butterfly . overflow predict circuit 97 determines the magnitude of output words and scales data by one bit following the butterflies of the next iteration if any word has magnitude exceeding one - half full scale . the remaining circuitry in fig7 comprises two sets of registers 81 and 99 , one receiving data from the i / o board and one transmitting data to that board , and an i / o counter 95 . these registers are to be used to initially load data into the memories prior to performance of a transform and to transfer data out of the processor boards to the i / o board following the completion of a transform . such flow of data can occur in place of normal flow of data between processor boards ( during performane of transforms ), or it can occur during performance of a transform of previously entered data . in the latter case transfer of data between the i / o board and memories occurs on a cycle stealing basis , that is , normal flow of data between processor boards is interrupted for one cycle in order to permit the transfer of one word to memory from the i / o board and one word to the i / o board from memory . in such cases the memories must be further partitioned into two halves -- one half being used in the performance of a transform and the other half used as a buffer for transfer of data between the i / o board and memory . such buffering permits a doubling of the speed of operation of the processor at the expense of halving the transform size . in addition , such buffering permits continuous computation of transforms of adjacent blocks of data with no gaps of time between such computations . addressing for transfer of data between the memories and the i / o board is facilitated by a separate i / o counter resident on the processor boards and read write commands sent to thse boards from the control board . as indicated previously , variations exist on the basic structure described above . the interconnections of processor boards in such variations has been described previously . alterations in the processor boards are straightforward . if data is initially provided in bit - reversed index order , then the main change to the structure of fig7 is that the interconnection of signal lines at the memory inputs is similar to that of the memory outputs of fig7 . a similar role reversal occurs for interconnection of memory output lines . performance of decimation - in - time versus decimation - in - frequency algorithms is determined by the structure of the butterfly unit and the sequence of accessing sinusoids from the sine / cosine generators . finally , the extension to higher radix systems requires the use of butterfly units with a number of inputs and outputs equal to the radix , and processor memories are segmented into a number of sections equal to twice the square of the radix .

6Physics

the present invention utilizes an optimal , minimum cost two - dimensional detector geometry , characterized by an exposure window which is limited vertically by the two nearest turns of the helical source trajectory . both the motivation for and the exploitation of this detector window differs greatly from the ones given in [ tam95 ] and [ eber95 ]. to explain the specific virtue of this exposure window , we refer again to fig1 which shows a perspective view of a source s , a detector 11 wrapped around the helix cylinder 12 and inside this an object cylinder 13 . in the sequel , unless stated otherwise , we assume that the object cylinder is rotating counter - clock - wise as shown around the z - axis and translated upwards in a right - handed helix , while the source s and the detector 11 are fixed in the space ( x , y , z ). fig6 shows the arrangement as seen from above , while fig7 shows the detector window unwrapped and rolled out on a plane . note that fig1 and 7 are consistent only if the rays in fig7 are understood to be coming from the source towards the viewer . fig2 shows the detector placed on the source cylinder 41 centered in s and having a radius which is twice as large as the helix cylinder 12 . fig1 is a pictorial representation of a two - dimensional detector and point - shaped ray source moving synchronously around an object in a helical trajectory ; fig2 is a depiction of a detector wrapped onto the surface of the source cylinder , centered in s ; fig3 is a depiction of a vertical section of the parallel scanning system described herein ; fig5 is a depiction of a parallel projection unwrapped and rolled out onto a 2 - d sheet ; fig6 is a depiction of the arrangement of fig1 as seen from above ; fig7 is a detector surface unwrapped and rolled out on a plane of the detector of fig1 ; fig8 is a straight side view of the depiction of fig1 ; fig9 is a straight top view of the depiction of fig1 ; fig1 a , 10 b are depictions of a rebinning parallel projection ; fig1 a , 12 b and 12 c depict 3 orthogonal views a , b and c of the parallel projection system of the invention ; fig1 is a view from above the fig1 representation where the object is fixed and the source and detector are rotating ; fig1 depicts a detector window of the helix cylinder rolled out on a plane of a sheet ; and fig1 is a depiction of the detector in fig1 reduced in height to a single row of detector elements . as mentioned , the 2d - detector 11 in fig1 is wrapped onto the helix cylinder 12 . unwrapped and rolled out on the plane of the sheet , the same detector surface 11 in fig7 is seen to be bounded by four straight lines , two vertical ones 31 and 32 , and two slanted ones 33 and 34 . within this area the object 17 is projected , i . e ., rays from the cone - beam source reaches active detector elements . horizontally , this area has to be extended to cover the object cylinder 13 , which translates to a certain width , or fan angle γ max , as seen from the source . as an example we have assumed that this object cylinder has a radius r = r 2 where r is the radius of the helix cylinder 12 . this means that horizontally on 12 the detector covers a rotation angle of 180 degrees out of 360 , and that seen from the source the detector 11 covers a fan angle from − 45 to + 45 degrees . in principle the detector may be extended to a full turn which then has a fan - angle from − 90 to + 90 degrees and would allow for an object cylinder that extends all the way to the helix . the slanted lines 33 and 34 are intersecting the cylinder surface 12 at the slope tan   ɛ = v ω   r = h 2  π   r ( 1 ) where v is the vertical translation velocity , w is the angular velocity for the rotation , and h is the pitch of the helix . at the core of the invention is the following property of the detector - exposure window . every point in a cylindrical long object , with a radius that fits inside the boundaries of the detector window , will be exposed ( projected ) during a rotation angle which is exactly 180 degrees , seen from the actual point in the object . a conjecture of this new sufficiency condition is that as soon as one point or a set of points ( i . e . a part of the long object ) has been fully exposed in the above sense , the reconstruction of this part can take place . this is in contradiction to the situation in [ tam95 ] and [ eber95 ]] where the whole roi has to be exposed to make the radon space complete before the actual reconstruction is commenced . an example of this 180 degree exposure is the line 18 in fig1 . it contains the three object points q 1 − q − q 2 and it is shown in two positions where the exposure starts and ends , respectively . note that the end points of this line is sliding and touching the outer cylinder so that during the rotation , both ends will coincide with the source s . any such line will be called a − line this line is also shown in fig6 in the same two positions . assume as before that the object is moving upwards and rotating counter - clockwise when seen from above . in the detector window of fig7 the line q 1 − q − q 2 crosses the lower boundary 34 as a single point at q in . after a rotation with the angle π + 2γ around the axis 14 this line will be seen as a single point again from the source leaving the detector at q out on the upper boundary 33 clearly , between entrance and exit the source has rotated exactly 180 degrees as seen from any point on this line . since we have chosen this line quite arbitrarily , the same thing is true for all points in the object which belong to fully exposed − lines . in fig6 and fig7 but not in fig1 we have inserted another − line p 1 − p − p 2 . in the fixed source - detector system of fig2 this line p enters and exits in positions which are exactly the reverse of the corresponding positions for the line q . the line p is therefore closer to the source than line q during its exposure , which takes place during a rotation angle of π − 2γ around the axis 121 . the points on line p travels over the detector surface along different and shorter curves as shown in fig7 but seen from any of these points , the source rotates around them exactly 180 degrees . every object point belongs to one and only one line . therefore , the detector system in fig . 1 gives us a complete and perfectly balanced data capture for every point and hence also for the whole object . furthermore , from the conjecture above follows that it should be possible to reconstruct the object at the same pace as an incremental part ( each new set of − lines ) of the long object is fully exposed . the physical implementation and placement of the detector can of course be made in various ways as indicated in fig2 . for instance , it may be placed on the helix cylinder 12 itself , on the source cylinder 41 or on a plane 42 . in any case , the detected and utilized data must be restricted to the window defined by fig7 . in our invention , using the same detector data , the elaborate reconstruction in [ tam95 ] and [ eber95 ] will be replaced by a much simpler procedure . to describe this procedure , we do not have to limit the ongoing scanning and reconstruction to a predetermined roi , nor do we have to specify a 3d origin for the process . instead , scanning and reconstruction is like a constantly ongoing flow , in principle without beginning or end , where each new projection is absorbed and incorporated seamless to the previous result . for this purpose , the following is the general reconstruction procedure for every new projection . 3 . one - dimensional filtering with a ramp - filter across the detector ( where the filter design is dependent on rebinning and detector type ) 4 . back - projection along incoming ray direction with magnification factors , depending on type of rebinning as well as on detector type : plane , cylindrical , etc . a special case of this procedure is rebinning to parallel projections which we will describe in more detail . fig8 shows a straight side - view of fig1 with six rays 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , and 56 coming from the source s positioned at the x - axis . fig6 shows a view from above where the object is fixed and the source and detector is rotating . with the source in the position s α we observe three fan - beams 61 , 62 , and 63 ( seen as rays in this view ), which comprises the six rays in fig8 and which produce the three projection sets t ( α , γ 1 ), t ( α , 0 ), t ( α ,− γ 1 ). the two outer rays are parallel to two other rays , 64 and 65 , coming from two other source positions which produce the projections t ( α + γ 1 , 0 ) and t ( α − γ 1 , 0 ) respectively clearly , we may resample our projection data so that data from such parallel fan - beams ( seen as rays ) are brought together . this can be done with either of the following two equivalent assignments . as shown in fig9 we are then free to see the data set p as generated by a parallel beam in the − direction . without loss of generality , this direction is horizontal in fig9 . perpendicular to these rays we place a virtual detector 72 on a vertical plane . the detector window 71 for the parallel projection in fig7 is unwrapped and rolled out into the sheet of fig5 . note that the complete detector positions for the parallel projection are put together from vertical lines 83 , 84 , and 85 each one stemming from different cone - beam detector positions . the resulting parallel beam detector area has the same slant as the cone - beam detector but is shortened with a factor of two in the − direction . the uppermost and lowermost part of the detector 81 and 82 in fig5 outlines another detector window included here for comparison only . to the best of our understanding , this window corresponds to the minimum size detector in [ scha96 ] and [ scha97 ] when mapped onto the helix cylinder 12 . for the given pitch = h and the given maximum fan angle γ max the height of this detector window is 2  v  ( π + γ max ) ω   r   cos   γ max = h cos   γ max  π + γ max π = h  ( 1 + γ max π cos   γ max ) ( 3 ) this formula indicates that the detector redundancy in [ scha96 ] and [ scha97 ] grows rather quickly for increasing fan - angles . the rays in the parallel projection emanate from a set of sources with vertical fan - beams , located on a specific section of the helix . rolled out in the plane of the sheet this part 73 of the source helix is superimposed on the detector 71 in fig5 . it takes the form of a line with the same slant as the detector but with opposite sign . because of this fact , in the present invention , the virtual detector 72 in the vertical mid - plane is bounded by a perfect rectangle with a width that equals the object cylinder diameter and a height which is exactly half the pitch = h / 2 . this is illustrated in fig1 , where an upward tilt of the source path 73 is exactly compensated for by a downward tilt of the detector . furthermore , since the distance from the virtual detector 72 to the source is everywhere identical to the distance to the real detector , the real detector height h is always demagnified to exactly h / 2 at the virtual detector . fig5 illustrates the second part of the rebinning - resampling procedure , namely from equidistant grid points in r to equidistant grid points iny = r sinγ and y are used as coordinates also for the rebinned parallel projection system .) the aforementioned property of the virtual detector area being a perfect rectangle is further illustrated in fig1 , which shows three orthogonal views a , b , and c of the parallel projection system . seven source positions are indicated . in a , b we can see the projection from one of the source positions s as a line d - e . clearly , in view b we see that all the three points s , d , and e are on the helix . furthermore , the plane of the virtual detector intersects the helix in two points which are exactly halfway between s and d at the upper ray 111 and halfway between s and e at the lower ray 112 . therefore the height of the vertical detector is h / 2 with its midpoint on the x - axis for any s . this proofs that the virtual detector is a rectangle with horizontal boundaries . thus , using the insight that there is a special detector window which delivers sufficient and non - redundant data , we capture cone - beam projection data on this detector and rebin them into parallel projection data to create an advantageous situation for the actual reconstruction . the complete procedure consists of the following three steps . 1 . rebinning to parallel projections as described by the fig6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 . 2 . filtering with a conventional ramp - filter along horizontal rows in the virtual detector plane . 3 . back - projection in the direction of the original rays using a constant magnification factor . in the present invention , after parallel rebinning , the one - dimensional filtering takes place along horizontal rows in the virtual detector 72 of fig5 . in contrast , in [ scha96 ] and [ scha97 ] the filtering takes place along horizontal rows of a real detector placed on the source cylinder , shown as the arc 41 in fig4 . fig4 shows this detector mapped onto the virtual detector plane 121 . the horizontal rows in the real detector are mapped onto curves in 121 which are neither horizontal nor straight . clearly , after filtering along such curves in the virtual detector plane rather than along straight horizontal rows as in the present invention the reconstruction result will be rather different . even so , step 3 in the above procedure may very well be replaced by the version . reconstruction of one horizontal slice from generalized projections . the simplification is due to the perfectly balanced data capture in the present invention . we know a priori that there is one and only one source position that contributes to each detector position in the generalized projections as shown in fig1 . hence , there is no need to keep track of multiple exposure contributions , since there are neither missing nor redundant data in any projection . the situation is different in [ scha97 ] which is illustrated in fig3 showing a vertical section of the parallel scanning system . the real detector 125 is much higher than in fig9 so that the virtual detectors 121 , 122 , and 123 for neighboring half turns overlap vertically . therefore , in a vertical plane ( such as the plane of the sheet ) a horizontal slice of the object is partially illuminated not from one but from three source positions on the trajectory . this irregularly distributed redundancy in exposure is also reflected in fig4 which shows the virtual detector window in [ scha97 ] for the minimum sized detector . the upper and lower boundaries 131 and 132 , respectively , are the same as 81 , 82 in fig8 although mapped onto the virtual planar detector . in the most likely physical embodiment of the 2d - detector arrangement proposed in this invention , the detector elements are placed onto the source cylinder 41 . see fig2 . for moderate cone angles the detector elements are then facing the incoming rays rather straight on . for detectors made to cover high cone angles it might be more appropriate to mount the detector elements on the inside of a sphere centered in s . this would guarantee or at least make it more easy to secure that all detectors are facing the incoming rays correctly . fig1 shows again the detector window 11 on the helix cylinder rolled out on the plane of the sheet . however , this time it is overlaid with the same the detector window mapped onto the source cylinder arc 41 . when rolled out on the sheet , this latter detector appears in fig1 outlined as 141 . considering the geometry of fig4 it might be more optimal to place the detector on the source cylinder arc 43 having the smallest possible radius close up to the object cylinder 13 . however , since the geometry of such a detector would conform exactly with 141 , we may discuss the geometry of 141 without loss of generality . the detector 141 coincides with 11 in the middle but varies with γ so that the top - most and bottom - most point of the detector are found at z top = v ω   r  π + 2  γ cos   γ  and   z bottom = v ω   r  π - 2  γ cos   γ , ( 4 ) respectively . the height h is then varying as h  ( γ ) = z top + z bottom = v ω   r  2  π cos   γ = h cos   γ ( 5 ) where h is the pitch as before . thus , data which are captured on the source cylinder have to be resampled from the unevenly sloping detector area in fig1 to the grid of the detector ( also shown in fig1 ), defined by vertical lines and evenly sloping lines with rhombus shaped detector elements . when projection data are resampled once more into parallel projections on the planar virtual detector in fig5 the final grid pattern will be perfectly rectangular . an important special case for the present invention is when the detector 141 ( and the pitch ) of fig1 is reduced in height to a single row 150 of detector elements 151 , which is shown in fig1 . we note that also in this special case will the height of the detector element increase with increasing fan angle as predicted by the above formula ( 5 ). normally , the detector array in fig1 would no longer be considered as a two - dimensional detector but a one - dimensional array detector . one - dimensional array detectors are used in existing helical fan - beam tomographs for which the state - of - the - art is represented by [ king93 ]. the detector is normally placed on the surface of a source cylinder 41 although not designed as the one in fig1 . instead , the detector elements are of constant height and they are not placed in a slanted fashion but horizontally straight on the source cylinder surface . as a consequence , to secure sufficient data , either the height of the detector elements have to be increased , as in formula ( 3 ) which decreases the resolution in the z - direction , or the pitch of the helix has to be decreased with the same factor , which reduces the scanning efficiency and increases the dose compared to the present invention . the scanning will also acquire much redundant data so that the accompanying reconstruction procedure has to employ elaborate weighting factors to compensate for multiple exposure . using the present invention with a detector designed and arranged accordingly , for instance as in fig1 , the data capture will be complete and free of redundancy and the reconstruction procedure can be simplified to contain the three steps rebinning , one - dimensional ramp filtering , and backprojection with constant magnification factor . all references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes . [ dan97a ] p . e . danielsson , “ förfarande och anordning för tomografering ”, swedish patent application no 9700072 - 3 , filed jan . 14 , 1997 . [ dan97b ] p . e . danielsson , paul edholm , jan eriksson , maria magnusson seger , “ towards exact 3 d - reconstruction for helical scanning of long objects ” , conf . record from 1997 int . meeting on fully three - dimensional image reconstruction , nemacollin , p a , jun . 25 - 28 , 1997 . [ feld84 ] l . a . feldkamp , l . c . davis , j . w . kress , “ practical cone beam algorithms ” , journal of optical soc . am . vol . a6 , pp . 612 - 619 , 1984 . [ wang93 ] g . wang , t . h . lin , p . c . cheng , d . m . shinozaki , “ a general cone - beam reconstruction algorithm ” , ieee trans . on medical imaging , vol . 12 pp . 486 - 496 , 1993 . [ scha96 ] s . schaller , t . flohr , p . steffen , “ a new approximate algorithm for image reconstruction in cone - beam spiral ct at small cone angles ” , conference record , ieee medical imaging conference , pp . 1703 - 1709 , november 1996 , anaheim , calif . [ scha97 ] s . schaller , t . flohr , p . steffen , “ new efficient fourier - reconstruction method for approximate image reconstruction in spiral cone - beam ct at small cone angles ” , to be published in proc . spie med . imaging conf ., newport beach , calif ., feb . 22 - 28 , 1997 . [ tam95 ] k . c . tam , “ three - dim . computerized tomography scanning method and system for large objects with smaller area detectors ” , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 390 , 112 , feb . 14 , 1995 . [ eber95 ] j . w . eberhard ; k . c . tam , “ helical and circle scan region of interest computerized tomography ” , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 463 , 666 , oct . 31 , 1995 . [ gra87 ] p . grangeat , “ mathematical framework of cone - beam 3 d reconstruction via the first derivative of the radon transform ” , in “ mathematical methods in tomography ” , g . t . herman , a . k . luis , f . natterer ( eds ), lecture notes in mathematics , springer , 1991 . [ king93 ] k . f . king , a . h . lonn , c . r . crawford , “ computed tomographic image reconstruction method for helical scanning using interpolation of partial scans for image construction ” , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 270 , 923 , dec . 14 , 1993 .

0Human Necessities

in fig1 there is shown a front view illustration of a multipoint recorder embodying an example of the present invention and having an ink cartridge , or wheel , 2 arranged on an ink cartridge carriage 4 for movement across a recording medium ( not shown ) along a recording line . a recording head 6 is located on a recording head carriage 8 which is also arranged to be driven across the recording medium along the recording line . the recording head 6 with the recording head carriage 8 and the ink cartridge 2 with the ink cartridge carriage 4 are located on opposite sides of the recording medium , e . g ., the ink cartridge carriage 4 may be located on the side of the recording medium facing an operator while the recording head carriage 8 can be located on the hidden , or rear side , of the recording medium . the ink cartridge carriage 4 is slidably supported on a guide rail 10 to enable the ink cartridge carriage 4 to be moved across the recording medium . similarly , the recording head carriage 8 is slidably supported on a guide rail 12 whereby the recording head carriage 8 may be moved across the recording medium . the recording head 6 is connected by a multiconductor cable 14 to any suitable means ( not shown ) for selectively energizing the recording pins in the recording head 6 to produce a desired recording on the recording medium . such recording heads are well - known in the art , e . g ., the alpha - numeric recording head manufactured by hydra corp . of mountain view , ca ., and a further discussion thereof is believed to be unnecessary . the guide rails 10 and 12 are monted between a pair of parallel end plates 16 and 18 which define the width of the recorder and provide support for the various elements of the recorder , as hereinafter described . the recording carriage 8 is connected to a first drive cable 20 which is selectively driven to move the recording head carriage 8 along the guide rail 12 . the drive cable 20 is supported in a closed loop configuration by guide rollers 22 , 24 and 26 mounted on the end plates 16 and 18 . additionally , the ends of the drive cable 20 are attached to a drive drum 28 mounted on an output shaft of a motor 30 mounted on a shelf 31 located between the end plates 16 , 18 . the ends of the drive cable 20 are attached to the drive drum 28 after a sufficient number of turns of the drive cable 20 on the drum 28 to provide for a cable reserve adequate to drive the recording head carriage 8 from one side of the recording medium to the other . the ink cartridge carriage 4 is driven by a second cable system using a second drive cable 32 and a third drive cable 34 . a pair of pulleys 36 and 38 are coaxially mounted on the ink cartridge carriage 4 by means of a support shaft 40 and respective one - way clutches ( not shown ) located within each of the pulleys 36 , 38 to connect the pulleys 36 , 38 to one end of the shaft 40 . the shaft 40 is arranged to pass through the ink cartridge 4 to drive a first one of a pair of meshed bevel gears 42 , 44 . the bevel gears 42 , 44 change the drive direction from the axis of the shaft 40 connected to a first bevel gear 42 to the axis of a shaft 46 connected to a second bevel gear 44 and located at a 90 ° angle with respect to the axis of the shaft 40 . the ink cartridge 2 is attached to the shaft 46 and is arranged to rotate therewith . the ink cartridge 2 includes a plurality of ink supply layers containing respective ink colors separated by ink impervious separators as more fully described hereinafter with respect to fig5 . the cartridge 2 is arranged to contact the recording medium on the opposite side thereof from the recording head 6 whereby the selective energization of the recording head 6 is arranged to drive the recording medium into contact with a corresponding one of the ink containing layers previously aligned with the recording head 6 to produce a record mark on the recording medium . a first drive cable 32 is disposed around the pulley 38 and has one end attached to a second drive drum 50 coaxially located on the output shaft of the motor 30 adjacent to the first drive drum 28 . however , the diameter of the second drive drum 50 is arranged to be twice that of the first drive drum 28 as discussed hereinafter . the length of the drive cable 32 between the drive drum 50 and the pulley 38 is supported by a pair of guide rollers 52 and 54 mounted on the end plate 16 . the other end of the drive cable 32 is attached to a third drive drum 55 which is mounted on a shaft 56 . the length of the cable 32 between the pulley 38 and the drive drum 55 is supported by a pair of guide rollers 57 , 59 . the shaft 56 is driven by a coaxial gear 58 which , in turn , is driven by a worm gear 60 . the worm gear 60 is mounted on an output shaft of a second drive motor 62 . the second drive cable 34 is similarly connected at one end to the second drive drum 50 and is supported between the second drive drum 50 and the pulley 36 by a guide roller 64 mounted on the end plate 18 . the other end of the second drive cable 34 is connected to a fourth drive drum 66 coaxially arranged with the third drive drum 54 on the shaft 56 . a pair of guide rollers 68 and 70 mounted on the end plate 18 are arranged to support the cable 34 between the pulley 36 and the fourth drive drum 66 . such clutches are well - known in the art such as the roller clutch manufactured by the torrington co ., torrington , conn . a code wheel 72 for providing a representation of the position of the shaft 56 is also coaxially mounted above the drive drums 54 and 66 on the shaft 56 . a code wheel sensor 74 is arranged adjacent to the code wheel 72 to sense its operation . the code wheel 72 and sensor 74 may each be any suitable prior art device , such devices being well - known in the art . a plurality of recording medium support rollers , e . g ., rollers 76 and 78 , are also supported between the end plates 16 and 18 to define a recording medium path as shown in fig5 . a recording medium drive includes a drive motor 80 mounted on the end plate 16 and arranged to drive support roller 76 and paper supply and take - up reels 82 and 84 , as shown in fig3 by suitable flexible belts 86 , 88 and 90 which are driven from a drive pulley 92 . a roll of the recording medium 94 is shown in diagrammatic form in fig3 on reel 82 . the detailed showing of the path taken by the recording medium 94 is shown in diagrammatic form in fig4 and is provided for the purpose of illustrating the specific tape path between the tape reels 82 and 84 and the passage between the recording head 6 and the ink cartridge 2 . the motors 30 , 62 , and 80 and the code wheel sensor 74 are all connected to a drive control means 96 mounted on the shelf 31 as shown in illustrative form in fig1 and 2 . the drive control means 96 may be any suitable prior art electrical control for selectively energizing the recording medium drive motor 80 to drive the recording medium 94 , for selectively energizing the drive motor 34 to drive the combination of the recording head 6 and ink cartridge 2 across the recording medium in response to an input signal to position the recording head 6 at a point along the recording line on the recording medium at which a recording is desired , and for selectively energizing the recording head 6 when the recording point along the recording line is reached . additionally , the drive control means is used to selectively energize the drive motor 62 to effect a reorientation of the recording head 6 and a desired one of the ink carrying layers on the ink cartridge 2 to produce a color change of the recording . the details of the drive control 96 , are conventional , and a detailed discussion thereof is believed to be unnecessary in order to provide an understanding of the present invention . thus , the drive control 96 may include well - known circuits for comparing the position of the recording head 6 as determined by the position of the drive motor 30 with an input signal to be recorded applied on a input cable 97 whereby the amplitude if the input signal is recorded on the recording medium 94 at a point represented by an amplitude scale on the recording medium 94 . such a null - balance drive of a recording element along a recording medium is well - known in the art , e . g ., the recorder shown in u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 576 , 582 and 2 , 427 , 480 . further , the energization of the paper drive motor 80 to drive the recording medium either continuously or incrementally is also well - known in the art as shown in the aforesaid patents . finally , the selective drive of the color change motor and the sensing of the position of the code wheel by means of the sensor 74 during a color change operation involving a selectively reorienting of the ink cartridge 2 and recording head 6 by the illustrated example of the present invention is also performed by any suitable well - known electrical circuits in response to an input control signal indicative of the need for a color change . for example , a digitally coded control signal could be selectively applied to the input cable 97 to order a color change . the digital code sensed by the sensor 74 from the code wheel 72 is compared by the drive control 96 to the control signal by any suitable code comparator . a motor drive signal is produced in response to this comparison operation and is applied to the drive motor 62 until a code comparison indicates that the desired color position has been attained . at this time , the color change motor drive signal would be terminated until the next color change operation . the one - way drive relationship of the worm gear 60 and the gear 58 would mechanically maintain the desired recording color position . in fig5 there is shown a detailed representation of ink cartridge 2 which is mounted on the ink cartridge carriage 4 for linear movement therewith along guide rail 10 and for rotation on shaft 46 in response to the differential operation of the pulleys 36 , and 38 . the ink cartridge 2 includes a plurality of concentric ink filled layers 98 , 100 , 102 , 104 , 106 and 108 . these ink filled layers may each contain a respective color of recording ink . the ink layers 100 , etc . are separated from each other by ink impervious spacers , or washers , for example , the ink layer 98 is separated from ink layer 100 by spacer 110 . thus , the spacers are effective to prevent migration of ink from one layer to another . the spacers may be made of aluminum , while the ink layers may be any suitable ink - retaining material in a washer - shaped configuration , e . g ., the microporous material identified as day - flo # 175 manufactured by the dayco corp . of dayton , ohio . the spacers and ink layers are attached together by any suitable means , e . g ., rivets , and attached to the shaft 46 to be rotated therewith . thus , the rotation of the ink cartridge 2 by the shaft 46 is effective to spread the wear and ink utilization of the printing operation around the entire periphery of each of the ink layers . the shaft 46 is rotated by the bevel gears 42 , 44 which , in turn , are driven by the shaft 40 and pulleys 36 , 38 . since the pulleys 36 , 38 have one - way clutches therein arranged for opposite clutching operation , only one of the pulleys 36 , 38 is effective to drive the shaft 40 at any time since the pulleys 36 and 38 are always rotated in opposite directions by the drive cables 32 , 34 . however , the shaft 40 and ink cartridge 2 are always driven in the same direction since the one - way clutches convert the opposite motion of the pulleys 36 , 38 to a single direction of rotation of the shaft 40 . in operation , the recorder apparatus of the present invention is effective to concurrently drive the recording head 6 and the color cartridge 2 across a recording medium along a recording line to produce a recording thereon . additionally , the recording medium is driven between a supply reel and a take up reel by a recording medium drive system . further , the orientation of the recording head 6 with the ink layers in the color cartridge 2 is selectively alterable to change the color of the recorded mark on the recording medium . specifically , the recording medium drive motor 8 is energized by the drive control means 96 to drive the recording medium past the recording head 6 and the ink cartridge 2 as shown in fig4 . assuming that a single color is to be used for the recording , the recording head 6 is oriented with the desired ink layer in the ink cartridge 2 by a selective energization of the color change motor 62 . this energization of the motor 62 is continued until the detection of the code wheel 70 produces an indication to the drive control means 96 that the desired color orientation has been achieved . in other words , the motor 62 is energized in the desired direction to drive the worm gear 60 , which , in turn , drives the gear 58 and the pulleys 55 and 66 . since the one end of each of the drive cables 32 and 34 is attached to a respective one of the pulleys 55 and 66 , i . e ., one end of the drive cable 32 is attached to pulley 55 and one end of the drive cable 34 is attached to pulley 66 , this rotation of the pulleys 55 and 66 is effective to roll - up one of the drive cables on the corresponding one of the pulleys and pay - out the other of the drive cables from the corresponding one of the pulleys 55 , 66 . since the drive cables 32 and 34 pass around the pulleys 36 and 38 , this lengthening and shortening of the drive cables 32 , 34 is effective to move the ink cartridge carriage 4 on the guide rail 10 in the direction of the shortening cable . further , this movement is achieved without moving the recording head carriage 6 whereby a reorientation of the recording head with an ink layer on the ink cartridge 2 is achieved . when the desired ink layer on the ink cartridge 2 has been selected as sensed by a detection of the position of the code wheel 70 , the energization of the motor 62 is terminated . a selection of a position for the recording on the recording medium is achieved by an energization of the motor 30 which is effective to concurrently drive the recording head carriage 8 and the ink cartridge carriage 4 across the recording medium while maintaining a selected orientation of the recording head 6 and an ink layer in the ink cartridge 2 . in other words , since the worm gear drive of the pulleys 55 and 66 is effective to maintain the selected position thereof during a non - energized state of the motor 62 , the energization of the motor 30 is effective to roll - up and to pay - out the drive cables 32 and 34 therefrom inasmuch as these cables have their other ends attached to the drum 50 . this lengthening and shortening of the cables 32 and 34 is again effective to move the ink cartridge carriage 4 on the guide rails 10 . however , during this ink cartridge carriage motion induced by the drive motor 30 , the recording head carriage 8 is concurrently moved on guide rail 12 by the paying - out and rolling - up of the drive cable 20 on the drum 28 inasmuch as the ends of the drive cable are attached to the drum 28 . since the lengthening and shortening of these drive cables 32 and 34 has to achieve the same degree of motion as the drive induced by the cable 20 to maintain a selected recording head and print head orientation , the diameter of the drum 50 is arranged to be twice the diameter of the drum 28 to compensate for the two cable action producing the motion of the ink cartridge carriage 4 . it should be noted that during either the color selection operation or the recording operation , the rotation of the pulleys 36 and 38 is effective to rotate the ink cartridge 2 to distribute the recording wear on the ink layers , as previously discussed . such a rotation also allows an ink reflow to provide replenishment of the ink at the surface of each ink layer . it should also be noted that the layers may be of different widths to offset an unequal use of a particular color by spreading the recording wear across the respective layer width and periphery . further , the selection of an ink layer in the color cartridge 2 and the motion of the recording head 6 to a new recording position may be achieved concurrently by a concurrent energization of the drive motors 30 and 62 . additionally , since such a matrix recording head is capable of multi - symbol recording , the recorder may use a bi - directional recording medium drive for producing either real - time or historical displays of graphs , charts , block diagrams , etc . finally , while the illustrative example of the invention shown herein uses a null - balance recording technique , other recording techniques such as a scan , or on - the - fly , recording , wherein the recording head is simply driven across the recording medium and a recording effected at the appropriate place , may also be used without departing from the scope of the present invention . accordingly , it may be seen that there has been provided , in accordance with the present invention , a multipoint recorder having multicolor capabilities with a simplified recording head structure and drive system for the recorder .

6Physics

referring to fig1 cylindrical wall 10 of single wall storage tank 12 is comprised of rolled metal sheet 14 and rolled metal sheet 16 . both rolled metal sheets 14 and 16 are formed by cutting a rectangular piece of metal and rolling the metal until two opposite butted ends 18 come together to form a ring . butted ends 18 are welded together by weld joint 20 . rolled metal sheet 14 has a joggle joint rolled end 22 and an outside end 28 . the formation of a joggle joint rolled end 22 is discussed below . rolled metal sheet 16 has an inside end 24 and an outside end 28 . when rolled metal sheets 14 and 16 are assembled , joggle jointed rolled end 22 is welded to inside end 24 , thus forming joggle joint 26 . attention is drawn to the non - alignment of butt - welded joints 20 of rolled metal sheets 14 and 16 . the purpose of non - alignment of butt - welded joint 20 is to increase the strength of single wall storage tank 12 . rolled metal sheets 14 and 16 are comprised of a special ferrous alloy which provides fire - resistant support to single wall storage tank 12 . the ferrous alloy has a maximum of approximately 0 . 15 % carbon and a maximum of approximately 0 . 8 % manganese . the maximum limits on carbon and manganese is to limit the brittleness of the alloy . a brittle alloy will not as effectively withstand the stresses placed on the tank when exposed to an elevated temperature . in the preferred embodiment , the ferrous alloy also has a maximum of approximately 0 . 04 % phosphorous , and a maximum of approximately 0 . 05 % sulfur . attention is drawn to the fact that this ferrous alloy composition is not a standard composition . the closest structural grade steel available to this composition is astm a 36 , which has a carbon percent maximum of approximately 0 . 25 %. referring now to fig2 and 3 , an assembled single wall storage tank 12 is comprised of cylindrical wall 10 and storage tank end panels 30 . storage tank end panels 30 are cut from the same metal as used for rolled metal sheets 14 and 16 . storage tank end panels are cut and flanged and attached to outside ends 28 forming joint 32 . in the preferred embodiment , joints 32 are joggle joints . the thickness of rolled metal sheets 14 and 16 and storage tank end panels 30 are based on the size of the tank . table i , plate thickness chart for single wall fire - resistant tanks , lists the plate thickness for various size tanks . the thickness of the steel is critical to the invention . when the tank is heated to over 1000 ° f ., the outside of the steel becomes porous forming a protective &# 34 ; skin .&# 34 ; as a result , the steel sheet must be thick enough and be of a consistent quality to allow the &# 34 ; skin &# 34 ; to form and have enough mass to support the skin and to provide maintain the integrity of single wall storage tank 12 . further , the thickness affects the performance of the assembly when exposed to high temperatures by allowing for increased expansion without fatal stresses that result in tank rupture . table i______________________________________single wall fire - resistant tanksplate thickness chartgallons size plate thickness______________________________________ 300 38 &# 34 ; × 5 &# 39 ; 10 ga . 550 48 &# 34 ; × 6 &# 39 ; 10 ga . 1 , 000 48 &# 34 ; × 12 &# 39 ; 10 ga . 1 , 000 64 &# 34 ; × 6 &# 39 ; 10 ga . 2 , 000 64 &# 34 ; × 12 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 3 , 000 64 &# 34 ; × 18 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 4 , 000 64 &# 34 ; × 24 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 5 , 000 8 &# 39 ; × 14 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 6 , 000 8 &# 39 ; × 16 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 8 , 000 8 &# 39 ; × 21 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 10 , 000 8 &# 39 ; × 27 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 10 , 000 9 &# 39 ; × 21 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 12 , 000 9 &# 39 ; × 25 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 15 , 000 9 &# 39 ; × 32 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 20 , 000 10 &# 39 ; × 34 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 30 , 000 10 &# 39 ; × 51 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; ______________________________________ single wall storage tank 12 also comprises welded couplings 34 and tank skids 36 . fig2 and 3 depict couplings 34 on the top of single wall storage tank 12 . however , couplings can be placed where desired , depending on the application for which single wall storage tank 12 is used . tank 12 is supported by skids 36 . in the preferred embodiment , there are two skids 36 which run longitudinally on the bottom of single wall storage tank 12 . skids 36 on single wall storage tank 12 perform multiple functions . skids 36 stabilize the tank 12 during its normal use . skids 36 provide structural support to single wall storage tank 12 as the temperature of the tank increases and the &# 34 ; skin &# 34 ; develops . the structural strength of single wall storage tank 12 diminishes as the temperature of the tank increases beyond 1000 ° f . skids 36 help give structural support to the steel in this temperature range . in the preferred embodiment , skids 36 have a similar coefficient of expansion as tank 12 , thereby expanding at a similar rate as tank 12 when exposed to elevated temperatures , further reducing the chance of tank rupture . now referring to fig4 skid 36 has a generally u - shaped cross section comprising a base 38 , short vertical member 40 , and tall vertical member 42 . generally , skid 36 is designed such that single wall storage tank 12 rests on both short vertical member 40 and tall vertical member 42 , as is shown in fig3 . short vertical member 40 is at an angle 44 from base 38 . in the preferred embodiment , angle 44 is approximately 100 °. similarly , tall vertical member 42 , which is taller than short vertical member 40 , is at an angle 46 from base 38 . in the preferred embodiment , angle 46 is approximately 100 °. extending from the top of tall vertical member 42 is tank resting element 48 . tank resting element 48 is a band of metal which extends the entire length of tall vertical member 42 . tank resting element 48 makes angle 50 with the outside surface of tall vertical member 42 . in the preferred embodiment , angle 50 is approximately 142 °. tank resting element 48 has an upper surface 52 , which , along with edge 54 of short vertical member 40 , comprises the two points upon which single wall tank 12 rests . this configuration of skids 36 allows two parallel skids to be placed equally distant from the center of single wall tank 12 and supports single wall tank 12 . referring to fig5 double wall storage tank 60 is comprised of a secondary containment tank 62 and a product storage tank 64 . double wall storage tank 60 is fabricated in the same manner as single wall storage tank 12 , except that product storage tank 64 is nested inside secondary containment tank 62 . in the preferred embodiment , the diameter of secondary containment tank 62 is a half inch larger than the diameter of product storage tank 64 . additionally , secondary containment tank 62 has a length which is four inches longer than the length of product storage tank 64 . these differences in diameter and length allow for expansion and contraction without rupturing either secondary containment tank 62 or product storage tank 64 . additionally , the chance of tank rupture caused by thermal expansion is reduced by fabricating secondary containment tank 62 and product storage tank 64 from metal sheets having similar coefficients of expansion , so that both tanks expand at similar rates when exposed to elevated temperatures . in order to maintain structural integrity during elevated temperatures , the walls of both secondary containment tank 62 and product storage tank 64 , which are listed on table ii , plate thickness chart of double wall fire resistant tanks . table ii______________________________________double wall fire - resistant tanksplate thickness chart plate thickness secondary product containmentgallons size storage tank tank______________________________________ 300 38 &# 34 ; × 5 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 10 ga . 550 48 &# 34 ; × 6 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 10 ga . 1 , 000 48 &# 34 ; × 12 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 10 ga . 2 , 000 64 &# 34 ; × 6 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 10 ga . 3 , 000 64 &# 34 ; × 18 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 10 ga . 4 , 000 64 &# 34 ; × 24 &# 39 ; 7 ga . 10 ga . 5 , 000 8 &# 39 ; × 14 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . 6 , 000 8 &# 39 ; × 16 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . 8 , 000 8 &# 39 ; × 21 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . 10 , 000 8 &# 39 ; × 27 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . 10 , 000 9 &# 39 ; × 21 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . 12 , 000 9 &# 39 ; × 25 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . 15 , 000 9 &# 39 ; × 32 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . 20 , 000 10 &# 39 ; × 34 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . 30 , 000 10 &# 39 ; × 51 &# 39 ; 1 / 4 &# 34 ; 7 ga . ______________________________________ double wall storage tank 60 has couplings 66 mounted through secondary containment tank 62 to product storage tank 64 . as in single wall storage tank 12 , couplings 66 are found on the top of double wall storage tank 60 , but can be located anywhere depending on the use of the tank . double wall storage tank 60 also rests up and is supported by skid 70 . other embodiments of the invention include a double wall multiple product tank , with double bulk heads ( not shown ) welded inside the primary storage tank or multiple primary storage tanks nested inside a secondary containment tank ( not shown ). an additional embodiment of the invention includes a single wall multiple product tank with double bulk heads ( not shown ) welded inside the tank . now referring to fig6 skid 70 comprises belly bands 72 , vertical support members 74 , 45 ° support members 76 , horizontal members 78 , and angle member 80 . belly bands 72 are constructed of a curved band of steel that conforms to the underside of double wall storage tank 60 , thus stabilizing it . belly bands 72 have belly bands ends 82 which are supported by vertical support members 74 . vertical support members have an upper end 84 and a lower end 86 . upper end 84 is adjacent to the convex surface of belly band 72 near belly band end 82 , respectively . lower ends 86 are directly below upper ends 84 and are on the ends of horizontal member 78 at a 90 ° angle to horizontal member 78 . horizontal member 78 is a flat band of metal that extends between lower ends 86 of each belly band 72 and upon which the center of belly band 72 rests . belly bands 72 are also supported by 45 ° support members 76 . 45 ° support members 76 are flat bands of steel which extend at a 45 ° angle to horizontal member 78 and extend from lower end 86 to the convex surface of belly bands 72 , respectively . to further support belly bands 72 , the corner formed from vertical member 74 meeting horizontal member 78 rests in the inside angle 90 of angle support 80 . an angle support 80 runs along each side of secondary containment tank 62 , providing additional support to structures which support belly bands 72 . angle support 80 is illustrated with a gap to represent that angle 80 extends between belly bands 72 regardless of how far apart they are . further , skids of other embodiments of the invention may have more than two belly bands 72 to sufficiently support longer or heavier tanks . additionally , skid 70 performs the similar functions as skid 36 . the single wall storage tank 12 and double wall storage tank 60 are constructed per ul 142 -- standard for steel aboveground tanks for flammable and combustible liquids . all joints are either butt weld joints 94 or joggle joints 94 . butt weld joints 96 are so named because the weld 96 fuses edges of plates that &# 34 ; butt &# 34 ; up against each other . in the present invention , a weld is made by welding both sides with a hot gas metal arc welder to ensure complete and thorough fusion . when using the hot gas metal arc welder , the gas shield is carbon dioxide . additionally , the wire feed for the hot gas metal arc welder is an aws e71t - 1 class , titania type flux cored wire designed for use with 100 % carbon dioxide gas shielding , the wire in the preferred embodiment having a typical composition of approximately 0 . 05 % carbon and approximately 1 . 28 % manganese . however , the wire can have a maximum of approximately 0 . 15 % carbon and a maximum of approximately 1 . 4 % manganese , of which excess manganese will be burnt off due to excess heat used during welding . further , in the preferred embodiment , the wire has approximately 0 . 05 % carbon , 1 . 28 % manganese , 0 . 50 % silicon , 0 . 013 % phosphorus , and 0 . 009 % sulfur . further , the amperage used during welding is 180 to 220 amps . also of importance is the relative tensile strength , yield strength , coefficient of expansion , and composition of the steel alloy in relation to the weld metal . all the joints in tanks 12 and 60 which are not butt weld joints are joggle joints . unlike a butt weld joint , in joggle joint , an edge overlap portion one overlaps an edge portion of another plate 112 . further , weld 120 , which fuses joggle joint 94 together , is between edge 122 of plate 112 and plate 114 such that surface 124 , which is on the opposite side of plates 112 and 114 from edge overlap portion 116 , is substantially flat . a submerged arc welder is used to weld all joggle joints 94 . additionally , and l 61 wire is used with a 761 flux and the amperage used during welding is 225 to 280 amps . as per ul 142 , the tank is pressure tested by soaping all the welds , observing any leaks while the tank is under pressure , and rewelding when necessary . the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof , and accordingly , reference should be made to the appended claims , rather than to the foregoing specification , as indicating the scope of the invention .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

the detection device in accordance with the invention includes a transmitter unit 11 which has a laser diode 25 serving as a radiation source and an optical transmission system 27 in the form of a lens or a lens arrangement disposed in front of the laser diode 25 . furthermore , a receiver unit 13 is provided which has an areal radiation receiver 29 which is formed , for example , by photodiodes arranged in a line and in front of which an optical reception device 31 , formed for example by a lens , is disposed . a prism 15 , which serves as a radiation deflection device and has a planar reflection surface 19 facing the transmission / reception plane , is rotatable continuously at a constant speed about an axis 23 extending perpendicular to the transmission / reception plane . for this purpose , the prism 15 is connected to a drive unit 33 . for certain vehicle applications , a scanning frequency of 10 hz , i . e . of 10 scans per second covering 360 ° in each case , and an angular resolution of at least 1 ° are required . here , the laser diode 25 must produce radiation pulses with a frequency of 3600 hz for an angular resolution of 1 °. the laser diode 25 of the scanner in accordance with the invention works with a pulse frequency of 14 , 400 hz , whereby an angular resolution of 0 . 25 ° is achieved . the optical transmission system 27 provides a fan - like widening or expansion of the radiation produced by the laser diode 25 such that the front 17 of the radiation propagating in the direction of the reflection surface 19 is of line shape and consequently , in the rotational position of the deflection device 15 in accordance with fig1 a and 1 b , a radiation line 17 ′ is transmitted into the monitored zone which stands perpendicular to the transmission / radiation plane . the orientation of the radiation front 17 ′ reflected into the monitored zone changes on rotation of the prism 15 relative to the transmitter unit 11 and to the receiver unit 13 , and thus relative to the elongated radiation front 17 propagating in the direction of the reflection surface 19 ; i . e . the light line 17 ′ rotates with the prism 15 . fig2 a and 2 b show the other extreme case with the deflection device 15 rotated by 90 ° with respect to the position of fig1 a and 1 b . the radiation front 17 still having the same orientation between the transmitter unit 11 and the reflection surface 19 is transmitted , as a result of the changed orientation of the reflection surface 19 extending in an inclined manner to the transmission / reception plane , as a radiation line 17 ′ into the monitored zone which lies in a plane extending parallel to the transmission / reception plane . the light line 17 ′ transmitted into the monitored zone has a more or less strongly inclined position in the intermediate rotational positions ( not shown ) of the prism 15 . the detection device in accordance with the invention is preferably used in connection with a vehicle for object recognition and object tracking . in this connection , the detection device is preferably attached in or on the vehicle such that the transmission / reception plane extends horizontally , i . e . perpendicular to the vertical axis of the vehicle , in normal driving operation , i . e . with a horizontally oriented vehicle , and the upright light line or streak 17 ′ in accordance with fig1 a and 1 b is transmitted to the front in the direction of travel of the vehicle . the division of the radiation receiver 29 of the receiver unit 13 into a plurality of individual receivers allows a separate evaluation of different regions of the light line or streak reflected onto the receiver 29 and thus the detection of contour profiles of the respectively scanned objects . with this application , the regions disposed to the side of the vehicle are scanned with a horizontally extending radiation front , i . e . with a lying light line , such that — in contrast to the scanning to the front in the direction of travel — no height information is gained . however , since information from regions disposed in front of the vehicle in the direction of travel is of very high relevance in most vehicle applications , this circumstance can be accepted without problem in practice , especially since a light line which is lying and extends parallel to a plane extending perpendicular to the axis of rotation 23 of the deflection device 15 provides the advantage of a multiple scan at least for specific vehicle applications . the light line , which is lying or is disposed in the scanning plane , moreover advantageously allows a reduction in the scanning frequency , since a plurality of measuring points disposed next to one another are measured with it at the same time . the scanning frequency can thus be reduced by a factor corresponding to the number of measuring points . the optoelectronic detection device shown in fig3 is likewise a laser scanner . it comprises a laser module 147 , which includes a laser chip , and has a connection 149 , the laser module serving as a linear radiation source , a projection lens 143 serving as a transmitting lens , a mirror 133 rotatable about an axis 139 by means of a motor 131 and a receiver unit which includes a receiver lens 145 surrounding the projection lens 143 and a receiver member having an areal radiation receiver in the form of a diode array which has a one - row arrangement of a plurality of photodiodes . the mirror sub - assembly is arranged in a glass tube 141 . the angular position of the mirror 133 is determined by means of an encoder disk 137 and an angular measuring device 135 . the radiation 155 transmitted by the transmitter unit , exiting the glass tube 141 after reflection at the mirror 133 and entering into the monitored zone , is again guided — after reflection in the monitored zone as incident radiation 153 — via the mirror 133 onto the receiver lens 145 and from this onto the diode array of the receiver member 151 . fig4 shows the diode array 121 of the receiver member 151 which consists in this example of eight avalanche photodiodes 113 arranged in a row and serving as an areal radiation receiver . the individual diode elements 113 are separated from one another by webs 119 at which the receiver 121 is “ blind ”. the diode array 121 protected by a glass window 111 is arranged in a housing 115 provided with connector pins 117 . a separate amplifier ( not shown ) is connected to each individual diode 113 so that a separate distance measurement can be carried out for each field of view corresponding to one of the individual diodes 113 . the amplifiers are connected to a common evaluation unit ( not shown ). fig5 schematically shows the laser chip 147 of the transmitter unit which has a p - n junction 123 serving as a linear radiation source . a projection lens 143 is disposed in front of the laser chip 147 . the transmitter unit of laser module 147 and transmitter lens 143 generates a radiation line or light streak 127 as a projected image of the linear radiation source 123 . the expanded radiation propagating as a radiation line , i . e . the elongated radiation front transmitted by the transmission unit 143 , 147 , strikes the inclined mirror 133 , which rotates with respect to the stationary transmitter / receiver unit , and is reflected out of the tube 141 into the monitored zone in an orientation dependent on the rotational position of the mirror 133 . fig6 shows the projected scanned image of the detection device in accordance with the invention for a complete revolution of the rotating mirror 133 including a horizontal angle of 360 °. the image 165 of the line - like laser source 123 is rotated once about itself with respect to the horizon 161 in a mirror rotation due to the rotating mirror 133 , whereby a sinusoidal expansion with an envelope 169 is created , with the sinusoidal curve defining the effective height of the light line . with a laser scanner installed on a vehicle , this is aligned such that the antinodes of the sinusoidal expansion are directed to the front in the direction of travel and in the backward direction such that , in these directions , an expansion of the radiation takes place in the vertical direction which is advantageous for at least most vehicle applications ; i . e . the vehicle environment is scanned to the front and rear with a large vertical angle . in fig6 the position of a region 167 of the projected line image 165 corresponding to one of the eight diode elements 113 is shown for different orientations of the line image 165 to illustrate the movement of this part of the overall line - shaped visual field during the scanning operation . the continuously changing orientation of the line - shaped image 165 of the linear radiation source 123 in the monitored zone is taken into account in the evaluation of the received radiation 153 by means of the evaluation unit connected to the receiver member 151 , with said image 165 always being imaged on the diode array 121 which is stationary and thus always having the same orientation in the scanner .

6Physics

as illustrated in fig1 , and 6 , a door lever assembly 10 includes a lever handle 12 rotatably connected to a trim housing 16 . mounting studs 14 extending from the trim housing 16 are used to attach the trim housing 16 to a door 11 . the lever handle 12 and trim housing 16 are of conventional design and operation . in its unlocked position , turning the lever handle 12 of the door lever assembly 10 results retraction or extension of door latches 61 of a door latch assembly 60 . the door latch assembly 60 includes vertical rods 62 that are indirectly connected to the lever handle 12 so that rotation of the lever handle 12 causes vertical movement of the rods 62 , this vertical movement in turn causing retraction of the door latches 61 . a series of interlinked components provide the connection between the conventional lever handle 12 and the vertical rods 62 . the lever handle is permanently attached to a shaft 48 that extends through the trim housing 16 to engage a cam 42 . the cam 42 is attached to the shaft 48 by a shear pin 49 that projects outward from the shaft in one direction to fit into a channel defined in the cam 42 . when the cam 42 is prevented from moving , excessive torque forces greater than a predetermined maximum applied to the shear pin 49 will result in breakage of the shear pin 49 . the extension of the shear pin 49 in a single direction , as compared to extension from both sides of the shaft , results in improved breakage characteristics and more consistent breakage of the shear pin when the predetermined maximum torque force is applied . breakage of the shear pin 49 allows the shaft 48 and connected lever handle 12 to spin freely , preventing any further damage to internal components of the door lever assembly 10 . in ordinary operation under typical turning torque forces , however , the connection of the shear pin 49 to the cam 42 simply permits manual rotation of the cam 42 driven by rotation of the door lever handle 12 . the cam 42 is configured to present a pair of cam wings 43 that extend outward from the cam to engage a slider 30 . depending on the direction of rotation , one of the cam wings 43 slidably engages the slider 30 , linearly pushing it upward and away from cam 42 against the force of compressible lift springs 32 toward a plate 40 integrally formed to project from the trim housing 16 . since the slider 30 supports an attached lift arm 24 , linear movement of the slider also causes the lift arm 24 to upwardly move . the lift arm 24 is in turn attached to vertical rods 62 ( rods 62 are indicated in fig6 ) that control unlatching of latches 61 of the door latch assembly 60 . when the latches 61 are released , the door 11 opened , and the lever handle 12 released , the lift springs 32 , which are attached between the plate 40 and the slider 30 , force the slider 30 downward and away from the plate 40 . as the slider 30 moves downward , it forces the cam 42 to rotate , which in turn forces rotation of the shaft 48 and connected lever handle 12 . the lever handle 12 is therefore forced back into its initial substantially horizontal position upon its release . in its locked position , the door lever assembly 10 provides for interruption of the foregoing linkages between the door lever handle 12 and the door latch assembly 60 . as seen in an unlocked position in fig1 and 3 , and in a locked position in fig4 and 5 , the door lever assembly 10 includes a block arm assembly 70 connected to the trim housing 16 . the block arm assembly 70 has a generally u - shaped block arm 72 pivotally connected at one end to the trim housing 16 by a dowel pin 74 . as best seen in fig3 the dowel pin 74 is itself held to the trim housing 16 by a combination of washers 76 and machine screws 78 . at the end of the block arm 72 opposite the dowel pin 74 , the block arm 72 supports an integrally attached block head 88 . the block head 88 is dimensioned to fit in a gap between the plate 40 and the slider 30 , when the slider 30 is in its initial position . placement of the block head 88 in between the plate 40 and slider 30 locks the door lever assembly 10 by preventing movement of the slider 30 , which in turn prevents movement of the connected lift arm 24 as well as the linked cam 42 , shaft 48 , and door lever handle 12 . as seen in fig1 , and 3 , the block arm 72 is normally rotated so that the block head 88 is not positioned between the slider 30 and plate 40 to lock the door lever assembly 10 . this is accomplished by use of a compression spring 80 , attached between an aperture 81 defined in the trim housing and a tab 82 defined to project from the block arm 72 . however , the biasing force of spring 80 can be overcome by activation of a solenoid assembly 84 to lock the door lever assembly 10 . the solenoid assembly 84 is of conventional construction and includes a movable solenoid plunger 86 connected to the block arm 72 . when a remotely controlled electrical voltage ( typically 24 volts dc ) is applied across the solenoid assembly 84 , a strong magnetic field is created to draw the solenoid plunger 86 inward toward the trim housing 16 . movement of the solenoid plunger 86 overcomes the resistance of the spring 80 , and pulls the block head 88 into its locking position between the plate 40 and slider 30 ( as best seen in fig4 and 5 ). as long as the electrical connection is maintained , the block head will remain in its lock position . however , if the electrical connection is broken , either deliberately or accidentally , the force of the spring 80 is directed to push the block arm and attached block head out of the lock position . while the present invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

referring now in specific detail to the drawings , in which identical reference numerals identify similar or identical elements throughout the several views , in fig2 a and 2b , there is shown a laser diode 20 which provides the divergent laser light to be focused by the present invention . the laser diode 20 is a typical structure of laser diodes available commercially . commercially available laser diodes structured in this manner include the non - contact l58300 / l56100 by sony or toshiba , or the non - contact l58500 by sony or toshiba . the dimensions given in the following description correspond to a particular representative embodiment of a focusing module , constructed according to the present invention , and are in no way to be considered as limiting . the dimensions given would enable the use of the focusing module with the above mentioned laser diodes . referring to fig1 a and 1b , the laser diode 20 is shown with the prior art embodiment of a focusing module 10 , having a threaded interface 11 between members 10a and 10b , which allows for focusing . the lens glass 18 is urged by a spring 19 to rest directly on the sloped seating portion 15 of member 10b , which is also provided with emission opening 17 , circular in shape and of considerably smaller diameter than lens glass 18 . focusing of prior art module 10 is accomplished by rotation of member 10b with respect to member 10a . fig3 - 8 show a particular embodiment of the focusing module of the present invention . as best shown in fig6 - 8 , the focusing module 100 of the present invention has a diode holder 30 , a lens holder 40 , and a lens assembly 60 which seats at the front end of the interior of lens holder 40 . referring to fig3 a , 3b , and 3c , the diode holder 30 of the focusing module 100 is shown . the diode holder 30 is preferably of thin - walled construction as seen in fig3 a and 3b , and has a first annular portion 35 and a second annular portion 31 of smaller radius than that of the first annual portion 35 . in the representative embodiment , first annular portion 35 is on the order of 355 mil in inner diameter , and second annular portion 31 is on the order of 326 mil in inner diameter , both having a tolerance of approximately 1 mil . the diode holder 30 and lens holder 40 are typically made of a light gauge metal , such as brass , and are preferably spin formed using standard spin forming and cutting techniques , but may also be formed by other known techniques such as drawing or stamping . these members 30 and 40 may also be molded of a light - weight rigid plastic material such as phenolic resins or other high impact plastics . fig3 a shows a front or radial view of the diode holder 30 and demonstrates that the tubular shape of the diode holder 30 is primarily hollow . the thickness of the walls of the first annular portion 35 may be on the order of 6 mil , for example , and is therefore relatively thin compared to the diameter of the first annular portion 35 . the cross - section shows the second annular portion 31 having a thickness likewise on the order of 6 mil and is therefore relatively thin compared to the diameter of the second annular portion 31 . the first annular portion 35 and the second annular portion 31 connect through the sloping washer - shaped surface 33 whose radial surface has a width on the order of 6 mil and extends axially on the order of 20 mil . referring to fig3 b , in the representative embodiment the first annular portion 35 extends axially on the order of 125 mil , for example . the entire length of the diode holder 30 which is the net length of the first annular portion 35 and the second annular portion 31 is on the order of 325 mil . spaced equidistantly around the first annular portion 35 are a series of indentations extending radially inward , shown in fig3 a , 3b , and 3c as a series of punches 34 , 36 , and 37 . the punches 34 , 36 , and 37 are formed using standard shear or stamping technology , in which the shear portions 34a , 36a , and 37a , extend circumferentially along the rearward portion of the punch , shown most clearly by punch 36 of fig3 b . these shear portions 34a , 36a , and 37a further act as a stop to define the limit of reception of the base 21 of the laser diode 20 in the focusing module 100 . to achieve proper axial orientation between the focusing module 100 and the laser diode 20 the distance between the shear portions 34a , 36a , and 37a and the rear axial end of the first annular portion 35 is uniform and is preferably equivalent to the axial length of base 21 of diode 20 , and generally is on the order of 46 mil with a tolerance of 1 mil , in the representative embodiment . the first annular portion 35 also has an inward indentation or groove 32 extending in the axial direction along the length of the first annular portion , as shown in fig3 a - 3c , and is best seen in fig3 c which clearly shows the groove 32 extending in the axial direction . the groove 32 extends radially inwardly so that its innermost extension has approximately the same radial distance as the inner radius of the second annular portion 31 , the latter on the order of 326 mil . the groove 32 interfaces with a notch 24 shown in fig2 a and 2b , extending in the axial direction of the length of base 21 of the laser diode 20 thereby preventing rotation of the diode 20 with respect to the center axis of the diode holder 30 when the diode 20 is received in the diode holder 30 . referring back to fig3 a , 3b , and 3c , the inward groove 32 is stamped into diode holder 30 or pressed into the holder by a pressing operation . referring to fig4 a , 4b and 4c , the lens holder 40 of the focusing module is shown , and as best seen in fig4 a and 4b , the lens holder 40 has a flange portion 41 , a rear annular portion 41a of radius smaller than the flange 41 , and a forward annular portion 43 of radius smaller than the rear annular portion . the radially positioned washer - like surface connecting the rear annular portion 41a and the forward annular portion 43 forms the seating surface 42 for the lens assembly 60 as shown in fig7 and described below . the front end of the lens holder 40 is a closed disk - like surface 44 with an opening 45 through which the laser light is emitted and which corresponds in shape to the cross - sectioned shape of the laser light beam . this shape is generally an oblong shape , such as but not limited to , an ellipsoidal shape . in fig4 a , three cuts 46 , 47 , and 48 in the flange 41 , are shown and their function will be described below . in the projection along the center axis of fig4 a , the linear midpoint of these cuts is tangent to the outer surface of the rear annular portion 41a . this is also shown in fig4 b , where the cut 46 conforms the cut portion of the flange 41 and rear annular portion at the particular cross - section of fig4 b . the flange 41 further has a radially extending notch 49 , which as seen in fig4 a , extends radially inwardly so that its innermost radial extension is approximately equivalent to the outer radius of the rear annular portion 41a . in a second embodiment of the lens holder 40 shown in fig4 c , the cuts 46 , 47 , and 48 , and notch 49 may approach the washer - like surface projection but are not tangential to it . the ellipsoidal opening 45 of lens holder 40 has its center point aligned with the central axis of the lens holder 40 . the semi - major axis of ellipsoidal opening 45 bisects fitting notch 49 and also bisects cut 46 of flange 41 in the two dimensional projection in fig4 a . the semi - major axis of the ellipsoidal opening 45 in the representative embodiment may be approximately 160 mil and the semi - minor axis may be approximately 35 - 50 mil , depending on the particular laser diode used . the lens holder 40 is received within the diode holder 30 as shown in fig6 . to achieve reception , the closed front end 44 of the lens holder 40 is moved coaxially into the radial opening of the diode holder 30 defined by the first annular portion 35 toward the radial opening at the opposite end of the diode holder 30 defined by the second annular portion 31 . the rear annular portion 41a of the lens holder 40 has an outer radius only marginally smaller than the second annular portion 31 of the diode holder 30 thereby having a frictional engagement and maintaining the coaxial positioning of the diode holder 30 and the lens holder 40 . the first annular portion 35 of the diode holder 30 receives the flange 41 ( not shown in fig6 ) of the lens holder 40 . the flange 41 has radius marginally smaller than the radius of the first annular portion 35 thereby allowing reception . however , the flange 41 has radius larger than the second annular portion 31 of the diode holder 30 thereby preventing further reception in the axial direction of the lens holder 40 by the diode holder 30 when the flange 41 comes in contact with the washer - like surface 33 of the diode holder 30 . the flange 41 freely travels in an axial direction past punches 34 , 36 , and 37 ( not shown in fig6 ) in the first annular portion 35 due to the cuts 46 , 47 , and 48 ( not shown in fig6 ) on the flange 41 . the received lens holder 40 is prevented from rotating about the center axis with respect to the diode holder 30 due to the notch 49 in the flange 41 of the lens holder 40 which interfaces with the groove 32 in the first annular portion 35 of the diode holder 30 . referring again to fig4 a , 4b , and 4c , the lens holder 40 has relative dimensions as defined above as well as the following for the representative embodiment : the thickness of the flange 41 rear annular portion 41a and forward annular portion 43 are on the order of 6 mil . the seating surface 42 has a surface width of approximately 37 mil , and a tolerance of approximetaly 1 mil . the seating surface 42 is normal to the central axis except for the bending at the point of contact with the annular portions 41a and 43 . the inner diameter of the forward annular portion 43 is on the order of 250 . 5 mil , with a tolerance on the order of 1 mil . the outer diameter of the rear annular portion 41a is on the order of 324 . 8 mil with tolerance on the order of 0 . 5 mil . the outer diameter of the flange 41 is on the order of 352 . 5 mil with tolerance of the order of 0 . 5 mil . the length of the rear annular portion 41a is approximately 262 mil with a tolerance of approximately 1 mil . the length of the forward annular portion 43 is approximately 66 mil with a tolerance on the order of 1 mil . referring to fig5 a and 5b , the positioning spring 28 of the focusing module 100 is shown interfacing with the base of the laser diode 20 . the positioning spring 28 receives the cylindrical extension 22 of the diode 20 . the positioning spring 28 has an unextended radius relatively smaller than the cylindrical extension 22 ; therefore the portion of the positioning spring 28 receiving the laser diode 20 provides an inward radial force on the base 21 of the diode 20 and the non - receiving portion of the positioning spring 28 tapers along its length . the positioning spring 28 receives the cylindrical extension 22 completely , so that one end of the positioning spring 28 rests on the ledge 23 of the base 21 of the laser diode 20 . fig7 shows the lens assembly 60 of the focusing module 100 positioned in the focusing module 100 . shown in fig7 is the lens holder 40 received in the diode holder 30 as described above with reference to fig6 . the focusing lens glass 63 is an integral part of lens assembly 60 and the central axis of the focusing lens 63 coaxially positioned with respect to the central axis of the lens assembly 60 . such lens assemblies are available commercially , and the model a - 365 manufactured by kodak is used in a preferred embodiment . the lens assembly 60 has an outer radius smaller than the rear annular portion 41a of the lens holder 40 but larger than the radius of the forward annular portion 43 ; the front face 64 of the lens assembly 60 rests upon the seating surface 42 providing an axial stop for the lens assembly 60 . a ring extension 62 of the lens assembly 60 has outer diameter only marginally smaller than forward annular portion 43 thereby preventing radial movement of the lens assembly 60 with respect to the lens holder 40 and achieving a coaxial positioning of the focusing lens assembly 60 , the diode holder 30 , and lens holder 40 . referring to fig8 as described above , the diode holder 30 cannot rotate with respect to the received diode 20 and the received lens holder 40 cannot rotate with respect to the diode holder 30 . accordingly , the ellipsoidal opening 45 cannot be rotated axially with respect to the laser diode 20 and the cross - section of the emitted laser light approximately matches opening 45 . when the laser diode 20 is received in the focusing module 100 , the positioning spring 28 is compressed against the lens assembly 60 forcing it in the axial direction against seating surface 42 . the forward force against the seating surface is transmitted to the diode holder 30 at the washer - like surface 33 of the diode holder 30 by the flange 41 of the lens holder 40 . this results in a forward axial force on the diode holder 30 with respect to the base 21 of the laser diode 20 ; therefore to receive the laser diode 20 in the diode holder 30 , a force ( shown as f1 and f2 ) is provided at the closed front end 44 to counteract this resulting force from the compressed positioning spring 28 . when the force enables maximum reception of the base 21 of the laser diode 20 as defined by the punches 34 , 36 and 37 on the first annular portion 35 of the diode holder 30 , an adherent is applied at points where the base 21 of the laser diode 20 is received and allowed to cure , thereby affixing the base 21 of the laser diode 20 to the diode holder 30 . with the laser diode 20 affixed , the compressed positioning spring 28 forces forward axial movement of the lens holder 40 until the flange 41 rests on the washer - like surface 33 of diode holder 30 . with the laser diode 20 energized , light emitted with an axial component passes through the lens assembly 60 and through the ellipsoidal opening 45 . the focusing is adjusted by reapplying a force ( shown in fig8 as f1 and f2 ) at the closed front end 44 of lens holder 40 , thereby sliding the lens holder 40 and lens assembly 60 in a rearward axial direction with respect to the diode holder 30 . when focusing is achieved , forces f1 and f2 may be adjusted slightly due to the tolerances in the cylindrical members , which causes the central axis of the lens to be concentrically aligned with the central axis of the light emission , thereby achieving a symmetric intensity pattern . once achieved , adherents such as described above are applied at points where the diode holder 30 and the lens holder 40 contact , and allowed to cure before the force is removed so that precise focusing is maintained .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

as described above , the present invention may be employed in the measurement of both pacing and cardioversion lead and electrode impedances in single or dual chamber pacemakers as well as in pacemaker - cardioverter - defibrillators or in other body tissue stimulators . in the case of a cardiac pacemaker , the impedance testing routine may be entered into either periodically or by physician initiation with an external programmer by initiating a temporary asynchronous pacing mode of operation having a fixed escape interval wherein the output capacitor may be first discharged into a precision resistor load part way through the escape interval and the measurement of the time that it takes to discharge from vdd to vdd / 2 can be conducted without having any effect on the patient thereafter , at the end of the temporary escape interval ( which is preferably set at a lower than normal test pacing rate , such as 60 beats per minute ) the output capacitor may be discharged into the patient &# 39 ; s pacing lead and heart in order to measure the time that it takes for the output capacitor to again discharge from vdd to vdd2 . the two elapsed times may be stored in memory and processed to develop the current lead impedance value . however , when testing the impedance of a cardio version / defibrillation electrode system , it is undesirable to shock the patient just to obtain the impedance value . therefore , advantage is taken of the fact that periodically the function of the cardioverter / defibrillator output shock generating circuit is tested by the physician who initiates charging and discharging of the high voltage output capacitors into a test load in order to reform the capacitors which , by their nature , tend to lose their ability to charge if not charged and discharged periodically . in the course of that testing , the present invention may be practiced by measuring the time that it takes for the output capacitor voltage to decrease from a first reference value to a second reference value through the known impedance test load , where the first and second reference voltages are chosen to be at levels which are insufficient in and of themselves to cardiovert the patient . then , the same procedure may be repeated by recharging the output capacitor and causing it to discharge from the first reference voltage to the second reference voltage through the electrode system and measuring the elapsed time in order to compare the two elapsed times and measure the cardioversion / defibrillation lead impedance . alternatively , the physician may elect to conduct a test of the system &# 39 ; s ability to cardiovert the patient in an electrophysiologic study and , in the course of that procedure , the physician may first program the implanted device to charge up its high voltage output capacitors and discharge them into the test impedance , obtain the aforementioned elapsed time measurement , initiate stimulation to induce a tachyarrhythmia and program the device to both cardiovert or defibrillate the enduced tachyarrhythmia and to conduct the elapsed time measurement in accordance with the method of the present invention . turning now to fig1 the overall impedance of a pacing or cardioversion lead and electrode system in contact with a patient &# 39 ; s heart and as presented at the output circuit of either the pacemaker or the cardioverter / defibrillator shock generator is depicted as a series of resistances and capacitances . since the output circuit in either case is viewing the remainder of the system through a feedthrough terminal , connector block connection , lead conductor system and electrode - tissue interface , each of those components may possess a discrete electrical series resistance . it will be understood that the normal resistances of the feedthrough , connector block and connector pin connection , lead conductor and its connections with the connector pin and electrode should remain relatively low and stable . in pacing , employing relatively small pace / sense electrode surface areas , impedances at the electrode - tissue interface would be expected to range between 500 and 1000 ohms while total impedance of the remainder of the system , employing highly conductive alloys , would range between 10 and 20 ohms . similarly , with cardioversion lead systems , the impedance of the electrical components would be expected to fall between 10 and 20 ohms , whereas the electrode - tissue interface impedance may range between 20 and 200 ohms . a relatively large surface area of the typical cardioversion / defibrillation electrode contributes to a lower electrode - tissue interface impedance . fig1 illustrates the effective series and parallel connected impedances of the components listed above where r ft represents the feedthrough resistance : r cb represents the connector block impedance : r lc represents the lead conductor and connection joint impedances of the lead conductor and its connections with the proximal conductor pin and the distal electrode ; and wherein the electrode - tissue interface impedance which can be represented through an electrical impedance which comprises a series resistor r s in series electrically with a parallel combination of a faraday resistor r f and a helmholtz capacitor c h . the entire series resistance of r ft , r cb , r lc and r s has a nominal value of about 10 to 200 ohms , the capacitor c h has a nominal value of about 5 to 50 microfarads , and the resistor r f has a nominal value of 2k to 100k ohms . these values apply for the impedance measured in gross terms across the output terminals of the pulse generator . turning now to fig2 it depicts in simplified form a typical pulse generator output circuit for either a pacemaker or a cardioverter wherein the output capacitor 10 of either such device is typically adapted to be charged to a programmed battery voltage vdd through a charging switch 12 and the lead system which is shown diagrammatically as r lead representing the impedance depicted in fig1 . at the appropriate time following the charging of capacitor 10 , the switch 12 is opened and the switches 14 and 28 are closed in order to discharge capacitor 10 through r lead for the time duration or pulse width set by the closure of switch 14 . the remaining elements of fig2 may be incorporated into each embodiment and employed in the lead impedance measurement method and apparatus of the present invention . in the pacing context , the output circuit of fig2 may take the form of the circuit depicted , for example , in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 498 , 478 to bourgeois or u . s . pat . no . 4 , 476 , 868 to thompson , or u . s . pat . no . 4 , 406 , 286 to stein , all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety . the switches 28 and 30 may take the form of transistor switches in a fashion taught by the above - incorporated &# 39 ; 478 , &# 39 ; 868 and &# 39 ; 286 patents . additional elements to the prior art output circuits by which the method and apparatus of the present invention may be implemented to include the first differential amplifier 20 coupled across the capacitor 10 by conductor 22 , a second differential amplifier 24 , the counter 26 , the switches 28 , 30 , and the known precision resistor 32 all coupled as depicted in fig2 . the operation of the lead impedance measuring system is explained in conjunction with the waveform diagram of fig3 and the flowchart diagram of fig4 . very generally , the lead impedance method follows the steps of charging the capacitor 10 to vdd , discharging the capacitor 10 through r known resistance 32 , while at the same time enabling the counter 26 to start counting clock pulses , and to freeze the count in the counter 26 when the voltage across the capacitor 10 decreases to vdd / 2 , as determined by the first and second op amps 20 and 24 thereafter , the process is repeated through the lead impedance presented to the output terminal of the pulse generator at switch 28 , representing the discharge time of the capacitor 10 between the same starting and ending voltage . the first and second counts reflect the discharge time corresponding to a discrete number of clock pulse intervals denoted t cap and t lead , respectively . r known remains constant and vdd should be a repeatable constant voltage for the two successive discharges of capacitor 10 , the only variable in the time t cap from one pulse generator to another and over the life of the pulse generator in question should be the condition of the switches 14 and 30 and capacitor c . in practice , capacitor tolerances vary from one pulse generator to the next , and the repetitive cycling , particularly of high voltage electrolytic capacitors , causes the capacitance to change over time . therefore , since the rc time constant of the capacitor 10 and precision resistor 32 may vary , the first discharge time is denoted t cap , and it is measured and stored in memory at least on the first occasion that the lead impedance is calculated or , preferably , each time that it is calculated . the relationship between the capacitance c of the capacitor 10 and the resistances r known of the precision resistor 32 and r lead for the combined lead impedance are expressed as follows : since the resistance r known is known , it may be used as a constant , and the determination of the variable lead impedance r lead reduces to : ## equ1 ## and results in known switch impedances for switches 14 and 28 may be subtracted or ignored if insignificant . this approach eliminates the need to use natural log functions or approximations thereof . in the calculation of r lead , the two counts are compared to one another and the ratio of the t lead to the t cap multiplied by the r known resistance yields the current r lead value in a manner to be described in conjunction with fig4 . the above - described method may be employed also in the context of a cardioverter - defibrillator , where the capacitor 10 may take the form of the high voltage output capacitor and the voltage source vdd may take the form of the output of the dc - dc converter , as shown , for example in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 595 , 009 and 4 , 548 , 209 , filed in the names of lebindors and wielders . in that context , the r lead impedance constitutes the same impedance elements as depicted in fig1 but in regard to a cardioversion / defibrillation lead system , rather than the pacing lead system previously described . moreover , the fixed r known impedance element may take the form of the internal discharge resistor which is usually provided at 1 - 3k ohms . the switches 12 , 14 , 28 and 30 may constitute the high voltage silicone controlled switches and power fets commonly employed in the output circuits of such devices . turning now to fig3 and 4 , they describe the practice of a method of the present invention implemented in pacing context wherein it will be understood that the pacemaker is normally operating to repetitively timeout escape intervals which may be fixed at a previously programmed value or vary between preset upper and lower escape intervals in relation to a pacing rate control signal established by physiologic sensor , as is well known in the pacing art . at some point , either upon receipt of an external programmed - in command , the occurrence of a particular event or upon an internally timed - out self test command , the pacing logic or software commences a subroutine to initiate the successive measurement of the t lead and t cap time intervals turning now to fig3 the successive discharge of the capacitor 10 into the r known and r lead impedances is depicted along the time line t and in relation to the starting voltage vdd and ending voltage vdd / 2 . once the impedance measurement algorithm is entered into , at start block 100 of fig4 the pacing mode is changed to a temporary fixed rate mode at a preset escape interval for at least one escape interval denoted t 2x . escape interval t 2x may be selected to be in the range of 1 , 000 ms to allow for the successive charge and discharge of the capacitor 10 through both the r known and r lead impedances and still allow adequate time for the capacitor 10 to recharge . fig3 illustrates the discharge of the capacitor 10 through the r known impedance at the end of the interval t x to develop the reference time period t cap and to subsequently allow the discharge of the capacitor 10 through the r lead impedance at the end of the escape interval t 2x to develop the pulse width interval t lead . turning now to fig4 the testing subroutine starts at start block 100 , which may precede the end of a current escape interval reflecting the receipt of a programmed - in command , for example . when the next pace or sensed event occurs , the escape interval is set to 2 × ms , switches 12 and 28 are closed and switches 14 and 30 are opened in block 104 to provide for the recharge of the capacitor 10 through the r lead impedance in the normal pacing fashion . during this time , the counter 26 is not enabled and as capacitor 10 charges up to vdd , its voltage is presented across the positive or negative input terminals of the unity gain differential to single - ended op amp 20 , which in turn presents that voltage to the positive input terminal of differential amplifier 24 . differential amplifier 24 compares the voltage at its positive input terminal against a reference voltage , in this case one - half the vdd voltage or vdd / 2 , and provides an output signal at its output terminal whenever the presented voltage across the capacitor 10 exceeds the reference voltage vdd / 2 less any offset voltages . the output of the differential amplifier 24 operates to freeze and transfer the contents of the counter 26 into memory when that presented voltage falls below the reference voltage vdd / 2 as described hereinafter . in block 108 , and in reference to fig3 at the end of the interval t x as timed out by decision block 108 , the counter 26 is enabled , the switches 12 and 28 are opened and the switches 14 and 30 are closed . at that instant , the voltage vdd across the capacitor 10 is presented to the positive input terminal of the differential amplifier 24 and also begins to discharge through the r known impedance 32 in a fashion depicted by the capacitive discharge pulse having a width t cap depicted in fig3 . as long as the voltage on capacitor 10 is greater than vdd / 2 , counter 26 continues to count clock pulses . as soon as the voltage on the capacitor 10 falls below vdd / 2 , the output from the differential amplifier 24 switches from high to low , and the counter 26 receives a command to freeze the count , transfer it to a memory location or a separate register , and to disable itself . at the same time , this accumulated count may be reset to zero . at the same time , the switches 14 and 30 are set open and switches 12 and 28 are set closed to terminate the discharge of the capacitor 10 and commence its recharge . the stored time interval t cap is held awaiting the measurement of the time t lead , whereupon the mathematical comparison and multiplication steps take place . thereafter , the fixed escape interval t 2x times out in block 116 , and the counter 26 is again enabled in block 118 . at the same time , the switches 12 and 30 are opened , and the switches 14 and 28 are closed . thus , the discharge of the capacitor 10 through the r lead impedance commences at the end of the escape interval . again , the voltage on the capacitor 10 is monitored by the differential amplifiers 20 and 24 and when it again falls below vdd / 2 , the contents of the counter 26 are frozen , transferred to a separate register and the counter cleared in blocks 122 and 124 . at the same time , the switches 14 and 30 are opened , and the switches 12 and 28 are closed to commence the recharge . once the count representing the time t lead is stored in block 124 , the subroutine is exited in block 126 , thus returning control of the pacing mode and rate to the normal operating pacing system . since the clock pulses have predetermined pulse widths , the accumulated counts transferred into memory at registers representing the time intervals t cap and t lead are fairly representative of the actual rc discharge times . moreover , since the ratio of the two times are employed in the calculation of the current lead impedance , any voltage reference drift or other component value or operating parameter drift cancel one another out . over the impedance range of 100 to 1000 ohms , the error tolerance is dependent upon the following factors : counter resolution vs . minimum decay time 30 . 5 us / 693 us ( 100 ohm , 10 uf ) 4 . 4 % counter resolution vs . nominal decay time 30 . 5 us / 3 . 53 ms ( 510 ohm , 10 uf ) 0 . 9 % known load decay time ± 2 . 7 % ( sum of errors in calculation of t cap ) in theory , the measurement accuracy meets the goal of ± 5 - 10 % in the specified load range . the comparator and op amp errors are consistent between the known impedance pulse and the unknown impedance pulse effectively eliminating them from the overall summation of error terms . in the cardioversion - defibrillation context , the method of fig4 may be modified by eliminating the decision block 102 and setting an overall time interval in block 104 that may encompass 30 to 60 seconds to assure adequate charging to full program voltage . although technically not an escape interval , the time - out of the set interval is necessary to assure that the output capacitor is fully charged . alternately , if the cardioverter - defibrillator is provided with a circuit for monitoring the achievement of full charge on the output capacitor or capacitors , then the initial discharge through the r known impedance 32 and then the subsequent discharge through the r lead impedance 16 may take place upon confirmation of the capacitor output voltage vdd . in either case , the excessive charging and discharging of the capacitor 10 to develop the time intervals t cap and t lead occurs in the same fashion as described above . in those instances where it is undesirable to discharge full output capacitor voltage through the r lead impedance on the patient , a smaller sub threshold voltage vdd may be selected or the reference voltage vdd / 2 ( i . e ., 0 . 5 vdd ) may be set at a higher value , such as 0 . 95 vdd . in either case , the method and appartus of the present invention finds particular utility in the pacemaker - cardioverter - defibrillator context , inasmuch as the condition of the capacitors may change over time by virtue of their being repetitively subjected to high voltage charge and discharge cycles . in accordance with the present invention , changes in the applied voltage vdd , the capacitor 10 and the various switches are all taken into account and offset one another in the calculation . other modifications of the embodiments of the method and apparatus of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing disclosure . therefore the scope of the present invention should be interpreted from the following claims interpreted in light of the above - described preferred embodiments and other modifications and embodiments thereof .

0Human Necessities

the following description is a detailed description of the main embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawings in which the same number references identify the same elements in each of the different figures . the invention describes a method for automatically predicting at least one word of text while a text - based message is being inputted using a terminal 1 . according to fig1 , the terminal 1 is , for example , a mobile cell phone equipped with a keypad 2 and a display screen 3 . in an advantageous embodiment , the mobile terminal 1 can be a camera - phone , called a ‘ phonecam ’, equipped with an imaging sensor 2 ′. the terminal 1 can communicate with other similar terminals ( not illustrated in the figure ) via a wireless communication link 4 in a network , for example a umts ( universal mobile telecommunication system ) network . according to the embodiment illustrated in fig1 , the terminal 1 can communicate with a server 5 containing digital images that , for example , are stored in an image database 51 . the server 5 may also contain a word database 5 m . the server 5 may also serve as a gateway that provides terminal 1 with access to the internet . in another embodiment , the images and words can be saved to the internal memory of terminal 1 . the majority of mobile terminals are equipped with means of receiving , sending or capturing visual image or video data . however , the method that is the object of the invention has the advantage that it can be implemented with even the simplest of cell phones , i . e . cell phones without means of image capture , as long as the cell phone can receive and send image or sequence of images ( videos ) data . the method that is the object of the invention is a more effective and more contextually - adapted means of inputting a text - based message associated with an image than the t9 ® method or even the ‘ itap ’ method . in the description that follows , the word image is used to indicate either a single image or a sequence of images , i . e . a short film or a video , for example . the image can , for example , be an attachment to a multimedia message . the multimedia message can contain image , text and audio data . the text - based data can , for example , be derived and extracted from image metadata , i . e . data that , for example , is specific to the context in which the image was captured and that is stored in the exif fields associated with jpeg images . the file format supporting the digital data characterizing the image , text or audio data is advantageously an mms ( multimedia message service ) format . the mms can therefore be transferred between digital platforms , for example between mobile terminals or between a server such as server 5 and a terminal such as mobile terminal 1 . the image can also , for example , be attached to another means of communication such as a electronic mail ( e - mail ). the invention method can be applied directly , as soon as an image or video 6 has been selected . the image is advantageously selected using terminal 1 and then displayed on the display 3 of terminal 1 . image 6 can , for example , be saved or stored in the image database 5 i . otherwise , image 6 may just have been captured by terminal 1 , and it may be that the user of terminal 1 wants to instantaneously add textual comment related to the content of the image 6 or , for example , related to the context in which image 6 was captured . the invention method consists in taking advantage of the information contained in the image in order to facilitate the prediction of at least one word of text related to the content or context associated with image 6 . the at least one predicted word already exists and for example is contained in the word database 5 m . the word database 5 m is , compared to the dictionary used in the t9 ® protocol , advantageously a specially - designed dictionary able to adapt to the image content or the or context associated with the image . the dictionary is self - adapting because it is compiled from words derived from contextual and ( or ) semantic analysis specific to a given image . these words are then adapted to the text correlated with image 6 . the word dictionary 5 m is built from the moment where at least one image or at least one sequence of images has been selected via a messaging interface , for example an mms messaging interface , or by any other software able to associate a text message with an image or a sequence of images with the objective of sharing the text and the image or images . once the text - based message ( associated with the image ) and the image have been sent , or else once the text - based message and the image have been saved to the mobile terminal &# 39 ; s memory or to a remote memory that can be accessed via a means of communication compatible with the mobile terminal , then the dictionary 5 m associated with that specific image or images ( s ) or specific sequence ( s ) of images is destroyed . hence , the next time a new image or sequence of images is selected , a new dictionary 5 m will be compiled based on the semantic and ( or ) contextual data derived from the new multimedia data . in another embodiment of the method , the dictionary 5 m associated with an image or a specific sequence of images is saved to memory , ready to be used at a later time . in an alternative embodiment , the dictionary 5 m may be built for each set of multimedia data before the user has sent a message . in this latter scenario , the user does not see the dictionary 5 m being built . this involves saving a back - up of each dictionary 5 m associated with each set of image or image sequence - based multimedia data . if several images or sequences of images are selected for the same multimedia message , this involves building a new dictionary 5 m compiled from at least the words comprising the vocabulary of each of the various dictionaries 5 m associated with each selected image or sequence of images . the word database 5 m can automatically offer the user a word or a series of words as the user is writing a text - based message associated with image 6 via the keypad 2 . a series of several words will automatically be offered together from the outset , for example when the predictive text leads to an expression or a compound noun . the text - based message written can advantageously be displayed with the image 6 on display 3 of mobile terminal 1 , and the predicted word proposed can also be displayed automatically on the display 3 , for example as soon as the first letter of said word has been inputted using keypad 2 . the word proposed is advantageously displayed in a viewing window of display 3 that is positioned , for example , alongside the image 6 . the word can then be automatically inserted at the appropriate place in the text being written . when at least one new letter of the text being inputted using the terminal leads to several possible proposals , i . e . all of which have a meaning in relation to the semantic of the text being written , given the content of the image or , for example , the context in which the image was captured , the word predicted and proposed that was chosen from among the proposals can be selected by pressing , for example by touch , on the display 3 . the pressure is applied to the word that the person inputting the text with keypad 2 chooses as most closely matching what they want to say . in one variant of this embodiment , when several proposals have been predicted , the predicted and proposed word chosen can also be selected using one of the keys of the keypad 2 of terminal 1 . in an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention , the automatic prediction and proposal of at least one word is conducted in cooperation with the t9 ® protocol . this means that the words proposed can be derived from both the word database 5 m ( the specially - designed self - adapting dictionary ) specific to the present invention and from another database ( not illustrated in fig1 specific to the t9 ® protocol . the words derived from each of these dictionaries ( both the t9 ® dictionary and the dictionary according to the present invention ) can therefore be advantageously combined . the predicted and proposed word is produced based on a semantic analysis of the image or sequence of images selected using terminal 1 . the semantic analysis can be conducted inside the image via an image analysis algorithm which classifies pixels , or via a statistical analysis of pixel distribution , or else via a spatiotemporal analysis of pixel distribution over time . the semantic analysis can be conducted based on recognition of the outlines produced by sets of connected pixels in the selected image or sequence of images . the outlines detected and recognized are , for example , faces . the extraction of semantic information from within an image , i . e . information related to the characterization or meaning of an entity contained in the image , also makes it possible to build and enhance the content of the specially - designed self - adapting dictionary 5 m . if the image 6 features , for example , a couple running across a sandy beach with a dog , then the image analysis algorithm will segment the content of image 6 into semantic layers . in this particular scenario , specially - designed sensors recognize and outline in image 6 zones of white sand and zones of seawater and blue sky , based on , for example , the methods described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 947 , 591 or u . s . pat . no . 6 , 504 , 951 filed by eastman kodak company . classification rules are used to characterize the scene in the image as being , for example , a ‘ beach ’ scene , based on the fact that the scene contains both blue sea zones and white sand zones . these classification rules can , for example , be based on the methods described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 062 , 085 or u . s . pat . no . 7 , 035 , 461 filed by eastman kodak company . other semantic classes can stem from an image analysis , such as , for example , ‘ birthday ’, ‘ party ’, ‘ mountain ’, ‘ town ’, ‘ indoors ’, ‘ outdoors ’, portrait &# 39 ;, ‘ landscape ’, etc . the combined use of a visual cue and a sound cue attached , for example , to a video enables a more comprehensive analysis of the content . in the same way , the use of audio data , for example spoken notes ( lyrics ) attached to an image can be advantageously used to deduce words characterizing the content of the image . an example of how the system works is detailed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 120 , 586 filed by eastman kodak company . some of these semantic descriptors , in addition to others , can also be deduced from the image capture mode selected that is widely known as ‘ scene ’. a nokia n90 mobile phone , for example , can be used to define a ‘ scene ’ mode at the time of image capture as : ‘ night ’, ‘ portrait ’, ‘ sport ’, ‘ landscape ’. one of these words can advantageously be added to the dictionary 5 m when the user has selected the respective mode . there are other widely - used ‘ scene ’ modes , particularly in kodak digital cameras . the kodak easyshare c875 model , for example , proposes the following scene modes : ‘ portrait ’, ‘ night portrait ’, ‘ landscape ’, ‘ night landscape ’, ‘ closeup ’, ‘ sport ’, ‘ snow ’, ‘ beach ’, ‘ text / document ’, ‘ backlight ’, ‘ manner / museum ’, ‘ fireworks ’, ‘ party ’, ‘ children ’, ‘ flower ’, ‘ self - portrait ’, ‘ sunset ’, ‘ candle ’, ‘ panning shot ’. here again , the wording used to describe each of these modes can be integrated into the dictionary 5 m as soon as the user selects one of these modes . there is also a ‘ scene ’ mode known as automatic , which is designed to automatically find the appropriate ‘ scene ’ mode , for example according to the light and movement conditions identified by the lens . the result of this analysis may , for example , be the automatic detection of the ‘ landscape ’ mode . this word can then be incorporated into the dictionary 5 m . let us suppose that this is the case in the example scenario described above . the image analysis algorithm detects the specific pixel zones presenting the same colour and texture characteristics , which are generally learnt beforehand through so - called ‘ supervised ’ learning processes implementing image databases manually indexed as being , for example , sand , grass , blue sky , cloudy sky , skin , text , a car , a face , a logo etc ., after which the scene in the image is characterized . if , as described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 940 , 545 or u . s . pat . no . 6 , 690 , 822 filed by eastman kodak company , a face is detected and recognized as being the face of ‘ john ’, and if another face is detected but cannot be recognized since it is side - on , or blurred , or hidden behind hair , a group of two people is nevertheless detected and the algorithm used in the invention method leads to the proposal of , for example , the following words : ‘ john ’, ‘ friend ’, ‘ girlfriend ’, ‘ wife ’, ‘ husband ’, ‘ son ’, ‘ daughter ’, ‘ child ’, or combinations of these words , for example ‘ john and a friend ’, ‘ john and his wife ’, ‘ john and his son ’, plus a ‘ dog ’. all this information can therefore be advantageously used to build up a dedicated dictionary with semantic words and expressions describing the visual content of an image or sequence of images attached , for example , to a multimedia message . the list of corresponding words and expressions in the dedicated dictionary 5 m is therefore , for example : ‘ beach ’; ‘ sand ’; ‘ blue sky ’; ‘ sea ’; ‘ dog ’; ‘ outdoors ’; ‘ john ’; ‘ landscape ’; ‘ friend ’; ‘ girlfriend ’; ‘ wife ’; ‘ child ’; ‘ husband ’; ‘ son ’; ‘ daughter ’; ‘ john and a friend ’; ‘ john and his wife ’; ‘ john and his son ’. a more advanced embodiment of the invention consists taking each of the words and expressions in this list and deducing other related words or expressions , or order to propose a wider contextual vocabulary when inputting the text . the previously inputted words ‘ friend ’, ‘ girlfriend ’, ‘ wife ’, ‘ husband ’, ‘ son ’, ‘ daughter ’, ‘ child ’, or the combinations ‘ john and a friend ’, ‘ john and his wife ’, ‘ john and his son ’, are examples of this . in the same way , the system can go on to deduce , based on the words ‘ beach ’ and ‘ blue sky ’, the words ‘ sunny ’, ‘ sun ’, ‘ hot ’, ‘ heat ’, ‘ holiday ’, ‘ swimming ’, ‘ tan ’, etc . this new list of words is deduced empirically , i . e . without any real semantic analysis of the content of the image or video . furthermore , for each given class ( the number and nature of which are set by the image analysis algorithm ) or ‘ scene ’ mode ( the number and nature of which are set by the image capture device that generated the photo ), it is possible to associate a discrete list of associated keywords that will be attached to the dictionary 5 m . since these word sub - lists are deduced empirically , it is likely that some of the words will not be relevant . for example , the photograph may have been taken while it was raining . hence , detecting that the scene is a ‘ beach ’ scene is no guarantee that the words ‘ sunny ’ and ‘ heat ’, for example , can be reliably associated . the description that follows will show how the use of context associated with the image partially resolves this ambiguity . given the descriptions outlined above , these words and expressions present a hierarchy that can be integrated into the dictionary 5 m . more specifically , it was described above that certain of these words and expressions were derived from others . this represents the first level in the hierarchy . in the above - mentioned example , the words ‘ sunny ’, ‘ sun ’, ‘ hot ’, ‘ heat ’, holidays ’, ‘ swimming ’ and ‘ tan were all derived from the word ‘ beach ’, whereas the word beach had itself been deduced from the detection of features known as low - level semantic information , such as ‘ blue sky ’ or ‘ white sand ’. these so - called ‘ parent - child ’ type dependencies can be exploited when displaying the dictionary words while the user is in the process of inputting text associated with the content of a multimedia message . more precisely , if two words are likely to be written , for example ‘ blue sky ’ and ‘ beach ’, that both begin with the same letter , i . e . ‘ b ’, then the expression ‘ blue sky ’ will either be displayed first , or can be highlighted , for example using a protocol based on colour , font , size or position . the word ‘ beach ’, which derived from the expression ‘ blue sky ’, will be proposed later , or less explicitly than the expression ‘ blue sky ’. similarly , the method gives stronger ties , i . e . it establishes a hierarchy or an order system , between words and expressions derived from semantic analysis of the multimedia content on one hand , and on the other the ‘ scene ’ mode selected ( by the user ) to capture the image . the method preferentially chooses , or highlights , words and expressions that characterize the scene , for example ‘ landscape ’ or ‘ sport ’, when the scene has been selected manually at image capture , using , for example , a thumbwheel or a joystick built in to the mobile terminal . this word characterizing a mode intentionally selected by the user is presented in priority compared to other words obtained based on semantic analysis of the visual or audio content attached to the multimedia message . for example , the word ‘ landscape ’ deduced from the fact that the ‘ landscape ’ mode had been selected is chosen preferentially or highlighted over the word ‘ beach ’ obtained form the image analysis , since the results of the image analysis may later prove to have been incorrect . it is also possible to establish a hierarchy between words and expressions that in principle have the same level , i . e . they have been extracted or deduced using the same techniques . for example , the words ‘ beach ’ and ‘ john ’ are both deduced via an analysis of image contents . it is possible , for example , that the image classification process can give a 75 % probability that the image depicts a beach . similarly , the face recognition process may , for example , determine that there is an 80 % chance that the face is john &# 39 ; s face and a 65 % chance that the face is patrick &# 39 ; s face . the word ‘ beach ’ can therefore be chosen preferentially or highlighted over the word ‘ patrick ’, even though both words stemmed from the semantic analysis of the image , since the word ‘ beach ’ is probably a more reliable deduction than the word ‘ patrick ’. this word database 5 m can then be used to fully implement the method for predicting word input that is the object of the invention . a particular embodiment of the invention consists in implementing the method according to the invention using , for example , a mobile cellphone 1 . the image 6 is selected using keypad 2 on the mobile phone , for example by searching for and finding image 6 in the image database ( 5 i ). the image 6 can be selected , for example , using an messaging interface such as an mms messaging interface , or any other software application capable of associating text with an image or a sequence of images in order to share this association . the selection step of an image or sequence of images 6 launches the semantic and contextual image analysis process , as described above , in order to build the dedicated dictionary 5 m . the dictionary created by the analysis of image 6 representing , for example , a beach setting , as described above , would for example in this case contain the words : ‘ beach ’; ‘ sand ’; ‘ blue sky ’; ‘ sea ’; ‘ dog ’; ‘ outdoors ’; ‘ john ’; ‘ landscape ’; ‘ friend ’; ‘ girlfriend ’; ‘ wife ’; ‘ husband ’; ‘ son ’; ‘ daughter ’; ‘ john and a friend ’; ‘ john and his wife ’; ‘ john and his son ’; ‘ sunny ’; ‘ sun ’; ‘ hot ’; ‘ heat ’; ‘ holidays ’; ‘ swimming ’; ‘ tan ’. as depicted in fig2 , image 6 is displayed on display 3 of mobile phone 1 . the user of mobile phone 1 then writes additional comments to add to image 6 . the user therefore inputs text using keypad 2 . the text - based comment to be written is , for example : “ hi , sunny weather at the beach ”. the user starts writing the first part t o of the text : “ hi , sunny w ”. this text can be written either via a conventional input system ( whether predictive or not ), such as multi - tap , two - key , t9 ® or itap . t o is written , for example , in the part of display 3 beneath image 6 . at this point , i . e . at the moment the letter ‘ w ’ is entered , a single proposition made of one ( or several ) word ( s ) is , for example , displayed on the display . this proposition 9 is , for example , ‘ sunny ’. this word was derived from dictionary 5 m and was deduced from the semantic image analysis carried out as per the method according to the invention . this word therefore has a fairly good chance of being used by the user as they write the text associated with image 6 . this is why the message is not only displayed on the display as soon as the first letter has been entered but is also listed preferentially among any other propositions that may be offered after the keypress ‘ s ’ in the event that would be not one but , for example , three propositions 7 , 8 and 9 ( fig2 ). for example , in the scenario where the method according to the invention is used in combination with the itap protocol , it is possible that another word beginning with the letter ‘ s ’ is displayed at the same time as the word ‘ sunny ’ derived from the dictionary 5 m . however , in this scenario , it is the word ‘ sunny ’ that would be displayed first in the list of propositions displayed . the appropriate word , ‘ sunny ’, is confirmed by the user , for example by pressing a key in keypad 2 . the word 9 ‘ sunny ’ would then automatically be inserted into the text to create text t 1 : “ hi , sunny weather ”. if the word 9 does not suit the user , i . e . the user did not want the word ‘ sunny ’, then the user continues to input , for example , ‘ su ’ and then ‘ sun ’, et cetera , until the appropriate word is automatically written or proposed . the user goes on to input the last part of the text : “ hi , sunny weather at the b ”; at this point , i . e . as soon as the letter ‘ b ’ has been entered , a single word 10 is proposed on the display , i . e . ‘ beach ’. the word 10 ‘ beach ’ would then be automatically inserted into the text to create text t 2 : “ hi , sunny weather at the beach ”. in a more advanced embodiment of the invention , text can be inputted orally . the text is not entered by pressing keys on keypad 2 , but the user of mobile cellphone 1 would use , for example , their own voice to input the text data . in this embodiment of the invention , mobile phone 1 is equipped , for example , with a microphone that works with a voice recognition module . using the previous text - based comment as an example , the user would simply pronounce the letter ‘ s ’ and , in the same way as described in the illustrations above , either a single proposition or else three propositions would be displayed . the dictionary 5 m is advantageously kept to a limited , manageable size to avoid too many words being displayed . the predicted and proposed word can also be produced based on a contextual analysis of the image or sequence of images selected using terminal 1 . the contextual analysis can advantageously provide , for example , geolocation data specific to the image or sequence of images . this geolocation data is preferably the place where the image or sequence of images was captured . the contextual image analysis algorithm can also provide time - based data specific to the image or sequence of images , such as for example dating data on the precise moment the image or sequence of images was captured . in a preferred , more advanced embodiment of the invention , the predicted proposed word is produced based on a semantic analysis and based on a contextual analysis of the image . this means that a semantic analysis of the selected image or sequence of images and then a contextual analysis are performed either jointly or successively , in no particular order . as regards the contextual image analysis , one or several words characterizing relevant geolocation data for image 6 captured with the phonecam 1 can be extracted using a gps module built into the phonecam . this latitude / longitude data can , for example , be associated with a street name , a district , a town or a state , such as ‘ los angeles ’. this data is added instantaneously to dictionary 5 m . in an advantageous embodiment , other words or expressions can be automatically deduced automatically from the geolocation coordinates for ‘ los angeles ’ and included in the dedicated dictionary 5 m . these other deduced words are , for example : ‘ laguna beach ’; ‘ mulholland drive ’; ‘ california ’; ‘ united states ’. again , as regards the contextual image analysis , one or several words characterizing relevant time - based data for image 6 captured with the phonecam ( 1 ) can be added instantaneously to the dictionary , such as words like ‘ weekend ’, ‘ afternoon ’, ‘ summer ’, according to whether the image was captured at the weekend , or an afternoon , or in the summer . a contextual image analysis can also be performed based on other data compiled , such as for example in an address book that can be accessed using terminal 1 . in this case , we are dealing not with the context of image capture but the local context of the image . in this example , the address book may contain predefined groups of contacts that share a certain relationship with the person in image 6 . if ‘ john ’ features in the image and a group in the address book already contains the names ‘ john ’, ‘ christopher ’ and ‘ marie ’, then the word database 5 m can be enhanced with all three of these names ( and not only ‘ john ’). another advantageous embodiment of the invention also makes it possible to automatically propose words or expressions deduced from the contextual analysis , as described above for the semantic analysis . for example , using knowledge of the date , time and geolocation of the image gained at the moment the image was captured , it is possible to deduce a predefined set of words such as ‘ hot ’, ‘ heat ’, et cetera , based on the fact that the image was captured in full daylight , in summer , and at a latitude where traditionally the weather is hot in this season and at this time of the day . in the scenario where the mobile terminal is connected to a remote database , for example a meteorological database , it is possible to crosscheck the air temperature at the time the image was captured . this temperature information , for example ‘ 30 ° c .’, can be used to generate or validate the words ‘ hot ’ and ‘ heat ’ as well as be used in the dictionary 5 m . words or expressions derived from the semantic analysis can be confirmed with a much higher probability , or else be overruled by crosschecking these words or expressions against data derived from the contextual analysis . for example , we previously saw how the words ‘ hot ’ and ‘ sunny ’ had been deduced from the word ‘ beach ’. the image capture date and geolocation data may , however , demonstrate that the image was taken in winter and at night - time , in which case the words derived from semantic analysis would be eliminated form the dictionary 5 m . fig3 illustrates another embodiment of the method according to the invention . the user of mobile phone 1 wants to write additional comments to add to image 6 . the user therefore inputs text using keypad 2 . the text to be added as a comment is , for example , “ hi , sunny weather at the beach . john ”. the protocol for writing this text is exactly the same as the embodiment of the invention illustrated in fig2 , up to text stage t 1 : “ hi , sunny weather ”. the user goes on to input the rest of the text : “ hi , sunny weather at the b ”; at this point , i . e . as soon as the letter ‘ b ’ has been entered , two words 11 and 12 are proposed on the display 3 , for example ‘ beach ’ and ‘ laguna beach ’. the user , who initially had not thought about specifying the actual name of the beach depicted in image 6 , is thus given two propositions 11 and 12 , including the expression 12 ‘ laguna beach ’, which they end up selecting . this gives text t 3 : “ hi , sunny weather at laguna beach ”. the user then finishes entering their text : “ hi , sunny weather at the beach . j ”; at this point , i . e . as soon as the letter ‘ j ’ has been entered , two words 13 and 14 are proposed on the display 3 , for example ‘ john ’ and ‘ patrick ’. the user , whose first name is john , wishes to sign their text message , and therefore validates word 14 , ‘ john ’. the final , completed text t 4 associated with image 6 is therefore : “ hi , sunny weather at laguna beach . john ”. ‘ patrick ’ was also proposed since the semantic image analysis was able to recognize that patrick featured in image 6 . furthermore , the first name ‘ patrick ’ was proposed when the letter required was a t because the invention method works on the supposition that the user wanted to add a first name . indeed , since the dictionary 5 m contained a first name beginning with the letter ‘ j ’, the word ‘ john ’ is identified as such , since it is derived from a face recognition phase based on the image or sequence of images . however , the method according to the invention also proposes in second place the other first name ( s ) obtained and available through this recognition phase , i . e . ‘ patrick ’ in this example . while the invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments , these embodiments are not limiting or restrictive of the claimed protection .

6Physics

the present invention provides a mechanism for real - time detection of all of the conditions described above . additionally , it serves as a valuable tool for diagnosing the root cause of problems responsible for screening malfunctions . all of the above mentioned problems can be readily identified with the use of this device : a ) entrapped air bubbles can be quickly identified and quantified by the amount of “ spring back ” of the nozzle plunger when the piston force is removed ( as shown in fig3 , 4 & amp ; 5 below ). b ) specifications can be placed on the paste dispense rate , both for too high and too low a dispense rate . any nozzles or screeners that violate the specifications can be identified and corrected . c ) any “ hiccups ” or non - linearities in paste dispense rate can be identified and corrected . d ) conditions that would normally lead to gross paste overusage can be identified and corrected in the first screening pass , avoiding the “ dumping ” of an entire paste reservoir and the resultant loss of both paste and manufacturing throughput . in order to carry out the purposes of the invention , a linear variable differential transformer ( lvdt ) may be attached to an extrusion screening nozzle piston , as shown in fig1 below . the large rectangle 5 represents schematically the instrument on which the paste dispensing system is mounted . it may include , for example , materials handling systems to place the workpiece , such as a carrier for an integrated circuit , in position to receive the paste . rectangle 50 represents schematically a conventional pressure source , such as compressed air or other gas that supplies pressure to piston shaft 42 , which travels downwards in the figure as paste is dispensed . horizontal strip 34 represents the piston that applies the pressure from piston shaft 42 to the paste . strip 34 represents a teflon ™ seal that is in close mechanical contact with the walls 35 of the paste reservoir . walls 35 confine paste 20 , shown as having a number of air bubbles 22 within it . illustratively , paste 20 is a conductive paste that will , after heating , form conductors within a ceramic structure that conduct signals to various contacts on an integrated circuit . at the bottom of the figure , rectangle 10 represents the nozzle from which the paste flows to pass through apertures in a mask ( not shown in the figure ). the apertures are located to deposit a pattern of paste that will , upon heating , form the conductors required by the particular design being fabricated . in operation , the workpiece travels past the nozzle ( or vice versa ) and paste is dispensed at a rate that depends on the portion of the pattern underneath the nozzle at the particular time . the nozzle covers only a fraction of the workpiece and the rate of descent of the piston will therefore vary , depending on the density of the pattern underneath the nozzle . on the upper right of rectangle 5 , a vertical shaft 105 is the core of a conventional commercially available linear variable differential transformer . the shaft is rigidly mounted to the piston 34 , so that the vertical position of core 105 depends directly on the vertical position of piston 34 . rectangle 110 represents the differential transformer . it is shown with two coils 112 and 114 . core 105 passes all the way through the lower coil 112 and only partly through upper coil 114 . the relative magnitude or amplification factor of the two coils will therefore produce a corresponding difference in output signals . for example , a common input is supplied through both coils 112 and 114 . the difference in the outputs of the two coils will therefore represent the position of core 105 . subtracting the signal from coil 112 from that from coil 114 will therefore produce a signal representing the position of core 105 and therefore of piston 34 . in this figure , transformer 110 is rigidly mounted to the paste dispenser by a conventional structure not shown . on the right , analyzer 150 represents conventional electronics , whether custom or a general purpose computer , that applies analytical processes to the output signals as described below . the lvdt provides constant feedback of piston position enabling real - time monitoring of piston movement during normal screening operation . monitoring and analysis of the piston movement can enable the detection and correction of all of the potential screening problems outlined above . alternatively , the lvdt can be permanently mounted to the screening tool in mechanical communication with the nozzle piston actuator assembly , thereby simplifying the implementation into the manufacturing line . fig2 shows a side view of the structure , with the alternative mounting . screener 5 supports the paste dispenser 20 and the variable differential transformer 110 . pressure cylinder 50 is also supported , by conventional means not shown . in this case , a clamping mechanism 45 clamps to piston shaft 42 and supports core 105 . fig3 shows the output of the lvdt charted versus time for real - time paste usage data from normal manufacturing screening operation . time is on the x - axis , piston displacement is on the y - axis . note the sharp piston displacement at beginning and end of each screening stroke , indicative of compliance ( entrapped air ) in the system . three segments 320 - 1 , 320 - 2 and 320 - 3 slant downward at the same slope , showing the change in piston position as the paste is dispensed . at the end of each segment , the pressure in cylinder 50 is dropped , to stop the flow of paste . when that happens , the piston retracts or “ springs back ” as the entrapped air in the paste , released from the pressure of the piston , forces the piston upward . the vertical height of the upward restoring deflection is a measure ( referred to as the compression signal ) of the amount of entrapped air in paste 20 . those skilled in the art will appreciate that the amount of entrapped air should generally be uniform through the paste and therefore that the amount of air will depend on the amount of paste remaining . analysis of the air will preferably comprise a measurement by conventional techniques of the magnitude of the piston retraction . a retraction above some limit indicates too much entrapped air and will trigger an alarm ( and initiate corrective action ). illustratively , the spring back may be tested with a full paste reservoir and with the nozzle closed at the start of a run . if desired , the spring back may be measured periodically during the run , with the alarm limit being adjusted in accordance with the remaining volume of paste . an amount of retraction that is acceptable with a full reservoir might indicate too much air when the reservoir is one quarter full . fig4 and 5 show the results of closed nozzle pressurization tests . fig4 shows results for a quarter - full nozzle . note the deflection and subsequent recovery of piston position , denoted with bracket 410 . in this test , normal pressure was applied to the piston 50 for two seconds and then released . distance 410 represents an acceptable and rather low amount of entrapped air . fig5 shows similar results for a half - full nozzle . note the increased deflection ( bracket 510 ) compared to the quarter - full nozzle . the increased deflection , which is close to twice the deflection 410 is indicative of the same ( acceptable ) concentration distributed air bubbles in the paste . increased deflection proportionate to increased reservoir volume . install a fresh nozzle on the screener and conduct a trapped air test by applying pressure to cylinder 50 and releasing the pressure while measuring the spring back . if the amount of entrapped air is acceptable , begin application screening while measuring the application rate ( indicated by the slope of the piston displacement ). if the application rate is too high or low , take corrective action . the tested value of piston displacement rate for application of the criteria may be summed or integrated over time to smooth out fluctuations . also , fluctuations in the rate of displacement above a reference threshold may be flagged to indicate friction or stiction in the system . in the case of a stiction “ hiccup ”, the lvdt output signal will be constant for the duration of the stiction ( short compared with the duration of the dispensing period ) and then quickly shift to the slanting line 320 - i ( similar in slope to the shifts 331 and 333 ). such fluctuations may easily be detected by differentiating the piston displacement signal and testing if a spike exceeds a threshold for a time less than a spike time limit ( an additional indication being that the differentiated signal will be substantially zero for the duration of the stiction ). the spike time limit is used to discriminate between a short event , indicative of stiction or friction in the nozzle , and an excessive dispense rate for a time greater than a threshold time limit , indicative of an incorrect nozzle opening . there will be a normal spike in the derivative signal at the start and end of a segment 320 ( in fig3 ) when the entrapped air is compressed and released . that may handled by ignoring spikes within a certain time of the start and end of a stroke . a linear variable differential transformer is the preferred unit to generate the output signals but other transducers that report piston displacement such as optical encoders , capacitive sensors , etc . may be used . while the invention has been described in terms of a single preferred embodiment , those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced in various versions within the spirit and scope of the following claims .

6Physics

the present disclosure describes magnetic coupling devices and associated methods . several specific details of the invention are set forth in the following description and in fig1 - 7g to provide a thorough understanding of certain embodiments of the invention . one skilled in the art , however , will understand that the present invention may have additional embodiments , and that other embodiments of the invention may be practiced without several of the specific features described below . for example , while selected dimensions may be provided on various figures , these dimensions are for illustrative purposes only . in other embodiments , the magnetic coupling device and associated components can have significantly different dimensions than are shown in the illustrated embodiment . the magnetic coupling system 100 , shown in fig1 - 7g , can include a magnet rotor assembly 110 and a conductor assembly 120 . the magnet rotor assembly 110 can be coupled to a first shaft 111 ( shown in fig2 ) and the conductor assembly 120 can be coupled to a second shaft 121 ( shown in fig2 ). the magnet rotor assembly 110 and / or the conductor assembly 121 can be coupled to the respective shaft ( s ) using various methods , for example , by using fasteners , a friction / interference fit , set screws , and / or shaft keys ( shown in fig2 ). when the magnet rotor assembly 110 and a conductor assembly 120 are coupled to the first and second shafts 111 and 121 , the magnetic coupling system 100 can be used to transfer rotational movement of one shaft to the other shaft ( e . g ., coupling the shafts ). for example , a motor can apply a rotational force ( e . g ., torque ) to the first shaft 111 and the magnetic coupling system 100 can transmit the rotational force to the second shaft 121 . in certain embodiments , the magnetic coupling system 100 can be used as a clutch - type system to allow engagement and disengagement ( e . g ., coupling and decoupling ) of the first shaft 111 and the second shaft 121 . in other embodiments , the magnetic coupling system 100 can be used to buffer movement between the first shaft 111 and the second shaft 121 by allowing one shaft to smoothly transition to another rotational speed in response to a sudden change in the rotation of the other shaft . the magnetic rotor assembly 110 can include a first shaft mount 112 , one or more magnet holders 113 , and one or more magnets 114 in each holder . the magnet holder 113 can be made of various materials , for example , a plastic , a metal , or a ceramic . in certain embodiments , the first shaft mount 112 and the magnet holder 113 can be an integral unit . in the illustrated embodiment , the magnet holder 113 is coupled to the first shaft mount 112 , which in turn can be coupled to the first shaft 111 ( shown in fig2 ). twelve magnets 114 are coupled to the magnet holder 113 . the twelve magnets are shown as a first magnet 114 a , a second magnet 114 b , a third magnet 114 c , a fourth magnet 114 d , a fifth magnet 114 e , a sixth magnet 114 f , a seventh magnet 114 g , an eighth magnet 114 h , a ninth magnet 114 i , a tenth magnet 114 j , an eleventh magnet 114 k , and a twelfth magnet 114 l . as shown in the illustrated embodiment , the magnets can be arranged symmetrically around the magnet holder 113 with adjacent magnets arranged so that they present opposite poles on each side of the magnet holder 113 . other embodiments can have more or fewer magnets 114 and / or other arrangements and geometry ( e . g ., magnets can be stacked end - to - end , positive pole opposite negative pole , in openings around a magnet holder having a different size and shape than the magnet holder 113 shown in the illustrated embodiment ). the conductor assembly can include a second shaft mount 122 and an electro - conductive material 123 . in the illustrated embodiment , the second shaft mount 122 includes two portions shown as a top portion 122 a and a bottom portion 122 b . other embodiments can have more or fewer portions and / or other arrangements ( e . g ., a left portion and a right portion ). in the illustrated embodiment , the top portion 122 a and the bottom portion 122 b are configured to be coupled around a shaft using fasteners . the second shaft mount 122 can carry one or more electro - conductive material sections 123 . four electro - conductive material sections are shown in the illustrated embodiment , as a first electro - conductive material section 123 a , a second electro - conductive material section 123 b , a third electro - conductive material section 123 c , and a fourth electro - conductive material section 123 d . the first and second electro - conductive material sections 123 a and 123 b are coupled to the top shaft mount section 122 a and the third and fourth electro - conductive material sections 123 c and 123 d are coupled to the bottom shaft mount portion 122 b . in other embodiments , the conductor assembly can include more or fewer electro - conductive material sections 123 and / or other arrangements ( e . g ., the electro - conductive material sections 123 can be integral with the second shaft mount 122 ). when the second shaft mount 122 is coupled to the second shaft 121 ( shown in fig2 ), the second shaft 121 , the second shaft mount 122 , and the electro - conductive material sections 123 can rotate as a unit . the split arrangement of the conductor assembly 120 , described above , can simplify handling , installation , and adjustment of the magnetic coupling system 100 . for example , the magnet rotor assembly 110 can be installed on to the first shaft 111 ( shown in fig2 ). the first shaft mount 112 can be positioned on the first shaft 111 so that the end of the first shaft 111 is flush with a face of the first shaft mount 112 . the first shaft mount 112 can then be coupled to the first shaft 111 so that the conductor assembly 120 and the first shaft 111 can turn as a unit . in the illustrated embodiment , one or more shaft keys and an interference fit ( e . g ., the first shaft mount 112 is pressed onto the first shaft 111 ) are used to couple the first shaft 111 to the magnet rotor assembly 110 . as discussed above , in other embodiments , other methods ( e . g ., fasteners and / or set screws ) can be used to couple the first shaft mount 112 to the first shaft 111 . the top portion 122 a and bottom portion 122 b of the second shaft mount 122 can then be positioned around the magnet holder 113 . the magnet rotor assembly 110 and the conductor assembly 120 can be configured so that when the second shaft mount 122 is positioned around the magnet holder 113 , the first shaft mount 112 and the second shaft mount 122 fit together to provide a selected amount of space between the magnet holder 113 , with the associated magnets 114 , and the electro - conductive material sections 123 . for example , a gapping tool or gauge can be inserted through the holes shown in the second shaft mount 122 to measure and / or adjust a gap between a portion of the second shaft mount 122 and the magnet holder 113 before the second shaft mount 122 is coupled to the second shaft 121 . in other embodiments , the magnetic coupling system 100 can use other methods for controlling / adjusting the gap between the magnets 114 / magnet holder 113 and the electro - conductive material sections 123 ( e . g ., a spacer element with a bushing centrally located between the magnet holder 113 or the first shaft mount 112 and the second shaft mount 122 ). once the conductor assembly 120 is positioned relative to the magnet holder 113 and first shaft mount 112 , the second shaft mount 122 can be coupled to the second shaft 121 so that the second shaft 121 and the conductor assembly can turn as a unit . in the illustrated embodiment , one or more shaft keys and fasteners ( e . g ., fasteners that cause the first and second portions 122 a and 122 b of the second shaft mount 122 to tighten around the second shaft 121 ) are used to couple the second shaft mount 122 to the second shaft 121 . as discussed above , in other embodiments , other methods ( e . g ., an interference fit and / or set screws ) can be used to couple the first shaft mount 112 to the first shaft 111 . as discussed above , with the magnet rotor assembly 110 coupled to the first shaft 111 and the conductor assembly 120 coupled to the second shaft 121 when a rotational force is imparted to one shaft the force can be transferred to the other shaft via the magnetic coupling system 100 . for example , if the first shaft 111 is rotated , the first shaft mount 112 , the magnet holder 113 , and the magnets 114 will rotate with the first shaft 111 . as the magnets rotate relative to the electro - conductive material sections 123 , magnetic friction will cause the electro - conductive material sections 123 to move . as the electro - conductive material section 123 moves the second shaft mount 122 will move , thereby moving the second shaft 121 . the position of the magnets 114 relative to the conductive material sections 123 can determine the strength of the magnetic friction and thereby the ability of the magnetic coupling system 100 to transfer rotational forces and / or motion between one shaft and the other . for example , increasing the space or gap between the magnets 114 and the electro - conductive material sections 123 , shown as a first gap 130 a and a second gap 130 b in fig3 b , can reduce the strength of the magnetic friction between the magnets 114 and the electro - conductive material sections 123 . in other embodiments , the magnets 114 can be positioned to rotate so that only a portion of each magnet 114 passes between electro - conductive material sections 123 instead of the entire magnet 114 passing between electro - conductive material sections 123 , thereby reducing the strength of the magnetic friction between the magnets 114 and the electro - conductive material sections 123 . other variables can also affect the strength of the magnetic friction between the magnets 114 and the electro - conductive material sections 123 . for example , the thickness of the electro - conductive material sections 123 , whether the electro - conductive material sections 123 are solid , laminated , or plated , and the number of magnets 114 can all affect the strength of the magnetic friction between the magnets 114 and the electro - conductive material sections 123 . additionally , the material placed behind the electro - conductive material sections 123 can affect the strength of the magnetic friction . for example , if the electro - conductive materials sections 123 are copper and are backed by a ferrous material ( e . g ., at least a portion of the second shaft mount 122 is made of steel ) the magnetic friction can be stronger than if the electro - conductive material sections 123 are backed by a non - ferrous material ( e . g ., aluminum and / or plastic ). the manner in which the electro - conductive material sections 123 are positioned relative to each other can also affect the strength of the magnetic friction and / or the consistency of the magnetic friction as the magnet rotor assembly 110 and the conductor assembly 120 rotate . for example , if the first electro - conductive material section 123 a and the third electro - conductive material section 123 c are positioned such that they form a continuous ring around the first shaft mount 112 , as the magnet holder 113 rotates , the magnetic friction will be more consistent than if there is a gap between the first electro - conductive material section 123 a and the third electro - conductive material section 123 c . the more consistent the magnetic friction is as the magnet rotor assembly 110 and the conductor assembly 120 rotate , the smoother the rotational force and / or motion can be transferred from one shaft to the other . various methods can be used to position the electro - conductive material sections 123 to avoid gaps and / or to make combined electro - conductive material sections 123 appear to be more like a single electro - conductive material section 123 ( e . g ., make the combined sections appear to be more nearly homogenous ) with respect to the magnetic friction created by the relative motion between the magnets 114 and the electro - conductive material sections 123 . for example , the edges 124 a and 124 b ( fig2 ) between the electro - conductive material sections 123 where the electra - conductive material sections 123 meet and / or are joined ( e . g ., between the first electro - conductive material section 123 a and the third electro - conductive material section 123 c ) can be configured to improve this characteristic . depending on the materials used and the selected configuration , edges 124 a and 124 b of adjoining electro - conductive material sections 123 can have various arrangements , including being straight cut , cut at corresponding angles to fit together , cut in saw tooth shapes that can interlock , cut to form a tongue and groove arrangement , and / or cut to have rounded shapes ( e . g ., one concave and one convex ). in other embodiments , there may not be an edge joint ( e . g ., a solid , continuous ring / disk can be used ). a feature of some of the embodiments described above is that the magnet rotor assembly and the conductor assembly of the magnetic coupling system can be handled as separate pieces , which makes handling and installation easier than with current systems . additionally , even though the conductor assembly and the magnetic rotor assembly can be handled separately they can be easily adjusted once installed and / or during the installation process . accordingly , an advantage of these features is that the easy handling , easy installation , and / or easy adjustment of the magnetic coupling system can save time and money during the installation and / or maintenance of these systems . embodiments of the invention described above can be applied to a very wide variety of systems using a magnetic coupling or drive . for example , features of embodiments described above can be used in conjunction with selected embodiments and / or features described in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 477 , 093 ; 5 , 477 , 094 ; 5 , 668 , 424 ; 5 , 691 , 587 ; 5 , 712 , 519 ; 5 , 473 , 209 ; and 4 , 826 , 150 . the above - detailed embodiments of the invention are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above . specific embodiments of , and examples for , the invention are described above for illustrative purposes , but those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention . for example , whereas steps are presented in a given order , alternative embodiments may perform steps in a different order . the various aspects of embodiments described herein can be combined and / or eliminated to provide further embodiments . although advantages associated with certain embodiments of the invention have been described in the context of those embodiments , other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages . additionally , none of the foregoing embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the invention . in general , the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification unless the above - detailed description explicitly defines such terms . in addition , the inventors contemplate various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms . accordingly , the inventors reserve the right to add claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention .

7Electricity

referring now to fig1 for an overview , therein is shown a conventional , commercially available sample and hold circuit 9 for inputting analog signals at controlled intervals . the sample and hold circuit 9 is connected to d / a converter circuitry 10 which outputs to a / d converter circuitry 12 . the a / d converter circuitry 12 is powered from a bootstrap power supply 14 . the d / a and a / d converter circuitry are controlled by control logic circuitry 16 directed by a conventional , commercially available microprocessor 15 which is connected to conventional calibration memory 17 . the d / a converter circuitry 10 uses reference voltages , or potentials , from precision voltage reference circuitry 18 . the d / a converter circuitry 10 includes a d / a amplifier 11 with a ladder resistor network 13 . the ladder resistor network 13 is made up of a plurality of ladder resistors , seven in the preferred embodiment , designated serially by the numbers 19 through 25 . each of the resistors has a value which is a multiple of the preceding resistor to make the resistors binary weighted . the ladder resistor network 13 at one end , is connected to the negative or inverting input of the d / a amplifier 11 . the other end of each of the ladder resistors in the network is connected to a pair of digital controlled ladder switches which are respectively , individually , designated by the numerals 26 through 37 . the ladder resistor 25 is connected to the positive voltage of the reference circuitry 18 to provide a permanent offset to the potential at the inverting input of the d / a amplifier 11 . of each pair of ladder switches , the odd numerals 27 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 35 , and 37 are connected to the negative voltage reference circuitry 18 while the even numerals 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 , and 36 are connected to an analog common ground designated by the numeral 8 . disposed across the d / a amplifier 11 is a d / a gain setting resistor 38 . the output of the d / a amplifier 11 is connected to the a / d converter circuitry 12 and in particular has an operative connection to an a / d amplifier 40 . the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is bridged by an a / d gain setting resistor 44 connected to the output node 45 . the a / d gain setting resistor 44 is connected at one end to an a / d input resistor 42 , which is connected at its other end to the d / a amplifier 11 and to an autozero ( az ) storage capacitor 46 at the same end . the az storage capacitor 46 is further connected to the negative input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . the negative input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 and the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is further bridged by a digitally controlled az switch 47 which is one of a group of switches which may be described as amplifier control switches . a store 1 or store 2 switch 48 is disposed between the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 and the a / d gain setting resistor 44 . a digitally controlled &# 34 ; compare &# 34 ; switch 50 is connected to the junction between the store 1 or store 2 switch 48 and the a / d gain setting resistor 44 and connects the junction to the analog common 8 in its conductive condition . the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is connected to a digitally controlled &# 34 ; az &# 34 ; switch 49 . bridging the positive input and the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 are two pairs of digitally controlled switches , &# 34 ; store 1 &# 34 ; switch 52 and &# 34 ; store 3 &# 34 ; switch 54 in parallel with &# 34 ; store 2 &# 34 ; switch 53 and &# 34 ; store 4 &# 34 ; switch 55 . connected between the store 1 switch 52 and store 3 switch 54 is a &# 34 ; a storage &# 34 ; capacitor 58 which is connected to the analog common 8 . between the store 2 switch 53 and the store 4 switch 55 is a connection to a &# 34 ; b storage &# 34 ; capacitor 60 which is further connected to the analog ground 8 . the main analog input over lead 64 is connected to the sample and hold circuit 9 and then via a digitally controlled &# 34 ; input &# 34 ; switch 62 to the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . the bootstrap ( bs ) power supply 14 is connected to the a / d converter circuitry 12 and includes a &# 34 ; bs follower &# 34 ; amplifier 66 which is bridged across its negative input and output by a bs follower resistor 68 . the negative input of the bs follower amplifier is connected by a bs input limit resistor 70 and a pair of opposed limiting zener diodes 72 and 73 to the output of the a / d amplifier 40 . the positive input of the bs follower amplifier 66 is connected to the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 and the input switch 62 , store 3 switch 54 , store 4 switch 55 and autozero switch 49 . the output of the bs follower amplifier 66 is connected between two supply setting zener diodes 76 and 78 which at their opposite extremities are connected to plus and minus bias resistors 80 and 82 , respectively . the extreme ends of the bias setting resistors 80 and 82 are respectively connected to positive and negative source potentials . the junctions between the supply setting zener diodes 76 and 78 and the plus and minus bias resistors 80 and 82 are respectively connected to the bases of &# 34 ; supply follower &# 34 ; transistors 84 and 86 , respectively . the supply followers 84 and 86 are disposed between the plus and minus source potentials . disposed between the supply follower transistors 84 and 86 is a capacitor 87 . the supply follower transistor proximate leads 88 and 90 are connected as the power supply of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . referring now to the precision voltage reference circuitry 18 , therein is shown a positive temperature coefficient zener diode 92 with a setable , opposing temperature coefficient emitter base junction of transistor 94 . the transistor and zener are packaged in a single isotherminal package generally designated as reference amplifier 90 . the reference amplifier 90 has connected thereto a collector resistor 96 . zener current / source resistor 100 is connected from node 118 to cathode of zener node 90 and second zener current / source resistor 98 is connected between node 112 and cathode of zener 92 . the collector and base of the transistor 94 is bridged by a capacitor 101 and the base of the transistor 94 is further connected to a resistor 102 . the resistor 102 is connected by a node 103 to a resistor network made up of resistors 104 and 105 . the resistor 104 connects the resistor 102 to analog common 8 , 106 and the resistor 105 connects the resistor 102 to a node 107 which is connected to the diode 92 and to the emitter distant end of the second emitter resistor 98 . the operational amplifier 106 has its positive input connected to the ground 8 and its negative input connected between the reference amplifier 90 and the collector resistor 96 . the output of the operational amplifier 106 is connected to a diode 108 . the diode 108 in turn is the regulated negative voltage source by a resistor 110 to a negative voltage reference output node 112 . this negative output node 112 is further connected to the zener current source resistor 98 and the node 107 . the negative output node 112 is further connected to a resistor 114 which is connected in turn to the negative input of an operational amplifier 116 . the positive input of the operational amplifier 116 is connected to the ground 8 and the output is connected to a positive voltage reference output node 118 . the output node 118 is further connected by a gain setting resistor 120 to the negative input of the operational amplifier 116 . the negative output node 112 , outside the precision voltage reference circuitry 18 , is connected by lead 122 to the switches 35 and 37 ; by the lead 124 to the switches 31 and 33 ; by the lead 126 to the switch 29 ; and by the lead 128 to the switch 27 . the positive output node 118 is connected by the ladder resistor 25 to the ladder resistor network 13 in the d / a converter circuitry 10 . the initial phase of operation includes a calibration phase which will be described later because it is easier to understand after the operation of the remainder of the system is understood . the second phase of operation is the autozero phase during which the system is in a quiescent state with all the voltage levels fixed and no changes movement of any of the levels at any of the amplifier or resistor networks . during autozero , the autozero switches 47 and 49 are turned on . the autozero switch 49 connects the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 to the analog common 8 and the autozero switch 47 connects the output thereof to the negative input proximate the a / z storage capacitor 46 . all the offsets from the d / a amplifier 11 , the ladder resistor network 13 , and the a / d amplifier / comparator 40 are imposed on the autozero storage capacitor 46 . all of the other switches in the a / d converter circuitry 12 are off . the d / a amplifier / comparator 11 output is set to zero by turning on switches 27 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 and 36 . switches 26 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 35 and 37 are turned off . the first operative phase of the analog to digital conversion begins when the microprocessor 15 provides directions to start the compare phase . during the compare phase , the analog input which is present at the sample and hold circuit 9 is applied to the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 through input switch 62 which is turned on . further , the compare switch 50 is turned on . when the input signal is applied , the output of the d / a amplifier 11 will still be that of the analog common ground 8 and the analog input would cause the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 to be at one extreme or the other depending upon the polarity of the analog input . it should be noted that the present invention is operative for the entire range of negative to positive polarity analog inputs without a need for sensing polarity . after a trigger from microprocessor 15 , the control logic circuit 16 will start opening and closing the digital switches 26 through 37 on and off to selectively connect the ladder resistors 19 through 24 into the connection between the input of the d / a amplifier 11 and the negative output node 112 or common 8 . the selective turn - on of the ladder switches 26 through 37 causes the output of the d / a amplifier 11 to start ramping in steps from minus full scale to plus full scale . at each step , the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 operating in its comparator mode is checked for polarity . if polarity is positive , the particular ladder switch is left on and then the next switch is activated for the next resistor connection . if polarity is negative the particular switch is turned off , and the other switch of the pair is turned on to connect that resistor to the analog common ground 8 . in all cases , for both polarities of input , the current always flows through the ladder switches in the same direction . this is because it has been discovered that conventional bidirectional switches exhibit sufficient differences in resistance to current flow in different directions to cause noticable errors in high precision instruments of the type embodying the current invention . as each of the resistors in the ladder resistor network 13 is tried , the control logic circuit 16 remembers which of the ladder resistors is left connected to the negative output node 112 . since the ladder resistors are binary weighted , each of the resistors selected during the above process represents the closest digital equivalent of the analog input at the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is thus below the next complete digit and may be termed a &# 34 ; remainder &# 34 ;. in this fashion , the first digit is determined and the portion of the input signal representative thereof is subtracted from the positive input to the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . to store the remainder being outputted from the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 the compare switch 50 is turned off and the store 1 or store 2 switch 48 is turned on . the input switch 62 is left on and the store 1 switch 52 is turned on to connect the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 to the a storage capacitor 58 . during this next phase , the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is no longer used as a comparator and instead is used as an amplifier . in the amplifier mode , inputs to the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 are multiplied by a predetermined factor . in the preferred embodiment , the predetermined factor that the remainder is multiplied by is 16 . the amplified output then charges the a storage capacitor and a time delay is provided to allow the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 to stabilize after charging the a storage capacitor 58 . then the store 1 switch 52 is turned off . finally , the input switch 62 is also turned off to complete this amplifier or remainder storage phase . in the next phase , the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is then reconfigured into its comparator mode . the compare switch 50 is turned on and the store 1 or store 2 switch 48 is turned off . with the store 3 switch 54 turned on , the compare phase cycle is restarted . the charge that was stored on the a storage capacitor 58 now replaces the original analog signal as the input to the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . as before , the ladder switches are opened and closed by the control logic circuit 16 and the a / d amplifier / comparator 40 in its comparator mode is monitored for its output polarity . if a particular ladder switch causes the output polarity to be negative , that particular switch is removed from the connection to the negative output node 112 . after each of the six ladder switches have been tried , those resistors that remain connected to the precision voltage reference circuitry 18 represent the digital equivalent of the analog voltage which is the predetermined number of times the remainder from the previous compare phase . it is in this fashion that the first significant bits of the remainder are determined . the circuit is then switched so that the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is changed into the amplifier mode . the compare switch 50 is turned off and the store 1 or store 2 switch 48 is turned on . the store 3 switch 54 is left on and the input from the d / a amplifier and the potential from the a storage capacitor 58 is applied to the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . the difference between the output of the d / a amplifier and the charge from the a storage capacitor 58 is multiplied by the predetermined factor and appears at the output node 45 . during this phase , the potential at the output node 45 is applied to the b storage capacitor 60 through the store 2 switch 53 . after a sufficient time delay for the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 to stabilize , the store 2 switch 53 is opened and the charge across b storage capacitor 60 represents the predetermined number times the difference between the d / a output and the charge previously on the a storage capacitor 58 . this time , however , the digital information representing the ladder bits which were called during the last compare phase are equal to one - sixteenth the values represented by the same bits when they were called during the first compare phase . now , the compare phase and the amplification phases are repeated ; the compare phase is repeated three times and the amplification phase twice . each time the compare and amplification phases are repeated , the role of the a and b storage capacitors 58 and 60 , respectively , are exchanged . during each compare mode when the last one or two ladder switches are tested , it is possible for the comparator mode connected a / d amplifier / comparator 40 to be not settled and to have its output polarity incorrectly interpreted by the control logic circuitry 16 . this situation will cause a ladder switch to be incorrectly selected and the final digital representation of the analog input to be in error . the point where comparator errors are most likely to appear is at the cardinal points or points where the input voltage level is very near the value where there are major changes of ladder switch patterns , such as 101111 to 110000 . in the original recirculation of the remainder system , if the ladder switch is selected incorrectly such that its corresponding analog level is slightly larger than the applied input , the final digital result will be in error by the difference and in most cases , the a / d converter will have some missing values or codes near cardinal points . generally a cardinal point is most noticable between two closely spaced readings which result in major changes of ladder switch patterns . in the past , any mismatch of ladder switches or resistors caused major discontinuities in th linearity curve . for example , for equally spaced increments of input voltage , successive digital readings might be : ______________________________________desired actual______________________________________09995 0999509996 0999609997 0999709998 09997 ( discontinuity ) 09999 09997 ( discontinuity ) 10000 1000010001 1000110002 10002______________________________________ in the present invention the cardinal point errors are eliminated because of a self correction scheme embeded in the topology of the circuit . in the preferred embodiment , the equivalent value of the ladder resistors 19 through 24 are weighted sixteen to one . there is also the ladder resistor 25 which has a negative sixteen weight to start the binary digits from a negative ( or offset ) value . this means switch 26 on will result in zero output from the d / a amplifier 11 . with six switches , the switch patterns of each recirculation overlap by two . thus , if an error is made during one of the recirculations of the remainder , the error is added to the remainder and affects the switch pattern in the next recirculation to be cancelled or substracted out . after all the phases are completed , a register in the control logic circuit 16 has a binary representation of the analog signal that was applied at the input 64 . this binary data is then shifted out six bits at a time serially onto an interface bus , to be later described , that is connected to the microprocessor 15 . the microprocessor 15 then rearranges the data and inserts the appropriate correction factors to correct for errors due to the ladder resistor network 13 , the various switches in the a / d converter circuitry 12 , and the voltages from the precision voltage reference circuitry 18 . while the data is being transferred form the control logic circuit 16 through the bus interface 70 , the a / d converter circuitry 12 is placed back in its autozero phase . the bs power supply 14 enhances the performance of the a / d amplifier / comparator 40 by generating a power supply which tracks the input to the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . it also serves to limit the output excursion of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 when it is used in the comparison mode . when the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is in the autozero phase or in the amplifier phase , the bootstrap follower amplifier 66 is connected as a follower . the output of the bs follower amplifier 66 tracks the voltage at its positive input . th positive input of the bs follower amplifier 66 is connected to the positive input of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . the output of the bs follower amplifier 66 is connected at the junction of the two zener diodes 76 and 78 . these two zener diodes 76 and 78 set the operating points for the plus and minus supply follower transistors 84 and 86 , respectively . the transistors 84 and 86 are set up so as to provide a bootstrap power supply via leads 88 and 90 to the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . thus , the bootstrap power supply 14 provides a power supply that bootstraps on tracks the a / d amplifier / comparator 40 inputs so it never sees a common mode input signal . this makes it feasible to use a lower grade amplifier than heretofore believed possible for the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . when the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 is used in the comparator mode , its output is driven to supply extremes in either polarity depending on the input signal . when this occurs , the output devices in the amplifier become saturated and do not recover in time to perform as a linear amplifier when the circuit is changed into an amplifier . therefore , the bootstrap power supply 14 includes components so that it can limit supply voltages and thus limit the output excursions of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 to make it recover more quickly after it has been overloaded during the compare phase . this is accomplished by resistor 70 and two zener diodes 72 and 73 , connected back to back which are connected between the negative input to the bs amplifier 66 and the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 . when the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 exceeds a predetermined level , the zener diodes break over and convert the configuration of the bootstrap follower amplifier 66 from a follower mode into an operational mode and thus it becomes an inverting amplifier . as an inverting amplifier , the bootstrap amplifier 66 limits the output of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 by limiting its power supply . this limiting of the output level of the a / d amplifier / comparator 40 makes it possible for the amplifier to very quickly return to its linear mode of operation during the amplifier phase . the precision reference voltage circuitry 18 provides a positive and negative reference voltage source which has excellent long - term stability , small temperature coefficient , and is presettable to a desired output voltage without production manual adjustments . the reference amplifier 90 and the collector resistor 96 are selected to set the current through transistor 94 such that the temperature coefficient of the emitter base voltage of transistor 94 is exactly equal to the temperature coefficient of the zener diode 92 . the net temperature coefficient of the zener diode 92 and the base emitter voltage of the transistor 94 is zero for the voltage between the nodes 103 and 107 . the reference amplifier 90 provides the needed voltages to properly bias the operational amplifier 106 and to scale the stable voltage between nodes 103 and 107 to desired voltage levels between the analog common ground 8 and the negative output node 112 . the operational amplifier 106 is an active device that controls negative voltage levels at the negative output node 112 . the resistor network made up of the resistors 104 and 105 also set up the desired output voltage between the analog ground 8 and the negative output node 112 . the diode 108 and the resistor 110 ensure that the output at the negative output node 112 is always negative . the portion of the precision reference voltage circuitry 18 which outputs a positive precision reference voltage at the positive output node 118 consists of the operational amplifier 116 and two gain setting resistors 114 and 120 . this circuit provides the desired positive output and it is the stable source for setting the required zero temperature coefficient current for the reference amplifier 90 via the resistor 96 . the positive and negative output voltages provide the precise voltage levels needed to set the desired current for the reference zener diode 92 via resistors 98 and 100 . in effect , the reference amplifier 90 can be considered part of an operational amplifier . the base of the reference amplifier transistor 94 and the resistor 102 is the non - inverting input and the emitter of the reference amplifier transistor 94 is the inverting input . diode 108 and resistor 110 with amplifier 106 make up the output portion of the operational amplifier . essentially , the output voltage at the negative output node 112 would be more negative than the node 103 by the voltage across the zener diode 92 plus the offset voltage of the operational amplifier . the effective operational amplifier will have an input offset voltage that has an adjustable temperature coefficient set by the selection of the value of the collector resistor 96 . the zener diode 92 has a positive temperature coefficient and so the equivalent operational amplifier will have an adjustable negative temperature coefficient . thus , with proper selection of the collector resistor 96 during testing of the reference amplifier 90 , the voltage between the base of the transistor 94 and the negative output node 112 will be a temperature and time independent stable voltage . the voltage at the negative output node 112 with respect to the analog common ground 8 can be adjusted to any level larger than the voltage across the zener diode 92 plus the voltage across the base emitter junction of the reference transistor 94 . since the resistors 104 and 105 are in one precision network , the division can be made very stable . the positive reference voltage at the positive output node 118 is generated with an inverting amplifier using a gain of minus one . the gain is set up by the ratio of the two resistors 114 and 120 which are in one network and which can be made very stable . the voltage offset and the voltage temperature coefficient can cause some errors , but for this ( a / d ) application , the errors are negligible . in actual production , it has been found that the precision voltage reference circuitry 18 is unique for several reasons . first , the output voltage of the circuit can be very precisely set by laser trimming the resistor network consisting of the two resistors 104 and 105 during testing of the reference amplifier 90 . the collection of components then can be installed in a larger system without the requirement of manually selecting resistors or adjusting a control . second , the circuit places the reference amplifier 90 in an electrical environment that duplicates the environment in which the device was originally tested . the resistor 102 makes the resistance looking away from the base appear to be the same as that in a test environment . the resistors 98 and 100 make the source resistance for the zener current for the reference zener 92 to be the same as in the test environment , and third , the complete circuit can be built using only seven components . referring now to fig2 therein is shown the contents of the block designated as the control logic circuitry 16 . a prescaler 302 receives a set frequency input signal from the instrument ( not shown ) containing the a / d converter . the signal is provided to a main counter 304 . the main counter 304 is connected to a watchdog timer , 306 . the main counter 304 is further connected to a timing control 314 which provides signals ( according to the timing diagram to be hereafter described ) to a first - in first - out ( fifo ) register 312 which forwards signals to tristate buffers 310 . connected to the timing control 314 is an &# 34 ; and / or select &# 34 ; logic 316 . where not otherwise designated , these are all conventional components assembled in well - known configurations or would be obvious to those skilled in the art from the description . the timing control 314 further has output leads 318 , 320 , 322 , and 324 connected to a sample and hold circuit 9 ( shown in fig1 ). the main counter 304 is still further connected to watchdog timer 306 that is used to check to make sure that microprocessor 15 interogates the system periodically and , if it does not , it will be assumed that the microprocessor program counter has lost its place and will cause the microprocessor 15 to reset thus initializing the software and the a / d status to a known state . the watchdog timer 306 is connected to a reset gating circuit 325 ( for resetting the microprocessor 15 as described above ) and to a lead 326 to the bus interface 70 . the bus interface 70 is connected by a lead 328 to the watchdog timer 306 . the bus interface 70 is further connected by a lead 330 to the trigger control 308 and is connected by leads 332 , 334 , 336 , 338 , 340 , and 342 from the tristate buffers 310 . each of these leads is individually connected from the tristate buffers 310 to the and / or select logic 316 . a lead 344 connects the timing control 314 to the bus interface 70 and a lead 346 connects the timing control 314 to the output node 45 . the and / or select logic 316 is connected by leads 348 , 350 , 352 , 354 , 356 , and 358 to the ladder switches 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 , and 36 , respectively ( shown in fig1 ). the and / or select logic 316 is further connected by lead 360 to the compare switch 50 and by the lead 362 to the autozero switch 47 and 49 . the and / or select logic 316 is further connected by leads 364 , 365 , 366 , 370 and 372 respectively to the amplifier control switches 52 , 48 , 53 , 54 , and 55 . a lead 368 is connected to the input switch 62 . in order to understand the operation of the entire analog to digital converter , it is necessary to reference the flow chart in fig .&# 39 ; s 3 , 4 , and 5 , sequentially , and the wave form diagrams of fig .&# 39 ; s 6 and 7 simultaneously . initially , the a / d converter is in a standby state in which the output signals on leads 318 and 320 are on , the signals on leads 322 and 324 are off , and the autozero mode is in effect . in the autozero mode , there are signals on leads 348 for the ladder switch 26 and the lead 362 for the autozero switch 47 and 49 and no signals on : the leads 350 , 352 , 354 , 356 , and 358 for the other ladder switches ; the lead 360 to the compare switch 50 ; and the leads 364 , 366 , 368 , 370 , and 372 which are for the amplifier control switches . after the triggering input is provided as indicated by the decision block 402 , the output on lead 320 is turned off as shown at block 404 . next , a predetermined period of time passes as shown by delay block 406 before the signal on lead 318 is turned off and the signal on lead 322 is turned on by the timing control 314 . with reference to fig6 which is a timing diagram which depicts the various wave forms imposed on leads 318 , 320 , 322 , and 324 , it may be seen that the wave forms change at points 502 , 504 , and 506 . after the predetermined delay as indicated by block 410 , the autozero mode is turned off as indicated by block 412 . the wave forms involved are shown at points 522 and 508 in fig7 . as a point of reference , it should be noted that the points 508 and 510 are identical in fig .&# 39 ; s 6 and 7 . next , the input mode is turned on as indicated by block 414 as the input switch 62 remains closed between points 508 and 510 . while the input mode is turned on , the digit selection process ( process by which the bits which make up the digit are selected ) indicated by block 416 is implemented . this is a subroutine which is shown in fig5 and which will be discussed in greater detail later . when the digit selection process is completed , the input mode is turned off as indicated by block 418 and at point 510 in fig6 and 7 . next , the a capacitor mode is activated by turning on the switch 54 at the point 528 in fig7 . after the a capacitor switches are turned on , a pair of simultaneous processes occur . the first process is the digit selection process of block 438 , which is the subroutine shown in fig5 repeated . the second process which relates to the sample and hold circuit 9 begins with a predetermined time delay as indicated by block 422 after which the signal on the 322 is turned off as shown by block 424 and point 512 in fig6 . another predetermined delay occurs at block 426 and then the signal on lead 324 is turned on in block 428 as indicated at point 514 in fig6 . the signal remains on for a predetermined period as indicated by block 430 and then it is turned off at block 432 and point 516 . after a further time delay indicated by block 434 , the signals on leads 318 and 320 are turned on as indicated by block 436 and the points 518 and 520 which occur shortly thereafter . it should be noted from the dotted lines in fig .&# 39 ; s 6 and 7 that the signals are not turned on and off simultaneously but rather are generally staggered so that one signal will terminate before another begins . this &# 34 ; break before make &# 34 ; has contributed to system accuracy by eliminating error inducing transients . by the time the block 436 occurs , the digit selection process of 438 will be completed and the program will proceed to block 440 where the a capacitor switches will be turned off with switch 54 being turned off at point 532 . next , the b capacitor mode is activated as indicated by block 442 and point 536 . next , the digit selection process is repeated for the remaining remainder as indicated by block 444 . after completion of the digit selection process in block 444 , the b capacitor switches are turned off as indicated by the block 446 and the a capacitor switches are turned on as indicated by block 448 and then the digit selection process is repeated for the remaining remainder as indicated by block 450 . after completion of the bit selection process , the a capacitor switches are turned off as indicated by block 452 and the b capacitor switches are turned on as indicated by block 454 . next , the digit selection process is repeated as indicated by block 456 and then the b capacitor switches are turned off as indicated by block 458 . during the capacitor charging process the remainder value is being stored . this remainder value storage occurs four times between wave form points 524 to 526 , 533 to 534 , 538 to 540 , and 546 to 548 . at that point , the autozero is turned on as indicated by block 460 and point 558 . the digit selection process could continue to be repeated for additional digits ; however , at this point in the preferred embodiment the autozero is turned on as indicated by block 460 and point 558 . next , a &# 34 ; dataready &# 34 ; signal is sent to the microprocessor 15 as indicated in block 462 . when the &# 34 ; dataready &# 34 ; signal is received as indicated by the decision block 464 , the control 314 and logic circuit 16 sends 5 bytes of data from the fifo buffer 312 to the microprocessor 15 for processing 466 and the program returns to the decision block 402 in fig3 to recycle the system for the next analog to digital conversion . referring now to fig5 therein is shown the digit selection process subroutine which starts off at block 470 where switches 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 , or 36 are turned on , the corresponding paired switch 27 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 35 or 37 is turned off . after a predetermined time delay as indicated by block 472 the first ladder switch 27 is turned on at block 474 . the switch 27 is left on for a predetermined period as indicated by block 476 until the output of the d / a amplifier 11 output polarity is determined by block 478 . if the polarity has changed , the switch 27 will be turned off at block 480 and if it has not it will be left on . in either event , the program will proceed through a further time delay as indicated by the block 482 . next , the second ladder switch 29 will be turned on as indicated by block 484 and again after a predetermined time delay as indicated by block 486 a comparison will be made as indicated by decision block 490 to determine if there has been a polarity change of the a / d comparator / amplifier 40 output . this portion of the subroutine will be repeated for each of the ladder switches 31 , 33 , 35 and 37 until a polarity change occurs . if a polarity change occurs when a switch is turned on , that switch will be turned off and the program continued . with one final last time delay , the on or off condition of the ladder switches will be held in the fifo buffer 312 as indicated by the block 496 . next the a capacitor or b capacitor will be allowed to reach its final value according to the bit switch states as indicated by block 498 and then the subroutine will return back to the main program at block 416 , 438 , 444 , 450 or 456 . the memorization of the states in the fifo occur five times during the preferred embodiment program at wave form points 524 , 530 , 538 , 546 , and 554 . in the digit selection process the various ladder switches are turned on to impose the corresponding ladder resistors and thus voltages to the amplifier 11 between wave form points 508 to 524 ; 528 to 530 ; 536 to 538 ; 544 to 546 ; and 552 to 554 . the tristate buffers 310 and the bus interface 70 transfer the data to the microprocesser 15 . the data transfer is byte serial bit parallel and the bytes are transferred to the microprocessor 15 in the same order as they were generated : ( first in , first out ). in the preferred embodiment each byte contains six bits with each bit representing a ladder switch state . the data transferred from the bus interface 70 to the microprocessor 15 has the following significance as shown in the table below : ______________________________________data pattern vs ladder switch onsw27 sw29 sw31 sw33 sw35 sw37______________________________________byte 1 2 . sup . 1 2 . sup . 0 2 . sup .- 1 2 . sup .- 2 2 . sup .- 3 2 . sup .- 4byte 2 2 . sup .- 3 2 . sup .- 4 2 . sup .- 5 2 . sup .- 6 2 . sup .- 7 2 . sup .- 8byte 3 2 . sup .- 7 2 . sup .- 8 2 . sup .- 9 2 . sup .- 10 2 . sup .- 11 2 . sup .- 12byte 4 2 . sup .- 11 2 . sup .- 12 2 . sup .- 13 2 . sup .- 14 2 . sup .- 15 2 . sup .- 16byte 5 2 . sup .- 15 2 . sup .- 16 2 . sup .- 17 2 . sup .- 18 2 . sup .- 19 2 . sup .- 20______________________________________ for every bit that is logic one in the data pattern transferred to the microprocessor 15 , the microprocessor 15 adds a voltage multiplied by a power of 2 as shown in the above table , adjusted for known errors of the ladder resistors 19 through 25 and stored in the calibration memory 17 . the analog to digital conversion operations have been described above ; however , to initialize the system , the microprocessor 15 calibrates the a / d converter by heuristically solving an 8 variable equation which represents the a / d analog circuitry . the exact method will be evident to those skilled in the art from the following analysis : n 1 thru n 5 =&# 34 ; nibbles &# 34 ; or the closest approximation voltage which is subtracted at each iteration of the bit selection process ; r 1 thru r 4 = remainder stored after each bit selection process ; in the preferred embodiment , the last nibble n 5 is assumed equal to r 4 without sacrificing the accuracy necessary ( i . e . remainder is discarded ). then solving for v in : a . sub . r . sup . 4 v . sub . in = a . sub . r . sup . 4 n . sub . 1 + a . sub . r . sup . 3 n . sub . 2 + a . sub . r . sup . 2 n . sub . 3 + a . sub . r n . sub . 4 + n . sub . 5 if the gain a is not exactly right , the remainder stored and therefore the conversion result will be in error . thus : a / d result = n . sub . 1 + kn . sub . 2 / a + k . sup . 2 n . sub . 3 / a . sup . 2 + k . sup . 4 n . sub . 4 / a . sup . 3 + k . sup . 4 n . sub . 5 / a . sup . 4 if it assumed that e 2 , e 3 , and e 4 are much less than 1 ( since e is less than 1 ), then : a / d result =( n . sub . 1 + n . sub . 2 / a + n . sub . 3 / a . sup . 2 + n . sub . 4 / a . sup . 3 + n . sub . 5 / a . sup . 4 )+( en . sub . 2 / a + 2en . sub . 3 / a . sup . 2 + 3en . sub . 4 / a . sup . 3 + 4en . sub . 5 / a . sup . 4 ) in the above , the four terms in the second set of parenthesis are the total error . the following equation will provide the a / d reading or result in the preferred embodiment when all of the variables are substituted with the correct numerical values : ## equ1 ## where : a , b , c , . . . h , i , j ,= switch selection patterns are ( value 0 or 1 ) the values of l1 , l2 , l3 , l4 , l5 , l6 , e , and z are nominally known and therefore , in an implementation of the a / d converter , inputs can be chosen so that specific switch selection patterns can be selected as needed . during calibration , known values of input are applied to the a / d converter and the exact values for each of the variables l1 , l2 , l3 , l4 , l5 , l6 , e , and z can be empirically determined . in the preferred embodiment , the a / d result is dependent on all of the terms of the above equation , however in the process of determining the values of the variables only the first two terms are specifically considered in the iterative program to arrive at the exact values . in practice only the difference or &# 34 ; error &# 34 ; between the real value and the ideal value is stored in the calibration memory 17 . when the a / d converter is used to make a measurement , the switch selection patterns are determined by the hardware . these pattern values are then substituted in the equation with the actual ladder values combined with the correction factors ( errors ), the e value , and the z value to arrive at the final a / d result . from the above , it will be evident that whenever a system is to be calibrated either at the factory or in the field , known external calibration signals having specific levels are imposed on the system . with the external signals intended to exercise certain bits in the system , the difference between the calibration and outputted digital signals will provide the data for determining the constants in the multivariable equation . when the calibration device ( not shown ) is subject to computer control as to the signal levels it outputs and when , the microprocessor 15 can also be computer controlled to initiate its calibration cycle to allow remote automatic calibration of the system . as many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof , it is to be understood that all matters set forth herein and shown in the accompanying drawings are to be interpreted in an illustrative and not a limiting sense .

7Electricity

for purposes herein , a “ video player ” shall be defined as any device capable of streaming video from a network connection , including , for example , via wifi , bluetooth , a cellular data connection such as lte , a hardwired connection or via any means of connecting to a server capable of serving video at mixed bitrates . such devices include , but are not limited to smart televisions , projectors , video streaming devices ( appletv , chromecast ®, amazon fire stick , roku ™, etc . ), video gaming systems , smart phones , tablets and software - based video players running on generic computing devices . for a user to perceive the client - side video player , many components are required , including a video display screen , a video display subsystem with buffering , a networking interface , a processor of some sort in order to perform the networking functions and http processing , and logic to perform the bitrate adaptation method described in detail following ( implemented in either an integrated circuit module and or in software on a general purpose processor ). a component model of the adaptive video player is illustrated in fig1 . video player 100 makes http requests 102 to an internet - based video server 101 , requesting video segments 104 at a specific bitrate r . as video segments 104 are received they are placed in playback buffer 106 . buffer occupancy is determined by the difference between the rate at which video segments 104 are downloaded in to playback buffer 106 and the rate at which video segments 104 are removed from playback buffer 106 for rendering on a video display screen . video can be modeled as a set of consecutive video segments or chunks , v ={ 1 , 2 , . . . , k }, 104 , each of which contains l seconds of video and encoded with different bitrates . thus , the total length of the video is k × l seconds . the video player can choose to download video segment k with bitrate r k ∈ r , where r is the set of all available bitrate levels . the amount of data in segment k is then l × r k . the higher bitrate is selected , the higher video quality is perceived by the user . let q ( 19 ): r → r + be the function which maps selected bitrate r k to video quality perceived by user q ( r k ). the assumption is that q (·) is increasing . the video segments are downloaded into a playback buffer , 106 as shown in fig1 , which contains downloaded but as yet unviewed video . let b ( t ) ∈[ 0 , b max ] be the buffer occupancy 108 at time t , i . e ., the play time of the video remained in the buffer . the buffer size b max depends on the policy of the service provider , as well as storage limitations . fig2 helps illustrate the operation of the video player . at time t k , the video player starts to download segment k . the downloading time depends on the selected bitrate r k as well as average download speed c k . at time t k + 1 , when segment k is completely downloaded , the video player immediately starts to download the next segment k + 1 . if c t denotes the bandwidth at time t , then : the buffer occupancy b ( t ) evolves as the chunks are being downloaded and the video is being played . specifically , the buffer occupancy increases by l seconds after chunk k is downloaded and decreases as the user watches the video . let b k = b ( t k ) denote the buffer occupancy when the player starts to download chunk k . the buffer dynamics can then be formulated as : an example of buffer dynamics is shown in fig3 , the determination of waiting time δt k , also referred as chunk scheduling problem , is an equally interesting and important problem in improving fairness of multi - player video streaming . it is assumed that the player immediately starts to download chunk k + 1 as soon as chunk k is downloaded . the one exception is when the buffer is full , at which time the player waits for the buffer to reduce to a level which allows chunk k to be appended . formally , the ultimate goal of bitrate adaptation is to improve the qoe of users to achieve higher long - term user engagement . a flexible qoe model , as opposed to a fixed notion of qoe is therefore used . while users may differ in their specific qoe functions , the key elements of video qoe are enumerated as : average quality variations — this tracks the magnitude of the changes in the quality from one chunk to another : total rebuffer time — for each chunk k rebuffering occurs if the download time d k ( r k )/ c k is higher than the playback buffer level when the chunk download started ( i . e ., b k ). thus the total rebuffer time is : alternatively , the number of rebufferings could be used in lieu of total rebuffer time : as users may have different preferences on which of four components is more important to them , the qoe of video segment 1 through k is defined by a weighted sum of the aforementioned components : here λ , μ and μ s are non - negative weighing parameters corresponding to video quality variations and rebuffering time , respectively . a relatively small λ indicates that the user is not particularly concerned about video quality variability ; the large λ is , the more effort is made to achieve smoother changes of bitrates . a large μ , relative to the other parameters , indicates that a user is deeply concerned about rebuffering . in cases where users prefer low startup delay , a large μ s is employed this definition of qoe is very general and allows customization so it can easily take into account user &# 39 ; s preference , and could be extended as needed to incorporate other factors . as can be seen if fig1 , the qoe preferences 120 of the user is one of the factors used by bitrate controller 116 to determine the bitrate 118 of subsequent requests 102 for video chunks . the problem of bitrate adaptation for qoe maximization can therefore be formulated in the following way : the bandwidth trace c t , t ∈[ t 1 , t k + 1 ] serves as input to the problem . the outputs of qoe_max 1 k are bitrate decisions bitrate decisions r 1 , . . . , r k , and startup time t s . note that the problem qoe_max 1 k is formulated assuming the video playback has not started at the time of this optimization so the start - up delay t s is a decision variable . however , this qoe maximization can also take place during video playback at time t k 0 when the next chunk to download is k 0 and the current buffer occupancy is b k 0 . in this case , the variable t s can be dropped and the corresponding steady state problem denoted as qoe_max_steady k k 0 . a source of randomness is the bandwidth c t : at time t k when the video player chooses bitrate r k , only the past bandwidth { c t , t ≦ tk } is available while the future values { c t , t & gt ; t k } are not known . however a throughput predictor 110 can be used to obtain predictions for future available bandwidth 114 based on past throughput 112 , defined as { ĉ t , t & gt ; t k }. based on such predictions 114 , and on buffer occupancy information 108 ( which is instead known precisely ) and the qoe preferences 120 of the user , the bitrate controller 116 selects bitrate 118 of the next segment k : r k = f ( b k , { ĉ t , t & gt ; t k }, { r i , i & lt ; k } ). ( 12 ) note that the basic mpc algorithms assume the existence of an accurate throughput predictor . however , in certain severe net work conditions , e . g ., in cellular networks or in prime time when the internet is congested , such accurate predictors may not be available . for example , if the predictor consistently overestimates the throughput , it may induce high rebuffering . to counteract the prediction error , a robust mpg algorithm is presented . robust mpc optimizes the worst - case qoe assuming that the actual throughput can take any value in a range [̂ ct , ̂ ct ] in contrast to a point estimate ̂ ct . robust mpc entails solving the following optimization problem at time t k to get bitrate r k : in general , it may be non - trivial to solve such a max - min robust optimization problem . in this case , however , the worst case scenario takes place when the throughput is at its lower bound ct = ̂ ct . thus , the implementation of robust mpc is straightforward . instead of ̂ ct , the lowest possible ̂ ct is used as the input to the mpc qoe maximization problem . to verify the inventions improved qoe over current methods , a normalized qoe metric was defined to compare performance of available video playback systems . these systems , along with the invention , were compared to the optimal possible performance , that which could be achieved if the future bandwidth of the network was known . for a given bandwidth trace { c , t ∈[ t , t k + 1 ]}, the offline optimal qoe , denoted by qoe ( opt ), is the maximum qoe that can be achieved with perfect knowledge of future bandwidth over the entire time horizon . technically , it is calculated by solving problem qoe_max 1 k . while the assumption of knowing the entire future is not true in reality , the offline solution provides a theoretical upper bound for all systems for a particular bandwidth trace . on the other hand , online qoe with bitrate selection system a is calculated under the assumption that at time t k , the bitrate controller only knows the past bandwidth { ct , t ∈[ t 1 , t k ]. based on this , r k ( i . e ., the bitrate 118 for the next video segment ) is selected . the online qoe achieved by algorithm a can be denoted by qoe ( a ). because offline optimal solution assumes perfect knowledge about the future , for any video playback system the online qoe is always less than the offline optimal qoe . in other words , qoe ( opt ) is an upper bound of online qoe achieved by any video playback system . to this end , qoe of a ( n - qoe ( a )) is defined as the performance metric for an system a : fig2 shows a high - level overview of the workflow of the mpc algorithm for bitrate adaptation . the algorithm essentially chooses bitrate r k by looking n steps ahead ( i . e ., the moving horizon ), and solves a specific qoe maximization problem ( this depends on whether the player is in steady or startup phase ) with throughput predictions { c ̂ t , t ∈[ t k , t k + n ]}, or c ̂ [ t k , t k + n ] . the first bitrate r k is applied by using feedback information and the optimization process is iterated at each step k . at iteration k , the player maintains a moving horizon from chunk k to k + n − 1 and carries out the following three key steps , as shown in algorithm 1 . 1 . predict : predict throughput c ̂ [ t k , t k + n ] for the next n chunks using some throughput predictor . the actual prediction mechanism relies on existing approaches . improving the accuracy of this prediction will improve the gains achieved via mpc . that said , mpc can be extended to be robust to errors as we discuss below . 2 . optimize : this is the core of the mpc algorithm : given the current buffer occupancy b k , previous bitrate r k − 1 and throughput prediction c ̂ [ t k , t k + n ] , find optimal bitrate r k . in steadystate , r k = f mpc r k − 1 , b k , c [ t k , t k + n ] , implemented by solving in the start - up phase , it also optimizes start - up time t s as : [ r k , t s ]= f mpc st ( r k − 1 , b k , ĉ [ t k , t k + n ] ) if practical details about computational overhead , are ignored , off - the - shelf solvers such as cplex can be used to solve these discrete optimization problems . 3 . apply : start to download chunk k with r k and move the horizon forward . if the player is in start - up phase , wait for t s before starting playback . this workflow has several qualitative advantages compared with buffer - based ( bb ), rate - based ( rb ). first , the mpc algorithm uses both throughput prediction and buffer information in a principled way . second , compared to pure rb approaches , mpc smooths out prediction error at each step and is more robust to prediction errors . specifically , by optimizing several chunks over a moving horizon , large prediction errors for one particular chunk will have lower impact on the performance . third , mpc directly optimizes a formally defined qoe objective , while in rb and bb the tradeoff between different qoe factors is not clearly defined and therefore can only be addressed in an ad hoc qualitative manner . experimentation using this invention over a wide variety of network conditions have shown a higher normalized qoe compared to existing video playback systems . lastly , as opposed to rate - based and buffer - based algorithms , which need relatively minor computations , the challenge with mpc is that a discrete optimization problem needs to be solved at each time step . there are two practical concerns here . ( 1 ) computational overhead : the high computational overhead of mpc is especially problematic for low - end mobile devices , which are projected to be the dominant video consumers going forward . since the bitrate adaptation decision logic is called before the player starts to download each chunk , excessive delay in the bitrate adaptation logic will negatively affect the qoe of the player . ( 2 ) deployment : because there is no closed - form or combinatorial solution for the qoe maximization problem , a solver ( e . g ., cplex or gurobi ) will need to be used . however , it may not be possible for video players to be bundled with such solver capabilities ; e . g ., licensing issues may preclude distributing such software or it may require additional plugin or software installations which poses significant barriers to adoption . therefore , it is evident that the solution should be lightweight and combinatorial ( i . e ., not solving a lp or ilp online ). as such , also presented herein is a fast and low - overhead fastmpc design that does not require any explicit solver capabilities in the video player . at a high level , fastmpc algorithms essentially follow a table enumeration approach . here , an offline step of enumerating the state - space and solving each specific instance is performed . then , in the online step , these stored optimal control decisions mapped to the current operation conditions are used . that is , the algorithm will be reduced to a simple table lookup indexed by the key value closest to the current state and the output of the lookup is the optimal solution for the selected configuration . as shown in fig4 , the state - space is determined by the following dimensions : ( 1 ) current buffer level , ( 2 ) previous bitrates chosen , and ( 3 ) the predicted throughput for the next n chunks ( i . e ., the planning horizon ). thus , fastmpc will entail enumerating potential scenarios capturing different values for each dimension and solving the optimization problems offline . unfortunately , directly using this idea will be very inefficient because of the high dimensional state space . for instance , if there are 100 possible values for the buffer level , 10 possible bitrates , a horizon of size 5 , and 1000 possible throughput values , there will be 10 18 rows in the table . there are two obvious consequences of this large state space . first , it may not be practical to explicitly store the full table in the memory , causing any implementation to have a very high memory footprint along with a large startup delay , as the table will need to be downloaded to the player module . second , it will incur a non - trivial offline computation cost that may need to be rerun as the operating conditions change . compaction via binning : to address the offline exploration cost , it should be realized that very fine - grained values for the buffer and the throughput levels may not be needed . as a consequence , these values may be suitably coarsened into aggregate bins . moreover , with binning , row keys do not need to be explicitly stored the as these are directly computed from the bin row indices . the challenge is to balance the granularity of binning and the loss of optimality in practice . in practice , using approximately 100 bins for buffer level and 100 bins for throughput predictions works well and yields near - optimal performance . table compression : the decision table learned by the offline computation has significant structure . specifically , the optimal solutions for several similar scenarios will likely be the same . thus , this can be exploited this structure in conjunction with the binning strategy to explore a simple lossless compression strategy using a run - length encoding to store the decision vector . the optimal decision can then be retrieved online using binary search . in practice , with compression , the table occupies less than 60 kb with 100 bins for buffer levels , 100 bins for throughput predictions and 5 bitrate levels . the invention may be implemented in any video player 100 , as defined herein , as , for example , a built - in feature , an add - on , a downloadable app , a piece of software , etc ., or in any other way of implementation , currently known or yet to be developed . although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments , the invention is not intended to be limiting to the details shown . rather , various modifications may be made in the details without departing from the invention .

7Electricity

for conciseness , the process and product of the invention will be described in details hereinafter by an example of plated matte tin deposit layer . however , this does not mean to any limit on the application of the invention . for one skilled in the art , it is easy to be understood that the invention could not only be applied in the matte tin deposit layer , but also could be applied in other sn rich deposit layers , such as sncu , snbi , snag deposit layer . the preferred and comparative examples of the present invention are prepared by an auto strip plating line or a conventional hull cell . the auto strip plating line is available in the market and a schematic view of its construction is shown in fig2 . specially , fig2 shows a schematic view of an auto strip plating line 200 used in the plating process according to one embodiment of the present invention . the auto strip plating line 200 comprises tanks 11 - 15 , rectifiers 21 - 25 for transforming an alternative current into a direct current and supplying the same to each tank , baths 51 , 52 and a steel belt 4 for conveying a substrate . the auto strip plating line 200 further comprises some nozzles 31 - 35 for ejecting plating solution from the bottom . according to the invention , in the tanks filled with plating solution , the metal tin serves as an anode , and the product to be plated serves as a cathode . according to a typical example , the product to be plated is sdip ( shrink dual in line package ) 64 / 24 , and the lead frame ( l / f ) of the sdip 64 / 24 is alloy 194 ( one kind of copper l / f , comprising 2 . 4 % fe , 0 . 03 % p , 0 . 1 % zn , and cu remain ). the two electrodes are electrically connected to the corresponding anode and cathode of a direct current power supply respectively . the plating solution can be a methyl sulfonic acid based tin plating solution available in the market , it comprises of tin methyl sulfonic acid in the amount of 40 g / l and methyl sulfonic acid in the amount of 150 g / l , and some starter additive with a concentration of 40 - 100 g / l ( preferably , 40 g / l ) and some brighter additive with a dose of 3 - 9 ml / l ( preferably , 4 ml / l ) are added . the starter additive can use aqueous solution of nonionic wetting agents , the brighter additive can be selected from ethoxylated naphthol sulphonic acid , α - naphthol or α - naphthol sulphonic acid , and the solvent can be isopropyl glycol based solvent or other suitable solvent known in the art . of course , some other additive or composition can be added into the plating solution based on the specific or practical need , which will not be described in detail here since they are common knowledge in the art . the controllable factors or parameters for the plating condition are listed as follows : of course , these factors or parameters can be adjusted depend on the different plating product ( such as different plating area ). it can be seen from table 1 , by adjusting the plating condition , sn deposit layers with three different types of grain structure as shown in fig3 can be obtained . specially , fig3 shows the surface topography and the morphology of a cut ( formed by focused ion beam technology ) with three different types of grain structure , i . e ., regular modified matte tin ( regular mmt ) a , irregular modified matte tin ( irregular mmt ) b and regular matte tin ( regular mt ) c . as shown in fig3 , regular modified matte tin a and regular matte tin c generally have the similar grain structure , i . e ., columnar grain structure , which has a much larger size in the direction perpendicular to the deposit surface than in other directions . in contrast , irregular modified matte tin b has another kind of grain structure ( so called as non - columnar grain structure ), which is completely different from the columnar grain structure as mentioned above . it can be known from the description hereinafter in combination with what shown in fig3 , both the regular modified matte tin a and the regular matte tin c are predominated by the grains perpendicular to a substrate , and whisker growth can be observed regardless the size of grains . on the other hand , the irregular modified matte tin b is predominated by the grains parallel to a substrate , in this case , since the copper atoms mainly diffuse from the substrate to the deposit layer along the grain boundaries and most of the grain boundaries in the irregular modified matte tin b are parallel to the substrate , the intermetallic compound will grow as a sort of semi - bulk diffusion , so that the wedge typed growth of intermetallic compound is inhibited . it can be known from table 1 and fig3 , by properly adjusting the plating condition , the sn deposit layer with different types of grain structure can be obtained . it is apparent from fig4 a to fig1 b , in the grain structure of irregular modified matte tin b of the invention , the size of the grains in the direction perpendicular to the deposit surface ( i . e ., direction z ) is much smaller than in the directions parallel to the deposit surface ( i . e ., direction x or y ), which will be described in details hereinafter . it has been proved that under the plating condition as mentioned above , only the regular matte tin c can be obtained if there is no starter additive and brighter additive in the plating solution . the regular modified matte tin a can be obtained in the case that starter additive and brighter additive are added in the plating solution , the current density is lower and the bath temperature is higher . the irregular modified matte tin b1 ( when the bath temperature is higher ) and b2 ( when the bath temperature is lower ) can be obtained in the case that starter additive and brighter additive are added in the plating solution and the current density is higher . by controlling the plating condition so as to obtain form three different types of grain structure and limiting the total thickness of the deposit layer ( s ) in a range of 2 - 10 μm , the examples c1 - c34 with sn deposit layer ( s ) on sdip 64 / 24 ( see table 2 ) and the examples r1 - r11 with sn deposit layer ( s ) on sdip 32 ( see table 3 ) are prepared . fig4 a to 9a show the photography of the grain structure in examples c28 , c33 , c21 , c15 , c1 , and c32 respectively , fig4 b to 9b show the schematic views corresponding to fig4 a to 9a . in these figures , the reference number 50 represents a substrate ( e . g ., cu l / f ), the reference number 60 represents a deposit layer , the reference number 70 represents a sn grain , and the reference number 80 represents an intermetallic compound . the samples obtained from these examples are placed in an environment of 55 ° c ., 85 % rh ( high temperature and humidity , hth test ) for 2000 hours ( see table 2 ) and placed at the room temperature for 15 months ( see table 3 ), so that hth whisker test is carried out , so as to compare the behavior of whisker growth and analyze the effect of grain structure and plating condition on the whisker growth . i ) structure types a and b are produced by auto strip plating line , structure type c is produced by hull cell , structure type c ′ is produced by auto strip plating line as shown in the examples c1 - c20 of table 2 , if the grain structure of the bottom layer exhibits an irregular structure type b ( irregular modified matte tin b ), none whisker grows in the hth test till 2000 hours . in contrast , as shown in the examples c21 - c22 , c29 - c34 , m1 - m4 of table 2 and the comparative examples r1 - r5 of table 3 , if the grain structure of the bottom layer exhibits a regular structure type , i . e ., regular matte tin c or regular modified matte tin a , whisker appears in all the cases . accordingly , as shown in fig4 a - 9b , none whisker presents in finished product even after the hth whisker test since the same bottom structure b is selected . in contrast , in both the examples c21 and c33 in which a bottom structure c or a is sleeted , whisker is observed . it can be further known from the examples c28 , c15 and c1 as shown in fig4 a , 4 b , 7 a , 7 b , 8 a and 8 b , in the solution of the invention , a fine grained deposit layer is directly deposited on a substrate , and the grains in the fine grained deposit layer are formed in a specific structure type , that is , these grains have a smaller ( preferably , much smaller ) size in the direction perpendicular to the deposit surface than in the direction parallel to the deposit surface . in this condition , the intermetallic compound between sn and the substrate will grow along the grain boundaries , which are closer together than in the normal deposit and be evenly distributed over the deposit layer ( e . g ., sn layer ), causing a more lateral growth of the intermetallic compound , resulting in a better distribution of stress and thus no whisker growth . it can be clearly seen this kind of growth of the intermetallic compound from two preferred embodiments of the invention , which is best shown in fig1 a , 10 b , 11 a and 11 b . specially , as compared with the “ bulk diffusion ” appearing at higher temperature , the intermetallic compound in the invention grows as a sort of “ semi - bulk diffusion ”. in contrast , as shown in fig1 a , 1 b , 5 a , 5 b , 6 a , 6 b , 9 a and 9 b , the normal sn deposit layer in the art has a columnar grain structure , which allows a wedge typed growth of the intermetallic compound ( e . g ., cu 6 sn 5 ) in the vertical direction along the grain boundaries , and thus results in whisker growth . furthermore , it has been found that in the invention , the size of grains in the direction perpendicular to the deposit surface is preferably not more than 2 μm . more preferably , the size of grains in the direction perpendicular to the deposit surface ( i . e ., direction z ) is 0 . 05 - 2 μm , and the size of grains in the direction parallel to the deposit surface ( i . e ., direction x or y ) is 0 . 2 - 10 μm . for example , when the size in the direction x or y is 2 μm or more , the size in the direction z is preferably set to about 1 μm ; when the size in the direction x or y is 0 . 2 μm or more , the size in the direction z is preferably set to about 0 . 05 μm . besides , it is preferred that the sizes in the direction x and y are different , and an example is : x = 0 . 5 μm , y = 0 . 2 μm . further , it is preferred that all the grains in the deposit layer tend to be arranged in the same orientation parallel to the deposit surface , so that the whisker growth will be more effectively inhibited . the total thickness of the deposit layer is well known in the art . in the examples of c1 - c20 , the total thickness is set as 2 - 10 μm . it can be seen from the examples c1 - c20 and c23 - c28 as shown in table 2 , when the same bottom structure type b ( i . e ., irregular modified matte tin b ) is exhibited in the bottom layer , none whisker grows in the hth whisker test till 2000 hours regardless the thickness and structure of the top layer , even only 2 μm thickness of the bottom layer . there is clear conclusion that if the bottom layer dominates imc self - bulk diffusion not to induce whisker growth , the whisker will be inhibited regardless the thickness and structure of the top layer . to compare the thickness of irregular grain structure on the bottom layer - 2 μm and 4 μm , the thinner has the same effect with the thicker . in this evaluation , the thickness , 2 μm , is enough to retard whisker growth . it can be seen from table 1 that the irregular ( non - columnar ) grain structure can be obtained both in a higher bath temperature and in a lower bath temperature . that is , the bath temperature is not the crucial factor of the invention . referring to fig1 a and 11b , if necessary ( e . g ., in order to obtain an excellent surface roughness ), one or more additional sn rich deposit layers can be added on the fine grained sn rich deposit layer of the present invention . the additional sn rich deposit layer can be formed by any suitable technology well known in the art . in summary , in the solution of the invention , a fine grained sn rich deposit layer with a specific irregular grain structure is directly deposited on a substrate , so that the intermetallic compound is induced to grow as a sort of semi - bulk diffusion and thus whisker growth is effectively inhibited . furthermore , in the case that the deposit layer in constituted by two layers , that is , a top layer and a bottom layer , if the bottom layer dominates imc self - bulk diffusion not to induce whisker growth , the whisker will be inhibited regardless the thickness and structure of the top layer . besides , it can be concluded that the self - bulk diffusion of imc has more influence on whisker growth than plating thickness . it has been proved that the intermetallic compound in the fine grained sn deposit layer of the invention will grow as a sort of semi - bulk diffusion in any case , regardless the storage temperature . obviously , the invention is not limited to be applied to sdip 64 / 32 / 24 . instead , it can also be applied to lead of integrate circuit package and discrete element ( e . g ., transistor / diode and passive component of chip resistor / capacitor ), electrical connector , substrate ( printed circuit board or tape ) or any other electrical component known in the art . preferably , the invention is applied to copper base material that needs sn rich deposit lay and sensitive for whisker issue . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that these embodiments are only given for the purpose of illustration , and the invention is not limited to those particular embodiments . as a matter of fact , various changes and modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

this invention relates to an electronic signal - seeking radio receiver which includes means for digitally programming and scanning the specific frequencies to be monitored and broadcast . the reception of one of these frequencies will inhibit the signal - seeking process until such frequency no longer contains a broadcast signal . a single antenna is used in the receiver to receive frequency signals in the high frequency band , i . e ., 30 to 50 megahertz , the vhf band , i . e ., 150 to 170 megahertz , and in the uhf band which is in the range of 450 to 470 megahertz . the specific frequencies which will cause the scanning process to stop if they have a broadcast signal imposed thereon , are predeterminably programmed by a matrix method . more specifically , and with reference to the drawings , fig1 shows a block diagram of frequency synthesizer which is programmable to preselect the particular plurality of frequencies which are monitored for incoming , broadcast signals . the synthesizer 10 has a capability of scanning all of the 12 , 000 channels contained in the hf , vhf and uhf bands . the plurality of preselected and programmed frequencies are taken from these 12 , 000 possible channels . the synthesizer relies on a 75 mhz oscillator 12 for providing a reference signal of very stable frequency to serve as the basis for the scanning of the particular frequencies that have been programmed and the monitoring of incoming signals for broadcasts on those frequencies . in general terms , and with reference to fig1 the frequency of the 75 mhz signal is first divided in half by a divider 14 , then by ten in a ten &# 39 ; s divider 16 , and subsequently by a five &# 39 ; s divider 18 , by a second five &# 39 ; s divider 20 , by a three &# 39 ; s divider 22 , and finally by a second ten &# 39 ; s divider 24 . the net result is a precise 5 kilohertz signal that is available at the output of the last ten &# 39 ; s divider 24 . this 5 khz signal is then passed through a monostable multivibrator device such as a one - shot 26 to shape the wave form such that the positive pulses have a duration of approximately 50 nanoseconds . the 5 khz signals , each positive pulse of which is 50 nanoseconds in duration , is then supplied to a phase and frequency detector 28 as the reference frequency signal . the phase and frequency detector 28 is included in , and forms part of , a feedback circuit 30 , which is responsible for generating frequencies that are indicative of the programmed frequencies . a voltage controlled oscillator 32 is , at any given time , supplying an output line with signals having a frequency between about 15 and 35 mhz . this oscillatory signal passes through a translator 36 before being applied to a series of programmable counters 38 to clock these counters . these counters 38 are programmed in a fashion which will be fully described hereinafter , but for the moment , it is sufficient to say that they are programmed . the output of the programmable counters 38 is passed through a decoder 42 which decodes a predetermined count from the decoders . the output of the decoder 42 is applied to a flip - flop ( ff ) 44 to generate a signal at the output of the ff 44 having frequency that is representative of the vco frequency divided by the number of counts which the programmable counters had to count to reach the predetermined count . the frequency signal from the ff 44 is applied to the phase and frequency detector 28 where it is compared with the 5 khz reference frequency . if the frequency of the signal from the control ff 44 is greater than 5 khz , the dc output voltage 46 of the phase and frequency detector 28 goes down in amplitude . on the other hand , if the frequency of the signal from the control ff 44 is less than 5 khz the dc voltage output of the phase and frequency detector 28 goes up . the respective dc output from the phase and frequency detector 28 is applied , through a notch filter 48 , to the voltage controlled oscillator ( vco ) 32 . the notch filter blocks any 5 khz signals that are possibly imposed on the dc voltage to prevent any deviations in the subsequently generated signals . the vco 32 is responsive to the proportionate dc voltage from the phase and frequency detector 28 to alter its output frequency , which again is between 15 and 35 mhz , to bring the output of the control ff 44 into congruence with the 5 khz reference frequency . the repetitive change of the programmed number in the programmable counters 38 is effective to change the output frequency of the vco in the above described manner , with only an infinitesimal amount of time being required for the stabilization of the vco frequency each time it is changed . with reference to fig2 the output of the vco 32 , which is now somewhere between 15 and 35 mhz , depending upon the number programmed in the programmable counters 38 , is supplied to a rf mixer 60 along with a 75 mhz signal coming directly from the 75 mhz reference oscillator 12 . this first mixer 60 is effective to mix the two frequencies together thereby placing a signal on its output 62 which has a frequency content between 90 and 110 mhz . this 90 to 110 mhz signal is used as the local oscillator frequency and is passed through a tuned , linear amplifier 64 for amplification of the signal . when the programmed frequency is programmed to be in the vhf band , in a manner to be described , the output of the 90 - 110 mhz amplifier is applied to a second mixer 66 . the other input 68 to the second mixer 66 is obtained , by means of two radio frequency amplifiers 70 and 72 , from the only antenna 74 which is utilized in the receiver . the second mixer 66 is effective to mix the 150 to 170 mhz signals received from the antenna 74 and the 90 to 110 mhz signals received from the first mixer 60 to generate a 60 mhz signal . it should be understood that the required 60 mhz signal will only be generated by the second mixer 66 when the programmed local oscillator frequency which is the 90 to 110 mhz signal coming from the first mixer 60 is in the proper relationship with the signal being received by the antenna 74 . the 60 mhz signal from the second mixer 66 is passed through a tuned amplifier 76 and is applied to a third mixer 78 . the other input to the third mixer 78 is received from a 55 . 5 mhz crystal controlled oscillator 80 . these two signals , when presented to the third mixer 78 , are effective to generate a 4 . 5 mhz signal on the ouput of the mixer 82 . the output of the third mixer is coupled , by a crystal filter 84 , to an fm quadrature detector 86 . the crystal filter 84 has a band width of 7 khz and is effective to eliminate problems with adjacent channels to insure that the signal is entirely that of the programmed frequency . the fm detector 86 is responsible for controlling and generating a plurality of parameter signals . the fm detector 86 contains a saturation detector which , when the incoming signal from the antenna 74 is substantially large in amplitude , places a signal on an automatic gain control ( agc ) line 88 which proportionately reduces the gain of the first and second rf amplifiers 70 and 72 . the fm detector is also coupled through low pass preamps 90 to an audio amplifier 92 for presentation of the desired signal via the speaker 93 . thirdly , the fm detector 86 is also used as a squelch detector and originates a signal when only noise or static is present on the incoming programmed frequency channels to turn off the low pass amplifier 90 so that such noise is not broadcast through the speaker 93 . on the other hand , when a desired signal is present and is available to the detector 86 , the squelch output line 94 from the fm detector 86 causes a scanning oscillator 120 to which it is coupled to stop its scanning process . the signal path and processing from the antenna 74 to the audio amplifier 92 , as above descrived , is that used for the reception of the vhf band . as previously mentioned , the inventive receiver utilizes only a single antenna for reception of the three radio frequency bands , i . e ., hf , uhf and vhf . turning now to the uhf band which contains frequencies between 450 and 470 mhz , the programming of the programmable counters ( fig1 ) to receive a frequency in the uhf band is effective , when monitoring for a signal having that frequency , and as shall be made more clear hereinafter , to operate a gate 98 which eliminates the incoming antenna signal from the vhf first stage rf amplifier 70 , but which provides such signal to a tuned rf amplifier 100 in the vhf section 101 for amplification . the amplified signal is thereafter supplied to a uhf mixer 102 for mixing the 450 to 470 mhz signal with a 300 mhz signal that is used as the other input 104 to the mixer 102 . the 300 mhz signal is obtained by twice doubling , by means of doublers 106 and 107 , the 75 mhz reference signal from the 75 mhz crystal oscillator shown in fig1 . as thus far described , only one amplifier 100 is used to amplify the incoming uhf signal . the reason for this is that the output of the uhf mixer 102 is coupled to the first rf amplifier 70 in what has previously been described as the vhf section . since the gate 98 is open , the signal from the uhf mixer is all that is received by the first rf amplifier 70 . the subsequent coupling through the second rf amplifier 72 , the second mixer 66 and the above described mixing with the incoming local oscillator frequency , again having a specific frequency somewhere in the range of 15 to 35 mhz according to the programmed frequency , is identical to the processing of the first described vhf signal . the third case is , of course , when a specific frequency in the high band , i . e ., 30 to 50 mhz , is programmed . in this instance , the antenna gate 98 is again opened , and , due to the additional opening of a second gate 108 , the first two rf amplifiers 70 and 72 are turned off . more specifically , the second gate 108 , when open , is effective to remove the necessary bias voltage from the two amplifier stages 70 and 72 thereby eliminating , or blocking , any vhf or uhf signals from the remaining portions of the signal processing circuit . assuming that a high band frequency ( hf ) is programmed and that such a frequency is available at the antenna 74 , such signal is supplied to a linear amplifier 110 for amplification and is thereafter available to a hf mixer 112 . the other input to this mixer 112 is from the tuned linear amplifier 64 which , as above described , amplifies the 90 to 110 mhz local oscillator frequency . the output of the low band mixer 112 is a 60 mhz signal which is then applied to the input of the 60 mhz amplifier 76 . again , the subsequent processing of this signal to provide an audio output from the audio amplifier 92 is identical to that for the two bands previously described . the description thus far has been limited to the monitoring and processing of frequencies to provide an audio output when a plurality of programmed frequencies contain a broadcasted signal . the actual programming and selection of the plurality of predetermined frequency signals which will cause an audio output is shown by the block diagram in fig3 . it should be understood that although a specific plurality of signals are programmed as the desired signals , these signals can be selected from any of the 12 , 000 channels in the entire hf , uhf and vhf bands which are monitored for reception . in other words , the inventive receiver has the capability , by changing the programmed frequencies , to select any channel , of 5 khz band width , in any of the three frequency bands . turning to fig3 the basis for the scanning operation is an 80 hz scanning oscillator 120 which is normally a free running clock . the 80 hz signal from the scanning oscillator 120 is applied to a frequency divider 122 which , in the preferred embodiment , divides the 80 hz signal into a 10 hz signal . the 10 hz signal is decoded by a decoder block 124 to sequentially apply pulses to the 10 output lines 126 of the decoder which are coupled to an 8 × 14 matrix switch 128 . again in the preferred embodiment , this 8 × 14 matrix switch is a so - called diode matrix which , when the respective diodes are appropriately connected , and a ground pulse is available on the appropriate one of the input lines 126 , provides a combination of positive and negative signals , speaking in the binary sense , which are coupled in parallel to the programmable counters 38 , first shown in fig1 and repeated in fig3 for clarity . the specific plurality of combinations of the diodes that are coupled to each of the input lines 126 from the decoder 124 by a conductive paint or the like , determine the number to which the respective stages of the programmable counters 38 will be programmed . the diode matrix 128 is also used for selecting the particular band which the programmed frequency will be found in . in short , the diode matrix 128 is also coupled to the previously mentioned gates 98 and 108 which operatively select the frequency band which a particular signal is to be found in . the output of the fm detector 86 ( fig2 ) which bears the squelch signal is coupled through an amplifier and delay circuit 130 to the scanning oscillator 120 . the presence of a broadcast signal , as determined by the fm detector 86 , causes the squelch line 94 to have a substantially ground signal imposed thereon . this signal is coupled to the squelch amplifier 130 and , due to the coupling of the amplifier to the scanning oscillator 120 , inhibits the scanning oscillator . in other words , the scanning oscillator is free running until a broadcast signal is detected on one of the programmed frequencies and is immediately inhibited for the duration of that broadcast signal . after the termination of the broadcast signal , a delay inhibits the scanning oscillator for an additional period of time , so that in the event that there was only a momentary break in the broadcast , the receiver would not progress on to the next and subsequent programmed frequencies . with reference to the block diagram of fig1 the specific circuitry for the elements in the block diagram is shown in fig4 . the 75 mhz oscillator 12 is comprised of a crystal 200 which is connected in a parallel resonant mode with the gate terminal of a junction field effect transistor 202 . the output of the fet 202 is taken from its source terminal which is tuned by a filter 206 and which is coupled to one gate 208 of a mosfet 210 . the mosfet is utilized to electronically isolate the oscillators from subsequent components to prevent de - tuning of the oscillator . the output of the mosfet 210 is coupled by a capacitor 212 to a linear amplifier 214 which provides the desired three to four volt swing in the 75 mhz reference signal . the output of the 75 mhz oscillator is taken , by means of a conductor 216 , from the linear amplifier 214 and is applied to a jk flip - flop 14 which comprises the divide by two element 14 . the output of the jk ff 14 is a 37 . 5 mhz signal and is coupled to a counter 16 which provides the divide by ten element 16 . in essence , this counter is a sixteen bit counter which is used only to divide by ten . the resulting 3 . 75 mhz output from the divide by ten counter 16 is subsequently divided by five in a second counter 18 and is divided again by five in a third counter 20 to yield a 150 khz signal . the 150 khz signal is then divided by three by a pair of jk ff &# 39 ; s 218 and 220 which are connected in a dividing mode to provide the three &# 39 ; s divider 22 . the 50 khz signal from the three &# 39 ; s divider 22 is once again divided , this time by the tens divider counter 24 to provide the 5 khz signal which , as will be recalled , is used as a reference frequency signal . the 5 khz reference signal is applied to the monostable multi - vibrator 26 which is comprised of a one - shot 224 for altering the duration of 5 khz pulses to approximately 50 nsec . the one - shot 224 is coupled to the phase and frequency detector 28 for providing the basic reference signal frequency to the phase and frequency detector . the voltage controlled oscillator 32 provides a signal frequency somewhere between 15 and 35 mhz . the particular output frequency in this range , as explained in conjunction with fig2 defines the particular frequency which will be received , processed , and broadcast by the receiver at any given instant of time . the specific frequency in the 15 to 35 mhz range which is generated by the vco is controlled by an output from the phase and frequency detector 28 in a manner now to be described . the output of the vco 32 is coupled by a conductor 226 to a linear amplifier which serves as the translator 36 . the translator 36 , i . e ., the linear amplifier , is effective to translate the 0 . 75 volt amplitude signal from the vco 32 to the amplitude of 2 . 5 volts that is necessary to clock the programmable counters 38 and the control ff 44 . in accordance with the above description , the output signal from the translator 36 is , when the receiver is first turned on , somewhere between 15 and 35 mhz . this signal is coupled to the clocking input 230 of the first stage 232 of the three - stage programmable counter 38 . in effect , each of these stages 232 , 234 and 236 are programmable 4 bit counters . a flip - flop 244 forms the most significant bit of the binary count that is decoded by the decoders 42 but operates according to a so - called fixed or hard - wired program . the programming inputs to the counter stages 232 , 234 and 236 have been labeled a through l and come from outputs of the diode matrix switch 128 . the output of the vco 32 is also coupled to the clock input of the control ff 44 . the output of the vco is thereby effective to clock the three programmable counter 38 stages 232 , 234 and 236 , as well as the control ff 44 . the programming lines a - l for the three counter stages 232 , 234 and 236 are , in actuality , the preset lines for these respective counter stages . the particular combination at any given time , of ones , i . e ., 12 volts , and of zeros , i . e ., ground level , which are available on these preset lines a - l determine the count which is preset into the counter stages and from which point the counters will begin counting when clocked by the vco signal frequency . outputs of the three counter stages 232 , 234 and 236 are coupled , as shown , to three and gates 238 , 240 and 242 which decode the number 7057 each time the aggregation of the counter stages reaches this count . the hard - wired ff 244 is coupled to the last counter stage and to one of the and gates 242 and is responsible for the most significant bit in the binarily represented 7057 that is presented to the decoding and gates 238 , 240 and 242 . in operation , then , each time the counters binarily count to 7057 . the three and gates 238 , 240 and 242 detect this count and apply a positive signal to the control ff 44 . since the counter stages 232 , 234 and 236 are being clocked by the output frequency of the vco 32 , and if it is assumed that all of the preset lines a - l have binary zeros imposed thereon by the diode matrix card 128 , the output conductor of the control ff 44 should have approximately a 5 khz signal thereon . this can be computed , as with all zeros programmed on the present lines a - l , the counter stages must begin their count at zero and receive 7057 clock pulses from the vco before the control ff 44 is pulsed once . in effect , then , the vco output frequency is being divided by 7057 to obtain the 5 khz output from the ff 44 . five khz times 7057 equals 35 . 2 mhz which is the highest frequency to be obtained from the vco 32 . with all binary ones programmed on the preset lines a - l , the number 4096 is preset into the programmable counter 38 . when clocked by the vco , the counter begins its count at 4096 and is reset when it reaches 7057 , as before . in this case , the vco output frequency is divided by the difference between 4096 and 7057 , which is equal to the lowest vco frequency of 14 . 8 mhz or approximately 15 mhz . the resetting of the programmable counter stages 232 , 234 and 236 to zero or to the preset number is performed by a second output of the control ff 44 each time the ff 44 is pulsed thereby signifying that the count of 7057 has been reached . assume for the sake of description that the overall receiver has just been turned on . at that time , it would be unknown as to what frequency was coming from the vco 32 . assume further that all 1 &# 39 ; s are programmed on the program lines a - l . if the signal from the vco does not have a frequency of 15 mhz , the output of the control ff 44 will either be greater or less than 5 khz . the phase and frequency detector 28 , which has the reference 5 khz signal applied to it , also receives the output of the control ff 44 . in the event that the output of the control ff is greater than 5 khz , an output conductor 250 from the phase and frequency detector 28 would have a positive dc voltage imposed thereon . the magnitude of this voltage is directly proportional to the difference in frequency between the 5 khz reference signal and the signal coming from the control ff 44 . this dc voltage now becomes the control voltage for the vco 32 . more specifically , the output conductor 250 from the phase and frequency detector 28 is coupled to a varactor 252 by means of a notch filter 254 . this notch filter eliminates any 5 khz signal on the dc signal from the detector 28 so that the voltage applied to the varactor 252 is substantially a pure dc . the varactor 252 forms part of a parallel resonant circuit 256 which determines the frequency at which the vco will oscillate . a change in the voltage that is applied to the varactor 252 changes the capacitance of the varactor to thereby effect the change in the frequency to which the vco is tuned . the resulting change in the frequency of the vco &# 39 ; s output will , if it has been reduced , cause the programmable counters 38 and the control ff 44 to be clocked at a slower rate which continues to rapidly home in on and stabilize at 5 khz . the output of the vco 32 is thereby regulated , via the phase and frequency detector 28 , by the particular combination of 1 &# 39 ; s and 0 &# 39 ; s which are preset into the programmable counters 38 . as will be seen , these programmed numbers also constantly change , on the order of ten times a second . the output of the vco is , according to the above description , somewhere between 15 and 35 mhz . the specific frequency has now been determined and has been set by the programmable counters 38 and the phase and frequency detector 28 . furthermore , the specific frequency from the vco , as will now be seen , establishes the frequency to which the radio receiver is tuned in an effort to detect a broadcast signal on that frequency . with reference to fig5 the output conductor 230 from the linear amplifier and translator 36 is applied to the first mixer 60 , as well as to the counter 38 and the control ff 44 . the other input of this mixer 60 is from the 75 mhz oscillator 12 by conductor 216 . a mosfet 270 forms the basis for the mixer 60 , and has a tuned output with a center frequency of 100 mhz . the frequency output of the first mixer 60 is thereby in the range of 90 to 110 mhz . the 90 to 110 mhz signal is coupled by a tuned tank circuit 272 to a linear amplifier 274 . the amplifier 274 has a tuned output that is again 90 to 110 mhz with a now substantially increased amplitude . this 90 to 110 mhz signal will hereinafter be referred to as the local oscillator frequency . its specific frequency within the 90 to 110 mhz range establishes the particular channel or frequency to which the receiver will be tuned to receive from the antenna 74 . again , there are 4 , 000 possible channels in each of the three bands , thereby making a total of 12 , 000 possible channels or frequencies which can be programmably received . the local oscillator frequency is coupled by a capacitor 276 to the second gate 278 of a dual gate mosfet 280 which forms the basis of the second mixer 66 . the circuitry and processing for a signal in the vhf band will first be described assuming , of course , that the vhf band has been programmed , in a manner still to be described . in the vhf mode , the input to the first gate 282 of the mosfet 280 in the second mixer 66 is received , after substantial amplification , from the antenna 74 . more specifically , the antenna 74 is coupled through a parallel tuned filter 284 to the first gate 354 of a dual gate mosfet 286 which comprises , along with its associated filters and circuitry , the first rf amplifier stage 70 . the first and second rf amplifier stages 70 and 72 are stagger tuned and both are comprised of mosfets connected within their respective stages in an enhancement mode . the output of the first rf amplifier 70 is coupled by a capacitor 288 to the second rf amplifier 72 . the output of the second rf amplifier 72 is likewise coupled by a capacitor 290 and a parallel resonant circuit 292 to the first gate 282 of the mosfet 280 in the second mixer 66 . the vhf band has a frequency range of between 150 and 170 mhz . the mixing of this signal , when received by the antenna 74 , with the local oscillator frequency in the second mixer , is effective to generate a 60 mhz signal which passes through a single tuned resonant circuit 294 before being applied to the 60 mhz amplifier 76 . the 60 mhz signal will only be generated when a vhf signal of the proper frequency is received that is in the proper proportion to the local oscillator frequency . the programmed local oscillator frequency is thereby controlling the frequency to be monitored for a broadcast signal . the output of the 60 mhz amplifier is coupled to the third mixer 78 which receives its other input from the 55 . 5 mhz oscillator 80 . the 55 . 5 mhz oscillator is comprised of a parallel resonant crystal 296 and a junction type fet 297 which provides the wave shaping required . the output of the third mixer has a frequency of 4 . 5 mhz and is applied by the 4 . 5 mhz crystal filter 84 to the input of the fm detector 86 . to reiterate , the 4 . 5 mhz crystal filter 84 is used to eliminate adjacent channel problems and has been found to be very important since the 4 , 000 possible channels in each band are only separated in increments of 5 khz . the first portion of the fm detector 86 , which is included in the integrated circuit making up the fm indicator , is an amplifier stage which provides on the order of 80 db of gain . the fm detector detects the presence of the broadcast information that is modulated on the 4 . 5 mhz signal and makes an audio signal in the frequency range of 60 hz to 5 khz available on an output conductor 300 . the subsequent audio processing and presentation of this signal will be later described in conjunction with fig6 . the fm detector 86 also provides an automatic gain control ( agc ) signal on second output conductor 302 . this agc signal is a dc voltage which is amplified by two dc amplifiers 304 and 306 before being applied to the second gates 308 and 310 of the dual gate mosfets 312 and 286 contained in the first and second rf amplifiers 70 and 72 . the agc voltage level is increased as the point of saturation of the fm detector increases . the net effect of the agc signal is to proportionately reduce the gain of the first and second rf amplifiers 70 and 72 . the selection of the specific frequency band , i . e ., hf , vhf or uhf , which will be monitored for a specific signal frequency , is selected by programming the diode matrix 128 . the selection of the vhf band is made by the application of a zero voltage by the matrix 128 to the base conductor 320 of a transistor switch 322 to turn that switch 322 on . at the same time , a second transistor switch 324 is turned off by the application of a one , i . e ., a positive voltage , to its base conductor 326 which turns off the bias voltage for the doublers 106 , the mixer 102 and the amplifier 100 in the uhf portion of the receiver . turning the second transistor switch off also , by means of a direct coupling , causes a third transistor switch 328 to also be turned off , thereby also eliminating the bias voltage from the hf portion of the receiver . assume for the sake of description , that a frequency is programmed and , furthermore , that the desired frequency is to be found in the uhf band and that the uhf band is accordingly programmed . the first transistor switch 322 would remain on and the second and third transistor switches would be turned on . the now conductive second transistor switch 324 removes the bias voltage from a fourth transistor switch 330 to render that switch non - conductive , which in turn opens a diode 332 in the parallel resonant circuit 284 which couples the antenna 74 to the first rf amplifier 70 in the vhf section . the incoming signal from the antenna 74 is now available to the uhf amplifier 100 through a now conductive diode 334 . the actual input to the uhf amplifier 100 is through a tuned filter 335 having an approximate center frequency of 460 mhz which is sufficient to accept the incoming signal having a range of 450 to 470 mhz . again , the uhf amplifier 100 is a dual gate mosfet . the drain 336 of this mosfet 338 is coupled by tuned tank circuits 340 to the first gate 342 of a mosfet 344 in the uhf mixer 102 . the other gate of the mosfet 344 is supplied with an incoming signal of 300 mhz from the two doubler circuits 106 and 107 . as previously mentioned , the input to the first 107 of these doubler circuits is obtained directly from the 75 mhz oscillator 12 . the first doubler 107 is effective to double the 75 mhz frequency to 150 mhz , which then passes through the second doubler 106 to obtain the 300 mhz signal that is supplied to the second gate 346 in the uhf mixer mosfet 344 . the output conductor 348 from the uhf mixer 102 is coupled by a capacitor 350 to a tuned circuit 353 which serves as the input device for the first gate 354 in the mosfet 312 of the first rf amplifier 70 in what has heretofore been the vhf processing amplifiers . the output signal from the uhf mixer 102 is , by virtue of the inputs to the uhf mixer , in a frequency range of 150 to 170 mhz . thus , a pseudo vhf signal has been generated which represents a uhf frequency . the subsequent processing , i . e ., amplification , mixing and filtering are identical for the uhf signal to that previously described for the vhf band . the programming of the high frequency ( hf ) band , i . e ., 30 to 50 mhz is effective to permit the second and third transistor switches 324 and 328 to remain on and is further effective to turn the first transistor switch 322 to its non - conductive state . the latter action removes the dc bias voltage from the first and second rf amplifiers 70 and 72 , thereby rendering them inoperative and , in accordance with the previous description , inhibits the reception of a vhf or a uhf signal . the reception of a hf signal by the antenna 74 , when a high frequency signal is programmed , is amplified by two stagger tuned linear operational amplifiers 360 and 362 which comprise the linear amplifier 110 whose output is coupled to the hf band mixer 112 . the local oscillator frequency coming from the first mixer 60 , and thereafter the linear amplifier 64 , is used as the other input to the hf mixer 112 . as the first input is always 30 to 50 mhz and the second , i . e ., the local oscillator frequency is always 90 to 110 mhz , the output conductor 364 from the hf mixer 112 is always , when a hf signal is programmed and present , 60 mhz . the hf mixer 112 is coupled by its output conductor 364 to the input of the tuned 60 mhz amplifier 76 . the subsequent processing of the so - called hf signal is indentical to that performed on the vhf and uhf signals from the 60 mhz amplifier 76 through the audio amplifier 92 . the squelching of unwanted noise signals and the actual programming circuitry used to program the programmable counters 38 will now be described in conjuction with fig6 and with reference to fig3 . when a broadcast is being received at a programmed frequency and in a programmed band , the output conductor 300 from the fm detector 86 of fig5 will have a 60 hz to 5 khz signal imposed thereon . the audio output conductor 300 is coupled by a capacitor 370 to a notch filter 372 which removes frequencies in the range of 300 to 350 hz from the audio signal . this notch filter 372 has been found necessary due to the generation of signals of this frequency , which it appears occurs due to the constantly changing output frequency of the vco 32 . the output of the notch filter passes through a first - stage pre - amplifier 374 in the pre - amp 90 to compensate for the insertion losses in the audio signal which are incurred by the notch filter 372 . the output of the first - stage pre - amp 374 then passes to a second stage pre - amp 376 which is tuned to pass low frequencies . the output conductor 378 of the second pre - amp 376 is coupled to the audio frequency amplifier 130 by a volume control potentiometer 380 . the audio amplifier 130 is in turn coupled by a capacitor 382 to the speaker 131 . in the event that only noise is present on the programmed frequency band and , more specifically , on the programmed frequency within that band , another output conductor 390 receives a positive voltage from the fm detector 86 which passes through a squelch level potentiometer 392 before being coupled to a first squelch transistor switch 394 as shown in fig6 . the presence of the squelch signal , i . e ., a positive voltage on fm detector output conductor 390 , is effective to turn the first transistor switch 394 in the squelch circuit to its on state . the collector 396 of the first squelch transistor switch 394 then goes to a ground level potential which is coupled to turn a second transistor switch 398 to its off state . the collector 400 of the second squelch switch 398 then goes to a positive voltage , such voltage then passing through a squelch amplifier 402 where the signal is amplified and is used as the input to the scanning oscillator 120 . this oscillator 120 is , as previously mentioned in conjunction with fig3 outputting an 80 hz signal which is used to clock the frequency divider 122 . in operation then , the scanning oscillator 120 clocks the frequency divider 122 when there is no broadcast signal being received in a programmed band frequency . it has been found desirable to eliminate the audio output to the speaker 131 during the absence of a programmed broadcast signal . accordingly , the collector 396 of the first squelch transistor switch 394 is coupled to the base 404 of a third transistor 406 in the squelch circuit . the latter transistor 406 thereby is turned on and is saturated when there is no broadcast signal , i . e ., when there is a positive squelch signal coming from the fm detector 86 . the collector of this squelch activated transistor 406 is coupled to the input of the second pre - amp 376 in the audio circuit and renders this pre - amp and thereby the audio amplifier 130 inoperative when the transistor 406 is conductive . when the fm detector 86 detects a broadcast signal on a programmed frequency band , the squelch signal on output conductor 390 is removed , thereby causing the first squelch transistor switch 394 to go off , the second squelch transistor switch 398 to go on and the output of the squelch amplifier 402 to go low . this removes the voltage source to the scanning oscillator 120 . the result is that the scanning oscillator stops the scanning process thereby enabling the broadcast of the signal which has been received by the fm detector for the duration of that signal . it should also be mentioned that turning the first squelch transistor switch 394 to its non - conductive state removes the inhibit from the second audio pre - amp 376 which then permits the broadcast signal to be heard via the speaker 131 . a delay capacitor 410 is connected in parallel with the base 412 of the second squelch transistor 398 . this capacitor is rapidly charged when the collector 396 of the first squelch transistor 394 goes high to indicate that no squelch signal is present and a broadcast signal is being received . at the conclusion of the broadcast signal , and as above explained , the collector 396 of the first squelch transistor 394 goes low which , in theory , should permit the scanning oscillator 120 to continue scanning . however , there is the possibility that the broadcast signal was only being interrupted momentarily , and , to permit instantaneous scanning at the conclusion of a signal could possibly cause the remainder of a broadcast signal , which was being subjected to momentary interruptions , to go unheard . the delay capacitor 410 obviates this problem , as it slowly discharges through the base 412 of the second transistor 398 after a squelch signal has been generated by the fm detector 86 . the relatively slow decay time of this capacitor 410 is sufficient to permit the collector 400 of the second squelch transistor 398 to remain low for , say 11 / 2 seconds , before the second transistor 398 is turned off . turning now to the scanning oscillator 120 , the output of the oscillator 120 is coupled to the base 420 of a transistor limiter 422 which provides the necessary 0 - 5 volt swing in the 80 hz signal to clock the frequency divider 122 . the frequency divider 122 is comprised of three ff &# 39 ; s 424 , 426 and 428 which are coupled together to divide the 80 hz frequency down to 10 hz . the outputs of the three divider ff &# 39 ; s 424 , 426 and 428 are appropriately coupled to four nor gates 430 - 433 and to eight nand gates 436 - 444 for decoding the 10 hz signal into repetitive sequential signals each having a duration of 0 . 1 of a second . the outputs of the eight nand gates 436 - 444 , when the scanning oscillator 120 is running , are sequentially turned off , i . e ., taken to ground level , once each 0 . 8 seconds . the outputs of these nand gates 436 - 444 are coupled by a tandem switch 446 to the input lines 448 - 455 of the diode matrix card 128 . the input lines 448 - 455 of the diode matrix card 128 are also coupled by means of individual light - emitting diodes 456 to a positive voltage supply . as their respective input lines 448 - 455 sequentially go to ground the light - emitting diodes sequentially conduct , thereby signifying that the associated input line has been turned off by the scanning process . the diode matrix 128 is comprised of a plurality of diodes 460 which are connected to form the 8 × 14 matrix 128 that is utilized in the preferred embodiment . for purposes of clarity and dexcription , only six of the diodes are illustrated in fig6 but it is to be understood that the remainder of the diodes are present and are connected in identical fashion with those that are shown . the specific diodes are programmed , i . e ., coupled to the respective matrix input lines 448 - 455 by closing normally open contacts 464 leading from the cathode of each diode to the respective input lines 448 - 455 . in practicing the invention , these normally open contacts 464 are typically bridged by conductive silver ink or the like . the three diodes 466 , 468 and 470 associated with the first input line 448 are shown as being bridged , while the three diodes that are illustrated , two being associated with the second input line 449 and one being associated with the third input line 450 are shown as being unbridged . in operation , and assuming as indicated above that the first three diodes 466 , 468 and 470 associated with the first input line 448 are connected to such input line and , further , that the remaining diodes associated with the first input line 448 remain unconnected , only the first three outputs a - c to the programmable counters 38 will be grounded , and the remaining lines d - l will remain at a high voltage level when the first input line is grounded . it should be seen , now , that this establishes a binary code consisting of three zeros and nine ones . more specifically , and to further explain the operation of the diode matrix 128 , when the first input line 448 is grounded , the first three diodes 466 , 468 and 470 , to continue the example , are rendered conductive thereby pulling the anodes of the diodes to a ground level . this removes the forward bias voltage for three other diodes 474 , 476 and 478 which are coupled between the programmable counter preset lines and the above mentioned anodes . the above output of the diode matrix card 128 and which according to the example consists of three zeros and nine ones , is present for only the one - tenth of a second that the first input line 448 is grounded . the scanning oscillator 120 , as previously explained , causes , after a frequency division and decoding , the sequencing of the voltages that are applied to the input lines 448 - 455 of the diode matrix 128 . assuming a base time of 0 , at 0 . 1 seconds , the first input line 448 goes to ground and the other lines 449 - 455 remain at a high voltage . at 0 . 2 seconds the second input line 449 then goes to ground and all the others ( 448 , 450 - 455 ) remain high . at this time , all diodes which have their cathodes bridged to the second input line 449 cause the associated output lines a - l to operatively go to ground . this establishes a second binary code on the output lines a - l which is indicative of a second programmed frequency . it should now be understood that the sequencing of the input lines 448 - 455 to the diode matrix 128 causes a different binary combination to be present on the output lines a - l as each of the input lines are respectively grounded by the scanning oscillator 120 . the thirteenth and fourteenth output lines m and n of the diode matrix are used to generate a two bit code which controls the first and second transistor switches 322 and 324 used in the circuit of fig5 for alternatively determining the particular band in which the programmed frequency , indicated by the binary combination on output lines a - l , is to be found . more specifically , the bridging of the diode contacts 464 that are associated with the m and n output lines to any of the input lines 448 - 455 , causes the respective output line m and / or n to be grounded when the input line associated therewith is grounded . in accordance with the description of fig5 the grounding of only the m output causes the first transistor switch 322 to be turned on and thereby supplies bias voltage to the first two rf amplifiers 70 and 72 . as the n output line remains ungrounded , the second switch 324 remains non - conductive thereby removing the bias voltage from the uhf and the hf circuits . in operation , then , predetermined ones of the diode matrix diodes 460 have their cathodes coupled by conductive paint or the like to a respective matrix input line 448 - 455 . the receiver is turned on , and the scanning oscillator 120 begins generating its 80 hz signal . this frequency is divided and decoded by the frequency divider 122 and the decoder 124 to sequentially ground each of the diode matrix input lines 448 - 455 in repetitive fashion . each of the input lines is thereby grounded for 0 . 1 of a second . during the time when each of the input lines 448 - 455 is grounded , a predetermined combination of binary significant ones and zeros is available on the output lines a - l leading to the preset lines a - l of the programmable counter stages 232 , 234 and 236 ( fig4 ). thus , a different combination of ones and zeros , representing a different binary number , can be presented and preset into the programmable counter stages 232 , 234 and 236 of fig4 each time a different diode matrix input 448 - 455 goes to ground . in effect , each binary combination available to the preset lines a - l of the programmable counter , presets a different number into such counter stages . it should now be seen that during each 0 . 1 second time period , a different output frequency from the vco 32 is established and generated . for the sake of description , it is assumed that each of the eight input lines to the diode matrix switch contain a different combination of bridged diodes , although two or more of them could be identical . again , during each 0 . 1 second time period , the vco 32 is caused by the programmable counters 38 , acting in conjunction with the phase and frequency detector 28 , to have a different output frequency . this output frequency , somewhere in the range of between 15 and 35 mhz , is then mixed with the 75 mhz oscillator output to form the 90 to 110 mhz local oscillator frequency . if the desired frequency is in the vhf band , the diode 460 on the diode matrix card 128 that is associated with the respective grounded input line 448 - 455 and that is also associated with the m output line is placed or programmed into circuit so that the m output line goes to ground . the grounding of the m output line causes the first transistor switch 322 to go on thereby supplying bias voltage to the first and second rf amplifiers 70 and 72 . this enables an incoming vhf signal to be amplified and , if such signal is at the desired frequency , the second mixer 66 will have the required 60 mhz signal output to enable the subsequent processing of the signal and its broadcast from the speaker 131 . if a vhf signal is received by the antenna 74 but is not at the proper frequency , no broadcast will be made . if the desired frequency is in the uhf band , both the m and n diodes are bridged to the matrix input line where the desired frequency is programmed to turn on both the switches ( fig5 ) 322 and 324 . programming of the hf band is accomplished by bridging only the n diode to the appropriate input line 448 - 455 . all of the above counter - programming , selection of hf , vhf or uhf bands and vco frequency output takes place each 0 . 1 of a second . in the event that a signal , at the programmed frequency , is indeed present at the antenna 74 and contains a broadcast , the described squelch circuitry will halt or inhibit the scanning oscillator 120 until 1 . 5 seconds after the termination of such broadcast so that it can be heard from the speaker 131 . at that time , the scanning will continue to progressively step through each of the programmed frequencies designated by the diode matrix card 128 to look , for a period of 0 . 1 of a second , for an incoming signal from the antenna 74 having the respective programmed frequency , in the programmed band and containing a broadcast . the above description , taken in its entirety , describes an automatically scanning and seeking radio frequency receiver which can synthesize all of the frequencies in the hf , vhf and uhf frequency bands and which has the ability to stop the scanning process when any one of a plurality of predetermined frequencies is obtained and which carries a broadcast signal . furthermore , the described receiver utilizes a singular antenna to effectively receive signals in any one or all of the three radio bands .

7Electricity

a . method utilizing a decrease in fluorescence caused by formation of a base pair of an artificial fluorescent base and an artificial quenching base of the invention the method according to an embodiment of the present invention detects the formation of an artificial base pair by observing a decrease in fluorescence of an artificial fluorescent base caused by the formation of the base pair of an artificial fluorescent base and an artificial quenching base represented by formula ii : ( in formula ii , r 2 is a group selected from the group consisting of : substituted or unsubstituted alkyl , alkenyl , and alkynyl groups each having 2 to 10 carbon atoms ; one or more five - membered heterocyclic rings , one or more six - membered heterocyclic rings , and one or more fused heterocyclic rings , these heterocylic rings containing nitrogen or sulfur , and one or more aromatic rings ; the artificial fluorescent base is preferably selected from the group consisting of : ( i ) a 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( dss ); ( ii ) a 7 -( 2 , 2 ′, 5 ′, 2 ″- terthien - 5 - yl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( dsss ); ( iii ) a 2 - amino - 6 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl ) purin - 9 - yl group ( ss ); ( iv ) a 2 - amino - 6 -( 2 , 2 ′, 5 ′, 2 ″- terthien - 5 - yl ) purin - 9 - yl group ( sss ); ( v ) a 4 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- pyrrolo [ 2 , 3 - b ] pyridin - 1 - yl group ( dsas ); ( vi ) a 4 -[ 2 -( 2 - thiazolyl ) thien - 5 - yl ] pyrrolo [ 2 , 3 - b ] pyridin - 1 - yl group ( dsav ); and ( vii ) a 4 -[ 5 -( 2 - thienyl ) thiazol - 2 - yl ] pyrrolo [ 2 , 3 - b ] pyridin - 1 - yl group ( dvas ). these compounds are known to form a base pair with the base represented by formula ii . in addition to the above - mentioned artificial fluorescent bases , for example , 2 - amino purine and ethenoadenosine can also be used . preferably , the artificial quenching base of the present invention is represented by the following formula iii or iv : ( in formula iii , r 3 is selected from — h , iodine , — ch 3 , and : ( in formula iv , r 4 is selected from — ch 3 , — ch 2 — nh 2 , and : in formula iv , n is preferably an integer of 3 to 7 , more preferably 5 . the present invention also provides a kit used in a method of detecting the formation of a base pair of artificial bases on the basis of a decrease in fluorescence of an artificial fluorescent base . the kit includes : a nucleic acid primer comprising a polynucleotide having a 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( dss ) as a base ; and a polynucleotide having a quenching base represented by formula iii or iv as a base . b . method utilizing a change in fluorescence intensity of a fluorescent molecule linked to an artificial quenching base of the invention caused by formation of an artificial base pair the method according to another embodiment of the present invention detects the formation of an artificial base pair of an artificial quenching base represented by : ( in formula v , r 5 is a fluorescent molecule linked with a linker ) on the basis of a change in fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent molecule in the artificial quenching base caused by formation of the base pair of the artificial base represented by formula v . the complementary base to form a base pair with the artificial base of formula v may be any base such as the above - mentioned ds , dss , dsss , s , ss , sss , ddsa , dsas , dsav , ddva , dvas , or ddia . the complementary base is preferably ds , s , ss , sss , ddsa , ddva , or ddia , more preferably a 7 -( 2 - thienyl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( ds ). the artificial quenching base is preferably a base represented by formula vi : ( in formula vi , r 6 is a fluorescent molecule linked directly or via a linker ). as the linker , those described in the quencher represented by formula i can be used . as the fluorescent molecule , those described in the quencher represented by formula i can be used . the present invention also provides a kit used in a method of detecting the formation of a base pair of an artificial base on the basis of a change in fluorescence intensity . the kit includes : a nucleic acid primer comprising a polynucleoside having a 7 -( 2 - thienyl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( ds ) as a base ; and c . method of detecting a nucleic acid utilizing a nucleic acid including a polynucleoside having a modified natural base , artificial base , or base analog having a self - quenching activity that can function as a donor in , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( fret ) or static quenching an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of detecting the formation of an artificial base pair . the method utilizes a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleoside having a modified natural base , artificial base , or base analog having a self - quenching activity that can function as a donor in , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( fret ) or static quenching . formation of an artificial base pair of an artificial base ( a first artificial base ) and an artificial base having a fluorescent molecule ( a second artificial base ) in the nucleic acid causes a change in fluorescence spectrum caused by fluorescence resonance energy transfer from the polynucleotide including the modified natural base , artificial base , or base analog to the fluorescent molecule of the second artificial base or static quenching to allow detection of the formation of the artificial base pair . the nucleic acid having the artificial base pair of an artificial base ( a first artificial base ) and an artificial base having a fluorescent molecule ( a second artificial base ) preferably has an artificial quenching base represented by formula ii of the present invention as the second artificial base , but the nucleic acid is not necessarily limited thereto . a nucleic acid including a polynucleoside having a modified natural base , artificial base , or base analog having a self - quenching activity that can function as a donor in , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( fret ) and / or static quenching in a known artificial base pair can be used . the present invention provides the following embodiment as a variation of method c . in the method of the present invention of detecting the formation of a base pair of artificial bases on the basis of a change in fluorescence spectrum caused by , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer or static quenching , the formation of a base pair of a 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( dss ) and a base represented by the following formula vi : ( in formula vi , r 6 is a fluorescent molecule linked directly or via a linker ) causes fluorescence resonance energy transfer from dss to the fluorescent molecule in the base of formula vi or static quenching by excitation with ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 240 to 410 nm . this causes a change in fluorescence spectrum , and the method detects the formation of the artificial base pair on the base of the change . dss is excited with ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 240 to 410 nm it is desirable that the fluorescent molecule in the base of formula vi does not produce fluorescence at this wavelength , but do produce fluorescence only when fret has occurred . in embodiments of c - 2 to c - 4 , the formation of an artificial base pair of a 7 -( 2 - thienyl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( ds ) and a base formula vi is detected . the present invention provides the following embodiment as a variation of method c . in the method of the present invention of detecting the formation of a base pair of artificial bases on the basis of a change in fluorescence spectrum caused by , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer or static quenching , the formation of a base pair of a 7 -( 2 - thienyl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( ds ) and a base represented by formula vi causes , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer from at least one 2 - amino - 6 -( 2 - thienyl ) purin - 9 - yl group ( s ) to the fluorescent molecule in the base of formula vi or static quenching by excitation with ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 240 to 390 nm . this causes a change in fluorescence spectrum , and the method detects the formation of the artificial base pair on the basis of the change , wherein at least one polynucleotide having a 2 - amino - 6 -( 2 - thienyl ) purin - 9 - yl group ( s ) as a base is present in the same nucleic acid strand comprising a polynucleoside having ds as a base . the number of “ s ”&# 39 ; s present in the same nucleic acid strand comprising the nucleoside having ds as a base is not limited , but is preferably one to three , more preferably one or two , and most preferably two . as shown in lane 3 of fig2 , when the number of “ s ”&# 39 ; s is two , the fluorescence intensity of s &# 39 ; s is decreased or quenched by the self - quenching activity of “ s ”&# 39 ; s ( self quenching ), and a change in fluorescence spectrum caused by fret is clearly observed ( lane 7 of fig2 ). when the number of s is one , the fluorescence of s is observed ( lane 2 of fig2 ). in this case , fret allows the observation of fluorescence of the fluorescent molecule instead of the fluorescence of s ( lanes 5 and 6 of fig2 ). in addition to the embodiment where two or more artificial bases are present in an identical nucleic acid such as the case of having two “ s ”&# 39 ; s adjacent to each other , cases of a natural base to which a base having self - quenching activity is linked and of one artificial base having two or more quenching base ( s ) moieties , such as dss , can also be used in the method of the present invention utilizing fret and / or static quenching . the present invention provides the following embodiment as a variation of method c . in the method of the present invention of detecting the formation of a base pair of artificial bases on the basis of a change in fluorescence spectrum caused by , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer or static quenching , the formation of a base pair of ds and a base represented by formula vi causes , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer from at least one 2 - amino - 6 -( 2 - thienyl ) purin - 9 - yl group ( s ) to the fluorescent molecule in the base of formula vi or static quenching by excitation with ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 350 to 390 nm this causes a change in fluorescence spectrum , and the method detects the formation of the artificial base pair on the basis of the change , wherein at least one polynucleotide having at least one natural base to which at least one 2 - amino - 6 -( 2 - thienyl ) purin - 9 - yl group ( s ) linked is present in the same nucleic acid strand comprising a polynucleoside having ds as a base . the type of the natural base to which s is linked is not limited and can be any of a , t , g , c , and u . when two or more s - linked natural bases are present to be adjacent to each other , the natural bases may be the same or different , preferably the same . the number of the s - linked natural bases adjacent to each in a nucleic acid is not particularly limited as in the embodiment of c - 2 where s is present in an identical nucleic acid , and is preferably one to three , more preferably one or two , and most preferably two . the embodiment of c - 3 encompasses an embodiment where two or more “ s ”&# 39 ; s are linked to one natural base ( fig3 ). the number of “ s ”&# 39 ; s is not particularly limited , but is preferably two or three , more preferably two . the present invention provides the following embodiment as a variation of method c . in the method of the present invention of detecting the formation of a base pair of artificial bases on the basis of a change in fluorescence spectrum caused by , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer or static quenching , the formation of a base pair of ds and a base represented by formula vi causes , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer from a 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( dss ) to the fluorescent molecule in the base of formula vi or static quenching by excitation with ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 240 to 410 nm . this causes a change in fluorescence spectrum , and the method detects the formation of the artificial base pair on the basis of the change , wherein a polynucleotide having a natural base to which at least one 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridin - 3 - yl group ( dss ) linked is present in the same nucleic acid strand comprising a polynucleoside having ds as a base . in the embodiments of method c including c - 1 to c - 4 of the present invention , any fluorescent molecule can be used without limitation . preferred are those described in the quencher represented by formula i , more preferably indocarbocyanine ( cy3 ). the substituent r 6 in the base represented by formula vi preferably has the following structure : the present invention further provides a kit used in a method of detecting the formation of a base pair of artificial bases on the basis of a change in fluorescence spectrum caused by , for example , fluorescence resonance energy transfer or static quenching . the kit includes one nucleic acid primer selected from the group consisting of the following i ) to iii ): i ) a nucleic acid primer comprising a polynucleotide having dss as a base ; ii ) a nucleic acid primer comprising a polynucleoside having ds as a base and a polynucleotide having at least one s as a base ; iii ) a nucleic acid primer comprising a polynucleoside having ds as a base and a polynucleotide having at least one natural base to which at least one s is linked ; and iv ) a nucleic acid primer comprising a polynucleoside having ds as a base and a polynucleotide having a natural base to which dss is linked , and the kit includes a polynucleotide having a base represented by formula vi . the dss - pn and dss - px base pairs efficiently function also in pcr . in the present invention , the base pairs of nucleic acid may be formed in any process of transcription , reverse transcription , replication , and translation . the method of detection of the present invention utilizing fret and / or static quenching ( embodiment c ) is characterized in that a change in detection spectrum can be observed with the naked eye . prior to the present invention , no method could simply detect the formation of an artificial base pair or target nucleic acid in a visible form . the method of detection of the present invention can be applied to visualization of real - time pcr . accordingly , no complicated and expensive pcr machine is necessary . furthermore , in amplification of nucleic acid by the method of the present invention of detecting an artificial base pair , the amplified nucleic acid can be simply detected by directly performing electrophoresis ( e . g ., fig2 ). in addition , it enables quantification of the nucleic acid on the basis of the density of the band in the electrophoresis . the present invention will be more specifically described by the following examples , which are not intended to limit the technical scope of the present invention . those skilled in the art can easily add modifications or changes to the present invention on the basis of the description of this specification , and such modifications and changes are included in the technical scope of the present invention . reagents and solvents were purchased from typical suppliers and were used without further purification . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) and 31 p - nmr ( 121 mhz ) spectra were recorded on a bruker av300 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer . synthesized nucleoside 5 ′- triphosphate was subjected final purification with a gilson hplc system . electrospray - ionization mass spectra ( esi - ms ) were recorded on a waters zmd 4000 mass system equipped with a waters 2690 lc system . a solution of cy3 n - hydroxysuccinimidyl ester ( cy3 - se , 6 . 0 mg , 7 . 63 μmol ) in dmf ( 300 μl ) was added to a 100 mm nahco 3 — na 2 co 3 buffer solution ( ph 8 . 6 , 500 μl ) containing 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 -[ 3 -( 6 - aminohexanamide )- 1 - propynyl ]- 2 - nitropyrrole 5 ′- triphosphate ( nh 2 - hx - dpxtp ) ( 8 . 4 μmol ), and the mixture was left to stand at room temperature for 12 hours . a 50 mm teaa ( 3 . 0 ml ) solution was added to the reaction solution , and cy3 - hx - dpxtp ( 2 . 7 μmol , 35 %) was yielded through purification by deae sephadex a - 25 and hplc . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , d 2 o ) δ 8 . 55 ( t , 1h , j = 13 . 6 hz ), 7 . 90 ( t , 2h , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 7 . 85 ( dd , 2h , j = 1 . 2 , 8 . 4 hz ), 7 . 78 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 1 hz ), 7 . 39 ( dd , 2h , j = 1 . 9 , 8 . 5 hz ), 7 . 19 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 1 hz ), 6 . 64 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 9 hz ), 6 . 39 ( dd , 2h , j = 2 . 8 , 13 . 5 hz ), 4 . 59 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 22 - 4 . 08 ( m , 9h ), 3 . 20 ( q , 32h , j = 7 . 3 hz ), 3 . 07 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 5 hz ), 2 . 59 ( dt , 1h , j = 6 . 1 , 13 . 3 hz ), 2 . 38 ( dt , 1h , j = 6 . 2 , 13 . 8 hz ), 2 . 27 - 2 . 17 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 86 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 77 ( s , 12h ), 1 . 67 - 1 . 54 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 42 - 1 . 25 ( m , 56h ). 31 p nmr ( 121 mhz , d 2 o ) δ − 8 . 65 ( bs , 1p ), − 10 . 72 ( d , 1p , j = 19 . 7 hz ), − 22 . 32 ( t , 1p , j = 20 . 4 hz ). ms ( esi ) for c 49 h 65 n 6 o 22 p 3 s 2 , calculated value : 1247 . 28 ( m + h ) + , observed value : 1247 . 43 ( m + h ) + , calculated value : 1245 . 28 ( m − h ) − , observed value : 1244 . 91 ( m − h ) − . quenching of artificial fluorescent base dss by artificial base pn in complementary strand ( fig7 ) in order to investigate a change in fluorescence in a single - stranded dna fragment including an artificial fluorescent base dss ( 12 - mer , 5 ′- ggtaacn 1 atgcg - 3 ′, n 1 = dss ) ( seq id no : 1 ) or in a double - stranded dna formed with a complementary dna fragment ( 12 - mer , 5 ′- cgcatn 2 gttacc - 3 ′, n 2 = pn , dss , ds , or t ) ( seq id no : 2 ), a solution containing 5 μm of a single - stranded dna ( ssdna ) or a double - stranded dna ( dsdna ), 10 mm sodium phosphate ( ph 7 . 0 ), 100 mm nacl , and 0 . 1 mm edta was prepared . after annealing , the fluorescence was photographed by irradiation with light of 365 nm using an uv transilluminator . the results are shown in fig7 . fig8 shows fluorescence spectra of dna fragments measured with a jasco fp - 6500 spectrometer equipped with an etc - 273t temperature controller . a solution containing 5 μm of a single - stranded dna fragment including dss ( 12 - mer , 5 ′- ggtaacn 1 atgcg - 3 ′, n 1 = dss ) ( seq id no : 1 ) or its double - stranded dna with a complementary strand ( 12 - mer , 5 ′- cgcatn 2 gttacc - 3 ′, n 2 = pn , dss , ds , or t ) ( seq id no : 2 ) in a 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer ( ph 7 . 0 ), 100 mm nacl , and 0 . 1 mm edta was prepared . after annealing , a fluorescence spectrum caused by excitation with light of 385 nm was measured at 25 ° c . for comparison , the fluorescence spectrum of a single - stranded dna fragment including ds ( 12 - mer , 5 ′- ggtaacn 1 atgcg - 3 ′, n 1 = ds , 5 μm ) ( seq id no : 3 ) excited with light of 310 nm at 25 ° c . was measured . a . change in fluorescence intensity of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate of an artificial fluorescent base dss ( ddsstp , 5 μm ) dependent on the concentration of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate of pn ( dpntp ) solutions were prepared by adding 5 μl of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate ( ddsstp , 105 μm ) to solutions ( 100 μl ) of 10 mm sodium phosphate ( ph 7 . 0 ), 100 mm nacl , and 0 . 1 mm edta containing 2 , 1 , 0 . 5 , 0 . 2 , 0 . 1 , or 0 . 05 mm deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate ( dpntp ). the emission spectrum of ddsstp by excitation with light of 370 nm was measured with a jasco fp - 6500 spectrometer equipped with an etc - 273t temperature controller at 20 ° c . similarly , in order to investigate the fluorescence - quenching effect of ddsstp in the presence of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate of a natural base , solutions were prepared by adding 5 μl of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate ( ddsstp , 105 μm ) to solutions ( 100 μl ) of 10 mm sodium phosphate ( ph 7 . 0 ), 100 mm nacl , and 0 . 1 mm edta containing 15 , 12 , 9 , 6 , 3 , or 1 mm deoxyriboadenosine triphosphate ( datp ), deoxyriboguanosine triphosphate ( dgtp ), deoxyribothymidine triphosphate ( dttp ), or deoxyribocytidine triphosphate ( dctp ). the emission spectrum of ddsstp by excitation with light of 370 nm was measured at 20 ° c . b . comparison of quenching activity of dpntp and triphosphate of a natural base against dss quenching of nucleoside triphosphate of an artificial fluorescent base ddsstp ( 5 μm ) by deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate of pn and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate of a natural base was analyzed by steady - state stern - volmer plot . specifically , emission spectra ( 370 nm excitation ) were measured in a 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer ( ph 7 . 0 ) solution containing 100 mm nacl and 0 . 1 mm edta at 20 ° c . the decrease in fluorescence intensity with the concentration of a quencher ( dpntp , datp , dgtp , dctp , or dttp ) present in the system was substituted for the following stern - volmer expression to calculate the stern - volmer constant ( k sv ): f 0 / f 1 = 1 + k sv [ q ]. stern - volmer expression : here , f 0 represents the fluorescence intensity when no quencher is present ; f 1 represents the fluorescence intensity when a quencher is present ; and [ q ] represents the concentration of the quencher . specifically , the k sv was determined from the straight line obtained by a least - squares method from plots of the f 0 / f 1 values on the vertical axis for the quencher concentrations [ q ] on the horizontal axis . a larger k sv value indicates a higher quenching activity of a quencher . it was revealed that the quenching activity of pn is higher than that of a guanine base , which is known to have a quenching activity . quenching of the fluorescence of ddss by dpn and derivatives thereof ( fig1 ) fig1 shows the results of fluorescence measurement of ddss in the final concentration of 5 μm in the presence of 2 . 5 mm or 5 mm dpn or each derivative thereof at an excitation wavelength of 385 nm and a measurement temperature of 25 ° c . specifically , nucleoside solutions ( 20 μm ddss and 20 mm dpn or each derivative thereof ) were prepared by the following procedure . about 5 mg of ddss , dpn , or a derivative of dpn was dried at 55 to 60 ° c . for 6 hours and was then weighed . an aqueous 20 % acetonitrile solution was added to ddss , dpn , or a derivative of dpn such that the concentration of ddss was 2 mm and the concentration of dpn or a derivative thereof was 20 mm . the ddss solution was further diluted to 20 μm . in order to prepare samples for measuring fluorescence spectra , for a final concentration of dpn or its derivative of 2 . 5 mm ( fig1 a ), 50 μl of a 20 μm ddss solution , 25 μl of a solution of 20 mm dpn or its derivative , 25 μl of a 20 % acetonitrile solution , and 100 μl of ethanol were mixed into a total volume of 200 μl . for a final concentration of dpn or its derivative of 5 mm ( fig1 b ), 50 μl of a 20 μm ddss solution , 50 μl of a solution of 20 mm dpn or its derivative , and 100 μl of ethanol were mixed into a total volume of 200 μl . experiment of single - base incorporation into dna of a dss - pn base pair using a klenow fragment ( table 1 ) an experiment of single - base incorporation by a klenow fragment was performed with reference to documents ( kimoto , m ., yokoyama , s ., hirao , i ., biotechnol . lett ., 2004 , 26 , 999 - 1005 ; petruska , j ., goodman , m . f ., boosalis , m . s ., sowers , l . c ., cheong , c ., tinoco , i ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 1988 , 85 , 6252 - 6256 ; goodman , m . f ., creighton , s ., bloom , l . b ., petruska , j ., crit . rev . biochem . mol . biol ., 1993 , 28 , 83 - 126 ; morales , j . c ., kool , e . t ., nat . struct . biol ., 1998 , 5 , 950 - 954 ). specifically , a primer ( 20 - mer , 5 ′- actcactatagggaggaaga - 3 ′ ( seq id no : 4 ) or 5 ′- actcactatagggagcttct - 3 ′ ( seq id no : 5 )) labeled with 6 - carboxyfluorescein at the 5 ′ end and a template dna ( 35 - mer , 5 ′- agctctdsstcttcctccctatagtgagtcgtattat - 3 ′ ( seq id no : 6 ) or 5 ′- tcgaganagaagctccctatagtgagtcgtattat - 3 ′ ( n = pn , a , g , c , or t ) ( seq id no : 7 )) were heated in a 100 mm tris - hcl buffer ( ph 7 . 5 ) containing 20 mm mgcl 2 , 2 mm dtt , and 100 μg / ml bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) at 95 ° c . and were then gradually cooled to 4 ° c . for annealing to form a double strand of the template and the primer . an enzyme solution ( 2 μl ) of a klenow fragment not having exonuclease activity ( kf exo −, amersham usb ) was added to 5 μl of each primer - template double - stranded dna solution ( 10 μm ). the mixture was incubated at 37 ° c . for 2 minutes to form a dna / enzyme complex . to this solution , 3 μl of each substrate solution , i . e ., nucleoside triphosphate solution ( dss , pn , or one of a , g , c , and t , 1 μm to 5 mm ) was added , followed by an enzyme reaction at 37 ° c . ( for 1 to 35 minutes ). the reaction was terminated by adding 10 μl of a 20 mm edta solution in 95 % formamide ( stop solution ) to the reaction solution and heating the solution at 75 ° c . for 3 minutes . the reaction conditions are summarized as follows . for each solution ( 10 μl ), 5 μm primer - template double strand , 5 to 50 nm enzyme , and 0 . 3 to 1500 μm substrate are used . the solution ( 10 μl ) contains 50 mm tris - hcl ( ph 7 . 5 ), 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm dtt , and 0 . 05 mg / ml bsa . the reaction is performed at 37 ° c . for 1 to 35 minutes . a part of the reaction solution was diluted with the stop solution , and 0 . 5 μl of the diluted reaction solution was mixed with 3 μl of a loading solution ( deionized formamide : 50 mg / ml blue dextran solution containing 25 mm edta = 5 : 1 ). the solution mixture was heated at 90 ° c . for 2 minutes and then was rapidly cooled on ice . about 0 . 5 μl of the solution was loaded on every other lane of a sequencing gel for electrophoresis . the sequencing gel ( 36 cm wtr ) was composed of 6 m urea , 10 % polyacrylamide ( acrylamide : bisacrylamide = 19 : 1 ), and 0 . 5 × tbe . the buffer used for the electrophoresis was 0 . 5 × tbe . the run module was gs run 36c - 2400 . the time for electrophoresis was about 1 hour , and the peak patterns of the reaction products were analyzed and quantitatively measured by an automated abi377 dna sequencer equipped with genescan software ( version 3 . 0 ). the proportion of the primer extended by one nucleotide was determined from the peak area of the unreacted primer fragment and the peak area of the dna fragment extended by single - base incorporation , and enzymatic parameters v max and k m were calculated by hanes - woolf plot ( goodman , m . f ., creighton , s ., bloom , l . b ., petruska , j ., crit . rev . biochem . mol . biol ., 1993 , 28 , 83 - 126 ). the v max value was standardized to 20 nm enzyme concentration and 5 μm double strand concentration for various enzyme and double - strand concentrations used . a : assays were carried out at 37 ° c . for 1 to 35 mm using 5 μm template - primer duplex , 5 to 50 nm enzyme , and 0 . 3 to 1500 μm nucleoside triphosphate in a solution ( 10 μl ) containing 50 mm tris - hcl ( ph 7 . 5 ), 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm dtt , and 0 . 05 mg / ml bovine serum albumin . each parameter was an averaged value of three to eight data sets . c not determined . minimal inserted products (& lt ; 2 %) were detected after an incubation for 20 mm with 1500 μm nucleoside triphosphate and 50 nm enzyme . d the units of this term are % min − 1 m − 1 . primer extension reaction by template dna containing pn and ddsstp using a klenow fragment of dna polymerase i derived from escherichia coli ( fig1 ) a primer ( 23 - mer ) ( seq id no : 8 ) labeled with 32 p at the 5 ′ end and a template dna containing pn or pa ( 35 - mer ) ( seq id no : 9 ) were heated at 95 ° c . in a 20 mm tris - hcl ( ph 7 . 5 ) buffer containing 14 mm mgcl 2 and 0 . 2 mm dtt and were then gradually cooled to 4 ° c . for annealing to form a double strand of the template and the primer . a substrate solution ( 2 . 5 μl ), i . e ., a nucleoside triphosphate solution ( 40 μm dctp , 40 μm dttp , and 0 to 40 μm ddsstp ) was added to 5 μl of each primer - template double - stranded dna solution ( 400 nm ) on ice . to the solution added was an enzyme solution ( 2 . 5 μl , one unit ) of a klenow fragment having exonuclease activity ( kf exo +, takara ) diluted with sterilized water for starting a reaction . after incubation at 37 ° c . for 3 minutes , the reaction was terminated by adding 10 μl of 1 × tbe solution ( stop solution ) containing 10 m urea and heating at 75 ° c . for 3 minutes . the reaction products were electrophoresed on a 15 % polyacrylamide / 7 m urea gel , and the band pattern was analyzed by autoradiography with a bioimaging analyzer ( fla7000 , fujifilm ). pcr amplification of dna including ds using a dss - px base pair ( fig1 ) pcr was performed using a template dna including ds ( s2 , 55 - mer ) or a dna composed of only natural bases ( control , 55 - mer ) in the presence of predetermined concentrations of artificial base substrates , nh 2 - hx - dpxtp and ddsstp . the products were analyzed by electrophoresis . the results are shown in fig1 . the sequences of the template dnas and primers used are as follows . pcr ( reaction scale : 40 μl ) was performed with a dna fragment at a final concentration of 0 . 4 nm as a template by 20 cycles of 94 ° c . for 30 sec , 45 ° c . for 30 sec , and 65 ° c . for 4 min . the final reaction solution was composed of 20 mm tris - hcl ( ph 8 . 8 ), 10 mm kcl , 10 mm ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 , 2 mm mgso 4 , 0 . 1 % triton x - 100 , deepvent dna polymerase ( 0 . 02 units / μl , neb ), 1 μm of the 5 ′ primer , 1 μm of the 3 ′ primer , 0 . 3 mm each natural base substrate dntp , 10 to 25 μm ddsstp , and 25 μm nh 2 - hx - dpxtp . the pcr products after 20 cycles were electrophoresed on a 15 % polyacrylamide / 7 m urea gel . the gel was stained with sybr green ii ( lonza ), and the band of amplified dna was detected with a bioimager las4000 ( fujifilm ) at the sybr mode . sequencing of dna after pcr amplification using dss - px base pair ( fig1 ) pcr was performed using a template dna including ds ( s2 , 55 - mer ) in the presence of predetermined concentrations of artificial base substrates , nh 2 - hx - dpxtp and ddsstp . whether the artificial base dss was maintained in the products was analyzed by dna sequencing using an artificial base substrate dpa &# 39 ; tp or ddpa &# 39 ; tp . the results are shown in fig1 . the sequences of the template dnas and primers used are as follows . pcr ( reaction scale : 25 μl ) was performed with a dna fragment at a final concentration of 0 . 6 nm as a template by 15 cycles of 94 ° c . for 30 sec , 45 ° c . for 30 sec , and 65 ° c . for 4 min . the final reaction solution was composed of 20 mm tris - hcl ( ph 8 . 8 ), 10 mm kcl , 10 mm ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 , 2 mm mgso 4 , 0 . 1 % triton x - 100 , deepvent dna polymerase ( 0 . 02 units / μl , neb ), 1 μm of the 5 ′ primer , 1 μm of the 3 ′ primer , 0 . 3 mm each natural base substrate dntp , 2 to 10 μm ddsstp , and 2 to 50 μm nh 2 - hx - dpxtp . the full - length pcr product after 15 cycles was purified with a denatured gel , and the purified product was subjected to sequence analysis as a template for dna sequencing . the sequencing reaction of dna was performed using a mixture ( total volume of 20 μl ) of 8 μl of cycle sequencing mix of a commercially available bigdye terminator v1 . 1 cycle sequencing kit ( applied biosystems ), a primer ( 4 pmol ), and the pcr - amplified dna fragment ( about 0 . 3 pmol ) by 25 cycles of pcr ( 96 ° c . for 10 sec , 50 ° c . for 5 sec , and 60 ° c . for 4 min ) in the presence of 40 pmol of dpa &# 39 ; tp or 1 nmol of ddpa &# 39 ; tp . the unreacted dye terminator was removed from the reaction solution with a centri - sep spin column ( applied biosystems ). the resulting solution was dried by suction under reduced pressure . the residue was suspended in 4 μl of a blue dextran solution in formamide , and a part of the suspension was analyzed with an abi377 dna sequencer . the gel used for the analysis was composed of 7 % polyacrylamide / 6 m urea gel , and the sequence peak pattern was analyzed with applied biosystems prism sequencing analysis v3 . 2 software . fig1 shows the principle of a real - time pcr using a primer including an artificial base dss in the presence of a substrate dpxtp . incorporation of px into a complementary strand of dss allows the px to function as a quencher of the dss . accordingly , double - stranded dna amplified by pcr can be detected from a decrease in fluorescence intensity of dss . fig1 shows the results of real - time pcr when the following dna fragments were actually used . the results show quantitative amplification plots that indicate only three copies of dna in the reaction solution ( 25 μl ) can be detected . specifically , pcr was performed with a real - time pcr machine ( stratagene mx3005p ) in the presence of 1 μm of each primer , 0 . 2 mm of each natural base substrate dntp , and 2 μm of an artificial base substrate dpxtp at 94 ° c . for 2 min and then through 55 cycles each of consisting of two steps of 94 ° c . for 5 sec and 68 ° c . for 40 sec . the reaction scale of the pcr was 25 μl , and the reaction solution was composed of 40 mm tricine - koh ( ph 8 . 0 ), 16 mm kcl , 3 . 5 mm mgso 4 , 3 . 75 μg / ml bsa , and 1 × titanium taq dna polymerase . the dna fragment used as the template was diluted such that the reaction solution contained 0 , 3 , 15 , 30 , 150 , 300 , 1500 , 3000 , 15000 , or 30000 copies , and pcr was performed at each concentration . the filter set used for the detection was for an excitation wavelength of 350 nm and a fluorescence wavelength of 440 nm ( for alexa ). data was analyzed with plexor ( registered trademark ) analysis software ( v1 . 5 . 4 . 18 , promega & amp ; eragen biosciences ). the results are shown in fig1 . fluorescent characteristics dna hairpin including dss - pn base pair ( fig1 ) a 1 × ex taq buffer ( takara , containing 2 mm mgcl 2 ) containing 1 μm dna including dss , i . e ., hairpin ssdna ( 34 - mer ) ( seq id no : 18 ) or ssdna ( 12 - mer ) ( seq id no : 19 ) was prepared . changes in fluorescence intensity due to variable temperature were detected in the presence of a reference dye rox ( invitrogen ) ( final concentration : 1000 fold dilution ) with mx3005p at the dissociation mode . fig1 is a graph showing fluorescence intensities after correction with a signal intensity of rox and normalization with the value at 35 ° c . the profile of ssdna ( 12 - mer ) in a linear strand without a hairpin structure shows gradually decreasing fluorescence as in the case of single use of the buffer ( background ) not containing dna . in contrast , the profile of hairpin ssdna ( 34 - mer ) forming a hairpin structure containing a dss - pn base pair shows an increase in fluorescence with temperature . this suggests that pn having a quenching activity forms a base pair with dss in the hairpin structure at low temperature to quench the fluorescence of dss to reduce the fluorescence intensity and that the hairpin structure is broken at elevated temperature to lose the quenching activity to allow the detection of the fluorescence of dss . visualization of molecular beacon using dss - pn base pair ( fig1 ) a solution of 2 μm of a dna fragment molecular beacon ( mb - c , 26 - mer ) ( seq id no : 20 ) and a solution of 2 μm of a dna fragment target dna ( 71g , 71 - mer ) ( seq id no : 21 ) were prepared and mixed in equal volumes ( each 50 μl ). as a negative control , a solution not containing the target dna was mixed with the mb - c solution . the final solution was composed of 1 μm each dna , 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer ( ph 7 . 0 ), 100 mm nacl , and 0 . 1 mm edta . this solution was heated at 90 ° c . for 10 seconds with a pcr machine and was then slowly cooled to 25 ° c . the solution was photographed with a digital camera under irradiation with a uv - led lamp at an excitation wavelength of 375 nm or natural light . the photographs are shown on the right in fig1 . in the absence of the target dna , the molecular beacon forms a loop - stem structure to quench the fluorescence of dss by formation of the dss - pn base pair . in contrast , in the presence of the target dna , the loop region of the molecular beacon forms a double strand with the target dna by hybridization to break the stem structure to lose the dss - pn base pair . as a result , the fluorescence of dss was detected by visual observation . detection of single - nucleotide mutation with a molecular beacon using a dss - pn base pair ( fig1 ) a molecular beacon ( 26 - mer , mb - c ( seq id no : 20 ) or mb - t ( seq id no : 23 )) solution ( 50 μl ) diluted to 500 nm was mixed with a target dna fragment ( 71 - mer , 71g ( seq id no : 21 ) or 71a ( seq id no : 22 ), 12 . 5 μl ) in a concentration of five times the final solution to prepare a sample . the sample was warmed at 45 ° c . for 5 minutes or more in an incubator to obtain an equilibrium state . fluorescence was measured with a jasco fp - 6500 spectrometer . the solution was transferred to a cell and was left in the apparatus ( at 45 ° c .) for 2 minutes , and fluorescence spectrum of 430 to 470 nm was measured by exciting with light of 390 nm by automated shutter control . the final solution was composed of 400 nm molecular beacon , 0 to 3200 nm target dna , 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer ( ph 7 . 0 ), 100 mm nacl , and 0 . 1 mm edta . fig1 is a graph plotting the fluorescence intensity at 454 nm normalized by the fluorescence intensity in the absence of the target dna fragment . the results show that single - nucleotide mutation can be detected with a molecular beacon using a dss - pn base pair on the basis of that single - base mismatch significantly decreases fluorescence intensity compared with that in a completely complementary strand . visualization of pcr using cy3 - px / dss base pair ( fig2 ) fig1 shows the principle of real - time pcr using a primer including an artificial base dss in the presence of a substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp . cy3 - hx - dpx is incorporated into a complementary strand of dss to cause fret between dss and cy3 by irradiation with light of approximately 350 nm , resulting in specific emission of double - stranded dna amplified by pcr . the fluorescence by the fret was visually detected ( fig2 ). the sequences of strands used in this experiment are the same as those shown in fig1 . specifically , pcr was performed with a real - time pcr machine ( stratagene mx3005p ) in the presence of 1 μm of each primer , 0 . 2 mm of each natural base substrate dntp , and 2 μm of an artificial base substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp at 94 ° c . for 2 mm and then through 55 cycles each consisting of two steps of 94 ° c . for 5 sec and 68 ° c . for 40 sec . the reaction scale of the pcr was 25 μl , and the reaction solution was composed of 40 mm tricine - koh ( ph 8 . 0 ), 16 mm kcl , 3 . 5 mm mgso 4 , 3 . 75 μg / ml bsa , and 1 × titanium taq dna polymerase . the dna fragment used as the template was diluted such that the reaction solution contained 0 , 3 , 30 , 300 , 3000 , 30000 , 300000 , or 3000000 copies , and pcr was performed at each concentration . the reaction tube was directly irradiated with uv light of 365 nm , and fluorescence was visually detected through an orange filter . real - time pcr by fluorescent molecule cy3 - linked px base with quenching activity ( fig2 ) fig2 shows the principle of real - time pcr using a primer including an artificial base ds in the presence of a substrate dpxtp derivative including fluorescent molecule ( e . g ., cy3 ). linking of a fluorescent molecule to a px base having a quenching activity quenches the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent molecule by about 30 %. when a substrate ( cy3 - hx - dpxtp ) is used in pcr using a primer including a ds base , cy3 - hx - dpx is incorporated in a dna to increase the fluorescence intensity of the cy3 . fig2 shows the results of real - time pcr when the following dna fragments were actually used . the results show quantitative amplification plots that indicate only three copies of dna in the reaction solution ( 25 μl ) can be detected . specifically , pcr was performed with a real - time pcr machine ( stratagene mx3005p ) in the presence of 1 μm of each primer , 0 . 2 mm of each natural base substrate dntp , and 2 μm of an artificial base substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp at 94 ° c . for 2 min and then through 55 cycles each consisting of two steps of 94 ° c . for 5 sec and 68 ° c . for 40 sec . the reaction scale of the pcr was 25 μl , and the reaction solution was composed of 40 mm tricine - koh ( ph 8 . 0 ), 16 mm kcl , 3 . 5 mm mgso 4 , 3 . 75 mg / ml bsa , and 1 × titanium taq dna polymerase . the dna fragment used as the template was diluted such that the reaction solution contained 0 , 3 , 30 , 300 , 3000 , 30000 , 300000 , or 3000000 copies , and pcr was performed at each concentration . the filter set used for the detection was for an excitation wavelength of 545 nm and a fluorescence wavelength of 568 nm ( for cy3 ). data was analyzed with the attached analysis software mxpro version 4 . 10 . detection of real - time pcr products by fluorescent molecule cy3 - linked px with quenching activity on electrophoretic gel ( fig2 ) since cy3 is incorporated in the pcr product shown in fig2 , the pcr product can be detected by agarose gel electrophoresis with the fluorescence of cy3 on the gel without conventional dna staining with , for example , etbr or sybr green . fig2 shows the results of detecting band patterns in 4 % agarose gel electrophoresis of 12 μl of the pcr product shown in fig2 with a bioimaging analyzer , fla7000 ( fujifilm ) at a cy3 detection mode ( excitation laser : 532 nm , detection filter : 0580 ). fluorescent characteristics of dna including fluorescent molecule cy3 and artificial fluorescent base s ( fig2 ) the concentrations of dna fragments chemically synthesized and purified by hplc were each adjusted to a final concentration of 5 μm with a 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer ( ph 7 ) containing 100 mm nacl and 0 . 1 mm edta . fig2 shows the results of investigation on fluorescent characteristics of these solutions by visual observation and fluorescence spectra . uv irradiation was performed from below with an uv transilluminator . the dna fragment containing one artificial fluorescent base s emitted light by irradiation with light of 254 nm , 302 nm , and 365 nm ( photograph of lane 2 ), and the fluorescence was quenched by introducing two adjacent “ s ”&# 39 ; s to the dna ( photograph of lane 3 ). the dna containing cy3 slightly emitted fluorescent light by irradiation with light of 254 nm and 302 nm , but hardly emitted fluorescent light by irradiation with light of 365 nm ( photograph of lane 4 ). the fluorescence of cy3 was observed by introducing one or two “ s ”&# 39 ; s near cy3 in the dna to confirm the occurrence of fret ( photographs of lanes 5 to 7 ). the graph shows the fluorescence spectra when the solutions were excited with light of 365 nm visualization of pcr by a combination of fluorescent molecule cy3 - linked px base with quenching activity and artificial fluorescent base s ( fig2 to 28 ) fig2 shows the principle of real - time pcr using a primer including an artificial base ds and two adjacent artificial fluorescent bases “ s ”&# 39 ; s in the presence of a substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp . the fluorescence of “ s ”&# 39 ; s is completely quenched by introducing them so as to be adjacent to each other ; however , combination of arrangement of ds near the “ s ”&# 39 ; s and specific incorporation of cy3 - hx into the double - stranded dna by complementation to the ds causes fret between the s &# 39 ; s and the cy3 by irradiation with light of approximately 365 nm , which allows only the double - stranded dna amplified by pcr to specifically emit light . fig2 shows the results of visual observation of the product by 25 cycles of pcr actually using the following dna fragments . in the system using ss - cy3 shown in fig2 , pcr was performed with a pcr machine ( mj research , ptc - 100 ) in the presence of 1 μm of each primer , 0 . 2 mm of each natural base substrate dntp , and 2 μm of an artificial base substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp at 94 ° c . for 2 min and then through 25 cycles each consisting of two steps of 94 ° c . for 5 sec and 68 ° c . for 40 sec . the reaction scale of the pcr was 25 μl , and the reaction solution was composed of 40 mm tricine - koh ( ph 8 . 0 ), 16 mm kcl , 3 . 5 mm mgso 4 , 3 . 75 μg / ml bsa , and 1 × titanium taq dna polymerase . the concentration of the dna fragment used as the template was 0 . 5 nm . in the conventional pcr performed in the presence of sybr green i , sybr green i ( final concentration : 1 / 30000 ), instead of the 2 μm artificial base substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp , and rox ( final concentration : 1 / 500 ), as a reference dye , were used . real - time pcr detection in the presence of sybr green i is one of the methods that have been most widely employed , but , as shown in the photographs on the two lanes on the right side in fig2 , the change in fluorescence between the presence and the absence of dna is not noticeable and therefore cannot be visually detected . in contrast , in the method of the present invention , pcr can be visually detected , as shown in the two lanes on the left side in fig2 . in the real - time pcr shown in fig2 a , pcr was performed with a real - time pcr machine ( stratagene mx3005p ) in the presence of 1 μm of each primer , 0 . 2 mm of each natural base substrate dntp , and 2 μm of an artificial base substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp at 94 ° c . for 2 min and then through 55 cycles each consisting of two steps of 94 ° c . for 5 sec and 68 ° c . for 40 sec . the reaction scale of the pcr was 25 μl , and the reaction solution was composed of 40 mm tricine - koh ( ph 8 . 0 ), 16 mm kcl , 3 . 5 mm mgso 4 , 3 . 75 μg / ml bsa , and 1 × titanium taq dna polymerase . the dna fragment used as the template was diluted such that the reaction solution contained 0 , 3 , 30 , 300 , 3000 , 30000 , 300000 , or 3000000 copies , and pcr was performed at each concentration . furthermore , as shown in fig2 a , it was revealed that pcr products from only three copies of dna in a reaction solution ( 25 μl ) can be visually detected by irradiation with light of 365 nm furthermore , fig2 shows the results of agarose gel electrophoresis of visualized pcr products shown in fig2 a . the results show that a product can be detected through fret from s to cy3 caused by irradiation with light of 312 nm and that a product can be detected through fluorescence of cy3 directly incorporated into dna by irradiation with light of 532 nm fig2 shows the electrophoretic results of 12 μl of the pcr product shown in fig2 a on a 4 % agarose gel when the product was detected through fret between s and cy3 with a bioimaging analyzer , las4000 ( fujifilm ), at an etbr detection mode ( excitation : 312 nm , transparent uv detection filter : 605df40 ) and when the product was directly detected by fluorescence of cy3 with fla7000 ( fujifilm ) at a cy3 detection mode ( excitation laser : 532 nm , detection filter : o580 ). visualization of pcr using a combination of fluorescent molecule cy3 - linked px base with quenching activity : quantitative determination of fluorescence intensity at respective pcr cycles ( fig2 b to 27 d ) this example is a supplementary experiment of the experiment shown in fig2 a . pcr using a primer including an artificial base ds and two adjacent artificial fluorescent bases “ s ”&# 39 ; s in the presence of a cy3 - hx - dpxtp substrate can be utilized in real - time pcr ( fig2 b ) by measuring an increase in fluorescence intensity of cy3 in the amplified dna . in addition , a difference in initial concentrations of dna can be visually detected by pcr amplification of the dna ( fig2 c ). furthermore , amplification of dna can be quantified by processing photographed images of tubes in the amplification process of respective pcr cycles ( fig2 d ). pcr was performed with a real - time pcr machine ( stratagene mx3005p ) in the presence of 1 μm of each primer , 0 . 2 mm of each natural base substrate dntp , and 2 μm of an artificial base substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp at 94 ° c . for 2 min and then through 30 , 35 , 40 , 45 , or 55 cycles each consisting of two steps of 94 ° c . for 5 sec and 68 ° c . for 40 sec . the reaction scale of the pcr was 25 μl , and the reaction solution was composed of 40 mm tricine - koh ( ph 8 . 0 ), 16 mm kcl , 3 . 5 mm mgso 4 , 3 . 75 lag / ml bsa , and 1 × titanium taq dna polymerase . the dna fragment used as the template was diluted such that the reaction solution contained 0 , 3 , 30 , 300 , 3000 , 30000 , 300000 , or 3000000 copies , and pcr was performed at each concentration . for quantitative analysis , images of a tube after completion of the reaction was processed by the following procedure : the tube was photographed with a digital camera through an uv cut filter and an orange filter under irradiation with uv of 365 nm from below with a uv transilluminator , and the resulting file ( jpeg format ) was converted to a tiff format file with adobe photoshop ver . 6 . 0 so that the image mode is a gray scale and the resolution is 72 pixel / inch . this file was read with science lab 2005 multi gauge software for quantitative analysis . specifically , the background value ( average of seven points in the area between tubes ) was subtracted from the quantum level ( ql value ) at portion [ 1015 ( pixel ) 2 ] of the reaction solution of the tube , and the resulting value per unit area was plotted for the pcr cycles or the number of copies used as the template to show the results as a graph . detection of pcr product using nucleoside derivative ( s - hx - du ), a natural base to which a fluorescent molecule ( s base ) is linked via a linker , and ds - px base pair ( fig2 b to 29 d ) this example is supplementary experiment of the experiment shown in fig2 a . fig2 a shows the principle of real - time pcr using a primer including two adjacent modified bases ( s - hx - du ) s , each being a natural base u to which an artificial fluorescent base is linked via a linker , in the presence of a substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp . the fluorescence of s is quenched when two ( s - hx - du ) s are adjacent to each other ; however , combination of arrangement of ds near the ( s - hx - du ) s and specific incorporation of cy3 - hv - dpx into the double - stranded dna by the complementation to the ds causes fret between the s of the s - hx - du and the cy3 by irradiation with light of approximately 365 nm , which allows only the double - stranded dna amplified by pcr to specifically emit light , as in the case of two adjacent “ s ”&# 39 ; s ( fig2 ). in the case shown in fig2 , since the primer includes two s bases , the synthesis of a complementary strand by pcr may stop at this site . in this method , however , since s is linked to a natural base via a linker , the synthesis of a complementary strand by pcr proceeds . accordingly , a portion containing an artificial dye for color development can be introduced to any site of a primer , and the method can be used in pcr such as lamp or smap . in addition , the method can be applied to a strand other than primer regions , such as padlock pcr . fig2 b shows the dna sequences used and conditions for pcr . fig2 c shows the results of real - time pcr by 55 cycles , and fig2 d shows the results of visual observation of amplified products after pcr by 55 cycles . the pcr amplification was performed using the dna as a target ( target dna ) in an amount ranging from 0 to 3000000 copies to confirm that dna was visually observed from three or more copies of dna . sequences used in the experiment ( primer annealing sites are underlined ; us = s - hx - du ): specifically , pcr was performed with a real - time pcr machine ( stratagene mx3005p ) in the presence of 1 μm of each primer , 0 . 2 mm of each natural base substrate dntp , and 2 μm of an artificial base substrate cy3 - hx - dpxtp at 94 ° c . for 2 min and then through 55 cycles each consisting of two steps of 94 ° c . for 5 sec and 68 ° c . for 40 sec . the reaction scale of the pcr was 25 μl , and the reaction solution was composed of 40 mm tricine - koh ( ph 8 . 0 ), 16 mm kcl , 3 . 5 mm mgso 4 , 3 . 75 μg / ml bsa , and 1 × titanium taq dna polymerase . the dna fragment used as the template was diluted such that the reaction solution contained 0 , 3 , 30 , 300 , 3000 , 30000 , 300000 , or 3000000 copies , and pcr was performed at each concentration . the reaction tube was directly irradiated with uv light of 365 nm , and fluorescence was visually detected through an orange filter . chemical synthesis of s - hx - du amidite reagent ( compound shown in fig6 ) ( fig3 ) dehydrated dichloromethane ( 20 ml ) and triphenylphosphine ( 5 . 91 g , 22 . 5 mmol ) were added to 8 - hydroxy - 1 - octyne ( 1 . 95 g , 15 mmol ). the mixture was cooled to 0 ° c . and was then dropwise added to dehydrated dichloromethane ( 10 ml ) containing carbon tetrabromide ( 7 . 46 g , 22 . 5 mmol ), followed by stirring at room temperature for 2 hours . after separation between dichloromethane ( 100 ml ) and 5 % sodium bicarbonate ( 150 ml ), the organic layer was washed with saturated brine ( 150 ml ). the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and then concentrated . the concentrated product was purified by silica gel column chromatography ( dichloromethane : methanol = from 100 : 0 to 99 : 1 ) to yield 8 - bromo - 1 - octyne ( crude ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 3 . 51 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 7 hz ), 2 . 71 ( t , 1h , j = 2 . 7 hz ), 2 . 12 - 2 . 17 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 75 - 1 . 84 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 24 - 1 . 54 ( m , 6h ). 2 ) synthesis of 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - amino purine ( step ( b ) in fig3 ) 8 - bromo - 1 - octyne ( 2 . 0 g , 10 . 6 mmol ) prepared in step 1 ) was added to a dehydrated dimethylformamide ( 25 ml ) solution containing 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 2 - amino purine ( 1 . 2 g , 5 . 5 mmol ) and potassium carbonate ( 2 . 3 g , 16 . 5 mmol ), followed by stirring at room temperature for 15 hours . the reaction solution was concentrated and was separated between ethyl acetate and water . the organic layer was washed with saturated brine , was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , and was purified by medium - pressure preparative column chromatography to yield 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - amino purine ( 1 . 6 g , 4 . 9 mmol , 87 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 8 . 53 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 2 , 3 . 7 hz ), 8 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 2 , 5 . 0 hz ), 7 . 26 ( dd , 1h , j = 3 . 7 , 5 . 0 hz ), 6 . 48 ( brs , 2h ), 4 . 05 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 2 hz ), 2 . 72 ( t , 1h , j = 2 . 6 hz ), 2 . 12 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 78 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 23 - 1 . 46 ( m , 6h ). 3 ) synthesis of 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - phenoxyacetamide purine ( step ( c ) in fig3 ) 1 - hydroxybenzotriazole ( 1 . 19 g , 8 . 84 mmol ) was azeotropically dried with dehydrated pyridine three times . dehydrated pyridine ( 2 . 5 ml ), dehydrated acetonitrile ( 2 . 5 ml ), and phenoxyacetyl chloride ( 1 . 08 ml , 7 . 85 mmol ) were added to the 1 - hydroxybenzotriazole . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes , then cooled to 0 ° c ., and dissolved in dehydrated pyridine ( 25 ml ). 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - amino purine ( 1 . 60 g , 4 . 91 mmol ) prepared in step 2 ) was added thereto . the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and was separated between ethyl acetate ( 150 ml ) and saturated brine ( 150 ml ) twice . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and then concentrated . the concentrated product was purified by silica gel column chromatography ( dichloromethane : methanol = from 100 : 0 to 99 : 1 ) to yield 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - phenoxyacetamide purine ( 1 . 44 g , 3 . 13 mmol , 64 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 10 . 71 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 62 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 6 hz ), 8 . 54 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 92 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 5 . 0 hz ), 7 . 31 ( m , 3h ), 6 . 92 - 6 . 93 ( m , 3h ), 5 . 15 ( brs , 2h ), 4 . 20 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 1 hz ), 2 . 71 ( t , 1h , j = 2 . 6 hz ), 2 . 09 - 2 . 13 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 82 - 1 . 92 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 27 - 1 . 41 ( m , 6h ). 4 ) synthesis of 5 -[ 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - phenoxyacetamide purine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( step ( d ) in fig3 ) 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl )- 5 - iodo - 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( 1 . 64 g , 2 . 5 mmol ), tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( 0 ) ( 145 mg , 0 . 125 mmol ), copper iodide ( 76 mg , 0 . 4 mmol ), and dehydrated dimethylformamide ( 7 . 5 ml ) were added to a microwave machine . after the system was purged with argon gas , dehydrated triethylamine ( 523 μl , 3 . 75 mmol ) was added , and then dehydrated dimethylformamide ( 5 ml ) and dehydrated pyridine ( 10 ml ) containing 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - phenoxyacetamide purine ( 1 . 38 g , 3 . 00 mmol ) prepared in step 3 ) were added thereto . the mixture was stirred at 60 ° c . for 3 hours with the microwave machine ( standard mode ) and was separated between ethyl acetate ( 100 ml ) and water ( 100 ml ). the organic layer was washed with saturated brine ( 100 ml ), was dried over sodium sulfate , and then was concentrated . the concentrated product was purified by silica gel column chromatography ( dichloromethane : methanol = from 100 : 0 to 97 : 3 ) to yield 5 -[ 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - phenoxyacetamide purine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( 931 mg , 0 . 94 mmol , 38 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 11 . 59 ( brs , 1h ), 10 . 70 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 61 ( dd , 1h , j = 0 . 9 , 3 . 8 hz ), 8 . 51 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 92 ( dd , 1h , j = 0 . 9 , 5 . 0 hz ), 7 . 87 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 17 - 7 . 37 ( m , 12h ), 6 . 82 - 6 . 96 ( m , 7h ), 6 . 11 ( t , 1h , j = 6 . 6 hz ), 5 . 31 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 4 hz ), 5 . 14 ( brs , 2h ), 4 . 02 - 4 . 28 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 91 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 12 - 3 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 04 - 2 . 24 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 76 - 1 . 99 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 15 - 1 . 20 ( m , 6h ). 5 ) synthesis of 5 -[ 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - phenoxyacetamide purine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine - 3 ′- o -( 2 - cyanoethyl - n , n - diisopropyl ) phosphoramidite ( step ( e ) in fig3 ) 5 -[ 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - phenoxyacetamide purine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( 890 mg , 0 . 9 mmol ) prepared in step 4 ) was azeotropically dried with dehydrated pyridine three times and with dehydrated tetrahydrofuran three times . subsequently , dehydrated tetrahydrofuran ( 4 . 5 ml ), dehydrated diisopropylethylamine ( 235 μl , 1 . 35 mmol ), and 2 - cyanoethyl - n , n ′- diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite ( 241 μl , 1 . 08 mmol ) were added thereto , followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour . dehydrated methanol ( 50 μl ) was added to the mixture , and the resulting mixture was separated between ethyl acetate : triethylamine ( 20 : 1 , 50 ml ) and 5 % sodium bicarbonate ( 50 ml ). the organic layer was washed with saturated brine ( 100 ml ), was dried over sodium sulfate , and was concentrated . the concentrated product was purified by silica gel column chromatography ( hexane : ethyl acetate : triethylamine = from 98 : 0 : 2 to 78 : 20 : 2 ) to yield 5 -[ 6 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 9 -( 7 - octynyl )- 2 - phenoxyacetamide purine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine - 3 ′- o -( 2 - cyanoethyl - n , n - diisopropyl ) phosphoramidite ( 867 mg , 0 . 73 mmol , 81 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 11 . 57 ( brs , 1h ), 10 . 70 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 60 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 3 . 7 hz ), 8 . 50 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 89 - 7 . 92 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 14 - 7 . 36 ( m , 12h ), 6 . 79 - 6 . 95 ( m , 7h ), 6 . 10 ( dt , 1h , j = 6 . 2 , 6 . 3 hz ), 5 . 13 ( brs , 2h ), 4 . 50 - 4 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 16 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 7 hz ), 3 . 99 - 4 . 06 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 17 - 3 . 71 ( m , 12h ), 2 . 26 - 2 . 76 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 05 - 2 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 74 - 1 . 77 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 82 - 1 . 39 ( m , 18h ). chemical synthesis of dss - hx - du amidite reagent ( compound shown in fig6 ) ( fig3 ) 1 ) synthesis of 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ( step ( a ) in fig3 ) a dmf solution ( 15 ml ) containing 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl ) imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ( 850 mg , 3 . 0 mmol ) and potassium carbonate ( 1 . 3 g , 9 . 0 mmol ) was stirred at 60 ° c . for 1 hour . subsequently , 8 - bromo - 1 - octyne ( 850 mg , 4 . 5 mmol ) was added to the dmf solution , followed by stirring at 60 ° c . for 6 hours . the reaction solution was separated between ethyl acetate and water . the organic layer was washed with saturated brine , was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , and was purified by medium - pressure preparative column chromatography to yield 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ( 520 mg , 1 . 3 mmol , 44 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 8 . 56 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 34 ( d , 1h , j = 5 . 2 hz ), 8 . 21 ( d , 1h , j = 3 . 9 hz ), 7 . 63 ( d , 1h , j = 5 . 2 hz ), 7 . 58 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 5 . 1 hz ), 7 . 46 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 3 . 6 hz ), 7 . 44 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 0 hz ), 7 . 14 ( dd , 1h , j = 3 . 6 , 5 . 1 hz ), 4 . 29 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 4 hz ), 2 . 72 ( t , 1h , j = 2 . 7 hz ), 2 . 12 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 87 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 43 - 1 . 31 ( m , 6h ). 2 ) synthesis of 5 -[ 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ]- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( step ( b ) in fig3 ) a dmf ( 4 . 2 ml ) solution containing 5 - iodo - 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( 294 mg , 0 . 83 mmol ), 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithienyl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ( 270 mg , 0 . 69 mmol ), cui ( 25 mg ), tetrakistriphenylphosphine ( 48 mg ), and triethylamine ( 173 μl ) was stirred at room temperature for 17 hours . the reaction solution was separated between ethyl acetate and water . the organic layer was washed with saturated brine , was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , and was purified by column chromatography ( eluted with a 3 % methanol solution in methylene chloride ) to yield 5 -[ 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ]- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( 155 mg , 0 . 25 mmol , 36 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 11 . 54 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 56 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 34 ( d , 1h , j = 5 . 2 hz ), 8 . 21 ( d , 1h , j = 3 . 9 hz ), 8 . 09 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 63 ( d , 1h , j = 5 . 2 hz ), 7 . 58 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 5 . 1 hz ), 7 . 46 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 3 . 6 hz ), 7 . 44 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 1 hz ), 7 . 14 ( dd , 1h , j = 3 . 6 , 5 . 1 hz ), 6 . 10 ( t , 1h , j = 6 . 9 hz ), 5 . 21 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 3 hz ), 5 . 06 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 0 hz ), 4 . 30 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 2 hz ), 4 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 77 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 56 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 33 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 09 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 88 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 45 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 29 ( m , 2h ). 3 ) synthesis of 5 -[ 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 - dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( step ( c ) in fig3 ) a pyridine ( 2 . 4 ml ) solution containing 5 -[ 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ]- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( 150 mg , 0 . 24 mmol ) and 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl chloride ( 91 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour . the reaction solution was separated between ethyl acetate and an aqueous 5 % sodium bicarbonate solution . the organic layer was washed with saturated brine , was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , and was purified by column chromatography ( eluted with a 2 % methanol solution in methylene chloride ) to yield 5 -[ 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithienyl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 - dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( 183 mg , 0 . 2 mmol , 82 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 11 . 58 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 53 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 32 ( d , 1h , j = 5 . 2 hz ), 8 . 20 ( d , 1h , j = 3 . 9 hz ), 7 . 87 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 60 - 7 . 57 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 46 - 7 . 43 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 35 - 7 . 32 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 26 - 7 . 13 ( m , 8h ), 6 . 81 ( d , 4h , j = 9 . 0 hz ), 6 . 10 ( t , 1h , j = 7 . 0 hz ), 5 . 30 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 4 hz ), 4 . 26 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 89 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 69 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 15 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 18 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 05 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 78 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 22 - 1 . 13 ( m , 6h ). 4 ) synthesis of 5 -[ 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine - 3 ′- o -( 2 - cyanoethyl - n , n - diisopropyl ) phosphoramidite ( step ( d ) in fig3 ) 5 -[ 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 - dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( 180 mg , 0 . 2 mmol ) was azeotropically dried with pyridine three times and with thf three times . subsequently , thf ( 1 . 0 ml ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 52 μl ) were added thereto , and the mixture was stirred . 2 - cyanoethyl - n , n - diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite ( 54 μl , 0 . 24 mmol ) was added to this solution , followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour . dehydrated methanol ( 50 μl ) was added to the reaction solution , and the resulting mixture was separated between a mixture of ethyl acetate : triethylamine ( 20 : 1 , v / v ) and an aqueous 5 % sodium bicarbonate solution . the organic layer was washed with saturated brine , was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , and was concentrated . the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography ( eluted with ethyl acetate : methylene chloride : triethylamine = 45 : 45 : 10 , v / v / v ) to yield 5 -[ 7 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 7 - octynyl )- imidazo [ 4 , 5 - b ] pyridine ]- 5 ′- o -( 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxytrityl )- 2 ′- deoxyuridine - 3 ′- o -( 2 - cyanoethyl - n , n - diisopropyl ) phosphoramidite ( 220 mg , 99 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 11 . 59 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 53 ( s , s , 1h , 1h ), 8 . 32 ( d , 1h , j = 5 . 2 hz ), 8 . 20 ( d , 1h , j = 3 . 9 hz ), 7 . 89 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 1 hz ), 7 . 60 - 7 . 57 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 46 - 7 . 43 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 26 - 7 . 13 ( m , 8h ), 6 . 81 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 98 ( dt , 1h , j = 6 . 3 , 6 . 5 hz ), 4 . 47 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 25 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 9 hz ), 4 . 05 - 3 . 98 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 71 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 69 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 60 - 3 . 42 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 20 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 73 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 9 hz ), 2 . 61 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 9 hz ), 2 . 44 - 2 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 07 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 77 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 09 ( m , 18h ). n - iodosuccinimide ( 900 mg , 4 mmol ) was added to a 1 -( 2 - deoxy -( 3 - d - ribofuranosyl )- 2 - nitropyrrole ( 456 mg , 2 mmol ) solution in acetonitrile ( 8 ml ). the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then separated between ethyl acetate ( 200 ml ) and water ( 200 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and hplc to yield 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 - iodo - 2 - nitropyrrole ( 587 mg , 1 . 66 mmol , 83 %). 1 h nmr ( 270 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 7 . 90 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 0 hz ), 7 . 40 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 0 hz ), 6 . 54 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 6 hz ), 5 . 27 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 3 hz ), 5 . 10 ( t , 1h , j = 4 . 9 hz ), 4 . 23 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 83 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 53 - 3 . 85 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 18 - 2 . 45 ( m , 2h ). 2 -( tributylstannyl ) thiophene ( 476 μl , 1 . 5 mmol ) was added to a dmf ( 2 . 5 ml ) solution containing 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 - iodo - 2 - nitropyrrole ( 177 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) and bis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( ii ) dichloride ( 18 mg , 0 . 025 mmol ). the mixture was reacted at 100 ° c . for 30 minutes in a microwave machine ( standard mode ). the reaction solution was separated between ethyl acetate ( 50 ml ) and water ( 50 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated and purified by hplc to yield 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 -( thien - 2 - yl )- 2 - nitropyrrole ( 97 mg , 0 . 32 mmol , 63 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 8 . 13 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 7 . 52 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 7 . 42 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 5 . 1 hz ), 7 . 33 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 3 . 5 hz ), 7 . 06 ( dd , 1h , j = 3 . 6 , 5 . 1 hz ), 6 . 59 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 7 hz ), 5 . 30 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 6 hz ), 5 . 17 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 1 hz ), 4 . 28 ( m , h ), 3 . 86 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 74 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 58 - 3 . 69 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 41 - 2 . 45 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 25 - 2 . 33 ( m , 1h ). 2 -( tributylstannyl ) furan ( 472 μl , 1 . 5 mmol ) was added to a dmf ( 2 . 5 ml ) solution containing 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 - iodo - 2 - nitropyrrole ( 177 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) and bis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( ii ) dichloride ( 18 mg , 0 . 025 mmol ). the mixture was reacted at 100 ° c . for 30 minutes in a microwave machine ( standard mode ). the reaction solution was separated between ethyl acetate ( 50 ml ) and water ( 50 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated and purified by hplc to yield 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 -( furan - 2 - yl )- 2 - nitropyrrole ( 111 mg , 0 . 38 mmol , 76 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 8 . 08 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 7 . 63 ( dd , 1h , j = 0 . 7 , 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 50 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 6 . 69 ( dd , 1h , j = 0 . 7 , 3 . 3 hz ), 6 . 61 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 7 hz ), 6 . 53 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 8 , 3 . 3 hz ), 5 . 29 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 4 hz ), 5 . 12 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 1 hz ), 4 . 27 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 87 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 65 - 3 . 72 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 56 - 3 . 63 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 41 - 2 . 46 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 23 - 2 . 31 ( m , 1h ). 2 -( tributylstannyl ) dithiophene ( 341 mg , 0 . 75 mmol ) was added to a dmf ( 2 . 5 ml ) solution containing 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 - iodo - 2 - nitropyrrole ( 177 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) and bis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( ii ) dichloride ( 18 mg , 0 . 025 mmol ). the mixture was reacted at 100 ° c . for 30 minutes in a microwave machine ( standard mode ). the reaction solution was separated between ethyl acetate ( 50 ml ) and water ( 50 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated and purified by hplc to yield 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 -( 2 , 2 ′- bithien - 5 - yl )- 2 - nitropyrrole ( 90 mg , 0 . 23 mmol , 46 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 8 . 15 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 7 . 57 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 7 . 50 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 1 , 5 . 1 hz ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 31 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 08 ( dd , 1h , j = 3 . 6 , 5 . 1 hz ), 6 . 60 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 7 hz ), 5 . 28 ( d , 1h , j = 3 . 6 hz ), 5 . 17 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 2 hz ), 4 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 87 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 68 - 3 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 57 - 3 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 41 - 2 . 46 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 26 - 2 . 34 ( m , 1h ). tetramethyltin ( 287 μl , 2 mmol ) was added to a dmf ( 2 ml ) solution containing 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 - iodo - 2 - nitropyrrole ( 142 mg , 0 . 4 mmol ), bis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( ii ) dichloride ( 14 mg , 0 . 02 mmol ), and triphenylarsine ( 12 mg , 0 . 04 mmol ), followed by reaction at 60 ° c . for 2 days . the reaction solution was separated between ethyl acetate ( 50 ml ) and water ( 50 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated and purified by hplc to yield 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 - methyl - 2 - nitropyrrole ( 15 mg , 0 . 06 mmol , 15 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 7 . 55 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 8 hz ), 7 . 09 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 2 hz ), 6 . 55 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 9 hz ), 5 . 27 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 3 hz ), 5 . 00 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 3 hz ), 4 . 22 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 82 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 52 - 3 . 64 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 34 - 2 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 11 - 2 . 19 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 02 ( s , 3h ). tributyl ( 1 - propynyl ) tin ( 327 μl , 1 mmol ) was added to a dmf ( 5 ml ) solution containing 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 - iodo - 2 - nitropyrrole ( 180 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) and bis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( ii ) dichloride ( 38 mg , 0 . 05 mmol ), followed by reaction at 100 ° c . for 90 minutes . the reaction solution was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and hplc to yield 1 -( 2 - deoxy - β - d - ribofuranosyl )- 4 - propynyl - 2 - nitropyrrole ( 76 mg , 0 . 28 mmol , 57 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ 7 . 92 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 2 hz ), 7 . 27 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 2 hz ), 6 . 55 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 7 hz ), 5 . 28 ( d , 1h , j = 4 . 5 hz ), 5 . 11 ( t , 1h , j = 5 . 2 hz ), 4 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 85 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 53 - 3 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 45 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 22 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 99 ( s , 3h ).

2Chemistry; Metallurgy

fig1 to 3 illustrate a simple embodiment of the invention in which there are two corresponding memory locations in separate memory banks , a and b . these may be collectively referred to as a &# 34 ; stable location &# 34 ;. briefly , the location from which data is currently being read is designated the &# 34 ; active location &# 34 ;, while that to be used in the event of rollback is designated as the &# 34 ; backup location &# 34 ;. at a checkpoint , copying . of the contents of the active location is avoided by simply designating the active location as being both the active and the backup location . the other of the two locations is non - designated at the checkpoint ; reads are then satisfied from the location designated as active and backup . at the first write operation ( if any ) after the checkpoint , the non - designated location is designated as the active location and reads and writes then take place to this location , the other remaining as the backup location . at the next checkpoint , the active location is designated as being both active and backup , the previous backup location becoming non - designated . if , however , there are no writes between the two above - mentioned checkpoints , the designations are not changed . in fig1 the memory locations are indicated generally by the numeral 1 . in addition , there is a modification status indicator bit m , and a role or mode indicator bit r . these two bits together provide the necessary information for implementing the checkpoint . if m = 0 ( unmodified , no write since last checkpoint ), and r = 0 , this m value indicates that a single location is both active and backup , and this r value indicates that this location is location a . this is indicated by step 2 of fig1 reads are then satisfied from location a , and if rollback is required , this also refers to location a . however , location a could not function as a backup location if it were then written to , and accordingly if there is then a write request the m bit is changed to 1 to indicate modification since the previous checkpoint and the r bit is changed to 1 to indicate that location b is now the active location . this is step 3 of fig1 . the write then takes place to location b , as do subsequent reads and writes until the next checkpoint . the next checkpoint is indicated by 4 , and this involves resetting the m bit to 0 . the subsequent combined mr value of 01 indicates to the processor that b is both active and backup and reads and writes take place mirroring those described above . accordingly , after a write ( to location a ) the m bit is changed to 1 to indicate modification since the previous checkpoint and the r bit is changed to 0 to indicate that a is now active . at the next checkpoint 5 , m is reset to 0 and the initial state described above is arrived at . of course , as shown in fig2 and 3 , if there is no write between checkpoints the m and r bits are not changed and the single location designated as active and backup remains so . the drawings also demonstrate clearly that second and subsequent writes after a checkpoint do not result in any change of designation . it will thus be appreciated that checkpointing according to the method of the invention does not involve copying and may therefore be carried out almost instantaneously . it is only required to reset the m bit . this may be done extremely quickly if the m bits are stored on a single , resettable memory circuit such as a resettable static random access memory ( sram ). such an operation takes less than 50 ns . this is a very important aspect of the invention because of the major advantages achieved . in modern cache - coherent systems , there still will be no copying even if the m and r bits refer to an amount of data which has a granularity up to that of the cache - to - main memory write operation ( a cache line or sub - line ). if the bits m and r refer to an amount of data ( for example , a memory page ) which has a larger granularity than that of a write operation , then a copy - on - write operation is needed before the write is performed ( as described in brackets in the table of fig2 ). such copying may , however , be carried out very quickly if a multi - ported memory device such as a video ram ( vram ) is used . with a vram , transfer cycles may be used for fast copying . with a large granularity , the number of m and r bits required is substantially reduced , thus saving on expense of resettable memory circuits . rollback ( which is hopefully a much less frequent event than checkpointing ) requires the location status array to be scanned and selectively updated ( unless the necessary state transformations of the m and r bats cannot be accomplished in parallel by the device in which they are stored ). not all locations may need to be checkpointed . those locations that are devoted to program code need only be checkpointed in special systems , such as real - time systems which cannot tolerate the delay of reloading the program code from secondary storage into memory . only those locations that are stable must be checkpointed . if the memory includes stability flags for each location , then only writes to those locations which are marked as stable are allowed to cause state changes in the m and r bits , and hence only those locations are checkpointed . checkpointing is useful as a mechanism for providing fault tolerance and atomicity to software . it is also a useful mechanism for providing tolerance to hardware faults . in a memory system which incorporates error detection and correction circuits checkpointing can be used to provide tolerance to faults that cause incorrectable errors . if further tolerance to hardware faults is required , any of the well known methods for providing this , such as duplexing , triple or n modular redundancy , or distributed architectures may be utilised . for example , three memory boards may work in a triple modular redundancy arrangement . the host processors would broadcast data and commands to all replicas , and would read data from all replicas . if a board detects a difference between the data on the host bus and the data at the input to its output buffers , it would invoke an error handling mechanism . the faulty board would isolate itself from the bus and indicate that it needs repair . in this case , the hardware fault is masked and the checkpointing method is not involved . other methods might utilize checkpointing . in the above description , it has been assumed that a switchmode checkpoint has a &# 34 ; global &# 34 ; effect , i . e . in affects all of the memory , or more precisely all checkpointable items in memory . in many circumstances , this is not convenient , particularly where it is desirable to checkpoint different sets of items at different times and frequencies . this can be accommodated by allowing a checkpointable item to exist in one or more checkpointable regions , where each region can be independently checkpointed . one such embodiment is shown in fig4 in which a memory device 10 having an address decoder 11 and data storage locations 12 is illustrated . each checkpointable item &# 39 ; s m bit can be tagged with a region identifier . when the m bits for a particular region are to be reset ( typically at a checkpoint ), only those m bits that have the correct tag value are selectively reset . in fig4 the region identifier is indicated by the numeral 13 . another embodiment is shown in fig5 in which each region can have a separate m bit per checkpointable item . in this embodiment the m bits for a particular region are reset by resetting a single memory device specific to that region . such memory devices are indicated by the numeral 15 in fig5 and are selected via a decoder 16 which is fed with the region identifier from a region identifier memory device 17 . in some circumstances , it is convenient to maintain not just one checkpoint to return to if so desired but a chain of n checkpoints . this is useful when nesting checkpoints , for example . this can be done by increasing the width of the r field -- an n bit r field allows a chain of ( 2 n - 1 ) checkpoints . for example , 2 r bits allows a chain of 3 checkpoints , plus the active bank . the r field is operated like an n bit wrap - around counter , where the current count indicates the active bank , and counts further back in time indicate checkpoints further back in time . an example for 2 r bits is shown in fig6 . this of course requires that there by 2 n logical banks of memory , where memory accesses are diverted to a particular bank as determined by the current value of the r field . the logical banks can be distributed amongst the same number or fewer physical banks . usually two physical banks are sufficient , and even just one will suffice for many applications . in fig6 there are just two physical banks , where each checkpointable location takes up two locations in each physical bank , the four locations representing just one location in four logical banks . it will be noted that the number of checkpointing regions does not affect the r field , since in the absence of rollback the r field is changed only on memory write accesses , whereas the m bit is only changed at checkpoints . the exception to this is for rollback after faults , but in this case the m and r fields must be adjusted individually for each checkpointable item . hence only a single r field is needed per checkpointable item . between checkpoints , it may be useful to record in a status field whether each checkpointable item has been read or modified . this field must be initialized at the very beginning of each checkpoint interval -- in practice it is convenient to clear the field when the m bit cleared . typically , the status field will consist of more than one bit , with some bits dedicated to optimizing the checkpointing process . for example , the status field might consist of a single bit , s , encoded with the m bit as : &# 34 ; clean &# 34 ; is the initial status , &# 34 ; referenced &# 34 ; indicates the item has been read , and &# 34 ; modified &# 34 ; means that the item has been altered . &# 34 ; marked &# 34 ; in this case implies that some special action must be taken for the relevant item . for each checkpointable item , the status field must be associated with the item &# 39 ; s checkpoint region , and the status must be reset whenever the m bit is reset . in the case where the m bits are tagged with the region identifier , the status field can be stored alongside the m bit . if separate resettable memory devices are used to store the m bit for each region , then the status can be restored in the relevant resettable memory device . this is shown in fig4 and 5 . referring now to fig7 there is shown a memory circuit of the invention which can perform the checkpointing method very efficiently . this memory stores information in cells -- one cell per checkpointable item . each cell holds its information in four fields : as indicated above , each checkpointable item &# 39 ; s m bit is tagged with a region identifier . when the item is being allocated to a particular region , the cell for that item is selected by decoding the address input pins , then the region number is written from the region pins into that cell &# 39 ; s region identifier . at the same time , initial values for that cell &# 39 ; s r , m and status fields are written from the r , m and status pins into that cell . as is conventional for memory devices , the write is performed by activating the write pin , qualified by the cs ( chip select ) pin . subsequent read or write accesses to that item update the r and status fields . again conventionally , the write is performed by selecting the cell for that item by decoding the address input pins , and activating the write pin , qualified by the cs pin . a read is performed in the same way , but by activating the read pin rather than the write pin . when the m bits for a particular region are to be reset ( typically at a checkpoint ) the region number is fed from the region pins into the memory as indicated in fig7 and the reset input is activated . all cells simultaneously . compare the region number to the value in their region identifier . any cell where the two values are equal resets its m and status fields . thus , only those m bits that have the correct tag value are reset and the status field is reset in unison . if a rollback input is available , the necessary state transformations could be performed by all cells simultaneously . in the case of one m bit and one r bit : ______________________________________if m , r = 00 do nothingif m , r = 11 change m , r to 00if m , r = 01 do nothingif m , r = 10 change m , r to 01 . ______________________________________ extension of the case of more than one m bit and / or more than one r bit will be immediately apparent . the invention may be applied to systems which incorporate caches either locally or remotely . for example , if a checkpoint of a region is invoked by a host processor writing the region identifier to a well known memory address , the processors , caches may use the identifier to checkpoint any cached subsets of that region . at the same time , the memory can use the identifier to checkpoint its copy of the region , and any other host processor caches can similarly checkpoint their cached subsets of the region . the invention is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore described , but may be varied in construction and detail .

6Physics

the present invention will now be described more fully with reference to various preferred embodiments of the invention as shown in the accompanying drawings . it should be noted , however , that the principles of the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein . rather , these embodiments are provided simply by way of example , and not of limitation . accordingly , various changes in form and details may be made to the described embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . among others , the principles of the invention apply to many types of semiconductor devices and are not limited to any particular type of device , such as a dram . the present invention can , for instance , be applied to a ferroelectric random access memory ( fram ), a static random access memory ( sram ), and a non - volatile memory ( nvm ), as well as a dram . in addition , although a solder ball can be used to provide an external connection terminal , other suitable external connection could also be used . fig3 illustrates a semiconductor device 100 having a fuse circuit 116 formed therein according to an embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig3 , unlike in the prior art in which a fuse circuit is formed in a peripheral region , a fuse circuit 116 according to this embodiment is formed in a cell region 122 . a pad redistribution pattern 110 can also be primarily located in the cell region 122 . fig4 includes a cross - sectional view of a conventional semiconductor device 10 , taken along line a - a ′ of fig1 , and a cross - sectional view of a semiconductor device 100 embodying principles of the present invention , taken along line b - b ′ of fig3 . these cross - sectional views provide a comparison between the integration densities of the two devices . as can be seen from fig4 , by moving the fuse circuit 116 from the peripheral region 124 to the cell region 122 , the area of a semiconductor device can be reduced by an amount d . the distance d corresponds to a reduced amount of area on the surface of the semiconductor device , and results in an increase in the number of chips that can be arranged on one wafer . referring to fig3 and 4 , the semiconductor device 100 having a redundant circuit and a fuse circuit 116 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a semiconductor substrate 101 having a cell region 122 and a peripheral region 124 formed on predetermined areas thereof . a fuse circuit 116 is formed in the cell region 122 . fig5 through 8 are cross - sectional views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device 100 having a fuse circuit 116 formed in a cell region 122 thereof , according to one embodiment of the present invention . in addition , as shown in fig5 through 8 , a pad redistribution pattern 110 can convert a center - type bond pad into a peripheral bond pad . referring to fig5 , a lower structure 102 , for example , a dram circuit unit , which includes a field oxide layer , a gate electrode , a bit line , a capacitor , and a metal wiring layer , ( not shown for simplicity ) is formed in a peripheral region and a cell region of a semiconductor substrate 101 . next , a passivation layer 106 is deposited on the lower structure 102 and is patterned to expose a pad 104 . referring to fig6 , a conductive layer , used to form a pad redistribution pattern 110 , is formed on the passivation layer 106 . the conductive layer can be chrome ( cr ), copper ( cu ), nickel ( ni ), gold ( au ), aluminium ( al ), titanium ( ti ), and / or titanium nitride ( tin ). next , the conductive layer is patterned to form the pad redistribution pattern 110 and a fuse pattern 116 a . the pad redistribution pattern 110 and the fuse pattern 116 a can be formed on substantially the same plane but preferably do not overlap with each other . in this embodiment , the pad redistribution pattern 110 converts a center - type bond pad into a peripheral bond pad . the fuse pattern 116 is preferably formed in the cell region , not in the peripheral region . another passivation layer 107 is preferably formed on the semiconductor substrate 101 , after the pad redistribution pattern 110 has been formed . this passivation layer 107 can be patterned to expose a peripheral bond pad 126 . fig7 illustrates the conversion of the center - type bond pads to the peripheral bond pads . referring to fig7 , the semiconductor device 100 a having center - type bond pads 104 is converted to a device 100 b having peripheral bond pads 126 , using the pad redistribution pattern . in other words , the semiconductor device 100 a does not include the pad redistribution pattern 110 , while the device 100 b has been converted into a peripheral bond pad device from the center - type bond pad device 100 a by forming a pad redistribution pattern . referring to fig8 , a ball bond 128 is formed using wires , for example , gold wires , on the exposed peripheral bond pad 126 to permit external electrical connection of the semiconductor device 100 . the passivation layers 106 and 107 may be formed as a single layer or a multi - layer and may also be embodied in different forms . fig9 through 12 are cross - sectional views of a semiconductor device 100 c having a fuse circuit formed in cell region at various steps during its fabrication . these figures illustrate a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , a pad redistribution pattern is introduced to form a solder ball pad . referring to fig9 , a lower structure 102 , for example , a dram circuit unit , is formed in a peripheral region and a cell region of the semiconductor device 100 c on a substrate 101 . the lower structure 102 preferably includes a field oxide layer , a gate electrode , a bit line , a capacitor , and a metal wiring layer . next , a passivation layer 106 is deposited on the semiconductor substrate 101 over the lower structure 102 and is patterned to expose a pad 104 . referring to fig1 , a first insulating layer 108 is formed on the passivation layer 106 . the first insulating layer 108 may be a single layer or a multi - layer made of a high - density plasma ( hdp ) oxide layer , a benzicyclobutene ( bcb ) layer , a polybenzoxazole ( pbo ) layer , and / or a polyimide layer , for example . next , a patterned photoresist layer is formed on the first insulating layer 108 . the first insulating layer 108 and the passivation layer 106 are patterned by photolithography and etching to form a via hole therethrough to be connected to a bit line or word line . the via hole is then filled with a conductive material , thereby forming a plug 112 . a conductive layer is formed on the resulting structure . the conductive layer is patterned to form the pad redistribution pattern 110 and the fuse pattern 116 a simultaneously in the same process . the conductive layer may be a single layer or a multi - layer containing tungsten ( w ), chrome ( cr ), titanium ( ti ), and / or titanium tungsten ( tiw ). in the prior art , a fuse circuit , including the fuse pattern 116 a , is formed by extending bit line / word line wiring layers of the lower structure 102 to a peripheral region . in the foregoing embodiments of the present invention , however , the fuse pattern 116 a is formed in a cell region . referring to fig1 , a second insulating layer 114 is formed on the first insulating layer 108 . the second insulating layer 114 may be a single layer or a multi - layer containing a polyimide , for example . a patterned photoresist layer is then formed on the second insulating layer 114 . the second insulating layer is then patterned by photolithography and etching to form a solder ball pad 118 , through which a predetermined portion of the pad redistribution pattern 110 is exposed . referring to fig1 , a laser repair process can then be performed on the resulting structure , including the semiconductor substrate 101 , on which the solder ball pad 118 has been formed , in which a fuse pattern 116 b is selectively cut . in this process , cells in a cell region that are identified as defective cells through an electrical test can be replaced by redundant memory cells in a redundancy circuit . an external connection terminal , for example , a conductive bump , e . g ., a solder ball 120 , can then be attached to the resulting structure after the laser repair process is completed . other external connections can be used instead of the solder ball 120 . in the prior art , since the fuse pattern is arranged under the passivation layer 106 , it is difficult to selectively cut the fuse pattern by irridating laser beams to the fuse pattern through the passivation layer 106 . this is because the laser beams may be out of focus . thus , the width of the fuse pattern 116 b needs to be increased . according to principles of the present invention , however , because the fuse pattern 116 b is formed close to the top surface of a semiconductor device , the distance traveled by the laser beams to reach the fuse pattern 116 b can be reduced . thus , the problem of the prior art , in which laser beams are out of focus , can be solved . in addition , since the fuse pattern 116 b is formed not in a peripheral region but rather in a cell region , the integration density of a semiconductor device can be increased . fig1 and 14 are cross - sectional views illustrating alternative embodiments of a fuse pattern of a fuse circuit according to another aspect of the present invention . in the previously described embodiments , the fuse pattern 116 b is formed having almost the same thickness as the pad redistribution pattern 110 . in this alternative embodiment , however , a pad redistribution pattern 210 is formed of chrome ( cr ), copper ( cu ), nickel ( ni ), gold ( au ), aluminium ( al ), titanium ( ti ), and / or titanium nitride ( tin ) as a multi - layer on a first insulating layer 208 . a fuse pattern 216 a is then etched so that the thickness of the fuse pattern 216 a is substantially less than the thickness of the pad redistribution pattern 210 . accordingly , it becomes easier to cut the fuse pattern 216 a using laser beams . it is thereby possible to increase the yield of a semiconductor device in a laser repair process . the fuse pattern 216 a having a smaller thickness than the pad redistribution pattern 210 may be formed of chrome ( cr ), copper ( cu ), nickel ( ni ), gold ( au ), aluminium ( al ), titanium ( ti ), and / or titanium nitride ( tin ) in a single layer or a multi - layer . a second insulating layer 214 can also be provided . as described above , according to various embodiments of the present invention , a chip is designed so that a fuse circuit can be located in a cell region , not a peripheral region , to increase the integration density of a semiconductor memory chip . in addition , by forming the fuse circuit on a passivation layer , the problem of the prior art , in which laser beams applied in a laser repair process to cut a fuse pattern are out of focus , can be solved . furthermore , because the fuse pattern is formed to have a smaller thickness than a pad redistribution pattern through etching , it is possible to easily perform a fusing process . while this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .

7Electricity

a lightweight expanded silicate aggregate is prepared according to the present invention from dry rice hull ash . rice hulls are a waste product from rice mills and are normally considered to be of little value . the rice hulls are normally burned at or near the mill and the ash is disposed of . it has been found that by the process of the present invention , rice hull ash can be made into a lightweight expanded silicate aggregate for less than half the cost , on a raw material basis , than that of a lightweight expanded silicate aggregate prepared from anhydrous sodium silicate glass . dry rice hulls are known to contain about 20 % sio 2 , with the remaining composition being primarily cellulose and minor amounts of other combustible materials . when the rice hulls are incinerated , however , to burn the combustible material , the remaining rice hull ash contains in excess of 95 % sio 2 . it has been found that the rice hull ash used in the process of the present invention should be well burned and should contain less than about 4 % by weight of carbon . it has been found that if the carbon content of the ash is higher than about 4 %, then the aggregate will not expand satisfactorily . in the broadest aspect of the invention , the rice hull ash is mixed with an alkali metal hydroxide , boric acid , and water to form a slightly damp powdery composition . more particularly , the dry rice hull ash is mixed in the range of 45 % to 70 % by weight with 10 % to 25 % by weight of an alkali metal hydroxide , preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide , 10 % to 25 % by weight of water , and 2 % to 4 % by weight of boric acid . more preferably , the dry rice hull ash is mixed in the range of 56 %- 60 % by weight with 15 %- 20 % sodium hydroxide , 15 %- 20 % water , and 2 %- 3 % boric acid . in the most preferred embodiment , 62 . 1 % dry rice hull ash and 2 . 5 % boric acid are mixed together with 35 . 2 % by weight of a 50 % sodium hydroxide solution . preferably , the dry rice hull ash and boric acid are mixed together in dry form in a mixer to which is added a solution formed from the water and the alkali metal hydroxide . the solution of water and alkali metal hydroxide may either be commercially obtained aqueous solution or may be prepared by mixing the dry alkali metal hydroxide with water on site . the temperature necessary to initiate reaction is about 160 ° f . the necessary reaction temperature may be achieved either by mixing the dry rice hull ash , boric acid , and alkali metal hydroxide solution all at room temperature and then heating in , for example , an oven until the necessary reaction temperature of 160 ° f . is reached . alternatively , the alkali metal hydroxide solution may be heated to a temperature in excess of 160 ° f . prior to addition to the dry rice hull ash and boric acid . when the heated alkali metal hydroxide solution is added , the reaction proceeds substantially spontaneously . additionally , when the alkali metal hydroxide solution is prepared on site , the heat of solution when the alkali metal hydroxide and water are mixed is sufficient to elevate the temperature of the solution above 160 ° f . when the freshly mixed alkali metal hydroxide and water solution is added to the dry rice hull ash and boric acid components the reaction proceeds spontaneously . a minor amount of a silicone fluid emulsion may be added to the mixture prior to reaction . it has been found that the silicone causes the finished material not to absorb water from the air , which is a useful characteristic of the product when used as an insulation . after the reaction has initiated , the composition is cured until the reaction is complete . the curing may take place either in room temperature or in an elevated temperature oven having a temperature less than the boiling temperature of water . the reaction is in most cases substantially complete in between 30 minutes and 2 hours ; however , it has been found that the composition is completely cured in about 24 hours when cured in an oven at 160 ° f . or in about 48 hours when cured at room temperature . after the composition has been cured , it forms a solid brittle friable mass . the mass may be broken up by crushing or grinding to form suitably sized discrete particles . preferably , the particle size is between 8 and 20 mesh . after the particles have been formed , they are expanded in a furnace , or a like , at a temperature of , preferably , between 800 ° f . and 1000 ° f . the resulting product is a lightweight material that is insoluble in water , acids , and bases . the cured composition may be shipped in its unexpanded form to save shipping costs due to the high volume of the expanded material . the cured composition may also be stored in the unexpanded form saving warehouse space until it is needed for current production . after expansion , the composition has a wide range of uses . many of the uses fall within the category of thermal or acoustic insulation . another category of uses is as a sorbent for various materials . yet another category of uses is as an aggregate in an aggregate - binder system for building panels . the composition may also be used as a refractory , a filler for other materials , an energy attenuator , soil conditioner or filter medium . it will be apparent that the composition will have many other uses as well . the composition has high thermal and acoustic energy insulation properties . the composition can be used as a loose fill insulation material or it may be combined with a binder system in a sprayable system . the composition has been found to be particularly useful as a sorbent for a wide variety of liquids . the composition will sorb acids , agricultural chemicals , alcohols and ethers , alkalies , amines , aromatic compounds , chlorinated hydrocarbons , chlorinated solvents , hydrocarbons , ketones , aldehydes and esters , salts , silicates , surfactants , vegetable oils and many other liquids . the following are exemplary of the liquids that can be sorbed by the compositions of this invention : ______________________________________acids agricultural chemicalsacetic acid ( glacial ) bueno ® 6 ( monosodiumboric acid 6 % @ 90 ° f . acid methanearsenate ) boric acid 12 % @ 140 ° f . dacamine ® ( n -- oleyl 1 , 3 - chlorosulfonic acid propylenediamine salt ofchromic acid , 20 % 2 , 4 - dichlorophenoxyaceticchromic acid , 60 % acid , 2 lbs ./ gal . ) formic acid dacamine 4d ( n -- oleyl 1 , 3 - hydrochloric acid , 38 % propylenediamine salt ofnitric acid , 71 % 2 , 4 - dichlorophenoxyaceticnitric acid , fuming acid , 4 lbs ./ gal . ) oleum , fuming sulfuric daconate ® 6 ( monosodiumphosphoric acid , 83 % methylarsenate ) sulfuric acid , 98 % dsma ( disodiumalcohols & amp ; ethers methanearsenate ) allyl alcohol chlorinated hydrocarbonsdiethyl ether chlorowax lv ® ethanol chlorowax 40 ® ethylene glycol chlorowax 42 - 170glycerin chlorowax 50 ® isopropanol chlorowax 100methanol chlorowax 500 - calkalies pcb ( polychlorinatedammonium hydroxide , 30 % biphenyl ) caustic potash , 45 % chlorinated solventscaustic potash , 10 % carbon tetrachloridecaustic soda , 50 % chloroformcaustic soda , 10 % ethylene dichloridesodium methoxide in methylene chloridemethanol , 25 % liquid perclene ® damines ( perchloroethylene ) aniline triclene ® dn - butylamine ( trichloroethylene ) diethylamine hydrocarbonsethylenediamine cyclohexanetriethanolamine gasolinetriethylamine fuel oil , # 2aromatics n - hexanebenzene mineral spiritsbenzonitrile motor oil , sae # 40benzoyl chloride ketones , aldehydes & amp ; estersbtx ( benzene / toluene / acetaldehydexylene ) acetonechlorobenzene amyl acetatecresol n - butyl acetateo - dichlorobenzene dioctyl phthalate ( dop ) ethyl benzene formaldehyde , 37 % nitrobenzene methyl ethyl ketonephenol , 84 % methyl methacrylatetoluene vinyl acetatexylene miscellaneoussalts acetic anhydridealum , 50 % liquid acrylonitrileferric chloride , 40 % allyl chloridepotassium carbonate , 47 % brominesodium bichromate , 70 % carbon disulfidesodium sulfate , ( 18 %) epichlorohydrinsilicates heat transfer liquidsodium silicate , dowtherm a , dow chem . co . gr 40 liq . hydrazine hydratesodium silicate , ( 85 % sol . ) gr 52 liq . hydrogen peroxide , 30 % surfactants isophoronebional ® a - 50 , cationtic mek peroxide in ( gaf ) dimethyl phthalate , 60 % monawet ® sno - 35 , anionic , methyl isocyanate ( mona industries ) oil / water emulsion , 75 % tergitol ® 15 - s - 12 , nonionic , petroleum lubricating oil ( union carbide ) phosphatizing solutionvegetable oils phosphorus trichloridecorn oil pvc latex ( 40 %) solidspeanut oil scintillation liquidsafflower oil so - x - 1 scintiverse ™ soybean oil ( fisher scientific co .) scintillation liquid ( ppo , popop , xylene , napthalene , dioxane , ethoxyethanol ) silane coupling agent silicone emulsion sm 2085 general electric company silicone transformer liquid dow corning 561 styrene tetrahydrofuran titanium tetrachloride toluene diisocyanate water / oil emulsion , 5 % petroleum lubricating oil water repellent # 772 , dow corning______________________________________ the sorbents of the present invention sorb many times their own weight of liquid . generally , they will sorb from about 2 to 10 times their own weight , or more , depending on the specific liquid being sorbed . once sorbed , the liquids will be retained by the sorbant allowing easy handling and disposal . the sorbents of this invention are particularly suitable for use in sorbing and disposing of hazardous liquids . one particularly useful embodiment of this invention is the use of these sorbents to separate hydrophobic / hydrophilic liquid mixtures . the sorbents are treated with a silicone fluid either at the stage of raw material mixing during preparation of the unexpanded particles or in a post treatment of the expanded particles prior to contacting the liquids to be sorbed / separated . the addition is by simple mixing . the silicone treated sorbent will sorb the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of the liquid at different rates , removing the hydrophobic component more quickly and making the sorbent highly useful in , for example , the cleanup of oil spills on water . the term &# 34 ; silicone fluid &# 34 ; as used in this application means a synthetic polymer of the general formula where n = 1 - 3 and m ≧ 2 . the silicone contains a repeating silicon - oxygen backbone and has organic groups r attached to a significant proportion of the silicon atoms by silicon - carbon bonds . the r group is preferably methyl ; it may be other alkyl or other group . these polymers are commonly combined with additives and / or solvents . in general , any of the commercially available silicone fluids may be used in this invention . desirable silicone fluids are emulsified siloxane fluids . preferred are polydimethyl siloxane fluid based emulsions . general electric silicone emulsion sm 2140 formulated with a 10 , 000 centistoke polydimethyl siloxane fluid is most desirable . this product can be diluted with water and presents no known fire hazard . it has low toxicity and has no objectionable odors . the silicone fluid is used in an amount effective to modify the differential hydrophobic liquis sorbing / hydrophilic liquid sorbing characteristics of the sorbent . in general , it is present in an amount in the range of about 0 . 25 %- 5 %, preferably 0 . 5 %- 1 . 5 %, most preferably 0 . 75 %- 1 . 25 % by weight of the sorbent . another particularly useful embodiment of this invention is the use of the compositions of this invention as sorbents for animal wastes . it is particularly useful in litterboxes for domestic pets , in particular dogs , cats and rodents . its usefulness may be enhanced in these applications by the addition of odor - covering or odor - reducing additives . odor - covering additives include any fragrance or perfume which masks the odor of the animal waste . any of the commonly used odor - covering additives may be used . the quantity of additive used depends on the amount of animal waste deposited in the sorbent , the duration of use , the location of use and the particular additive used . odor - reducing additives are additives which react with the odor causing components and modify them into non - odor causing forms or which prevent odor causing compounds from being formed . bactericidal enzymes are especially useful in preventing odors caused by bacterial degradation of components of sorbed liquids . a particularly desirable bactericidal enzyme additive is that sold by the branton company under the trademark outright ®. the amount of odor - reducing additive used depends on the particular additive , the specific odorant and the duration of use of the sorbant . generally , from about 1 to 15 %, preferably about 1 . 5 to 10 % and most desirably about 2 to 5 % by weight of odor - reducing additive is used . 79 parts by weight of dry rice hull ash and 4 parts by weight of boric acid were mixed in a dry mixer . 56 parts by weight of a commercially obtained 50 % by weight solution of sodium hydroxide to which 2 % by weight of the sodium hydroxide solution of a 50 % silicone emulsion were added were heated to 180 ° f . the heated solution was added to the dry rice hull ash the boric acid mixture and mixed together to form a damp powdery composition . the damp powdery composition was placed in a tub on the floor at room temperature and allowed to cure for 48 hours . after curing , the composition formed a brittle mass which was broken up into particles between 8 and 20 mesh in size . the particles were expanded in a furnace at about 1000 ° f . the product obtained had a bulk density of 5 . 804 pounds per cubic foot . the material was insoluble in water , mineral acid , and base and had a ph of 10 . 4 . the material was placed in boiling water and showed no signs of disintegration . thus , the product of example 1 was deemed acceptable . the procedure of example 1 was generally repeated except that the 56 parts of the 50 % sodium hydroxide solution was added to the mixture of 79 parts dry rice hull ash and 4 parts boric acid at room temperature and the resulting composition was placed in a drying oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours during which reaction and curing occurred . the cured composition again was comminuted and expanded . the bulk density of the expanded product of example 2 was 5 . 736 pounds per cubic foot . again , the product was insoluble in water , mineral acids , and bases , and passed the boil test . in this example , 1 . 0 parts of dry rice hull ash , 0 . 035 parts of cao , and 0 . 035 parts of boric acid were mixed together in dry form in a mixer . a sodium hydroxide solution was formed by combining 0 . 376 parts of anhydrous sodium hydroxide with 0 . 215 parts of water , with the addition of 2 percent by weight of the sodium hydroxide and water of the silicone fluid . the heat of solution of the sodium hydroxide in the water caused the solution to attain a temperature of 190 ° f . the hot solution was added to the dry mixture of rice hull ash , calcium oxide , and boric acid and was placed in a drying oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours to cure . the cured composition was comminuted and expanded to achieve a bulk density of 6 . 276 pounds per cubic foot . the expanded product was insoluble in water , mineral acid , and base , and was not subject to disintegration during boiling . in this example , the procedure of example 3 was generally repeated except that the composition formed by mixing the dry rice hull ash , calcium oxide , and boric acid , with the solution formed from anhydrous sodium hydroxide , water , and silicone fluid , was allowed to cure at room temperature for 24 hours , whereupon the cured material was comminuted and expanded . the expanded product had a bulk density of 10 . 6 pounds per cubic foot , which indicated that the product was not completely cured . however , the expanded product was insoluble in water , mineral acid , and bases , and did not disintegrate when boiled . in this example , the process of example 2 was generally repeated except that the amount of dry rice hull ash was increased by 25 %. more specifically , 98 . 75 parts of dry rice hull ash were mixed with 4 parts of boric acid in a dry mixer . to the dry rice hull ash and boric acid was added 56 parts of 50 % sodium hydroxide solution with 3 % silicone fluid at room temperature . the resulting composition was placed in an oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours , during which time the composition reacted and cured . after curing , the composition was comminuted and expanded . the expanded material had a bulk density of 2 . 838 pounds per cubic foot , was insoluble , and did not disintegrate when boiled in water . in this example , the product was prepared according to the process set forth in example 5 except that the boric acid was omitted and 3 parts by weight of calcium oxide were included . thus , in this example , 98 . 75 parts by weight of dry rice hull ash were mixed with 3 parts by weight of calcium oxide . 56 parts by weight of the 50 % sodium hydroxide solution with 3 % by weight thereof of silicone fluid were added to the dry rice hull ash and lime at room temperature . the resulting mixture was cured in an oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours . the product was then comminuted and expanded . the expanded product had a satisfactory bulk density of 6 . 000 pounds per cubic foot but disintegrated when boiled in water . accordingly , the product prepared without boric acid was deemed to be unacceptable . in this example , the product was prepared according to the method of example 6 except that the calcium oxide was omitted . thus , 98 . 75 parts by weight of dry rice hull ash were mixed with 56 parts by weight of a 50 % sodium hydroxide solution with 3 % silicone at room temperature . the mixture was cured in an oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours and comminuted and expanded . the expanded product had a very low bulk density of 3 . 324 pounds per cubic foot but , again disintegrated when boiled in water . thus , while an expanded product may be obtained without boric acid , such product is not acceptable . in this example , 98 . 75 parts by weight of dry rice hull ash were mixed in a dry mixer with 3 parts by weight of calcium oxide and 4 parts by weight of boric acid . to the dry mixture was added 56 parts by weight of 50 % sodium hydroxide solution with 2 % silicone fluid at room temperature . the resulting mixture was placed in an oven for 24 hours at 160 ° f ., during which time reaction and curing occurred . after curing , the product was comminuted and expanded . the expanded product had a bulk density of 7 . 008 pounds per cubic foot , was insoluble , and did not disintegrate when boiled . in this example , the process of example 2 was generally repeated , except that the amount of dry rice hull ash was increased by 50 %. thus , 118 . 5 parts of dry rice hull ash were mixed in a dry mixer with 3 parts by weight of lime and 4 parts by weight of boric acid . to the dry mixture was added 56 parts by weight of 50 % sodium hydroxide solution with 2 % silicone fluid at room temperature . the resulting composition was then placed in an oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours , during which time reaction and curing occurred . the cured product was comminuted and expanded . the expanded material had a bulk density of 9 . 300 pounds per cubic foot and did not disintegrate when boiled . in this example , the amounts of dry rice hull ash was increased by 75 % over that of example 2 . more specifically , 138 . 25 parts by weight of dry rice hull ash were mixed in a dry mixer with 3 parts by weight of lime and 4 parts by weight boric acid . to the dry mixture was added 56 parts by weight of 50 % sodium hydroxide solution with 2 % silicone fluid . again , the resulting mixture was placed in an oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours for reaction and curing . the cured product was comminuted and expanded . the expanded product had a bulk density of 12 . 972 pounds per cubic foot and did not disintegrate when boiled . in this example , the amount of dry rice hull ash was decreased by 25 % compared to example 2 . thus , 59 . 25 parts by weight of dry rice hull ash were mixed in a dry mixer with 3 parts by weight of lime and 4 parts by weight of boric acid . 56 parts by weight of 50 % sodium hydroxide solution with 2 % silicone fluid were added at room temperature . the resulting mixture was placed in an oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours for curing and drying . the cured product was comminuted and expanded . the expanded product had a bulk density of 12 . 14 per cubic foot and did not disintegrate when boiled . however , the expansion was deemed to be poor due to the wetness of the cured product . in this example , urea was added to the sodium hydroxide solution prior to mixing with the dry components . thus , 79 parts by weight of dry rice hull ash were mixed with 3 parts by weight of lime and 4 parts by weight of boric acid . 4 parts by weight of urea was added to 56 parts by weight of 50 % sodium hydroxide solution with 2 % silicone fluid and mixed with the dry ingredients . the resulting composition was placed in an oven at 160 ° f . for 24 hours for reaction and curing . the cured material was comminuted and expanded to achieve a bulk density of 7 . 581 pounds per cubic foot which did not disintegrate when boiled . in this example , the sodium hydroxide solution was prepared by mixing water with anhydrous sodium hydroxide , urea , and the silicone fluid . thus , 1 part by weight dry rice hull ash was mixed with 0 . 035 parts by weight of lime and 0 . 035 parts by weight of boric acid . the sodium hydroxide solution was formed by mixing 0 . 376 parts by weight of sodium hydroxide with 0 . 215 parts by weight of water and 0 . 035 parts by weight of urea , which in turn was mixed with 2 % by weight of the solution of the silicone fluid . the heat of solution caused the solution to attain a temperature of 190 ° f . the sodium hydroxide solution was mixed with the dry components and the reaction was immediate . the composition was then cured for 24 hours in an oven at 160 ° f . the cured material was comminuted and expanded to attain a bulk density of 6 . 476 pounds per cubic foot and the expanded product did not disintegrate when boiled . in this example , a product was prepared generally according to the method of example 3 , except , that potassium hydroxide was substitute for sodium hydroxide . thus , 1 parts of dry rice hull ash was mixed in a dry mixer with 0 . 035 parts boric acid and 0 . 035 parts lime . a solution was formed by mixing 0 . 376 parts by weight of potassium hydroxide with 0 . 215 parts by weight of water with the addition of 2 % by weight of the solution of the silicone fluid . the heat of solution caused the solution to attain a temperature of 190 ° f . the hot solution was mixed with the dry components , which initiated an immediate reaction . the resulting mixture was cured for 24 hours in an oven at 160 ° f . the cured product was comminuted and expanded with a bulk density of 12 . 0 pounds per cubic foot . the expanded material did not disintegrate when boiled . in this example , the product was prepared according to the process in example 14 , except that the silicone fluid was omitted . the expanded product had a bulk density of 15 pounds per cubic foot and did not disintegrate when boiled . ten ( 10 ) grams of the material prepared in example 1 is placed in a container and two hundred fifty ( 250 ) grams of water is added . the mixture is allowed to stand for fifteen ( 15 ) minutes , after which the excess water is drained by inverting the container onto an 80 mesh screen . the retained aggregate is allowed to drain for five ( 5 ) minutes . the aggregate is then weighed , showing a weight gain of one hundred twenty ( 120 ) grams , or a water : aggregate ratio of 12 : 1 . the procedure of example 16 is repeated using animal urine instead of water . the weight gain is one hundred twenty five ( 125 ) grams , or a ratio of 12 . 5 : 1 . 1 / 4 cubic foot of the material prepared in example 1 is mixed with one ( 1 ) ounce of a bactericidal enzyme (&# 34 ; outright &# 34 ;) and placed in a litter box for use by an eight and one half ( 81 / 2 ) pound indoor cat . after ten ( 10 ) days no odor is noticeable . a hydrophobic - oleophilic sorbent is prepared by mixing one hundred ( 100 ) grams of the material prepared in example 1 with one ( 1 ) gram of a methyl siliconate emulsion ( general electric sm 2085 ). the sorbent is placed in a container with an excess of a 50 % water -# 2 fuel oil mixture and allowed to stand for fifteen ( 15 ) minutes , after which the excess liquid is drained as in example 16 . the excess liquid is separated into water and oil phases and each phase weighed . the result is an absorbtion ratio of 6 : 1 for the fuel oil and a negligible absorbtion of water . in this example an easy and convenient means for cleaning up hazardous liquid spills is devised by packaging the material prepared as in example 1 in a 1 . 5 ounce spun bonded polyethylene tube . the material ( 1 / 4 cubic foot ) is placed in the fabric tube ( dimensions : 3 &# 34 ; diameter × 15 &# 34 ; long ). the sorbent thus sealed in the fabric container is placed into a pan containing an excess of 38 % hydrochloric acid . after soaking for fifteen ( 15 ) minutes , the sorbent tube is removed , drained for five ( 5 ) minutes and weighed for liquid pick up . a ratio of ten ( 10 ) pounds of acid is absorbed per pound of sorbent .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

fig1 illustrates a schematic posterior view of a spine 2 of a subject 1 and fig2 a - b illustrate a schematic side view and posterior view of the spine 2 , respectively . the normal anatomy of the spine of a human 1 is usually described by dividing up the spine 2 into three major sections : the cervical vertebrae 3 , the thoracic vertebrae 5 , and the lumbar vertebrae 7 . below the lumbar vertebrae 7 is a bone called the sacrum 9 and the coccyx 11 , which is part of the pelvis . each section is made up of individual bones called vertebrae 13 . there are seven cervical vertebrae , twelve thoracic vertebrae , and five lumbar vertebrae . fig3 a - b illustrate a schematic plan view ( axial overhead view ) and side ( lateral or elevation view ) of a vertebra 13 , respectively . fig4 illustrates a schematic plan view ( axial overhead view ) of a vertebra 13 . an individual vertebra 13 is made up of several parts . the vertabra consists of two stout rounded pedicles 15 , one on each side which spring from the body 17 and which are united posteriorly by two flat plates or laminae 19 . a small notch is located above ( not shown ) and a small notch 21 is located below the pedicle 15 ( called the superior and inferior vertebral notches , respectively ). the vertebral foramen 23 ( section of the spinal canal ) is small , and of a circular form that accommodates the spinal cord ( not shown ) that vertically ( axially ) transverse through it . the spinous process 25 is long , triangular on coronal section , directed obliquely downward . the superior articular processes 27 are thin plates of bone projecting upward from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae 19 . the transverse processes 29 arise from the arch behind the superior articular processes 27 and pedicles 15 ; they are thick , strong , and of considerable length , directed obliquely backward and lateralward , and each ends in a clubbed extremity , on the front of which is a small , concave surface , for articulation with the tubercle of a rib ( not shown ). the vertebral body 17 is a thin ring of dense cortical bone . the vertebral body is generally shaped like an hourglass , thinner in the center with thicker ends . outer cortical bone extends above and below the superior and inferior ends of the vertebrae 13 to form rims or cortical rims 31 . the superior and inferior endplates are contained within these rims of bone . the body 17 is composed of cancellous tissue , covered by a thin coating of compact bone ; the latter is perforated by numerous orifices , some of large size for the passage of vessels ; the interior of the bone is traversed by one or two large canals , for the reception of veins , which converge toward a single large , irregular aperture , or several small apertures , at the posterior part of the body . fig5 is a schematic cross section of the human torso through the first lumbar vertebra showing the spinal cord 33 along with related anatomy such as 43 vasculature , 41 epidural space , 39 dura matter , vertebral muscles 37 , spinal nerves 35 , transverse process 29 , spinous process 25 , vertebral foramen 23 , and body 17 of the vertebra 13 . referring generally to fig5 , the spinal cord 33 is part of the central nervous system of the human body . it is a vital pathway that conducts electrical signals from the brain to the rest of the body through individual nerve fibers 35 . the spinal cord 33 is a very delicate structure that is derived from the ectodermal neural groove , which eventually closes to form a tube during fetal development . from this neural tube , the entire central nervous system , our brain and spinal cord , eventually develops . up to the third month of fetal life , the spinal cord is about the same length as the canal . after the third month of development , the growth of the canal outpaces that of the cord . in an adult the lower end of the spinal cord usually ends at approximately the first lumbar vertebra , where it divides into many individual nerve roots ( l 1 ). still referring generally to fig5 , the spinal canal or vertebral foramina 23 is the anatomic casing for the spinal cord . the bones and ligaments of the spinal column or spine 2 are aligned in such a way to create a canal or vertebral foramina 23 that provides protection and support for the spinal cord . several different membranes enclose and nourish the spinal cord and surround the spinal cord itself . the outermost layer is called the “ dura mater ” or “ dura sac ” 39 . the dura is a thin membrane that encloses the brain and spinal cord and prevents cerebrospinal fluid from leaking out from the central nervous system . the space between the dura and the spinal canal is called the “ epidural space ” 41 . this space is filled with tissue , vessels and large veins ( various vasculature 43 ). the epidural space is important in the treatment of low - back pain , because it is into this space that medications such as anesthetics and steroids are injected in order to alleviate pain and inflammation of the nerve roots . fig6 is a schematic side view of illustrating that the spinal canal or vertebral foramen of the vertebra 13 is generally circular and smaller than a ring finger , and becoming triangular toward the cervical and lumbar ends . fig7 illustrates a schematic side view of a portion of the spine 2 or spinal column with a portion removed there from . for instance , as illustrated , most of the vertebral body has been removed from the vertebra second from the top as illustrated , except for the anterior cortical rims 31 . for instance , in an approach when the vertebral body is removed from the back prior to placement of the expandable cage , the superior and inferior end plate of the vertebral body may be removed as well . for example , the anterior part of the endplate can be left in place . however most of the superior and inferior part of the endplate of the vertebral body ( e . g ., involved with the tumor has to be removed ) so the cage can expand to the superior endplate of the adjacent inferior vertebra , and to the inferior endplate of the adjacent superior vertebra . next , in accordance with the present invention device and related method an expandable cage 51 is inserted as desired and required ( arrow “ i ”) into the space or area of the vacated by the removed vertebra or portion thereof and ultimately into the proper location , position and alignment with the vertebrae without damaging or severing the spinal cord ( not shown ). referring to fig8 a - c , the cage body 57 of the cage 51 is schematically captured in its collapsed or non - deployed state having a non - deployed vertical height ( nvh ) and a transverse width ( tw ) and transverse length ( tl ), in the elevation , plan ( overhead ), and perspective views , respectively . referring to fig8 d , the cage body 57 of the cage 51 is shown in its expanded or deployed state having a deployed vertical height ( dvh ) and a transverse width ( tw ) and transverse length ( tl ). the non - deployed vertical height ( nvh ) is less than either the transverse width ( tw ) or transverse length ( tl ). alternatively , the non - deployed vertical height ( nvh ) is less than each of the transverse width ( tw ) and transverse length ( tl ). some typical cross - section shapes used would be circular , kidney shaped , or any geometrical shape as desired or required for fit to anatomy or surgical procedure . in an embodiment , for the cage 51 to be inserted safely from the back without touching or retracting the spinal cord the cage 51 must be in its collapsed stage ( non - deployed state ) not any taller ( vertically ) than about 15 - 20 mm maximum ( i . e ., non - deployed vertical height ( nvh )), or as desired or required . its cross section in the lateral or horizontal direction ( i . e ., the transverse width ( tw ) and transverse length ( tl ) may vary depending of the location to be inserted as the cross section of the vertebral bodies varies from the thoracic or lumbar spine . a lateral or horizontal cross section between about 25 - 30 mm may be used depending of the level , or as desired or required . it is essential to understand that such low profile expandable cage make their insertion safer as there is no need to retract the spinal cord and rotation and expansion of the cage will then allow its perfect placement . a driver element 71 is in communication with the cage . the driver element 71 may be adapted to position and orient the cage and / or fill the cage with a filler material such as cement or the like . other filler materials may also include biologic resin that hardens after time or at body temperature , a synthetic bioactive paste that hardens with time or at body temperature . the cage 51 in its expanded or deployed state may have a deployed vertical height ( dvh ) of about 45 - 60 mm , or as desired or required . it should be appreciated that various sizes , dimensions , contours , rigidity , shapes , flexibility and materials of any of the embodiments discussed throughout may be varied and utilized as desired or required . it should be appreciated that while the expansion illustrated in the various embodiments discussed through out focuses on vertical or axial expansion , it should be appreciated that expansion may also be implemented in the lateral or horizontal ( e . g ., transverse ) direction . in an exemplary embodiment , the driver 71 may be connected to the end plate ( not shown ) of the cage 51 so it locks , as opposed to a non - lock in screw in mechanism that would allow it to loosen up during the rotation , for instance of the cage counterclockwise . the cage end plate ( not shown ) where the driver is connected may be thicker than the opposite end plate ( not shown ) to allow fitting of the valve ( not shown ) and locking mechanism ( not shown ) and cement insertion mechanism under pressure . in an exemplary embodiment , the cage 51 itself may have a flexible cage body 57 that is a flexible , malleable and expandable chamber . a flexible and expandable chamber may comprise , but not limited thereto , the following structures : tube , balloon , hose , cylinder , accordion like - structure , bellows , case , shell , enclosure , sleeve , or repository . in an approach , the flexible cage body in its collapsed stage ( non - deployed stage ), may be under negative pressure . the negative pressure will allow the cement to have a uniform filling of the cage body avoiding air to be trapped inside the cage ( e . g ., bubble in cement or filing ) that could cause less biomechanic resistance . as the cage is expanded a positive pressure of filler material enters and expands the cage body . the expansion of the cage is driven by the filler material . in accordance with the present invention device and related method an expandable cage 51 is inserted the space or area of the vacated by the removed vertebra or portion thereof ( i . e ., between adjacent vertebrae ) and ultimately into the proper location , position and alignment with the adjacent vertebrae without damaging or severing the spinal cord ( not shown ). the cage body may be expanded in accordance with the present invention and , for example , restore the carpectomy defect . it should be appreciated that any pressure or regulation of pressure of air or filler material may vary as desired or required . regulation may entail , for example , at least one of the following : prevention , adjustment , reduction , amplification , or control for the flow of or quantity of air , filler material or any medium as desired or required . it should be appreciated that the cage body 57 and related cage components discussed herein may take on all shapes along the entire continual geometric spectrum of manipulation of x , y and z planes to provide and meet the anatomical , maneuverability , safety and structural demands and requirements . size and shape of the cage body 57 during the various stages of deployment ( non - deployed , partially deployed , and fully deployed , for example ) could also be manipulated by varying the compliance of the cage body walls , cage and cage body structure and inflation / expansion pressure . alternatively , referring to the cage body 57 , the flexible and expandable chamber may comprise a structure comprising a series of cylinders in telescopic arrangement . fig9 a is a schematic transverse cross section of the human torso through the second thoracic vertebra 13 showing the spinal cord 33 and vertebral foramen 23 along with related anatomy . fig9 b is an enlarged partial view of the human torso and vertebra 13 as illustrated in fig9 a . fig1 a - d are schematic views of the vertebra or area vacated by all or part of the vertebra as shown in fig9 b illustrating progressive stages of the cage 51 being inserted , rotated and located in place by the driver element 71 into the spine of the subject as desired or required using the low profile and reduced invasiveness posterior approach of the present invention device and method . in an approach , the cage 51 has a body 57 in communication with a lower endplate 53 and upper endplate 55 . as shown in fig1 a , the cage 51 has been at least partially inserted and manipulated with the driver element 71 from the posterior . as shown in fig1 b , the cage 51 has been further advanced by the driver element 71 from the posterior . as shown in fig1 c , the cage 51 is capable for rotation as indicated by arrow “ r ”. as shown in fig1 d , the cage 51 has been rotated and positioned into the area vacated by the vertebra . it should be appreciated that the lower endplate and upper endplate may be interchangeable and are described as upper and lower for illustration purposes only . it should be appreciated that the driver element may comprise more than one instrument or component as desired or required for the procedure . it should be appreciated that the lower endplate and upper end plate may be a variety of structures such as , but not limited thereto , the following ; housing , plate , substrate , seat , platform , pedestal , chamber , holder , case , box , base , flange , collar , panel , partition , wall or the like , or any combination thereof . fig1 a - b illustrate schematic side views of a portion of the spine 2 or spinal column with a portion removed there from . for instance , as illustrated , all of a vertebral body may be removed ( or a portion of a vertebral body ). an individual vertebra 13 is made up of several parts , such as the spinous process 25 , superior articular processes 27 , and transverse processes 29 . fig1 a illustrates the cage 51 placed and rotated accordingly by the driver element 71 into the spine 2 having utilized the present invention posterior approach while in a collapsed or non - deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components . some related components may be the driver mechanism 73 that is adapted to deliver the cement 81 or filler material into the cage body 57 of the cage 51 . in an approach , the driver 71 is adapted to deliver the cement or filler material under negative pressure . the driver mechanism 73 of the driver element 71 may comprise an actuator 75 such as a valve or piston to advance the cement or filler . fig1 a - c illustrate schematic side views of a portion of the spine 2 or spinal column with a portion removed there from . for instance , as illustrated , all of a vertebral body may be removed ( or a portion of a vertebral body ) providing two adjacent vertebrae 13 . fig1 a illustrates the cage 51 placed and rotated accordingly by the driver element 71 into the spine 2 having utilized the present invention posterior approach while in a collapsed or non - deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 in a partially expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components . some related components may be the driver mechanism 73 that is adapted to deliver the cement 81 or filler material into the cage 51 . in an approach , the driver is adapted to deliver the cement or filler material under negative pressure . the driver mechanism 73 of the driver element 71 may comprise an actuator 75 such as a valve , regulator , manifold , syringe , flow - driver , pump , or piston , or any combination thereof , etc . to advance the cement or filler . for example , in an embodiment , the driver element comprises a tube that is connected to the cage and allows its placement . the driver may be locked or secured to the cage and a valve mechanism ( s ) is provided that prevents air from entering the cage to prevent air bubbles from forming in the cage body . yet the valve mechanism ( s ) or the like also allows filler material to enter the cage under positive pressure . the driver element is 71 is in communication with the cage 51 ( at the lower plate 53 in this instance ) at a cage aperture 58 . fig1 c illustrates the cage 51 in a fully expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components . sill referring to fig1 a - c ( and any of the embodiments discussed throughout ), the driver element 71 can be locked or secured using the cage aperture 58 as the locking mechanism . alternatively , a separate locking or securing device , such as a driver lock 61 , may also be utilized . it should be appreciated that the driver lock or securing means of the aperture may be a variety of locking means such as , but not limited thereto , a lock , pin , stop , stay , brace , latch , catch or latch , threading , etc . indifferent if it &# 39 ; s the aperture 58 or lock 61 , by locking or securing of the driver element 71 the driver element 71 can manipulate the cage 51 during insertion , rotation and placement ( i . e ., orientation ) without losing grip or control of the cage 51 as desired or required . although not illustrated , it should be appreciated that the functions of the driver element 71 ( filling the filler into the cage and orienting the cage ) may be accomplished with separated members or instruments , rather than a single member or instrument as illustrated . fig1 a schematically illustrates the cage 51 placed and rotated accordingly by the driver element 71 into the spine 2 that is diagnosed with kyphosis , and which the cage 51 is in a partially expanded or deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 in a fully expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components whereby the cage conforms to the contours or curvature of the spine diagnosed with kyphosis . it should be appreciated that because of the flexible nature of the cage , the cage and / or plates will match the local kyphosis lordosis of the spine segment to be reconstructed . fig1 schematically illustrates the cage 51 ( without upper or lower plates ) in a fully expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components , and whereby the driver element is in communication with the cage body 57 , rather than one or both of the upper or lower plates . fig1 schematically illustrates the cage 51 in a fully expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components , and whereby cage rods 59 ( such as titanium rods or other materials as desired or required ) and pedicle screws 62 are implemented as part of the cage construction . fig1 a schematically illustrates the cage 51 having a cage body 57 of the accordion type in the collapsed or non - deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 of fig1 a while in the partially expanded or deployed state . fig1 c illustrates the cage 51 of fig1 a while in the fully expanded or deployed state . the number of the pleats / folds of the accordion / bellows , as well as the height / thickness of the pleats / folds of the accordion / bellows may be increased or decreased as desired or required . fig1 a schematically illustrates the cage 51 having a cage body 57 of the telescopic type ( wedding cake ) in the collapsed or non - deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 of fig1 a in the partially expanded or deployed state . fig1 c illustrates the cage 51 of fig1 a in the fully expanded or deployed state . an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention device and related method provides a cage to be inserted through a posterior approach . to accomplish such an objective , an expandable plastic tubing or an expandable series of cylinders may be implemented . for instance , a type of flexible tubing is an accordion or bellows type of tubing . the expandable cage have an extremely low profile structure to be inserted from the back . the present invention method and related method provides for introducing the cage from the back adjacent to the neural structures ( i . e ., spinal cord ) and then rotate it 90 degrees , or as desired or required , to be able to expand it . in an exemplary embodiment the cage had to about the lateral cross section of the size of a face of a u . s . quarter coin and as little profile vertically ( axially ) as possible so it can be inserted from the back . regarding the design of the present invention cage filled with cement , a plastic cage or compatible biomaterial that will be filled with cement to expand the cage once its in its desired location , position and / or alignment . it should be appreciated that in the case of an anterior approach or wide costotransveresectomy the cage can be inserted in a manner consistent with a mechanical cage without the need to rotate it in place , as the larger access allows its insertion without risk to the spinal cord . however , the present invention low profile cage with high expansion capabilities is adapted for a posterior and less invasive approach and is only feasible by rotating a low profile cage into the vertebrectomy defect . it should be appreciated that various aspects of embodiments of the present device , method , system and materials may be implemented with the following devices , methods , systems and materials disclosed in the following u . s . patent applications , u . s . patents , and pct international patent applications that are hereby incorporated by reference herein : 1 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 436 , 140 , b1 , liu , et . al ., “ expandable interbody fusion cage and method for insertion ”, aug . 20 , 2002 . 2 . u . s . pat . no . 7 , 014 , 659 , b2 , boyer , et . al ., “ skeletal reconstruction cages ”, mar . 21 , 2006 . 3 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 443 , 990 , b1 , aebi , et . al ., “ adjustable intervertebral implant ”, sep . 3 , 2002 . 4 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 893 , 464 , b2 , kiester , “ method and apparatus for providing an expandable spinal fusion cage ”, may 17 , 2005 . 5 . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 665 , 122 , kambin , “ expandable intervertebral cage and surgical method ”, sep . 9 , 1997 . 6 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 488 , 710 , b2 , besselnik , “ reinforced expandable cage ad method of deploying ”, dec . 3 , 2002 . 7 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 724 , b1 , ferree , “ spinal fusion cage with lordosis correction ”, dec . 10 , 2002 . 8 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 695 , 760 , b1 , winkler , “ treatment of spinal metastases ”, feb . 24 , 2004 . 9 . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 236 , 460 , barber , “ vertebral body prosthesis ”, aug . 17 , 1993 . 10 . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 480 , 442 , bertagnoli , “ fixedly adjustable intervertebral prosthesis ”, jan . 2 , 1996 . 11 . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 932 , 975 , main , et . al ., “ vertebral prosthesis ”, jun . 12 , 1990 . 12 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2005 / 0222681 b1 , richley , et . al ., “ devices and methods for minimally invasive treatment of degenerated spinal discs ”, oct . 6 , 2005 . 13 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2005 / 0283247 a1 , gordon , et . al ., “ expandable articulating intervertebral implant with limited articulation ”, dec . 22 , 2005 . 14 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2005 / 0283248 a1 , gordon , et . al ., “ expandable intervertebral implant with spacer ”, dec . 22 , 2005 . 15 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2006 / 0116767 , a1 , magerl , et . al ., “ implant used in procedures for stiffening the vertebral column ”, jun . 1 , 2006 . 16 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2006 / 0129241 , a1 , boyer , et . al ., “ skeletal reconstruction cages ”, jun . 15 , 2006 . 17 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2006 / 0142858 , a1 , colleran , et . al ., “ expandable implants for spinal disc replacement ”, jun . 29 , 2006 . 18 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2002 / 0128716 a1 , cohen , et . al ., “ spinal surgical prosthesis ”, sep . 12 , 2002 . it should be appreciated that as discussed herein , a subject may be a human or any animal . it should be appreciated that an animal may be a variety of any applicable type , including , but not limited thereto , mammal , veterinarian animal , livestock animal or pet type animal , etc . as an example , the animal may be a laboratory animal specifically selected to have certain characteristics similar to human ( e . g . rat , dog , pig , monkey ), etc . it should be appreciated that the subject may be any applicable human patient , for example . in summary , while the present invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments , many modifications , variations , alterations , substitutions , and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art . the present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiment described herein . indeed , various modifications of the present invention , in addition to those described herein , will be apparent to those of skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings . accordingly , the invention is to be considered as limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims , including all modifications and equivalents . still other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from reading the above - recited detailed description and drawings of certain exemplary embodiments . it should be understood that numerous variations , modifications , and additional embodiments are possible , and accordingly , all such variations , modifications , and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of this application . for example , regardless of the content of any portion ( e . g ., title , field , background , summary , abstract , drawing figure , etc .) of this application , unless clearly specified to the contrary , there is no requirement for the inclusion in any claim herein or of any application claiming priority hereto of any particular described or illustrated activity or element , any particular sequence of such activities , or any particular interrelationship of such elements . moreover , any activity can be repeated , any activity can be performed by multiple entities , and / or any element can be duplicated . further , any activity or element can be excluded , the sequence of activities can vary , and / or the interrelationship of elements can vary . unless clearly specified to the contrary , there is no requirement for any particular described or illustrated activity or element , any particular sequence or such activities , any particular size , speed , material , dimension or frequency , or any particularly interrelationship of such elements . accordingly , the descriptions and drawings are to be regarded as illustrative in nature , and not as restrictive . moreover , when any number or range is described herein , unless clearly stated otherwise , that number or range is approximate . when any range is described herein , unless clearly stated otherwise , that range includes all values therein and all sub ranges therein . any information in any material ( e . g ., a united states / foreign patent , united states / foreign patent application , book , article , etc .) that has been incorporated by reference herein , is only incorporated by reference to the extent that no conflict exists between such information and the other statements and drawings set forth herein . in the event of such conflict , including a conflict that would render invalid any claim herein or seeking priority hereto , then any such conflicting information in such incorporated by reference material is specifically not incorporated by reference herein .

0Human Necessities

in accordance with the instant invention there is provided a process for concentrating kcl in a flotation system . the process comprises adding to the flotation system a synthetic depressant during the flotation stage . the synthetic depressant employed in this process is a low molecular weight copolymer of general structure i . the molecular weight of the synthetic depressant should be within the range from about 500 to 85 , 000 and preferably within the range from about 7 , 000 to 85 , 000 . the degree of hydrolysis of the synethetic depressant should be from about 5 % to 66 %, preferably from about 20 % to 55 %, and more preferably , from about 40 % to 45 %. the hydrolyzed polyacrylamide can be prepared by first polymerizing acrylamide and then hydrolyzing some of the amide groups , or concurrent polymerization and hydrolysis or it may be made by other means , including copolymerization of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and acrylamide , or hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile , etc . in any event , there are the proper proportions of amide groups and the remainder being carboxyl groups , usually in the form of an alkali metal salt . the term hydrolyzed polyacrylamide is used as convenient understandable terminology rather than to limit the process of manufacture . reagents which have been found particularly useful for hydrolysis include naoh , koh and nh 4 oh . the resulting low - molecular weight copolymer when employed as a depressant in the flotation system has exhibited improved selectivity and recovery over conventional depressants at substantially lower dosages of depressant . the synthetic depressant is easily diluted with water to provide a reagent solution that , due to its non - susceptibility to bacterial decomposition , can be stored almost indefinitely . the synthetic depressants should be added in an effective amount to obtain the desired degree of depression . although this amount will vary depending upon the ore being processed , the flotation collector being employed , and other variables , it is generally on the order of about 0 . 01 to 0 . 20 pound of depressant calculated on active ingredient per long ton of ore . additionally , the instant process is capable of employing a combination of synthetic depressant with a conventional , naturally derived depressant , such as starch , modified starch derivatives and guar gums to arrive at substantially equivalent or improved performance to that obtained when employing the conventional depressant alone . the following specific examples illustrate certain aspects of the present invention and , more particularly , point out methods of evaluating the process for concentrating sylvite values in a flotation system . however , the examples are set forth for illustration only and are not to be construed as limitations on the present invention except as set forth in the appended claims . all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified . examples 1 to 23 illustrate the efficacy of the synthetic depressant at one - sixth to one - fourth dosage normally required for starch or guar to obtain equivalent or better grade , insolubles and recovery ( procedures i and ii ). the test results of examples 24 and 25 following the procedure iii show that synthetic depressant at lower dose than carboxymethyl cellulose give equivalent and higher minerological performance . scrub two separate samples each of 800 parts of sylvinite ore in 370 parts of a saturated brine solution for two minutes at 800 r . p . m . and thereafter combine the two samples into one containing at least 1600 parts of sylvinite ore . condition the sample of step 1 in a flotation cell at 1400 r . p . m . with 20 parts of a 1 . 4 % solution of nonionic polyacrylamide flocculant for 15 seconds and 2 parts of a 0 . 2 % solution of cationic surfactant collector for 15 additional seconds . transfer the sample of step 2 to a flotation bowl . flotation is then conducted for two minutes at 1600 r . p . m . which results in a slime froth and underflow . the underflow portion is screened on a 20 mesh screen resulting in + 20 mesh and - 20 mesh fractions . the + 20 mesh portion of step 3 is conditioned at 800 r . p . m . with 8 parts of a 4 % starch solution for 15 seconds followed by 10 parts of a 2 % solution of amine for 15 seconds and 4 drops of a hydrocarbon oil for 15 more seconds . the - 20 mesh portion of step 3 is conditioned at 1100 r . p . m . with 8 parts of a 4 % starch solution for 30 seconds followed by 5 parts of a 2 % solution of amine for 30 seconds . the + 20 and - 20 mesh portions are recombined in a flotation cell and conditioned at 1100 r . p . m . with 2 drops of a frother for 15 seconds . flotation is conducted at 1400 r . p . m . for two minutes resulting in a concentrate and a tail . the experimental procedure set forth above is followed in every material detail employing as the depressant 0 . 52 pound of dry starch per long ton of sylvinite in the flotation steps . test results are set forth in table i . the experimental procedure set forth above is followed in every material detail employing as the depressant 0 . 064 pound of a 45 % hydrolyzed polyacrylamide having a molecular weight of 30 , 000 per long ton of sylvinite in place of the starch used during the flotation steps . test results are set forth in table i . the experimental procedure set forth above is followed in every material detail employing 0 . 239 to 0 . 287 pound of dry copolymer depressant per long ton of sylvinite in place of the starch used during the flotation steps . test results and details are set forth in table i . table i______________________________________evaluation of synthetic depressantsreagents dose distribution % dry assays conc . conc . example cooh mwt . lb / lt kcl insol . kcl______________________________________comp . a none starch 0 . 520 87 . 6 2 . 8 72 . 71 45 30 , 000 0 . 064 87 . 8 2 . 7 70 . 72 43 7 , 000 0 . 287 91 . 4 2 . 2 68 . 43 66 7 , 000 0 . 287 88 . 3 3 . 2 68 . 54 45 2 , 500 0 . 239 89 . 0 4 . 4 54 . 95 23 7 , 000 0 . 285 86 . 4 3 . 0 71 . 7______________________________________ the experimental procedure set forth above is followed in every material detail employing as the depressant those materials detailed in table ii . the dosage listed in table ii is calculated on solid synthetic depressant and on solid starch . test results are set forth in table ii as well . table ii__________________________________________________________________________reagents dose assays conc . distribution conc . example % cooh mwt . lb . solid reagent / lt kcl insol . kcl__________________________________________________________________________comp . bnone starch 0 . 396 91 . 7 1 . 2 74 . 70 6 45 32 , 000 0 . 052 93 . 5 0 . 8 78 . 48comp . cnone starch 0 . 242 86 . 2 1 . 8 68 . 92comp . dnone starch 0 . 363 88 . 0 1 . 7 73 . 62 7 45 32 , 000 0 . 048 88 . 0 2 . 0 71 . 44 8 45 68 , 000 0 . 047 85 . 6 1 . 8 73 . 68comp . e45 200 , 000 0 . 041 85 . 3 1 . 7 71 . 38 9 45 32 , 000 0 . 024 90 . 2 2 . 1 64 . 2210 25 68 , 000 0 . 045 87 . 8 3 . 6 71 . 5511 45 68 , 000 0 . 047 88 . 4 4 . 7 76 . 4012 66 68 , 000 0 . 045 87 . 3 4 . 8 62 . 2813 25 32 , 000 0 . 048 89 . 2 5 . 5 73 . 214 66 32 , 000 0 . 050 90 . 6 4 . 0 67 . 58comp . fnone starch 0 . 330 90 . 5 2 . 6 70 . 9615 45 68 , 000 0 . 043 83 . 8 3 . 6 67 . 7516 45 68 , 000 0 . 029 85 . 1 3 . 6 69 . 1517 45 68 , 000 0 . 014 89 . 0 3 . 7 66 . 9518 45 32 , 000 0 . 044 86 . 5 2 . 8 80 . 6519 45 32 , 000 0 . 030 85 . 2 3 . 6 69 . 92__________________________________________________________________________ eight hundred parts of sylvinite ore are placed in a flotation cell which is then filled to the lip with a brine solution . the sylvinite is scrubbed for 5 minutes and thereafter transferred to a 5 liter cylinder where it is stirred for 1 minute and allowed to settle for an additional minute . the slimes are decanted to within 1 / 2 inch of the settled sylvinite . the settled sylvinite is combined with 300 parts of saturated brine solution and 0 . 34 pound per ton of guar is mixed in and then agitated for 10 - 20 seconds . next 0 . 10 pound per ton of an amine collector is mixed in and thereafter agitated for 10 seconds . to this is then added 4 drops of a hydrocarbon oil followed by 5 seconds of agitation and finally 4 drops of methyl isobutyl carbinol followed by 5 seconds of agitation . the mixture is transferred to a flotation cell and filled to the lip with a brine solution . a two minute float follows . the concentrate and tail are dried and weighed . the experimental procedure ii set forth above is followed in every material detail employing a copolymer depressant in the flotation step in place of guar . the dosage listed in table iii is calculated on solid synthetic depressant and on solid guar . test results are detailed in table iii . table iii______________________________________ dosereagents lb . solid concentrate % reagent / % % kclexample cooh mwt . lt kcl insol . recovery______________________________________20 45 7 , 000 0 . 105 88 . 50 1 . 22 41 . 021 45 32 , 000 0 . 047 86 . 97 1 . 38 57 . 922 45 68 , 000 0 . 046 86 . 24 1 . 59 58 . 723 45 68 , 000 0 . 023 84 . 08 1 . 76 54 . 7comp . g guar 0 . 34 84 . 89 1 . 21 59 . 0______________________________________ the flotation feed consists of 400 parts of coarse and 400 parts of fine sylvinite particles , which have been deslimed . the fine particles slurry is stirred for 10 seconds , followed by the addition of commercial grade of carboxy methyl cellulose ( 0 . 056 lb / ton ). a slurry of coarse particle is stirred for 10 seconds , followed by the addition of commercial grade of carboxy methyl cellulose ( 0 . 084 lb / ton ). after 30 seconds conditioning time , commercial amine ( 0 . 275 lb / ton ) is added . after stirring for 30 seconds , process oil ( 0 . 15 lb / ton ) is added and is stirred for 15 seconds at slow speed , followed by 15 seconds high speed stirring . the fine and coarse fractions are transferred into the flotation bowl and 0 . 04 lb / ton m . i . b . c . and saturated brine solution are added . the concentrate and tail are filtered and dried ( example h ). the experimental procedure set forth above is followed in every material detail employing a 45 % hydrolyzed polyacrylamide ( molecular weight 45 , 000 ) in the flotation step in place of commercial carboxy methyl cellulose . the dosage listed in table iv is calculated as solid synthetic depressant and solid carboxymethyl cellulose and is based on the total charge of coarse and fine combined . table iv__________________________________________________________________________reagent lb / ton based on total charge of coarse & amp ; finecoarse particles fine particles assay conc . distrib . conc . exampledepressant dose amine oil mibc depressant dose kcl insol . kcl__________________________________________________________________________comp . hcarboxy methyl 0 . 084 0 . 275 0 . 15 0 . 04 carboxy methyl 0 . 056 89 . 5 1 . 1 86 . 7cellulose cellulose24 synthetic depressant 0 . 063 0 . 275 0 . 15 0 . 04 synthetic depressant 0 . 042 91 . 0 1 . 2 85 . 7m . w . 45 k 45 % cooh m . w . 45 k 45 % cooh25 synthetic depressant 0 . 078 0 . 275 0 . 15 0 . 04 synthetic depressant 0 . 052 91 . 6 1 . 3 87 . 4m . w . 45 k 45 % cooh m . w . 45 k 45 % cooh__________________________________________________________________________

1Performing Operations; Transporting

one preferred embodiment of a lamp unit mounting structure of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 is an exploded , perspective view of a room lamp to which one preferred embodiment of the lamp unit mounting structure of the invention is applied , fig2 a is an enlarged perspective view of an important portion of a fixing member shown in fig1 , fig2 b is a cross - sectional view thereof , fig3 is a front - elevational view as seen from a direction iii of fig2 a , fig4 a is an enlarged perspective view of an important portion of a modified example of the fixing member shown in fig2 a , fig4 b is a cross - sectional view thereof , and fig5 to 7 are cross - sectional views explanatory of a process of mounting the lamp unit of fig1 on a car body panel . the room lamp 20 according to the embodiment , shown in fig1 , is a lamp unit which is adapted to be mounted at a lamp - mounting window 31 formed on a roof trim 30 ( serving as an interior wall member ) covering a body roof ( car body panel ). the room lamp 20 includes a lamp function portion a for mounting on that side ( upper side in the drawings ) of the roof trim 30 facing the body roof , and a design portion b for mounting on that side ( lower side in the drawings ) of the roof trim 30 facing the room , the lamp function portion a including a bulb 24 mounted in a housing 21 , a switch portion ( not shown ) and so on , while the design portion b includes a cover lens 51 , and a holder 41 . an ffc 22 ( which is a cable forming a roof harness ) is connected via the switch portion ( not shown ) to the bulb 24 mounted in the housing 21 of the lamp function portion a . namely , a connection portion of the ffc 22 ( which is the roof harness beforehand installed on the roof trim 30 ) is electrically connected to a wire connection portion of the lamp function portion a , and at this time the operator can effect this connecting operation with his face directed downward while confirming this connected condition with the eyes . the cover lens 51 of the design portion b is integrally attached to the holder 41 by engaging retaining projections 51 a respectively with engagement portions ( not shown ) of the holder 41 . the holder 41 includes engagement claws 42 for engagement respectively in engagement holes 32 ( formed through the roof trim 30 ) to fix the holder 41 and the roof trim 30 to each other , a housing fitting hole 46 for fittingly receiving the housing 21 , a fixing member 43 for fixing the room lamp 20 and a reinforcing member 60 of the body roof to each other , and shake - prevention piece portions 48 for being brought into resilient abutting engagement with the reinforcing member 60 after the mounting of the room lamp on the car body so as to prevent the shaking of the room lamp . the pair of engagement claws 42 are provided on a diagonal line of the holder 41 having a generally rectangular shape when viewed from the top , and also the pair of fixing member 43 are provided on another diagonal line of the holder 41 . two pairs of shake - prevention piece portions 48 are formed integrally on the holder 41 , and each pair of shake - prevention piece portions 48 are provided along a corresponding short side of the holder 41 , and extend obliquely upwardly . as shown in fig2 a , each fixing member 43 is formed on and projects perpendicularly from that side ( upper side in the drawings ) of the holder 41 ( of the room lamp 20 ) facing the reinforcing member 60 . this fixing member 43 includes an elastic arm 44 for retaining engagement at its distal end portion 44 c with a mounting portion 61 of the reinforcing member 60 , and a pair of elastic arm restriction portions 47 provided respectively on opposite ( right and left ) sides of the elastic arm 44 . the mounting portion 61 is formed by an edge portion of a notch 62 formed in the reinforcing member 60 . the elastic arm 44 includes a vertical portion 44 a formed integrally at its proximal end with the holder 41 , an elastic portion 44 b which extends from the vertical portion 44 a , and is bent into a generally inverted u - shape to extend obliquely downwardly , and a support piece portion 45 extending vertically downwardly from a lower surface of the elastic portion 44 b . the distal end portion 44 c of the elastic portion 44 b is adapted to be retainingly engaged with the mounting portion 61 of the reinforcing member 60 . a distal end portion ( lower end portion ) of the support piece portion 45 extends through a notch portion 41 a formed on the holder 41 , and is not fixed , and therefore is in a free condition . a pair of upper and lower engagement projections 45 a and 45 b are formed on and project outwardly from each of opposite side edges of the support piece portion 45 , these upper and lower engagement projections serving as the engagement portions of the elastic arm 44 . as shown in fig3 , the amount la of projecting of each upper engagement projection 45 a is smaller than the amount lb of projecting of each lower engagement projection 45 b . each elastic arm restriction portion 47 , formed ( molded ) integrally on the holder 41 , includes a retaining wall 47 a , and a slanting portion 47 b . as shown in fig2 a and 2b , a notch 47 c ( serving as an escape portion ) is formed in the retaining wall 47 a , and each lower engagement projection 45 b extends laterally beyond the notch 47 c to a position beneath the corresponding retaining wall 47 a since the amount lb of projecting of the lower engagement projection 45 b is large . the amount la of projecting of each upper engagement projection 45 a is small , and therefore the upper engagement projection 45 a is within the range of the notch 47 c . therefore , in a non - deformed condition of the elastic arm 44 , that is , before the room lamp 20 is mounted or after the room lamp is properly mounted , the lower engagement projections 45 b of the elastic arm 44 abut respectively against the lower surfaces of the retaining walls 47 a , and therefore the elastic arm 44 is prevented from being deformed upwardly . on the other hand , each upper engagement projection 45 a is within the range of the corresponding notch 47 c , and therefore the upper engagement projection 45 a will not interfere with the retaining wall 47 c upon downward deformation of the elastic arm , thereby allowing the downward deformation of the elastic arm . further , each pair of upper and lower engagement projections 45 a and 45 b are disposed respectively at upper and lower sides of the corresponding slanting portion 47 b , and therefore can slide along the slanting portion 47 b , but are prevented from movement in a direction perpendicular to the slanting portion 47 b . therefore , during the mounting of the room lamp on the car body , the distal end portion 44 c is prevented from being displaced in a direction ( upward - downward direction in the drawings ) of mounting and dismounting of the room lamp 20 relative to the car body , but can slide along the slanting portions 47 b . therefore , the elastic arm 44 can be deformed along the slanting portions 47 b , and therefore the room lamp 20 can be mounted on and removed from the car body . although a starting end of each slanting portion 47 b is cut vertically as shown in fig2 a and 2b , a tapering portion 47 d may be formed at this portion as shown in fig4 a and 4b . in this case , the engagement projections 45 a and 45 b , disposed in registry with the notch 47 c , can smoothly move to the slating portion 47 b . and besides , even if the support piece portion 45 is slightly engaged with the slanting portion 47 b of each elastic arm restriction portion 47 after the mounting operation is completed , each engagement projection 45 a slides over the tapering portion 47 d to move to the notch 47 c when an apex portion 44 d of the elastic arm 44 abuts against the body roof upon application of an upward force to the room lamp 20 . thus , the engagement projection 45 a is disengaged from the slanting portion 47 b , and therefore the upward force is prevented from acting on the body roof . in fig4 a and 4b , the same portions as described above are designated by identical reference numerals , respectively , and repeated description will be omitted . when the room lamp 20 of this embodiment is to be mounted on the roof trim 30 , first , the holder 41 is attached to the roof trim 30 to cover the lamp - mounting window 31 in the roof trim 30 , and the engagement claws 42 on the holder 41 are engaged respectively in the engagement holes 32 in the roof trim 30 , thereby fixing the holder 41 and the roof trim 30 to each other . at this time , the fixing member 43 and the shake - prevention piece portions 48 will not interfere with the roof trim 30 thanks to the provision of openings 33 in the roof trim 30 ( see fig5 ). the cover lens 51 is attached to the holder 41 from the inside of the car room ( that is , from the lower side in fig1 ), so that the design portion b is beforehand attached to the roof trim 30 . then , the housing 21 , forming the lamp function portion a of the room lamp 20 connected to the connection portion of the ffc 22 , is fitted into the housing fitting hole 46 in the holder 41 from that side ( upper side in the drawings ) of the roof trim 30 facing the reinforcing member 60 , and trim mounting portions 23 are retainingly engaged with a peripheral edge portion of the lamp - mounting window 31 , so that the lamp function portion a is directly mounted on the roof trim 30 as shown in fig5 . the cover lens 51 may be attached to the holder 41 after the housing 21 is fitted into the housing fitting hole 46 in the holder 41 . then , the ffc 22 is installed on that side of the roof trim 30 facing the reinforcing member 60 , and roof accessories ( not shown ) such as a back mirror and a sun visor are beforehand attached to the roof trim 30 , thereby forming a roof module in which the room lamp 20 and the roof trim 30 with the roof accessories are integrally combined together as shown in fig5 . then , the roof module , having the room lamp 20 and the roof trim 30 integrally combined together , is mounted on the body roof as shown in fig6 and 7 . at this time , the distal end portions 44 c of the elastic arms 44 , disposed at that side where the room lamp 20 is provided , are retainingly engaged respectively with the mounting portions 61 of the reinforcing member 60 , and by doing so , the room lamp 20 and the roof trim 30 are fixed to the reinforcing member 60 by the fixing member 43 . in the lamp unit mounting structure of this embodiment , the mounting operation is thus completed merely by mounting the roof module ( having the room lamp 20 and the roof trim 30 integrally combined together ) on the reinforcing member 60 of the body roof , and the operation for mounting the roof accessories can be omitted when mounting the roof trim , and therefore the mounting operation is easy . particularly , the fixing member 43 enable the room lamp 20 and the roof trim 30 to be easily and positively mounted simultaneously on the reinforcing member 60 of the body roof by their elastic arms 44 and elastic arm restriction portions 47 . namely , in the fixing member 43 of this embodiment , the pair of engagement projections 45 a and 45 b , formed at each of the opposite side edges of the support piece portion 45 of the elastic arm 44 , are disposed in registry with the notch 47 c ( formed in the retaining wall 47 a of the elastic arm restriction portion 47 formed integrally with the holder 41 ) as shown in fig2 b before the room lamp is mounted . when the elastic portion 44 b of the elastic arm 44 abuts against an edge 61 a of the mounting portion 61 as shown in fig8 a during the mounting of the roof module on the reinforcing member 60 , the elastic portion 44 b is pressed downward , so that the support piece portion 45 is pressed down rearwardly ( in a right - hand direction in fig8 a ). as a result , the slanting portion 47 b of each elastic arm restriction portion 47 is fitted between the corresponding pair of upper and lower engagement projections 45 a and 45 b formed on the support piece portion 45 . therefore , the elastic arm 44 is prevented from being deformed downwardly , and moves rearward . when the roof module is further pushed up , the support piece portion 45 moves rearward , and the distal end of the elastic arm 44 also moves rearward , and therefore the distal end portion 44 c of the elastic arm 44 slides past the edge 61 a , and is retainingly engaged with the mounting portion 61 , so that the roof module is mounted on the reinforcing member 60 . therefore , when mounting the room lamp 20 and the roof trim 30 ( combined together to form the module ) simultaneously on the reinforcing member 60 , the distal end portion 44 c of the elastic arm 44 will not escape toward the car room ( that is , downward ) in the direction of mounting and dismounting of the room lamp 20 relative to the car body before this distal end portion 44 c is retainingly engaged with the mounting portion 61 of the reinforcing member 60 . therefore , in the fixing member 43 , the distal end portion 44 c of the elastic arm 44 will not fail to be retainingly engaged with the mounting portion 61 of the reinforcing member , and hence is prevented from being held in a half - fixed condition , so that the module can be positively mounted on the reinforcing member 60 . and besides , when mounting the module on the car body , the distal end portion 44 c of the elastic arm 44 will not escape toward the car room in the direction of mounting and dismounting of the room lamp 20 relative to the car body as described above , and therefore an excessive clearance for allowing for this escape does not need to be formed between the distal end portion 44 c and the mounting portion 61 of the reinforcing member 60 . furthermore , at the time of mounting the module on the reinforcing member 60 of the body roof , the elastic portion 44 b is elastically deformed such that its distal end portion 44 c is moved toward the vertical portion 44 a , and hence is displaced so as to be releasably engaged with the mounting portion 61 , and at the same time this distal end portion 44 c is also displaced toward the reinforcing member 60 ( that is , upward ). therefore , the distal end portion 44 c can be displaced upwardly beyond its normal position , and therefore can positively slide past the edge 61 a of the mounting portion 61 . therefore , the distal end portion 44 c can be positively engaged with the mounting portion 61 without the need for providing a clearance ( as described above for the related room lamp - fixing structure of fig1 b in which the clearance t is needed ) between this distal end portion 44 c and the mounting portion 61 after the module is completely mounted on the car body . when the distal end portion 44 c slides past the edge 61 a as shown in fig6 , the slanting portions 47 b cease to urge the elastic portion 44 b upward , so that the distal end portion 44 c tends to be restored into its normal condition . therefore , a resilient force is produced in the elastic portion 44 b when the module is completely mounted on the car body , and the elastic portion 44 b resiliently abuts against the mounting portion 61 , so that the module is prevented from shaking relative to the reinforcing member 60 . in this embodiment , the shake - prevention piece portions 48 are provided at the holder 41 of the room lamp 20 , and are resiliently abut against the reinforcing member 60 after the module is mounted on the car body as shown in fig5 and 6 . therefore , for example , even when a clearance due to a molding error of the elastic arm 44 and an assembling tolerance is formed between the distal end portion 44 c and the mounting portion 61 , the shake - prevention piece portions 48 positively prevent the shaking of the module relative to the reinforcing member 60 . therefore , the module will not be shaken by vibrations or others during the travel of the car , and therefore will not produce abnormal sounds . when an excessive upward force acts on the room lamp 20 after the mounting operation is completed , there is a fear that the apex portion 44 d of each elastic arm 44 strikes against the body roof . however , the support piece portion 45 is located in the notches 47 c formed respectively in the elastic arm restriction portions 47 , and each engagement projection 45 a will not interfere with the retaining wall 47 a , so that the elastic arm 44 is allowed to be deformed downward as shown in fig8 b . therefore , the upward force is absorbed , thereby avoiding a situation in which the body roof is recessed . in the case where the tapering portion 47 d is formed at that end portion of the retaining wall 47 a disposed adjacent to the notch 47 c as shown in fig4 a and 4b , the engagement projections 45 a and 45 b , disposed in registry with the notch 47 c , can smoothly move to the slanting portion 47 b as shown in fig9 a . and besides , even if the support piece portion 45 is slightly engaged with the slanting portion 47 b of each elastic arm restriction portion 47 after the mounting operation is completed , each engagement projection 45 a slides over the tapering portion 47 d to move to the notch 47 c when the apex portion 44 d of the elastic arm 44 abuts against the body roof upon application of an upward force to the room lamp 20 , as shown in fig9 b . even when there is applied a large external force tending to displace the module ( fixed to the reinforcing member 60 of the body roof as shown in fig5 and 6 ) toward the room ( downward in the drawings ) relative to the roof reinforcing member 60 , the lower wide engagement projections 45 b ( formed on and projecting from the support piece portion 45 of the elastic arm 44 ), each laterally extending beyond the corresponding notch 47 c , abut respectively against the lower surfaces of the retaining walls 47 a of the elastic arm restriction portions 47 , and therefore the distal end portion 44 c can hardly be displaced upward in the direction ( upward - downward direction in the drawings ) of mounting and dismounting of the room lamp 20 relative to the car body . therefore , the distal end portion 44 c of the elastic arm 44 is prevented from being turned up , and the retaining force is enhanced , so that the fixed condition will not be canceled . the car body panel , interior wall member , lamp unit , wire connection portion , wires , etc ., of the lamp unit mounting structure of the invention are not limited to their respective constructions shown in the above embodiment , and each of these can take any other suitable form on the basis of the subject matter of the invention . for example , in the above embodiment , although the room lamp , serving as the lamp unit , is attached to the roof trim serving as the interior wall member , the invention can be applied also to the cases where a map lamp is attached to a roof trim and where a lamp unit such as a courtesy lamp is attached to a door trim serving as an interior wall member covering a car body panel such as a door panel . the cable ( wires ) to be installed on the interior wall member is not limited to the ffc described in the above embodiment , and a flat circuit member , such as an fpc ( flexible printed circuit board ) and a ribbon cable , and a wire harness can be used . although the present invention has been shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments , various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein . such changes and modifications as are obvious are deemed to come within the spirit , scope and contemplation of the invention as defined in the appended claims .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

in fig2 , reference numeral 30 generally indicates a nozzle arrangement of a first embodiment of an ink jet printhead chip , in accordance with the invention , for an inkjet printhead . the nozzle arrangement 30 is one of a plurality of such nozzle arrangements formed on a silicon wafer substrate 32 to define the printhead chip of the invention . as set out in the background of this specification , a single printhead can contain up to 84 000 such nozzle arrangements . for the purposes of clarity and ease of description , only one nozzle arrangement is described . it is to be appreciated that a person of ordinary skill in the field can readily obtain the printhead chip by simply replicating the nozzle arrangement 30 on the wafer substrate 32 . the printhead chip is the product of an integrated circuit fabrication technique . in particular , each nozzle arrangement 30 is the product of a mems - based fabrication technique . as is known , such a fabrication technique involves the deposition of functional layers and sacrificial layers of integrated circuit materials . the functional layers are etched to define various moving components and the sacrificial layers are etched away to release the components . as is known , such fabrication techniques generally involve the replication of a large number of similar components on a single wafer that is subsequently diced to separate the various components from each other . this reinforces the submission that a person of ordinary skill in the field can readily obtain the printhead chip of this invention by replicating the nozzle arrangement 30 . an electrical drive circuitry layer 34 is positioned on the silicon wafer substrate 32 . the electrical drive circuitry layer 34 includes cmos drive circuitry . the particular configuration of the cmos drive circuitry is not important to this description and has therefore been shown schematically in the drawings . suffice to say that it is connected to a suitable microprocessor and provides electrical current to the nozzle arrangement 30 upon receipt of an enabling signal from said suitable microprocessor . an example of a suitable microprocessor is described in the above referenced patents / patent applications . it follows that this level of detail will not be set out in this specification . an ink passivation layer 36 is positioned on the drive circuitry layer 34 . the ink passivation layer 36 can be of any suitable material , such as silicon nitride . the nozzle arrangement 30 includes a nozzle chamber structure 38 . the nozzle chamber structure 38 defines a nozzle chamber 40 and has a roof 42 that defines an ink ejection port 44 . the nozzle chamber structure 38 includes a pair of opposed sidewalls 46 , a distal end wall 48 and a proximal end wall 50 so that the nozzle chamber 40 is generally rectangular in plan . a plurality of ink inlet channels 52 are defined through the silicon wafer substrate 32 , the drive circuitry layer 34 and the ink passivation layer 36 . one ink inlet channel 52 is in fluid communication with each respective nozzle chamber 40 . further , each ink inlet channel 52 is aligned with each respective ink ejection port 44 . the nozzle arrangement 30 includes an ink - ejecting member in the form of a paddle 54 . the paddle 54 is dimensioned to correspond generally with the nozzle chamber 40 . further , the paddle 54 has a distal end portion 56 that is interposed between an opening 58 of the ink inlet channel 52 and the ink ejection port 44 . the paddle 54 is angularly displaceable within the nozzle chamber 40 so that the distal end portion 56 can move towards and away from the ink ejection port 44 . thus , when the nozzle chamber 40 is filled with ink 60 , such movement of the paddle 54 results in a fluctuation of ink pressure within the nozzle chamber 40 so that an ink drop 62 is ejected from the ink ejection port 44 . the mechanism of ink drop ejection is fully set out in the above referenced applications and patents . it follows that this detail is not set out in this specification . the nozzle arrangement 30 includes an actuator in the form of a thermal bend actuator 64 . this form of actuator is also described in the above referenced applications and patents and is therefore not described in further detail in this specification . briefly , however , the thermal bend actuator 64 includes an actuator arm 66 that has a fixed end 68 that is fixed to an anchor 70 and a working end 72 that is displaceable towards and away from the substrate 32 upon receipt of a drive signal in the form of a current pulse emanating from the drive circuitry layer 34 . the nozzle arrangement 30 includes a sealing structure 78 that is interposed between the working end 72 of the actuator arm 66 and a proximal end portion 76 of the paddle 54 . the actuator arm 66 , the sealing structure 78 and the paddle 54 are the product of a deposition and etching process carried out with a single material . however , the arm 66 , the sealing structure 78 and the paddle 54 are discrete components . this facilitates fabrication of the nozzle arrangement 30 . the material can be any of a number of materials used in integrated circuit fabrication processes . however , it is a requirement that the material have a coefficient of thermal expansion that is such that the material is capable of expansion and contraction when heated and subsequently cooled to an extent sufficient to perform work on a mems scale . further , it is preferable that the material be resiliently flexible . the applicant has found that titanium aluminum nitride ( tialn ) is particularly suited for the task . the nozzle arrangement 30 includes a motion - transmitting structure 74 that interconnects the working end 72 of the actuator arm 66 and the proximal end portion 76 of the paddle 54 . the motion - transmitting structure 74 bridges the sealing structure 78 so that the sealing structure 78 is interposed between at least a portion of the motion - transmitting structure 74 and the sealing structure 78 . the motion - transmitting structure 74 includes an effort formation 80 that extends from the working end 72 of the actuator arm 66 . the motion - transmitting structure 74 also includes a load formation 82 that extends from the proximal end portion 76 of the paddle 54 . a lever arm formation 84 interconnects the effort and load formations 80 , 82 . the lever arm formation 84 is pivotally connected between the sidewalls 46 with connectors in the form of opposed flexural connectors 85 . the flexural connectors 85 are configured to experience torsional distortion upon pivotal movement of the lever arm formation 84 . it will therefore be appreciated that , upon reciprocal movement of the working end 72 of the actuator arm 66 , the lever arm formation 84 pivots . this pivotal movement results in the angular displacement of the paddle 54 , as described above , via the load formation 82 . the motion - transmitting structure 74 and the roof 42 define a slotted opening 86 that accommodates relative movement of the structure 74 and the roof 42 . the slotted opening 86 is interposed between a pair of ridges 88 that extend from the structure 74 and the roof 42 . the ridges 88 are dimensioned so that , when the nozzle chamber 40 is filled with the ink 60 , a fluidic seal 90 is defined between the ridges 88 . similarly , the sealing structure 78 and the proximal end portion 76 of the paddle 54 are configured so that a fluidic seal 92 is defined between the proximal end portion 76 and the sealing structure 78 . in fig3 and 4 , reference numeral 100 generally indicates a nozzle arrangement of an inkjet printhead chip , in accordance with the invention , for an inkjet printhead . with reference to fig2 , like reference numerals refer to like parts , unless otherwise specified . the nozzle arrangement 100 includes nozzle chamber walls 102 positioned on the ink passivation layer 36 . a roof 104 is positioned on the nozzle chamber walls 102 so that the roof 104 and the nozzle chamber walls 102 define a nozzle chamber 106 . the nozzle chamber walls 102 include a distal end wall 108 , a proximal end wall 110 and a pair of opposed sidewalls 112 . an ink ejection port 114 is defined in the roof 104 to be in fluid communication with the nozzle chamber 106 . the roof 104 defines a nozzle rim 116 and a recess 118 positioned about the rim 116 to inhibit ink spread . the walls 102 and the roof 104 are configured so that the nozzle chamber 106 is rectangular in plan . a plurality of ink inlet channels 120 , one of which is shown in the drawings , are defined through the substrate 32 , the drive circuitry layer 34 and the ink passivation layer 36 . the ink inlet channel 120 is in fluid communication with the nozzle chamber 106 so that ink can be supplied to the nozzle chamber 106 . the nozzle arrangement 100 includes a motion - transmitting structure 122 . the motion - transmitting structure 122 includes an effort formation 124 , a lever arm formation 126 and a load formation 128 . the lever arm formation 126 is interposed between the effort formation 124 and the load formation 128 . the nozzle arrangement 100 includes a sealing structure 130 that is fast with the ink passivation layer 36 . in particular , the sealing structure 130 is composite with a primary layer 132 and a secondary layer 134 . the layers 132 , 134 are configured so that the sealing structure 130 is resiliently deformable to permit pivotal movement of the lever arm formation 126 with respect to the substrate 32 . the layers 132 , 134 can be of a number of materials that are used in integrated circuit fabrication . the applicant has found that titanium aluminum nitride ( tialn ) is a suitable material for the layer 132 and that titanium is a suitable material for the layer 134 . the load formation 128 defines part of the proximal end wall 110 . the load formation 128 is composite with a primary layer 136 and a secondary layer 138 . as with the sealing structure 130 , the layers 136 , 138 can be of any of a number of materials that are used in integrated circuit fabrication . however , as set out above , successive deposition and etching steps are used to fabricate the nozzle arrangement 100 . it follows that it is convenient for the layers 136 , 138 to be of the same material as the layers 132 , 134 . thus , the layers 136 , 138 can be of tialn and titanium , respectively . the nozzle arrangement 100 includes an ink - ejecting member in the form of an elongate rectangular paddle 140 . the paddle 140 is fixed to the load formation 128 and extends towards the distal end wall 108 . further , the paddle 140 is dimensioned to correspond generally with the nozzle chamber 106 . it follows that displacement of the paddle 140 towards and away from the ink ejection port 114 with sufficient energy results in the ejection of an ink drop from the ink ejection port . the manner in which drop ejection is achieved is described in detail in the above referenced patents / applications and is therefore not discussed in any detail here . to facilitate fabrication , the paddle 140 is of tialn . in particular , the paddle 140 is an extension of the layer 136 of the load formation 128 of the motion - transmitting structure 122 . the paddle 140 has corrugations 142 to strengthen the paddle 140 against flexure during operation . the effort formation 124 is also composite with a primary layer 144 and a secondary layer 146 . the layers 144 , 146 can be of any of a number of materials that are used in integrated circuit fabrication . however , as set out above , successive deposition and etching steps are used to fabricate the nozzle arrangement 100 . it follows that it is convenient for the layers 144 , 146 to be of the same material as the layers 132 , 134 . thus , the layers 144 , 146 can be of tialn and titanium , respectively . the nozzle arrangement 100 includes an actuator in the form of a thermal bend actuator 148 . the thermal bend actuator 148 is of a conductive material that is capable of being resistively heated . the conductive material has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is such that , when heated and subsequently cooled , the material is capable of expansion and contraction to an extent sufficient to perform work on a mems scale . the thermal bend actuator 148 can be any of a number of thermal bend actuators described in the above patents / patent applications . in one example , the thermal bend actuator 148 includes an actuator arm 150 that has an active portion 152 and a passive portion . the active portion 152 has a pair of inner legs 154 and the passive portion is defined by a leg positioned on each side of the pair of inner legs 154 . a bridge portion 156 interconnects the active inner legs 154 and the passive legs . each leg 154 is fixed to one of a pair of anchor formations in the form of active anchors 158 that extend from the ink passivation layer 36 . each active anchor 158 is configured so that the legs 154 are electrically connected to the drive circuitry layer 34 . each passive leg is fixed to one of a pair of anchor formations in the form of passive anchors 160 that are electrically isolated from the drive circuitry layer 34 . thus , the legs 154 and the bridge portion 156 are configured so that when a current from the drive circuitry layer 34 is set up in the legs 154 , the actuator arm 150 is subjected to differential heating . in particular , the actuator arm 150 is shaped so that the passive legs are interposed between at least a portion of the legs 154 and the substrate 32 . it will be appreciated that this causes the actuator arm 150 to bend towards the substrate 32 . the bridge portion 156 therefore defines a working end of the actuator 148 . in particular , the bridge portion 156 defines the primary layer 144 of the effort formation 124 . thus , the actuator 148 is of tialn . the applicant has found this material to be well suited for the actuator 148 . the lever arm formation 126 is positioned on , and fast with , the secondary layers 134 , 138 , 146 of the sealing structure 130 , the load formation 128 and the effort formation 124 , respectively . thus , reciprocal movement of the actuator 148 towards and away from the substrate 32 is converted into reciprocal angular displacement of the paddle 140 via the motion - transmitting structure 122 to eject ink drops from the ink ejection port 114 . each active anchor 158 and passive anchor is also composite with a primary layer 160 and a secondary layer 162 . the layers 160 , 162 can be of any of a number of materials that are used in integrated circuit fabrication . however , in order to facilitate fabrication , the layer 160 is of tialn and the layer 162 is of titanium . a cover formation 164 is positioned on the anchors to extend over and to cover the actuator 148 . air chamber walls 166 extend between the ink passivation layer 36 and the cover formation 164 so that the cover formation 164 and the air chamber walls 166 define an air chamber 168 . thus , the actuator 148 and the anchors are positioned in the air chamber 168 . the cover formation 164 , the lever arm formation 126 and the roof 104 are in the form of a unitary protective structure 170 to inhibit damage to the nozzle arrangement 100 . the protective structure 170 can be one of a number of materials that are used in integrated circuit fabrication . the applicant has found that silicon dioxide is particularly useful for this task . it will be appreciated that it is necessary for the lever arm formation 126 to be displaced relative to the cover formation 164 and the roof 104 . it follows that the cover formation 164 and the lever arm formation 126 are demarcated by a slotted opening 172 in fluid communication with the air chamber 168 . the roof 104 and the lever arm formation 126 are demarcated by a slotted opening 174 in fluid communication with the nozzle chamber 106 . the lever arm formation 126 and the roof 104 together define ridges 176 that bound the slotted opening 172 . thus , when the nozzle chamber 106 is filled with ink , the ridges 176 define a fluidic seal during ink ejection . the ridges 176 serve to inhibit ink spreading by providing suitable adhesion surfaces for a meniscus formed by the ink . the slotted openings 172 , 174 demarcate resiliently flexible connectors in the form of a pair of opposed flexural connectors 178 defined by the protective structure 170 . the flexural connectors 178 are configured to experience torsional deformation in order to accommodate pivotal movement of the lever arm formation 126 during operation of the nozzle arrangement 100 . the silicon dioxide of the protective structure 170 is resiliently flexible on a mems scale and is thus suitable for such repetitive distortion . it should be noted that the paddle 140 , the sealing structure 130 and the actuator arm 150 are discrete components . this facilitates fabrication of the nozzle arrangement 100 while still retaining the advantages of efficient motion transfer and sealing .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

the invention accordingly relates to new formulations for “ hemp ” concretes and mortars , that is , ones including at least one “ component ” ( in the broad sense indicated in the foregoing ) of hemp and / or flax and / or straw such as rinds of oats or rice and / or generally speaking any comparable hydrophilic substance , including optionally a synthetic substance , individually or in a mixture or mixtures , for the sake of simplification referred to in what follows , including the claims , as “ hemp ” concretes or mortars . hence the invention relates to new formulations for “ hemp ” concretes and mortars , that is , ones including at least one component of hemp as specified in the foregoing and technically equivalent components which comprise the conventional ingredients of mortars and concretes except in the respect that the binder is made up , in whole or in part , of rich lime optionally in various combinations of types and forms of lime as indicated in the foregoing , and in that they also comprise ( a ) at least one additive for formation of very fine pores and capillaries the term “ matrix water repellency ” is to be understood here to mean that the mass which encloses the fibers , particles , etc of hemp is subjected to the water repellent action of the additive . it is to be noted that the hemp itself is subject to this action , but without exerting an effect , since the hemp absorbs the water and is not made water - repellent because it contains water ; on the contrary , after elimination of the water , the water repellency exerts its effect and the hemp no longer absorbs water , for example , it absorbs neither moisture nor rain water , etc . this is one of the major advantages of the invention . the term “ formation of very fine pores and capillaries ” is used here to designate formation of a highly complex array whose structure may vary from one formulation to the other but which comprises open and / or closed tubular capillaries , as well as closed microbubbles or microspaces and / or closed microcavities , closed tubes among others , arranged , proportioned , and distributed so that the final concrete or mortar exhibits uniform or more or less uniform characteristics and has no setting or drying defects or uncertain properties , that is , properties of arrangement , proportioning , and distribution such that the matrix water may be evacuated toward the surface during setting and then drying , while after drying external water ( rain ) cannot penetrate the network of capillaries . for the sake of simplification of reading this complex array will be designated in what follows , including the claims , as a “ microcapillary system ”. the expert , who is thoroughly familiar with the problems of setting and drying of hydraulic concretes and mortars and with the characteristics which he must produce in order to formulate a “ good ” concrete or mortar , and who also is familiar with the difficulties and disadvantages of hemp mortars and concretes , will encounter no difficulty in controlling the microcapillary system claimed for the invention , especially on the basis of the percentage of rich lime , in the light of the following description and examples , and in relying on his personal general knowledge , and if necessary on a few routine tests , for the purpose of adaptation to the specific application considered . in one preferred embodiment the additive for formation of the microcapillary system comprises one or more plant and / or mineral colloid . in another preferred embodiment the additive for formation of the microcapillary system is suitable for arriving at a capillarity of the order of 5 to 15 ångströms , preferably 8 to 10 ångströms . in comparison , hemp or flax exhibits a capillarity which is 3 to 5 times greater , while a hydraulic binder yields a capillarity of the order of as much as 10 to 20 times greater . in another preferred embodiment this additive for formation of the microcapillary system is suitable for provision of the microcapillary system in question with closed tubes and / or masses and / or spaces and / or microbubbles and / or microcavities , closed tubes in particular . while not wishing to be bound to any theory , the applicant believes that such closed spaces , closed tubes in particular , are capable ( optionally when combined with open microcapillaries ) of extracting the water contained in the hemp and enabling it to migrate toward the surface in the form of water as liquid and then water vapor , which ultimately is propagated to the exterior . in another , non - restrictive , preferred embodiment the colloids selected are among the plant colloids such as alginates and / or polysaccharides and all derivatives of natural or synthetic starches and / or carragheenates . mention may be made in particular of guar hydroxypropyl ( polysaccharide family ), which has yielded the best results . good results have also been obtained with the carragheenates ( which are products similar to alginates ) and with calcium alginate . on the contrary , the alginates of sodium and magnesium have a tendency to precipitate and are not recommended . other microcapillary system formation additives are to be selected from among the following : in one preferred embodiment such water repellency additive comprises at least one water - repellent agent and one surfactant agent . while not wishing to be bound to any theory , the applicant believes that the surfactant contributes a “ netting ” or “ mesh ” structure which contributes greatly to uniformity of the final product and its properties . in one alternative embodiment use is to be made of a surfactant for a neutral or basic medium and / or a surfactant for an acid medium , and / or appropriate mixtures of these substances , as a function of the anticipated evolution of the ph ( which any expert is familiar with and can evaluate ). in one preferred , non - restrictive , embodiment the surfactant or surfactants selected are among the polysulfonates of calcium , sodium , or magnesium and in particular among the lignosulfonates . in another preferred , non - restrictive , embodiment another surfactant or other surfactants to be selected is / are among the following : in one preferred embodiment the water - repellent agents selected preferably are among the metallic soaps , the maleates , oleates , stearates , and the like of aluminum , magnesium , sodium , lithium , and similar salts , and / or siliconates of sodium and mixtures of such siliconates . in one preferred , non - restrictive , embodiment the water - repellent agent ( s ) selected is / are among the following : in one preferred , non - restrictive , embodiment the additives and agents employed in accordance with the invention are to be employed in the following proportions . a new industrial product is thereby obtained which is characterized in that it consists of mortars and concretes with a hemp binder component comprising rich lime , comprising ( a ) at least one additive for formation of very fine pores and capillaries the setting , mechanical properties , and drying of which are not marked by uncertain behavior . the invention also relates to a new industrial product of the mortar and concrete type with a hemp binder component of rich lime , characterized in that it includes in its mass a microcapillary system which itself comprises tubes and / or masses and / or spaces and / or microcavities , in particular closed tubes capable , especially closed tubes ( optionally combined with open microcapillaries ), of extracting water previously absorbed and contained in the hemp and of enabling it to migrate toward the surface in the form progressively of water and then of water vapor which ultimately spreads outward to the point of drying . this product is also characterized in that its water - repellent matrix renders the dry fibers of the hemp component water repellent , thereby preventing reabsorption of the water by the hemp component . in another alternative this product is characterized in that its global or “ residual ” thermal conductivity coefficient lambda is of the order of 0 . 8 to 0 . 12 , preferably around 0 . 1 . it is to be noted by way of comparison that the thermal conductivity coefficient of a hydraulic concrete or mortar is of the order of 0 . 6 to 1 . 15 , that is , around five to eleven times higher . such products would be products used in the btp ( construction and public works ), ones such as perpends , cutting blocks and blocks of various shapes , bricks , and the like well known to the expert , for the sake of simplification hereinafter referred to as “ perpends ” as well as slabs , wall linings , floors , ceilings , etc , and the like well known to the expert . other characteristics and advantages of the invention will be better understood by reading the following description in conjunction with the attached drawing , in which fig1 , which consists of fig1 a ( left ) and 1 b ( right ) represents a photograph of two samples ( 20 × 30 × 60 cm ) of hemp concrete ; in the figure on the left ( 1 a ): concrete not based on the invention ( comparative test ), made with a mixture of plaster and rich lime ( white area : excessively long drying time and development of mold fungus ) in the figure on the right ( 1 b ): concrete made with a mixture as specified for the invention fig2 presents a scanning electron microscope photograph of a lime mortar on a hemp granulate (× 1 , 000 ). the relationship between hemp ( a ) and hemp ( b ) is clearly shown . the grains of lime are lodged as far as in the interior of the fiber channels of the plant . fig3 presents a scanning electron microscope photograph showing bubbles and microbubbles of air and openings of tubular channels in the lime paste (× 111 ). the porosity of the lime paste is represented by air bubbles and tubular channels which have formed after evaporation of the mixing water . fig4 presents a scanning electron microscope photograph showing a network of air bubbles and tubular channels (× 17 ). the photograph shows with great clarity the complete envelopment achieved in accordance with the invention , an amalgam of tubes , closed tubes ( some of which are visible because they are cut off outside the cut ), spaces or masses , capillaries , and the hemp cuttings . fig5 presents a comparable hemp structure without the lime component . microscopic examination of fig2 to 5 reveals the presence , as claimed for the invention , of a significant capillary network made up of air bubbles and tubular channels . the invention relates to formulations of “ hemp ” concretes and mortars with a binder including lime , as well as to new industrial products consisting of such mortars and concretes , and also to use as additives for “ hemp ” mortars and concretes of the additive for formation of the microcapillary system and / or the water repellency additive , as well as products made by means of such mortars and concretes or formulation or by means of the additive for formation of the microcapillary system and / or the water repellency additive , such as bricks , blocks , perpends , various “ hemp ” elements , and also products for building and public works or individual structures erected by means of such mortars or concretes , additives or products , such as walls , slabs , covers , linings and coatings of floors , ceilings , walls , partitions , and similar structures . the invention also covers all embodiments and all applications which will be immediately comprehensible to the expert upon reading this application , on the basis of his own knowledge and optionally simple routine tests .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

the static decoder circuit of the present invention shown in fig3 is illustrated below . referring to fig3 symbol t 1 represents a load misfet , and symbols t 2 to t 7 represent driver misfet &# 39 ; s of the n - channel type constituting a nor logic gate circuit . symbol t 9 denotes a load misfet of the n - channel type , and t 10 a driver misfet of the n - channel type ; these two misfet &# 39 ; s constitute a single inverter circuit . symbol t 12 denotes a misfet of the n - channel type to whose gate electrode will be fed output signals , i . e ., address decode signals of the nor logic gate circuit , t 13 an n - channel misfet to whose gate electrode will be fed output signals of the inverter circuit , and t 8 and t 11 designate switching misfet &# 39 ; s each consisting of an n - channel misfet , of which the gate electrodes are connected to a control signal terminal φ such that control signals ( clock pulse signals ) are fed thereto . the control signals will acquire the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level ( 5 volts ) and the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level ( zero volt ) alternatingly and periodically . during the operating periods , the control signal acquires the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level and turns on the power switches t 8 and t 11 . during the stand - by periods , on the other hand , the control signal acquires the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level to turn off the power switches t 8 and t 11 . symbol vcc represents a voltage source terminal to which is supplied a voltage source potential of 5 volts . further , symbols a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 and a 5 denote address input terminals to which are supplied address input signals at the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level and &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level . symbol xn represents an output terminal of the static decoder circuit . ( 1 ) stand - by period when the address decoder circuit is selected , i . e ., when the address decode signal at the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level is produced at the output terminal xn : the address signals fed to the address input terminals a 0 to a 5 are all at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level . therefore , misfet &# 39 ; s t 2 to t 7 of the nor logic gate circuit are all turned off . on the other hand , the control signal fed to the control signal terminal φ is at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level , whereby the switching misfet &# 39 ; s t 8 and t 11 are turned off . hence , the output point a in the nor logic gate circuit acquires the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level through the load misfet t 1 . although the misfet 10 is turned on , the switching misfet t 8 remains in an off state , whereby an output point b in the inverter circuit acquires the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level through the load misfet t 9 . consequently , the misfet t 13 is turned on . since the switching misfet t 11 is turned off as mentioned above , a signal at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level is drawn to the output terminal xn . even if the driver misfet t 10 of the inverter circuit is turned on , the switching misfet t 8 remains turned off , and further even if misfet &# 39 ; s t 12 and t 13 are turned on , the switching misfet t 11 remains in an off state , such that no current pass is created between the power supply and ground . the control signal acquires the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level , and the switching misfet &# 39 ; s t 8 and t 11 are turned on . therefore , the output point b of the inverter circuit acqures the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level , turning off the misfet t 13 . as a result , a signal at the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level is drawn to the output terminal xn through the switching misfet t 11 and misfet t 12 . ( 3 ) stand - by period when the address decoder circuit is not selected , i . e ., when an address decode signal at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level is drawn to the output terminal xn : an address signal at the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level is fed to at least one address input terminal among the address input terminals a 0 to a 5 . for instance , an address signal at the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level is fed to the address input terminal a 3 , and address signals at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level are fed to other address input terminals a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 4 and a 5 . therefore , the misfet t 5 is turned on , and misfet &# 39 ; s t 2 , t 3 , t 6 and t 7 are turned off . on the other hand , since a control signal fed to the control signal terminal φ is at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level , the switching misfet &# 39 ; s t 8 and t 11 are turned off . accordingly , the output point a of the nor logic gate circuit acquires the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level through the load misfet t 1 . as a result , the misfet t 10 is turned off because the source potential is at the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level . misfet &# 39 ; s t 12 and t 13 are turned on . therefore , a signal at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level is drawn to the output terminal xn . it will therefore be understood that even when at least one misfet t 5 is turned on among the misfet &# 39 ; s of the nor logic circuit , the switching misfet t 8 remains off , whereby no current pass is developed between the power supply and ground . it will further be understood that no current pass develops in the inverter stage ( t 9 , t 10 ) and the output stage ( t 11 , t 12 ) because of the same reasons as mentioned in item ( 1 ) above . ( 4 ) operating period when the address decoder circuit is not selected : the control signal acquires the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level , turning the switching misfet &# 39 ; s t 8 and t 11 on . therefore , since the misfet t 5 is in a conductive state , a current pass is created for the first time . the output level at the output point a of the nor logic gate circuit is determined by the ratio of the resistance of the load misfet t 1 to the resultant resistance of misfet &# 39 ; s t 5 and t 8 . according to this embodiment , the resistance ratio is so selected that solely misfet &# 39 ; s t 10 and t 12 are rendered on , i . e ., the output level is smaller than a threshold voltage level vth of the misfet &# 39 ; s t 10 and t 12 . consequently , the output at the output point a is at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level . therefore , the misfet &# 39 ; s t 10 and t 12 are turned off . further , the output point b acquires the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level through the load misfet t 9 , causing the misfet t 13 to be turned on . as a result , the output at the output terminal xn acquires the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level . as will be obvious from the foregoing description , the switching misfet &# 39 ; s t 8 and t 11 in the static decoder circuit of the present invention are turned off during the stand - by periods , thereby to completely interrupt the following current passes : further , the outputs at the output points a and b acquire the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level irrespective of the address input signals fed to the address input terminals a 0 to a 5 rendering the misfet t 13 conductive , so that the output terminal xn is always at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level . it is therefore possible to interrupt the current pass through the load misfet &# 39 ; s in the memory array . this will be discussed later in further detail after the memory cell including a portion of the peripheral circuit shown in fig4 used in combination with the decoder circuit of fig3 is illustrated below . referring to fig4 the memory cell ms is composed of resistors r 1 and r 2 , and misfet &# 39 ; s t 1 , t 2 , t 3 and t 4 of the n - channel type . here , polysilicon resistors may be used as resistors r 1 and r 2 . further , misfet &# 39 ; s may be used instead of such resistors . symbols t 5 and t 6 denote load misfet &# 39 ; s , the output terminal xn is an output terminal of the decoder circuit shown in fig3 and dl and dl designate digit wires . in the memory cell ms , either one of the misfet t 3 or t 4 is necessarily turned on and another one is turned off . according to the decoder circuit of the present invention , the output signal at the output terminal xn is always at the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level during the stand - by periods , as mentioned earlier . hence , no current pass as indicated by arrow i 1 or i 2 is established in the memory cell . fig5 shows a 4096 - word by 1 bit static memory array made up of the static memory cells ms shown in fig4 . symbols x 0 , x 1 ,- x 63 denote output terminals of a plurality of x - decoder circuits each being made up of the decoder circuit of fig3 and symbols y 0 , y 1 ,- y 63 denote output terminals of a plurality of y - decoder circuits . symbols t 00 , t 01 ,- t 631 represent load misfet &# 39 ; s which are the same as the load misfet &# 39 ; s t 5 and t 6 of fig4 and which are inserted between the digit wires dl0 , dl0 ,- dl63 , dl63 and the power source terminal . ms0000 to ms6363 are each composed of the memory cell ms shown in fig4 . symbols t &# 39 ; 00 , t &# 39 ; 01 ,- t &# 39 ; 631 represent transfer misfet &# 39 ; s connected to their respective digit wires , which receive the outputs of the y - decoder circuits through their gates . in the y - decoder circuits in which no current pass is established in the memory cells , there is no need to employ a decoder circuit shown in fig3 of the present invention . accordingly , the decoder circuit shown in fig1 is used . with the above memory cell array , when the output terminal x 0 selected from the output terminals x 0 to x 63 produces an output signal at the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level during the standby period , a current pass develops between the power supply and ground through 64 units of load misfet &# 39 ; s . however , using the decoder circuit of the present invention , the output signal from the output terminal x 0 acquires the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; level during the stand - by periods , whereby no current pass develops between the power supply and ground through load misfet &# 39 ; s t 00 to t 631 . it will therefore be obvious that the consumption of electric power is remarkably reduced . fig6 shows a layout of the 4096 - word by 1 bit static memory circuit composed of the static memory cell array shown in fig5 and the y - decoder circuits . as mentioned above , according to the present invention , it is possible to completely interrupt the current pass in the decoder circuits and in the static memory cells during the stand - by periods , enabling the consumption of electric power to be reduced . further , comparing the decoder circuit of the present invention shown in fig3 with the conventional decoder circuit shown in fig2 both of which have the same number of elements , it will be understood that the switching misfet t 3 of the present invention can be commonly used when the 4096 - word by 1 bit static memory circuit is constructed . the misfet t 12 for compensating the level of the conventional decoder circuit , however , is not commonly usable because an address decode signal is fed to the gate . consequently , when the decoder circuit of the present invention is applied to the static memory circuit , the number of elements can be greatly reduced as compared with when the conventional decoder circuit shown in fig2 is applied to the static memory circuit . although an embodiment of the present invention was described in the foregoing in conjunction with the drawings , it should be noted that the below - mentioned modifications are also allowable . ( 1 ) when the x - decoder circuits of the 4096 - word by 1 bit static memory array are constructed using the static decoder circuits shown in fig3 the switching transistors t 8 and t 11 shown in fig3 need not be connected to their respective decoder circuits . that is , the switching misfet &# 39 ; s t 8 and t 11 may be used as common switching misfet &# 39 ; s of the x - decoder circuits . here , however , it is desirable to connect the switching misfet t 8 to each of the decoder circuits . this is because , in the x - decoder circuits during operation , 63 units of the decoder circuits are not selected . on the other hand , as mentioned earlier , the level of the output signal of the nor logic gate circuit in the decoder circuit when it is not selected , is determined by the ratio of the resistance of the load misfet t 1 to the resultant resistance of the misfet in the nor logic gate circuit and the switching transistor t 8 . therefore , when the switching misfet t 8 is to be commonly used for a plurality of x - decoder circuits , the resistance of the switching misfet t 8 must be decreased to as great an extent as possible . for this purpose , it is necessary to increase the area of the switching misfet t 8 . this , however , is not desirable because the switching misfet t 8 occupies increased area when it is incorporated in a semiconductor chip . a difficulty in laying out the wiring also arises . the switching misfet t 11 , on the other hand , produces an &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; level signal at the output terminal of a selected decoder circuit only , and is turned on . the switching misfet t 11 can therefore be used as a common switching fet for the decoder circuits . ( 2 ) referring to the static decoder circuit shown in fig3 the switching misfet t 8 commonly utilizes the nor logic gate circuit and the inverter circuit to reduce the number of misfet &# 39 ; s to as great an extent as possible . if necessary , however , another switching misfet may be provided between a terminal of the misfet t 10 and ground . ( 3 ) referring to fig3 further , it is possible to use resistor loads instead of the load misfet &# 39 ; s t 1 and t 9 . while the present invention has been shown in connection with certain specific examples , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and arrangement of parts may be made to suit the specific requirements without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention .

6Physics

the compounds of the formula i may be prepared as described in the following reaction schemes and discussion . unless otherwise indicated , r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , r 4 , r 5 , r 6 , r 7 , r 8 and r 9 and structural formula i in the reaction schemes and discussion that follow are defined as above . the starting materials used in the procedures of schemes 1 - 5 are either commercially available , known in the art or readily obtainable from known compounds using methods that will be apparent to those skilled in the art . referring to scheme 1 , compound ii is prepared by reaction of 1 , 4 - dibromobenzene with an organolithium reagent , preferably butyl lithium , at a temperature from − 100 ° c . to about 0 ° c ., followed by addition to 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- pyridine at a temperature from about about 0 ° c . to about 50 ° c . in an ethereal solvent , preferably diethyl ether , for about 1 to 24 hours . compound iii is prepared by reacting ii with a boronic acid derivative of the formula p - ohc ( ch 2 ) m - 2 ( c 6 h 3 r 1 r 2 ) b ( oh ) 2 in a solvent consisting of an alcohol , preferably ethanol , optionally mixed with water and a halogenated hydrocarbon , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 150 ° c ., for about 1 to 24 hours , using a palladium - based catalyst , either palladium - zero or palladium - two oxidation state , typically with phosphine ligands , preferably tetrakis - triphenylphosphine palladium . compound iv is prepared by reacting iii with tosylmethylisocyanide in the presence of potassium t - butoxide and ethanol , in an ethereal solvent such as 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane , at a temperature from about − 100 ° c . to about 100 ° c ., for about 1 to 24 hours . compound v is prepared from iv by basic hydrolysis of the nitrile using an alkali metal hydroxide in an aqueous alcohol - based solvent , such as aqueous ethanol , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 125 ° c ., for about 30 minutes to 48 hours . compound vi is prepared from v by dehydrative coupling with ammonia , a primary or secondary amine of the formula r 3 r 4 nh effected by a dehydrating agent such as a carbodiimide , for example , n - ethyl - n -( dimethylaminopropy )- carbodiimide , in a solvent that is a halogenated hydrocarbon or a n , n - dialkylamide , such as dimethylformamide , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 100 ° c ., for about 1 to 48 hours . compound vii is prepared from vi by deblocking using hydroxylamine hydrochloride in an aqueous or alcoholic solvent , preferably aqueous ethanol , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 100 ° c ., for about 1 to 48 hours , and may include deblocking a protecting group such a the t - butoxycarbonyl group by reaction with trifluoroacetic acid or a related polyhalogenated acetic acid or a gaseous hydrogen halide such as hcl , in a halogenated hydrocarbon , ethereal solvent or ethyl acetate , at a temperature from about − 70 ° c . to about 100 ° c ., for about 10 minutes to 24 hours . the final compound in scheme 1 , ib , wherein g = b , is prepared by reduction of vii with borane , a trialkyl borane , alane , or lithium aluminum hydride in an ethereal solvent , such as ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran , at a temperature from about − 100 ° c . to about 100 ° c ., for about 30 minutes to 24 hours , and optionally using cesium fluoride and an alkali metal or alkaline earth carbonate in an aqueous alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for 1 to 72 hours . referring to scheme 2 , compound viii is prepared from ii by reaction with 3 - pyridyl boronic acid and a palladium catalyst , in either the palladium - zero or palladium - two oxidation state , with ligands typically comprised of trialkyl or triaryl phosphines , such as tetrakis - triphenylphosphine palladium , in an aqueous alcoholic solvent at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for about 1 to 48 hours . compound ix is prepared from viii by alkylation with an alkyl or aralkyl halide or sulfonate , in an ethereal , alcoholic , aqueous alcoholic , or dialkylamine - based solvent , such as dimethylformamide , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for about 30 minutes to 72 hours , followed by reduction with a borohydride - or aluminum hydride - based reagent , such as sodium borohydride , in an ethereal , alcoholic , or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , typically methanol , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for about 1 to 72 hours . the final compound in scheme 2 , compound ia - a , where g = a , n = 1 , and q = 0 , is prepared from ix by deblocking with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in an alcoholic or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , typically aqueous ethanol , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for about 1 to 72 hours . in the process of scheme 2 , the preferred value of y in formulas ix and ia - a is benzyl . compounds of the formula ia - a wherein y is benzyl can be converted into the corresponding compounds wherein y is other than benzyl by debenzylation using hydrogen or ammonium formate in the presence of a noble metal catalyst , such as palladium , in an ethereal , halogenated hydrocarbon , alcoholic , or aqueous alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from 0 ° c . to 100 ° c . for a time from 30 minutes to 24 hours , followed by reductive amination with with an alkyl or aralkyl aldehyde in the presence of a borohydride - based reagent such as sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride , in an ethereal , halogenated hydrocarbon , alcoholic , or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from 0 ° c . to 100 ° c . for a time from 1 to 72 hours . referring to scheme 3 , compound x is prepared by reductive amination of 2 -( 4 - bromophenylmethyl )- piperidine with benzaldehyde and a borohydride - based reagent such as sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride , in an ethereal , halogenated hydrocarbon , alcoholic , or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 100 ° c . for about 1 to 72 hours . compound xi is prepared from compound x by reaction of compound x with an organolithium reagent , typically butyl lithium , followed by addition of the resulting organolithium reagent to 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- pyridine , in an ethereal solvent such as ethyl ether , at a temperature from about − 70 ° c . to about 100 ° c . for about 30 minutes to 48 hours . the final compound in scheme 3 , ia - b , wherein g = a , n = 1 , q = 1 and y is benzyl , is prepared from compound xi by deblocking with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in an alcoholic or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , typically aqueous ethanol , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for about 1 to 72 hours . compounds of the formula ia - b can be converted into the corresponding compounds wherein y is other than benzyl using the procedure described above for converting compounds of the formula ia - a into the analogous compounds wherein y is other than benzyl . referring to scheme 4 , compound xii is prepared from 6 - bromo - 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- pyridine and 4 - formylphenylboronic acid in the presence of a palladium catalyst , in either the palladium - zero or palladium - two oxidation state , with ligands typically comprised of trialkyl or triaryl phosphines , such as tetrakis - triphenylphosphine palladium , in an aqueous alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for about 1 to 48 hours . compound xiii is then prepared from xii by reaction of xii with the enamine of a ketone or aldehyde , typically the morpholine or pyrrolidine enamine , in a aromatic hydrocarbon , hydrocarbon , or halogenated hydrocarbon solvent , preferably toluene , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 150 ° c . for about 1 to 72 hours , followed by an aqueous hydrolysis step , typically with aqueous hydrochloric acid , and then reduction with hydrogen or ammonium formate in the presence of a noble metal catalyst , such as palladium , in an ethereal , halogenated hydrocarbon , alcoholic , or aqueous alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 100 ° c . for about 30 minutes to 24 hours . the final compound in scheme 4 , ia , where g = a , q = 1 , x ═ ch , and y ═ nr 3 r 4 , is prepared by reductive amination of compound xiii with ammonia , a primary amine , or a secondary amine in the presence of a borohydride - based reagent such as sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride , in an ethereal , halogenated hydrocarbon , alcoholic , or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 100 ° c . for about 1 to 72 hours , followed by deblocking with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in an alcoholic or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , typically aqueous ethanol , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for about 1 to 72 hours . referring to scheme 5 , compound xiv is prepared from 3 -( 4 - bromophenyl )- glutaric acid by dehydration with acetic anhydride or a similar dehydrating reagent , followed by reaction with benzylamine in a hydrocarbon , aromatic hydrocarbon , or halogenated hydrocarbon solvent , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 180 ° c . for about 1 to 48 hours , followed by dehydration with acetic anhydride , or a similar dehydrating reagent , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about reflux for about 1 to 48 hours . compound xv is prepared by reduction of xiv with borane , borane methyl sulfide , alane , or lithium aluminum hydride in an ethereal or hydrocarbon solvent , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 100 ° c . for about 30 minutes to 48 hours . compound xvi is prepared from compound xv by reaction of compound xv with an organolithium reagent , typically but lithium , followed by addition of the resulting organolithium reagent to 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- pyridine , in an ethereal solvent , such as ethyl ether , at a temperature from about − 70 ° c . to about 100 ° c . for about 30 minutes to 48 hours . the final compound in scheme 5 , ia - d , where g = a , y ═ h , q = 0 , and x ═ n , is prepared by debenzylation of compound xvi using hydrogen or ammonium formate in the presence of a noble metal catalyst , such as palladium , in an ethereal , halogenated hydrocarbon , alcoholic , or aqueous alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from 0 ° c . to 100 ° c . for a time from 30 minutes to 24 hours , followed by deblocking with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in an alcoholic or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , typically aqueous ethanol , at a temperature from about 25 ° c . to about 125 ° c . for about 1 to 72 hours . compounds of the formula ia - d , which are prepared using the procedures of scheme 5 , can be converted into the analogous compounds wherein y is alkyl or aralkyl , by reductive amination with an alkyl or aralkyl aldehyde in the presence of a borohydride - based reagent such as sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride , in an ethereal , halogenated hydrocarbon , alcoholic , or aqueous - alcoholic solvent , at a temperature from 0 ° c . to 100 ° c . for a time from 1 to 72 hours . the preparation of other compounds of the formula i not specifically described in the foregoing experimental section can be accomplished using combinations of the reactions described above that will be apparent to those skilled in the art . in each of the reactions discussed or illustrated above , pressure is not critical unless otherwise indicated . pressures from about 0 . 5 atmospheres to about 5 atmospheres are generally acceptable , and ambient pressure , i . e ., about 1 atmosphere , is preferred as a matter of convenience . the compounds of formulae i (“ the active compounds of this invention ”) which are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of different salts with various inorganic and organic acids . although such salts must be pharmaceutically acceptable for administration to animals , it is often desirable in practice to initially isolate a compound of the formula i from the reaction mixture as a pharmaceutically unacceptable salt and then simply convert the latter back to the free base compound by treatment with an alkaline reagent and subsequently convert the latter free base to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt . the acid addition salts of the active base compounds of this invention are readily prepared by treating the base compound with a substantially equivalent amount of the chosen mineral or organic acid in an aqueous solvent medium or in a suitable organic solvent , such as methanol or ethanol . upon careful evaporation of the solvent , the desired solid salt is readily obtained . the active compounds of this invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful as nos inhibitors i . e ., they possess the ability to inhibit the nos enzyme in mammals , and therefore they are able to function as therapeutic agents in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders and diseases in an afflicted mammal . the active compounds of this invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be administered via either the oral , parenteral or topical routes . in general , these compounds are most desirably administered in dosages ranging from about 0 . 01 to about 250 mg per day , in single or divided doses ( i , from 1 to 4 doses per day ), although variations will necessarily occur depending upon the species , weight and condition of the subject being treated and the particular route of administration chosen . however , a dosage level that is in the range of about 0 . 07 mg to about 21 mg per kg of body weight per day is most desirably employed . variations may nevertheless occur depending upon the species of animal being treated and its individual response to said medicament , as well as on the type of pharmaceutical formulation chosen and the time period and interval at which such administration is carried out . in some instances , dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate , while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effect , provided that such larger doses are first divided into several small doses for administration throughout the day . the active compounds of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents by either of the three routes previously indicated , and such administration may be carried out in single or multiple doses . more particularly , the novel therapeutic agents of this invention can be administered in a wide variety of different dosage forms , i . e ., they may be combined with various pharmaceutically acceptable inert carriers in the form of tablets , capsules , lozenges , troches , hard candies , powders , sprays , creams , salves , suppositories , jellies , gels , pastes , lotions , ointments , aqueous suspensions , injectable solutions , elixirs , syrups , and the like . such carriers include solid diluents or fillers , sterile aqueous media and various non - toxic organic solvents , etc . moreover , oral pharmaceutical compositions can be suitably sweetened and / or flavored . in general , the therapeutically - effective compounds of this invention are present in such dosage forms at concentration levels ranging from about 5 . 0 % to about 70 % by weight . for oral administration , tablets containing various excipients such as microcrystallirie cellulose , sodium citrate , calcium carbonate , dicalcium phosphate and glycine may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch ( and preferably corn , potato or tapioca starch ), alginic acid and certain complex silicates , together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone , sucrose , gelatin and acacia . additionally , lubricating agents such as , magnesium stearate , sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often very useful for tabletting purposes . solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatin capsules ; preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols . when aqueous suspensions and / or elixirs are desired for oral administration , the active ingredient may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents , coloring matter or dyes , and , if so desired , emulsifying and / or suspending agents as well , together with such diluents as water , ethanol , propylene glycol , glycerin and various like combinations thereof . for parenteral administration , solutions of an active compound of the present invention in either sesame or peanut oil or in aqueous propylene glycol may be employed . the aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered ( preferably ph greater than 8 ) if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic . these aqueous solutions are suitable for intravenous injection purposes . the oily solutions are suitable for intraarticular , intramuscular and subcutaneous injection purposes . the preparation of all these solutions under sterile conditions is readily accomplished by standard pharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art . additionally , it is also possible to administer the active compounds of the present invention topically when treating inflammatory conditions of the skin and this may be done by way of creams , jellies , gels , pastes , patches , ointments and the like , in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice . the ability of compounds of the formulae i to inhibit nos may be determined using procedures described in the literature . the ability of compounds of the formulae i to inhibit endothelial nos may be determined by using the procedures described by schmidt et al ., in proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a ., 88 , pp . 365 - 369 ( 1991 ) and by pollock et al ., in proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a ., 88 , pp . 10480 - 10484 ( 1991 ). the ability of compounds of the formulae i to inhibit inducible nos may be determined using the procedures described by schmidt et al ., in proc . natl . acad , sci . u . s . a ., 88 pp . 365 - 369 ( 1991 ) and by garvey et al . in j . biol . chem ., 269 , pp 26669 - 26676 ( 1994 ). the ability of the compounds of the formulae i to inhibit neuronal nos may be determined using the procedure described by bredt and snyder in proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a ., 87 , 682 - 685 ( 1990 ). of 100 compounds of the formula i that were tested , all exhibited an ic 50 & lt ; 10 μm for inhibition of either inducible or neuronal nos . the present invention is illustrated by the following examples . it will be understood , however , that the invention is not limited to the specific details of these examples . melting points are uncorrected . proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ( 1 h nmr ) and c 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were measured for solutions in deuterochloroform ( cdcl 3 ) or in cd 3 od or cd 3 socd 3 and peak positions are expressed in parts per million ( ppm ) downfield from tetramethylsilane ( tms ). the peak shapes are denoted as follows : s , singlet ; d , doublet ; t , triplet ; q , quartet , m , multiplet , b , broad . to a 100 ml 3 - necked round - bottomed flask equipped with septum and nitrogen ( n 2 ) inlet were added 3 . 54 gram ( g ) ( 15 mmol ) 1 , 4 - dibromobenzene and 15 ml dry ether . the solution was cooled to − 70 ° c ., and 6 . 25 ml ( 10 mmol ) of a 1 . 6 m solution of butyl lithium in tetrahydrofuran added dropwise over 5 minutes . the reaction was stirred 5 minutes at − 70 ° c ., then warmed to room temperature over 15 minutes . to the resulting solution was added a solution of 1 . 72 g ( 10 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- pyridine in 5 ml ether , producing a deep red color , and the reaction stirred 3 hours at room temperature . it was then quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride solution , taken up in ethyl acetate , and washed with aqueous ammonium chloride and brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using hexane / ethyl acetate as eluant to afford 820 mg ( 25 %) of an oil . [ 0086 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 30 ( s , 6h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 20 ( dd , j = 1 , 8 , 1h ), 7 . 64 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 73 ( dd , j = 1 , 8 , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( dt , j = 1 , 8 , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( m , 2h ). [ 0087 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 6 , 107 . 2 , 118 . 1 , 120 . 2 , 123 . 9 , 127 . 0 , 128 . 6 , 132 . 0 , 1337 . 3 , 138 . 8 , 151 . 8 , 155 . 7 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 630 mg ( 1 . 93 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 - bromophenyl )- pyridine , 289 mg ( 1 . 93 mmol ) 4 - formyl phenylboronic acid , 817 mg ( 7 . 71 mmol ) sodium carbonate , 112 mg ( 0 . 096 mmol ) tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium , 9 ml ethanol , and 1 ml water . the mixture was heated at reflux for 14 hours , cooled , poured into water , and extracted into ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried , and evaporate , and the residue chromatographed on silica gel using 25 % ethyl acetate in hexane as eluant to afford 540 mg ( 80 %) of the product . [ 0091 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ cdcl 3 ): 2 . 23 ( s , 6h ), 5 . 94 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 17 ( δ j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 74 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 90 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 19 ( m , 2h ), 10 . 05 ( s , 1h ). [ 0092 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 107 . 1 , 118 . 4 , 120 . 2 , 127 . 6 , 127 . 7 , 130 . 3 , 138 . 7 , 140 . 5 , 146 . 4 , 156 . 0 , 191 . 9 . to a 100 ml 3n round - bottomed flask equipped with septum and n 2 inlet were added 354 mg ( 3 . 16 mmol ) potassium t - butoxide and 5 ml dry 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane . the mixture as cooled in a − 60 ° c . bath ( chcl 3 / co 2 ), and a solution of 317 mg ( 1 . 62 mmol ) tosylmethylisocyanide in 5 ml dry 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane added dropwise . after a few minutes , a solution of 540 mg ( 1 . 53 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 4 - formylphenyl ) phenyl ))- pyridine in 10 ml dry 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane was added dropwise , and stirring continued at − 60 ° c . for 50 minutes . then 5 ml methanol was added and the reaction warmed and then refluxed for 15 minutes . the reaction was cooled and evaporated , and the residue taken up in water with 0 . 5 ml acetic acid and methylene chloride . the aqueous layer was reextracted with methylene chloride , and the combined organic layer washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using 25 % ethyl acetate in hexane as eluant to afford 220 mg ( 40 %) of the product . [ 0096 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 26 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 78 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 98 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 17 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 6 - 7 . 7 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 79 ( δ j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 89 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 17 ( m , 2h ). [ 0097 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 6 , 23 . 3 , 107 . 1 , 118 . 3 , 120 . 0 , 127 . 4 , 127 . 5 , 127 . 8 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 3 , 137 . 6 , 138 . 7 , 140 . 3 , 141 . 0 , 151 . 8 , 156 . 3 . a byproduct eluting after the product was characterized as the oxazole , 40 mg ( 7 %): to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 220 mg ( 0 . 606 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 4 -( cyanomethyl ) phenyl ) phenyl ))- pyridine and 7 ml ethanol to form a solution at reflux . a 10 % solution of sodium hydroxide in water was added slowly dropwise at reflux to maintain solution , requiring 30 - 60 minutes for 15 ml ( and a little further ethanol ). refluxing was maintained for a total of 2 . 5 hours . the reaction was cooled to 0 ° c . and the ph adjusted with 6n hydrochloric acid to 1 , and the reaction was extracted into ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated to afford the product as an oil , used directly in the next step . [ 0102 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ cdcl 3 ): 2 . 24 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 70 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 95 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 14 ( 6 j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 38 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 61 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 68 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( δj = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 87 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( m , 2h ). [ 0103 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ . cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 20 . 8 , 107 . 1 , 118 . 4 , 120 . 2 , 127 . 3 , 127 . 4 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 9 , 132 . 9 , 137 . 2 , 138 . 8 , 139 . 5 , 141 . 6 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 4 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with n 2 inlet were added 420 mg ( 1 . 099 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 4 -( carboxymethyl ) phenyl ) phenyl ))- pyridine , 218 mg ( 1 . 099 mmol ) 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 1 . 0 ] hex - 6 - ylamine t - butylcarbamate , 211 mg ( 1 . 099 mmol ) edac , 10 mg hobt , 7 ml dry acetonitrile , and 337 ul ( 2 . 42 mmol ) triethylamine . the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours evaporated , and the residue chromatographed on silica gel using 5 % methanol in methylene chloride as eluant to afford the product , 280 mg ( 45 %). [ 0107 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 69 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 22 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 4 - 3 . 9 ( multiplets , 7h ), 4 . 97 ( bs , 1h ), 5 . 93 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 12 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 29 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 57 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 67 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 75 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 12 ( m , 2h ). [ 0108 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 28 . 4 , 42 . 0 , 47 . 9 , 48 . 8 , 53 . 5 , 79 . 8 , 107 . 0 118 . 3 , 119 . 9 , 127 . 3 , 127 . 4 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 5 , 134 . 0 , 137 . 2 , 138 . 7 , 138 . 9 , 141 . 6 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 2 , 156 . 4 , 169 . 8 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 280 mg ( 0 . 498 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 4 -( 6 - t - butylcarboxamido - 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 1 . 0 ] hex - 3 - ylcarboxamido ) methyl ) phenyl ) phenyl ))- pyridine , 173 mg ( 2 . 49 mmol ) hydroxylamine hydrochloride , 1 ml water and 5 ml ethanol . the reaction was refluxed 40 hours , an additional 173 mg hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 5 ml ethanol added , and refluxing continued 24 hours . the reaction was cooled , poured into aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution , and extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol , due to the limited solubility of the product in ethyl acetate . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated . the residue was taken up in 6 ml dry methylene chloride and treated with 1 . 5 ml triflurooacetic acid at room temperature for 1 . 5 hours . the reaction was evaporated , taken up in 1 n hydrochloric acid , washed with ethyl acetate , then the ph adjusted to 10 with 1 n sodium hydroxide solution , and extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to afford 160 mg ( 84 %) of the product as a low - melting solid . [ 0113 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 39 ( bs , 2h ), 1 . 78 ( bs , 1h ), 3 . 2 - 3 . 6 ( multiplets , 2h ), 3 . 41 ( bs , 2h ), 4 . 90 ( bs , 1h ), 6 . 30 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 83 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 06 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 29 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 38 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 44 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 69 ( m , 2h ). [ 0114 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 25 . 0 , 25 . 3 , 34 . 9 , 41 . 5 , 107 . 6 , 110 . 7 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 127 . 1 , 129 . 1 , 133 . 2 , 138 . 5 , 129 . 0 , 140 . 5 , 155 . 3 , 158 . 8 , 170 . 6 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 160 mg ( 0 . 417 mmol ) 3 -{ 2 -[ 4 ′-( 6 - amino - pyridin - 2 - yl )- biphenyl - 4 - yl ]}- 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 1 . 0 ] hex - 6 - ylamine acetamide , 5 ml dry tetrahydrofuran , and 0 . 625 ml of a 2 m solution of borane methyl sulfide in tetrahydrofuran . the reaction was refluxed 12 hours , and additional 0 . 625 ml portion of borane methyl sulfide added along with a few ml tetrahydrofuran , and refluxing continued 12 hours ( due to the limited solubility of the starting material in tetrahydrofuran ). the reaction was cooled and evaporated , and 20 ml ethanol , 1 g . sodium carbonate , and 1 g cesium fluoride added , and the mixture refluxed 14 hours . the reaction was cooled and evaporated , taken up in water and ethyl acetate / methanol , and the organic layer separated , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the resulting solid , 80 mg ( 52 %) was taken up in methylene chloride / methanol / ether and precipitated with 1 n hcl in ether , then evaporated . the residue was triturated with tetrahydrofuran to afford 48 mg ( 24 %) of a white solid , mp 205 ° c . ( dec . above this point ). [ 0118 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 33 ( bs , 2h ), 1 . 63 ( bs , 1h ), 2 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 71 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 05 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 56 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 42 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 08 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 22 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 4 - 7 . 5 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 61 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 95 ( m , 2h ). [ 0119 ] 13 c - nmr ( 8 , cdcl 3 ): 20 . 9 , 32 . 2 , 34 . 8 , 55 . 0 , 57 . 6 , 107 . 4 , 110 . 9 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 0 , 128 . 9 , 129 . 0 , 136 . 3 , 138 . 3 , 138 . 5 , 139 . 4 , 141 . 0 , 155 . 6 , 158 . 5 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 26 n 4 . 3hcl . 3h 2 o : c , 53 . 99 ; h , 6 . 61 ; n , 10 . 49 . found : c , 53 . 79 , h , 6 . 46 , n , 8 . 70 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with n 2 inlet were added 176 mg ( 0 . 50 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 4 ′- formylbiphenyl - 4 - yl ))- pyridine ( example 1b ), 105 mg ( 0 . 55 mmol ) 2 - phenylethylpiperazine , 7 ml methanol , 30 ul ( 0 . 50 mmol ) acetic acid , and 38 mg ( 0 . 60 mmol ) sodium cyanoborohydride . the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours poured into aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted into ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with water and brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methanol / methylene chloride as eluant to afford 190 mg ( 72 %) of an oil . [ 0125 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 26 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 5 - 2 . 7 ( m , 8h ), 2 . 83 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 60 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 97 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 15 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 3 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 44 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 62 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 72 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 79 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 87 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 16 ( m , 2h ). [ 0126 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 6 , 33 . 7 , 53 . 1 , 53 . 2 , 60 . 6 , 62 . 8 , 107 . 0 , 118 . 2 , 119 . 8 , 126 . 1 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 4 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 7 , 128 . 8 , 129 . 8 , 137 . 2 , 137 . 7 , 138 . 6 , 139 . 3 , 140 . 3 , 141 . 9 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 5 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with n2 inlet were added 190 mg ( 0 . 361 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -[ 4 ′-( 4 - phenethyl - piperazin - 1 - ylmethyl )- biphenyl - 4 - yl ]- pyridine , 126 mg ( 1 . 81 mmol ) hydroxylamine hydrochloride , 1 ml water , and 5 ml ethanol . the reaction was heated at reflux for 36 hours followed by treatment with an additional 50 mg hydroxylamine hydrochloride and refluxing for 24 hours . the reaction was cooled , poured into dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid , and washed with ethyl acetate . the aqueous layer was adjusted to ph 10 with 1 n sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was converted to the hydrochloride salt using 1 n hcl in ether to afford 110 mg ( 55 %) of a solid , mp 267 - 269 ° c . [ 0130 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 5 - 2 . 7 ( m , 8h ), 2 . 81 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 57 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 66 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 42 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 10 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 21 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 26 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 41 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 47 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 66 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 00 ( m , 2h ). [ 0131 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 7 , 53 . 1 , 53 . 2 , 60 . 6 , 62 . 8 , 107 . 2 , 110 . 8 , 126 . 1 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 2 , 127 . 3 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 7 , 137 . 4 , 138 . 4 , 139 . 5 , 140 . 4 , 141 . 0 , 155 . 7 , 158 . 4 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 30 h 32 n 4 . 3hcl . { fraction ( 3 / 2 )} h 2 o : c , 61 . 59 ; h , 6 . 55 ; n , 9 . 58 . found : c , 61 . 64 , h , 6 . 31 , n , 9 . 51 . prepared as in example 2 , using 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 1 . 0 ] hex - 6 - ylamine t - butyl carbamate for the reductive amination step ( 2a ) in 67 % yield as an oil : [ 0136 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 46 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 52 ( bs , 2h ), 2 . 26 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 43 and 3 . 11 ( multiplets , 4h ), 2 . 94 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 61 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 97 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 14 ( dd , j = 1 , 8 , 1h ), 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 57 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( δ , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 87 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 16 ( m , 2h ). [ 0137 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 6 , 24 . 6 , 28 . 4 , 30 . 6 , 54 . 2 , 58 . 6 , 107 . 0 , 118 . 2 , 119 . 8 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 3 , 127 . 5 , 128 . 7 , 128 . 9 , 132 . 1 , 137 . 1 , 138 . 6 , 138 . 9 , 142 . 0 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 5 . followed by removal of the protecting groups with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in aqueous ethanol ( as in example 2b ) and treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride at room temperature for 3 hours to give overall 65 % yield of the trifluoroacetate salt , triturated with tetrahydrofuran , mp 112 - 119 ° c . : [ 0140 ] 1 h - nmr ( 6 , tfa salt in cdcl 3 ): 2 . 33 ( bs , 2h ), 2 . 99 ( bs , 1h ), 3 . 29 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 41 ( s , 2h ), 6 . 98 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 20 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 88 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 98 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ). [ 0141 ] 13 c - nmr ( 6 , tfa salt in cdcl 3 ): 23 . 7 , 27 . 5 , 57 . 1 , 60 . 1 , 6 . 9 ., 113 . 1 , 113 . 9 , 129 . 9 , 130 . 0 , 130 . 1 , 132 . 7 , 133 . 4 , 133 . 6 , 143 . 5 , 145 . 1 , 146 . 7 , 149 . 1 , 157 . 9 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 24 n 4 . 3 ( c 2 f 3 o 2 h ) ½h 2 o : c , 49 . 23 ; h , 3 . 99 ; n , 7 . 92 . found : c , 49 . 14 , h , 3 . 90 , n , 7 . 80 . prepared as in example 1b using 3 - tolyl boronic acid as an oil in 39 % yield . [ 0147 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ) 2 . 32 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 49 ( s , 3h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 19 ( dd , j = 1 , 8 , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( t , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 81 ( dd , j = 1 , 8 , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 21 ( m , 2h ). [ 0148 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ) 13 . 6 , 21 . 7 , 107 . 1 , 118 . 3 , 119 . 9 , 124 . 3 , 127 . 0 , 127 . 4 , 127 . 5 , 127 . 9 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 7 , 128 . 8 , 137 . 2 , 138 . 5 , 138 . 7 , 140 . 5 , 142 . 3 , 151 . 8 , 156 . 5 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 200 mg ( 0 . 592 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 3 - tolyl ) phenyl ))- pyridine , 206 mg ( 2 . 96 mmol ) hydroxylamine hydrochloride , 4 ml ethanol and 1 ml water . the reaction was refluxed 36 hours cooled , and poured into dilute aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted into ethyl acetate . the organic layer was separated , washed with brine , and dried . the residue , as a brown oil , 138 mg ( 90 %), was taken up in 10 ml dry toluene and treated with 116 mg ( 0 . 531 mmol ) n - carbethoxyphthalimide . the resulting solution was refluxed 20 hours cooled and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using hexane / ethyl acetate as eluant to give 130 mg ( 56 % overall ) of an oil . [ 0152 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 40 ( s , 3h ), 7 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 42 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 65 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 92 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 07 ( m , 2h ). [ 0153 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 21 . 6 , 119 . 9 , 120 . 1 , 123 . 5 , 123 . 9 , 124 . 2 , 122 . 2 , 122 . 4 , 127 . 5 , 127 . 9 , 128 . 3 , 128 . 7 , 131 . 9 , 133 . 7 , 134 . 2 , 134 . 5 , 135 . 3 , 138 . 4 , 139 . 0 , 157 . 3 , 166 . 8 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n2 inlet were added 130 mg ( 0 . 333 mmol ) 2 - phthalimido - 6 -( 4 -( 3 - tolyl ) phenyl ))- pyridine , 59 mg ( 0 . 333 mmol ) n - bromosuccinimide , 10 mg diazo - bis ( 1 - cyanocyclohexane ), and 10 ml carbon tetrachloride . the reaction was refluxed 1 hour an additional 10 mg of diazo - bis ( 1 - cyanocyclohexane ) added , and refluxing continued 1 hour . the reaction was then cooled , filtered and evaporated . the residue was taken up in 10 ml dry acetonitrile and treated with 66 mg ( 0 . 333 mmol ) 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 1 . 0 ] hex - 6 - ylamine and 28 mg ( 0 . 333 mmol ) sodium bicarbonate . the reaction was refluxed 12 hours cooled , and evaporated . the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate and water , and the organic layer separated , washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methanol / methylene chloride as eluant to afford 130 mg ( 67 %) of an oil . [ 0158 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 38 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 6 - 1 . 8 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 2 - 3 . 5 ( m , 5h ), 3 . 57 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 15 ( dd , j = 1 , 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 65 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 78 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 92 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 05 ( m , 2h ). [ 0159 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 28 . 3 , 47 . 6 , 50 . 5 , 54 . 1 , 62 . 1 , 116 . 5 , 118 . 8 , 119 . 9 , 120 . 1 , 123 . 9 , 126 . 5 , 127 . 3 , 127 . 4 , 127 . 5 , 128 . 8 , 129 . 2 , 131 . 8 , 134 . 5 , 136 . 4 , 136 . 8 , 138 . 9 , 155 . 1 , 157 . 2 , 165 . 6 , 166 . 7 , 169 . 6 , 169 . 8 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 130 mg ( 0 . 222 mmol ) 3 -[ 4 ′-( 6 - phthalimido - pyridin - 2 - yl )- biphenyl - 3 - ylmethyl ]- 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 1 . 0 ] hex - 6 - ylamine t - butyl carbamate , 20 ml methanol and 0 . 3 ml hydrazine . the reaction was heated at 50 ° c . for 2 . 5 hours cooled , and evaporated . the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with 0 . 2 n sodium hydroxide solution , water and brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue , 110 mg , was taken up in 6 ml dry methylene chloride and treated with 1 . 5 ml trifluoroacetic acid at room temperature for 2 hours . the reaction was evaporated and taken up in ethyl acetate / 0 . 3 n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous layer was separated , the ph adjusted to 10 with 6 n sodium hydroxide solution , and extracted into ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the resulting oil was converted to the hydrochloride using 1 n hcl in ether and triturated with tetrahydrofuran to afford 21 mg ( 20 %) of a solid , mp 184 - 196 ° c . [ 0164 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 37 ( bs , 2h ), 1 . 51 ( bs , 1h ), 2 . 46 and 3 . 02 ( multiplets , 4h ), 3 . 64 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 60 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 46 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 13 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 6 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 00 ( m , 2h ). [ 0165 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 14 . 0 , 38 . 7 , 54 . 5 , 59 . 2 , 107 . 1 , 110 . 8 , 115 . 1 , 125 . 7 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 3 , 127 . 7 , 128 . 6 , 138 . 3 , 138 . 5 , 139 . 0 , 140 . 6 , 141 . 3 , 155 . 7 , 158 . 3 . prepared as in example 1b , using 3 - nitrophenyl boronic acid as an oil in 66 % yield . [ 0170 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 24 ( s , 6h ), 5 . 96 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 15 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 54 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 67 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 76 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 88 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 15 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 42 ( bs , 1h ). [ 0171 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 6 , 107 . 3 , 118 . 4 , 120 . 2 , 121 . 9 , 123 . 2 , 123 . 4 , 127 . 6 , 128 . 6 , 129 . 9 , 132 . 9 , 138 . 5 , 138 . 9 , 139 . 2 , 141 . 9 , 148 . 7 , 151 . 8 , 155 . 8 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 520 mg ( 1 . 41 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 3 - nitrophenyl ) phenyl ))- pyridine , 445 mg ( 7 . 05 mmol ) ammonium formate , 10 ml ethanol , and 80 mg 10 % palladium on carbon ( a few ml 1 , 2 - dichloroethane added to dissolve the nitro compound ). the reaction was refluxed 40 min , cooled , and filtered with ethanol through celite . the filtrate was evaporated , taken up in ethyl acetate / dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution , and the organic layer separated and washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated to an oil , 400 mg ( 84 %). [ 0175 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 26 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 77 ( bs , 2h ), 5 . 99 ( s , 2h ), 6 . 67 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 92 ( bs , 1h ), 7 . 04 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 67 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 75 ( δ , j8 , 1h ), 7 . 84 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 14 ( m , 2h ). [ 0176 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 107 . 0 , 113 . 6 , 114 . 4 , 117 . 3 , 118 . 2 , 119 . 8 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 3 , 128 . 6 , 129 . 7 , 137 . 1 , 138 . 6 , 141 . 4 , 142 . 3 , 147 . 0 , 151 . 6 , 156 . 4 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with n 2 inlet were added 200 mg ( 0 . 590 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 3 - aminophenyl ) phenyl ))- pyridine , 117 mg ( 0 . 590 mmol ) n - t - butoxycarbonylalanine , 113 mg ( 0 . 590 mmol ) edac , 159 mg ( 1 . 30 mmol ) 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , and 10 ml dry acetonitrile . the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours evaporated , and the residue chromatographed on silica gel using methanol / methylene chloride as eluant to afford 230 mg ( 76 %) of an oil . [ 0180 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 46 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 48 ( δ , j = 7 , 3h ), 2 . 24 ( s , 6h ), 4 . 55 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 62 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 96 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 11 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 47 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 57 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 69 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 05 ( m , 2h ). [ 0181 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 18 . 0 , 28 . 3 , 50 . 9 , 80 . 4 , 106 . 9 , 118 . 2 , 118 . 9 , 119 . 7 , 122 . 6 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 3 , 128 . 6 , 129 . 2 , 137 . 2 , 138 . 5 , 138 . 6 , 140 . 9 , 141 . 4 , 151 . 6 , 156 . 3 , 171 . 8 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with n2 inlet were added 230 mg ( 0 . 451 mmol ) 2 -( t - butylcarbamoylamino )- n -[ 4 ′-( 6 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- pyridin - 2 - yl )- biphenyl - 3 - yl ]- propionamide and 25 ml ethyl acetate . the solution was cooled to 0 ° c . and saturated with hcl , then stirred at 0 ° c . for 30 minutes and 1 hour at room temperature . the resulting precipitate was collected and dissolved in 20 ml methanol , treated with 1 ml water and 157 mg ( 2 . 255 mmol ) hydroxylamine hydrochloride , and refluxed 2 days . the reaction was cooled , evaporated , and taken up in ethyl acetate / dilute hydrochloric acid . the aqueous layer was separated , the ph adjusted to 10 with 6 n sodium hydroxide solution , and extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the oil was taken up in methylene chloride , treated with decolorizing carbon , filtered through celite , and evaporated . the resulting oil ( 90 mg ) was converted to the hydrochloride salt using 1 n hcl in ether to afford a solid , 73 mg ( 40 %), mp & gt ; 215 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0185 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 39 ( δ , j = 7 , 3h ), 3 . 57 ( q , j = 7 , 1h ), 4 . 66 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 40 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 62 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 93 ( m , 2h ), 9 . 57 ( bs , 1h ). [ 0186 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 21 . 5 , 51 . 1 , 107 . 2 , 110 . 7 , 117 . 9 , 118 . 3 , 122 . 6 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 2 , 129 . 3 , 138 . 3 , 138 . 6 , 140 . 6 , 141 . 3 , 155 . 4 , 158 . 3 , 173 . 9 . prepared as in example 5 , using t - butoxycarbonylphenylalanine , with the coupling step proceeding in 58 % yield , and the deblocking in 57 % yield to afford the product as the hydrochloride salt , mp 180 - 200 ° c . ( dec .) [ 0191 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 81 and 3 . 37 ( multiplets , 2h ), 3 . 74 ( dd , j = 4 , 9 , 1h ), 4 . 62 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 43 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 10 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 8h ), 7 . 47 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 65 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 97 ( m , 2h ), 9 . 53 ( bs , 1h ). [ 0192 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 40 . 6 , 56 . 8 , 107 . 2 , 110 . 8 , 118 . 0 , 118 . 5 , 122 . 8 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 0 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 2 , 128 . 8 , 129 . 2 , 129 . 4 , 1137 . 6 , 138 . 1 , 138 . 4 , 138 . 6 , 140 . 7 , 141 . 4 , 155 . 4 , 158 . 2 , 172 . 4 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 271 mg ( 2 . 20 mmol ) 3 - pyridylboronic acid ( rec . trav . chim ., 93 , 21 ( 1974 )), 720 mg ( 2 . 20 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 - bromophenyl )- pyridine , 933 mg ( 8 . 81 mmol ) sodium carbonate , 128 mg ( 0 . 110 mmol ) tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium , 9 ml ethanol , and 1 ml water . the mixture was refluxed 20 hours 100 mg 3 - pyridiylboronic acid added , and refluxing continued for 2 hours . the reaction was then cooled , poured into water and extracted into ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methanol / methylene chloride as eluant to afford the product as an oil , 350 mg ( 49 %). [ 0197 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 25 ( s , 6h ), 5 . 97 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 12 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 31 ( dd , j = 5 , 8 , 1h ), 7 . 64 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 74 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 59 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 90 ( m , 1h ). [ 0198 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 6 , 107 . 2 , 118 . 3 , 120 . 1 , 123 . 7 , 127 . 4 , 127 . 6 , 128 . 1 , 128 . 6 , 129 . 1 , 134 . 2 , 135 . 9 , 138 . 6 , 138 . 8 , 148 . 2 , 148 . 5 , 128 . 8 , 151 . 8 , 156 . 0 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 350 mg ( 1 . 077 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -[ 4 -( pyrid - 3 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridine , 10 ml dry acetonitrile , and 128 ul ( 1 . 077 mmol ) benzyl bromide . the reaction was heated at 70 ° c . for 14 hours cooled , evaporated , and the residue taken up in 5 ml ethanol and 4 ml water , and treated with 149 mg ( 2 . 37 mmol ) sodium cyanoborohydride ( a few ml dichloromethane was added to improve solubility ). the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours poured into dilute aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution , and extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methanol / methylene chloride as eluant to afford two product fractions : [ 0203 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 26 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 41 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 67 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 45 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 76 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 98 ( s , 2h ), 6 . 28 ( bs , 1h ), 7 . 13 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 3 - 7 . 5 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 73 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( m , 2h ). [ 0204 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 6 , 26 . 6 , 49 . 2 , 54 . 6 , 62 . 9 , 107 . 0 , 118 . 1 , 119 . 7 , 123 . 5 , 125 . 2 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 2 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 3 , 134 . 8 , 136 . 9 , 138 . 2 , 138 . 6 , 141 . 1 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 5 . [ 0207 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 82 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 23 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 67 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 9 - 3 . 1 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 66 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 95 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 12 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 73 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 86 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 01 ( m , 2h ). [ 0208 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 6 , 25 . 2 , 31 . 3 , 42 . 3 , 53 . 5 , 60 . 3 , 63 . 2 , 107 . 0 , 118 . 2 , 119 . 7 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 6 , 127 . 7 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 5 , 129 . 9 , 133 . 3 , 136 . 7 , 138 . 7 , 151 . 6 , 156 . 7 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 135 mg ( 0 . 322 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -[ 4 -( 1 - benzyl - 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 - tetrahydro - pyridin - 3 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridine , 112 mg ( 1 . 61 mmol ) hydroxylamine hydrochloride , 5 ml ethanol , and 1 ml water . the reaction was refluxed 40 hours cooled , and the resulting precipitate , 6 -[ 4 -( 1 - benzyl - 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 - tetrahydro - pyridin - 3 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine dihydrochloride , filtered and dried , 22 mg ( 16 . 5 %), mp 270 - 272 ° c . additional material was recovered from the filtrate , 60 mg ( 55 %) of the free base as an oil . [ 0212 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 35 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 64 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 71 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 58 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 21 ( bs , 1h ), 6 . 40 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 04 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 84 ( m , 2h ). [ 0213 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 26 . 5 , 49 . 1 , 54 . 6 , 62 . 8 , 107 . 1 , 110 . 7 , 122 . 9 , 125 . 0 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 1 , 128 . 3 , 129 . 3 , 134 . 9 , 138 . 1 , 138 . 2 , 138 . 3 , 138 . 4 , 155 . 8 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 23 n 3 . 2hcl . ½h 2 o : c , 65 . 25 ; h , 6 . 19 ; n , 9 . 92 . found : c , 65 . 62 , h , 6 . 42 , n , 9 . 93 . prepared as in example 7c using the intermediate from example 7b , to afford 50 mg ( 30 %) of a solid , mp 55 - 70 ° c . [ 0218 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 75 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 0 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 62 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 8 - 3 . 0 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 55 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 58 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 40 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 44 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 82 ( m , 2h ). [ 0219 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 25 . 7 , 31 . 7 , 42 . 7 , 53 . 7 , 61 . 0 , 63 . 6 , 106 . 9 , 110 . 7 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 127 . 5 , 128 . 2 , 128 . 3 , 129 . 2 , 129 . 3 , 133 . 8 , 137 . 8 , 138 . 3 , 145 . 7 , 156 . 1 , 158 . 3 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with n 2 inlet were added 250 mg ( 0 . 984 mmol ) 2 -( 4 - bromobenzyl )- piperidine ( prepared as described in tetrahedron letters , 7 , 631 ( 1977 )), 110 ul ( 1 . 08 mmol ) benzaldehyde , 7 ml methanol , 74 mg ( 1 . 18 mmol ) sodium cyanoborohydride , and a few drops of acetic acid . the reaction was stirred at room temperature , followed by additional benzaldehyde , sodium cyanoborohydride , and acetic acid , for a total of 16 hours then poured into dilute aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution , and extracted into ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methanol / methylene chloride as eluant , and the product further purified by conversion to the hydrochloride salt in ether followed by basification using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to afford 175 mg ( 52 %) of an oil . [ 0224 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 29 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 53 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 6 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 26 and 2 . 79 ( multiplets , 2h ), 2 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 15 ( dd , j = 3 , 12 , 1h ), 3 . 77 ( ab q , j = 13 . 5 , dn = 41 , 2h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 8h ). [ 0225 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 22 . 4 , 24 . 9 , 28 . 9 , 36 . 0 , 51 . 0 , 58 . 2 , 61 . 5 , 127 . 0 , 127 . 2 , 127 . 6 , 128 . 3 , 128 . 5 , 129 . 2 , 131 . 1 , 131 . 4 , 139 . 0 , 140 . 9 . to a 100 ml 3n round - bottomed flask equipped with septum and n 2 inlet were added 175 mg ( 0 . 509 mmol ) n - benzyl - 2 -( 4 - bromobenzyl )- piperidine and 7 ml dry ether . the solution was cooled to − 70 ° c ., and 0 . 38 ml ( 0 . 610 mmol ) of a 1 . 6 m solution of butyl lithium in hexane added dropwise over 1 minutes . the reaction was stirred at − 70 ° c . for 5 min , then warmed to room temperature over 20 minutes . to the stirring reaction was then added a solution of 105 mg ( 0 . 610 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- pyridine in 5 ml dry ether , and the reaction , turning dark orange , was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours then quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride solution . after extraction into ethyl acetate , the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate for 16 hours to effect air - oxidation to the pyridine , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methanol / methylene chloride as eluant to afford 36 mg ( 16 %) of an oil . [ 0229 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 30 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 55 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 64 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 22 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 6 - 2 . 9 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 11 and 3 . 25 ( multiplets , 1h ), 3 . 54 and 4 . 07 ( multiplets , 2h ), 5 . 93 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 01 ( 6 , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 72 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( m , 2h ). [ 0230 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 22 . 3 , 25 . 0 , 29 . 0 , 50 . 8 , 58 . 2 , 61 . 5 , 65 . 2 , 106 . 9 , 118 . 1 , 119 . 6 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 0 , 127 . 6 , 128 . 3 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 0 , 129 . 1 , 129 . 8 , 131 . 1 , 131 . 3 , 138 . 5 , 141 . 5 , 155 . 5 , 157 . 0 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 36 mg ( 0 . 0827 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -[ 4 -( 1 - benzyl - piperidin - 2 - ylmethyl )- phenyl ]- pyridine , 29 mg . ( 0 . 414 mmol ) hydroxylamine hydrochloride , 4 - ml ethanol and 1 ml water . the reaction was refluxed 84 h ( additional hydroxylamine hydrochloride was used to complete the reaction ), cooled , poured into dilute hydrochloric acid , and washed with ethyl acetate . the aqueous layer was adjusted to ph 10 with 6 n sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the resulting oil was converted to the hydrochloride salt using 1 n hcl in ether to afford a solid , 17 mg ( 48 %), mp 70 - 85 ° c . [ 0234 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 32 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 52 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 63 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 6 - 2 . 8 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 08 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 50 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 42 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 47 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ). [ 0235 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 22 . 4 , 23 . 8 , 25 . 3 , 36 . 2 , 38 . 7 , 50 . 9 , 61 . 8 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 8 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 8 , 128 . 2 , 128 . 8 , 128 . 9 , 129 . 0 , 129 . 6 , 131 . 1 , 131 . 3 , 138 . 3 , 141 . 0 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 6 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 27 n 3 . 2hcl . 3h 2 o : c , 59 . 50 ; h , 7 . 28 ; n , 8 . 67 . found : c , 59 . 54 , h , 6 . 98 , n , 7 . 32 . prepared as in example 9 , using diphenylacetaldehyde in the step analogous to 9a , 59 % yield , followed by a 33 % yield in the organolithium addition , and a 31 % yield in the deblocking to afford the product as the dihydrochloride salt , mp 168 - 180 ° c . [ 0240 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 4 - 1 . 7 ( m , 6h ), 2 . 4 - 3 . 4 ( series of multiplets , 8h ), 4 . 49 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 43 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 04 ( δ , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 11 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 10h ), 7 . 47 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0241 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 23 . 0 , 23 . 8 , 29 . 7 , 38 . 7 , 49 . 5 , 50 . 5 , 59 . 6 , 61 . 6 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 8 , 126 . 2 , 126 . 7 , 128 . 3 , 129 . 5 , 130 . 9 , 138 . 4 , 141 . 9 , 144 . 0 , 156 . 0 , 158 . 2 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with dean - stark trap topped with a condenser and n 2 inlet were added 552 mg ( 2 . 0 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 - formylphenyl )- pyridine , 20 ml benzene , 0 . 384 ml ( 2 . 4 mmol ) 4 - morpholino - 1 - cyclohexene , and 10 mg camphorsulfonic acid . the solution was refluxed with removal of water for 13 hours cooled , and 25 ml 3n hydrochloric acid added . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour then diluted with ethyl acetate and water . the organic layer was separated , washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the crude oil solidified on standing , 460 mg (− 100 %), and was used directly in the next step . [ 0246 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 95 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 195 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 33 ( t , j = 8 , 2h ), 2 . 91 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 91 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 09 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 36 ( bs , 1h ), 7 . 55 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 71 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 07 ( m , 2h ). [ 0247 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 20 . 0 , 29 . 3 , 37 . 6 , 107 . 1 , 118 . 4 , 120 . 1 , 127 . 0 , 128 . 2 , 128 . 1 , 130 . 8 , 131 . 2 , 136 . 4 , 136 . 7 , 138 . 8 , 151 . 7 , 155 . 6 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added the crude material from above ( 2 mmol ) and 4 ml 1 , 2 - dichloroethane . after dissolution , 25 ml ethanol was added , followed by 631 mg ( 10 mmol ) ammonium formate and 100 mg 10 % palladium - on - carbon . the mixture was refluxed 1 hours then treated with additional ammonium formate and palladium - on - carbon ( pd — c ) and refluxed for 1 hour . the reaction was then cooled and filtered through celite with ethanol and methylene chloride . the filtrate was evaporated , taken up in ethyl acetate and aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution , the organic layer separated , washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using ethyl acetate / hexane as eluant to afford 410 mg ( 60 % overall ) of a foam . [ 0251 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 56 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 93 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 06 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 24 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 36 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 61 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 19 ( dd , j = 4 , 14 , 1h ), 5 . 95 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 10 ( 6 , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 71 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 01 ( m , 2h ). [ 0252 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 20 . 5 29 . 0 , 35 . 3 , 38 . 1 , 50 . 8 , 107 . 0 , 118 . 1 , 119 . 6 , 126 . 9 , 128 . 5 , 129 . 3 , 136 . 3 , 138 . 7 , 141 . 5 , 151 . 6 , 156 . 6 . c . 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -[ 3 -( 2 - dimethylamino - cyclopentylmethyl )- phenyl ]- pyridine to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 205 mg ( 0 . 596 mmol ) 2 -( 4 -(( 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl ))- pyrid - 6 - yl ) benzyl ) cyclopentanone , 10 ml methanol , 486 mg ( 5 . 96 mmol ) dimethylamine hydrochloride , 45 mg ( 0 . 715 mmol ) sodium cyanoborohydride , and 41 ul ( 0 . 715 mmol ) acetic acid . the reaction was heated at 50 ° c . for 40 hours , cooled , and poured into aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution . the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate , and the organic layer washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methanol / methylene chloride ( with a small amount of triethylamine ) as eluant to afford both diastereomers as an oil [ 0257 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 51 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 63 ( m , 2h ), − 186 ( m , 2h ), δ2 . 22 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 28 ( m , 3h ), 2 . 33 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 93 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 10 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 71 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 99 ( m , 2h ). [ 0258 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 4 , 20 . 3 , 27 . 3 , 28 . 2 , 32 . 4 , 42 . 8 , 45 . 3 , 71 . 8 , 106 . 8 , 118 . 0 , 119 . 4 , 126 . 7 , 128 . 6 , 129 . 4 , 135 . 7 , 138 . 4 , 143 . 8 , 151 . 5 , 156 . 8 . [ 0261 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 ( m , 6h ), 2 . 20 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 32 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 45 ( dd , j = 10 , 14 , 1h ), 2 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 95 ( dd , j = 5 , 13 . 5 , 1h ), 5 . 91 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 10 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 71 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 84 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 97 ( m , 2h ). [ 0262 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 4 , 23 . 5 27 . 5 , 30 . 85 , 41 . 0 , 42 . 3 , 43 . 3 , 72 . 1 , 106 . 8 , 118 . 0 , 119 . 5 , 126 . 8 , 128 . 6 , 129 . 4 , 136 . 0 , 138 . 4 , 142 . 7 , 151 . 5 , 156 . 7 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 140 mg ( 0 . 375 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -[ 3 -( 2 - dimethylamino - cyclopentylmethyl )- phenyl ]- pyridine , 9 ml ethanol , 1 ml water , and 261 mg ( 3 . 75 mmol ) hydroxylamine hydrochloride . the reaction was refluxed 24 hours treated with additional hydroxylamine hydrochloride , and refluxed a further 12 hours . it was then cooled , poured into dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid , and washed with ethyl acetate . the aqueous layer was adjusted to ph 10 with 6n sodium hydroxide solution , and extracted with two portions of ethyl acetate . the combined organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the resulting oil ( 109 mg , 98 . 5 %) was converted to the hydrochloride salt using 1n hcl in ether to afford 115 mg ( 83 %) of a white solid , mp 60 - 80 ° c . [ 0266 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 49 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 58 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 82 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 29 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 3 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 94 ( δ , j = 9 . 6 , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 38 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 20 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 2h ). [ 0267 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 20 . 3 , 27 . 3 , 28 . 2 , 32 . 3 , 42 . 8 , 45 . 3 , 71 . 9 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 6 , 129 . 2 , 137 . 1 , 138 . 2 , 142 . 8 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 2 . prepared as in example 11 , using n - methylpiperazine , to afford a 64 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 212 - 224 ° c . [ 0271 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 44 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 51 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 7 - 1 . 8 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 21 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 25 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 3 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 4 - 2 . 6 ( ml 8h ), 2 . 88 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 60 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 34 ( δ , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 99 ( 6 , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 40 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 77 ( m , 2h ). [ 0272 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 20 . 1 , 27 . 3 , 27 . 4 , 32 . 5 , 42 . 1 , 46 . 0 , 52 . 7 , 55 . 1 , 70 . 0 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 5 , 126 . 6 , 129 . 1 , 137 . 0 , 138 . 2 , 142 . 8 , 156 . 1 , 158 . 2 . to a 250 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 4 . 77 g ( 17 . 72 mmol ) 3 -( 4 - bromophenyl ) glutaric anhydride ( prepared as described in j . org . chem ., 21 , 704 ( 1956 )), 1 . 90 g ( 17 . 72 mmol ) benzylamine , and 80 ml toluene . the reaction was refluxed 1 . 5 hours cooled , and concentrated . the residue was taken up in 80 ml acetic anhydride , and heated at 100 ° c . for 16 hours then cooled and evaporated several times with toluene to remove excess acetic anhydride . the residue was dissolved in 80 ml dry tetrahydrofuran and treated with 40 ml ( 80 mmol ) of a 2 n solution of borane methyl sulfide in tetrahydrofuran . the reaction was refluxed 18 hours cooled , and evaporated , then dissolved in 80 ml ethanol and treated with 3 . 5 g sodium carbonate and 3 . 5 g cesium fluoride . the reaction was refluxed 16 hours cooled , and concentrated . the residue was taken up in water and ethyl acetate . the organic layer was separated , washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using ethyl acetate / hexane as eluant to afford 2 . 94 g ( 50 %) of an oil . [ 0277 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 78 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 08 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 47 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 02 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 56 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 10 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 41 ( d , j = 8 , 2h ). [ 0278 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 4 , 42 . 2 , 54 . 1 , 63 . 5 , 119 . 7 , 127 . 0 , 128 . 2 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 2 , 131 . 4 , 138 . 4 , 145 . 5 . ms (%): 328 / 330 ( parent , br 79 / br 81 , { fraction ( 15 / 19 )}), 91 ( 100 ). to a 125 ml three - necked round - bottomed flask equipped with septum and n 2 inlet were added 2 . 93 g ( 8 . 88 mmol ) n - benzyl - 4 -( 4 - bromophenyl ) piperidine and 30 ml dry ether . the solution was cooled to − 70 ° c ., and 6 . 66 ml ( 10 . 65 mmol ) of a 1 . 6 n solution of butyl lithium in hexane added dropwise over 5 minutes . after stirring a further 5 minutes at − 70 ° c ., the solution was warmed slowly to room temperature over 25 minutes . a solution of 1 . 83 g ( 10 . 65 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl ) pyridine in 10 ml dry ether was then added dropwise over 5 minutes , and the reaction , which turned slowly dark red , stirred at room temperature for 3 hours . the reaction was quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride solution , partitioned between ethyl acetate and water , and the organic layer separated , washed with brine , and dried over sodium sulfate , allowing it to stand overnight to effect rearomatization of the pyridine ring . after evaporation of the solvent , the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using ethyl acetate / hexane followed by methanol / methylene chloride as eluant to afford 1 . 21 g ( 32 %) of an oil . [ 0282 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 86 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 23 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 58 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 05 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 59 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 95 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 12 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 73 ( d , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( m , 2h ). [ 0283 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 33 . 4 , 42 . 5 , 54 . 2 , 63 . 5 , 106 . 9 , 118 . 1 , 119 . 6 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 3 , 128 . 2 , 128 . 7 , 129 . 3 , 131 . 4 , 136 . 3 , 138 . 3 , 138 . 5 , 148 . 0 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 8 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 1 . 21 g ( 2 . 87 mmol ) n - benzyl - 4 -( 4 -( 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl ) pyrid - 6 - yl ) phenyl ) piperidine , 30 ml ethanol , 0 . 90 g ( 14 . 37 mmol ) ammonium formate , and 140 mg 10 % palladium - on - carbon ( pd — c ). the reaction was refluxed 1 hour treated with additional ammonium formate and pd — c , and refluxed 3 hours . it was then cooled and filtered through celite with ethanol and methylene chloride . the filtrate was evaporated , taken up in ethyl acetate and aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution , and the organic layer separated , washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated to afford 734 mg ( 77 %) of an oil . [ 0287 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 80 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 20 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 69 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 78 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 68 ( bs , 1h ), 5 . 92 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 10 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 32 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 71 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 84 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 01 ( m , 2h ). [ 0288 ] 13 c - nmr ( 8 , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 33 . 7 , 42 . 5 , 46 . 7 , 106 . 9 , 118 . 1 , 119 . 6 , 127 . 2 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 7 , 136 . 4 , 138 . 5 , 147 . 7 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 8 . to a 100 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 100 mg ( 0 . 302 mmol ) 4 -( 4 -( 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl ) pyrid - 6 - yl ) phenyl ) piperidine , 10 ml ethanol , 1 ml water , and 417 mg ( 6 . 04 mmol ) hydroxylamine hydrochloride . the reaction was refluxed 20 hours cooled , and poured into dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid , then washed with ethyl acetate . the aqueous layer was adjusted to ph 10 with 6 n sodium hydroxide solution and extracted twice with ethyl acetate . the combined organic layer was washed with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the resulting oil ( 77 mg , 100 %) was converted to the hydrochloride salt using hcl in , ether to afford a tan solid , 32 mg ( 32 %), mp dec . above 150 ° c . [ 0292 ] 1 h - nmr ( 5 , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 63 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 80 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 68 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 14 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 68 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 36 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 97 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 22 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 41 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0293 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 34 . 1 , 42 . 5 , 46 . 8 , 106 . 9 , 110 . 5 , 126 . 9 , 128 . 3 , 137 . 6 , 138 . 2 , 147 . 0 , 155 . 9 , 158 . 3 . prepared as in example 11 , using cyclohexylamine , to afford a 76 % yield of the less polar isomer after separation of isomers , assigned the cis stereochemistry , as the hydrochloride salt , mp 198 - 205 ° c . [ 0297 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 0 - 1 . 9 ( m , 16h ), 2 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 34 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 45 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 82 ( dd , j = 5 , 13 , 1h , assigned cis stereochemistry ), 3 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 04 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ). [ 0298 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 20 . 6 , 25 . 2 , 26 . 1 , 28 . 3 , 31 . 1 , 33 . 9 , 34 . 1 , 43 . 8 , 54 . 9 , 58 . 3 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 6 , 129 . 1 , 137 . 0 , 138 . 2 , 142 . 7 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 1 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d . for c 23 h 31 n 3 . 2hcl . h 2 o : c , 62 . 72 ; h , 8 . 01 ; n , 9 . 54 . found : c , 62 . 66 , h , 8 . 12 , n , 8 . 83 . prepared as in example 11 , using cyclohexylamine , to afford a 85 % yield of the more polar isomer after separation of isomers , assigned the trans stereochemistry , as the hydrochloride salt , mp 175 - 185 ° c . [ 0303 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 0 . 9 - 1 . 4 ( m , 6h ), 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 ( m , 11h ), 2 . 33 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 52 ( dd , j = 8 . 5 , 13 , 1h assigned trans stereochemistry ), 2 . 81 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 56 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 38 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 21 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0304 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 22 . 5 , 25 . 1 , 25 . 2 , 26 . 0 , 30 . 7 , 33 . 3 , 33 . 6 , 34 . 5 , 40 . 3 , 48 . 0 , 55 . 2 , 61 . 6 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 6 , 129 . 1 , 137 . 2 , 138 . 2 , 141 . 9 , 156 . 1 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 31 n 3 . 2hcl . { fraction ( 3 / 2 )} h 2 o : c , 61 . 46 ; h , 8 . 07 ; n , 9 . 35 . found : c , 61 . 78 , h , 8 . 01 , n , 9 . 12 . prepared as in example 11 , using phenethylamine , to afford a 85 % yield of the less polar isomer after separation of isomers , assigned the cis stereochemistry , as the hydrochloride salt , mp 170 - 185 ° c . [ 0309 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 52 ( m , 6h ), 1 . 75 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 36 ( dd , j = 10 , 13 , 1h ), 2 . 7 - 3 . 0 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 53 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 41 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 04 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 14 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 3 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0310 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 21 . 2 , 28 . 9 , 30 . 7 , 34 . 2 , 36 . 7 , 44 . 6 , 49 . 9 , 61 . 7 , 106 . 9 , 110 . 8 , 126 . 3 , 126 . 8 , 128 . 6 , 128 . 9 , 139 . 1 , 137 . 3 , 138 . 4 , 140 . 4 , 142 . 7 , 156 . 3 , 158 . 3 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 29 n 3 . 2hcl . 5 / 3h 2 o : c , 63 . 29 ; h , 7 . 29 ; n , 8 . 86 . found : c , 63 . 31 , h , 7 . 35 , n , 8 . 66 . prepared as in example 11 , using phenethylamine , to afford a 85 % yield of the more polar isomer after separation of isomers , assigned the trans stereochemistry , as the hydrochloride salt , mp 110 - 130 ° c . [ 0315 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 29 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 93 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 51 ( dd , j = 8 . 5 , 13 , 1h ), 2 . 6 - 2 . 8 ( m , 5h ), 4 . 55 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ). [ 0316 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 22 . 5 , 30 . 8 , 32 . 6 , 36 . 4 , 40 . 3 , 47 . 6 , 49 . 70 , 64 . 5 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 0 , 126 . 61128 . 3 , 128 . 6 , 129 . 0 , 137 . 25 , 138 . 2 , 140 . 0 , 141 . 8 , 156 . 0 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 29 n 3 . 2hcl . { fraction ( 3 / 2 )} h 2 o : c , 63 . 69 ; h , 7 . 27 ; n , 8 . 91 . found : c , 63 . 80 , h , 7 . 41 , n , 8 . 53 . prepared as in example 11 , using n - methylpiperazine , to afford a 96 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 195 - 208 ° c . [ 0321 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 1 - 1 . 6 ( m , 8h ), 1 . 8 - 1 . 9 ( m , 3h ), 2 . 27 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 4 - 2 . 7 ( m , 8h ), 2 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 18 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0322 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 8 , 24 . 5 , 25 . 7 , 26 . 9 , 30 . 5 , 37 . 2 , 45 . 9 , 50 . 1 , 55 . 5 , 65 . 8 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 6 , 129 . 1 , 137 . 0 , 138 . 2 , 143 . 1 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 1 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 32 n 4 . 3hcl . { fraction ( 5 / 2 )} h 2 o . ⅔ ( c 4 h 10 o ): c , 57 . 26 ; h , 8 . 11 ; n , 10 . 41 . found : c , 57 . 15 ; h , 7 . 81 ; n , 10 . 11 . prepared as in example 11 , using benzylamine , to afford a 72 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 170 - 185 ° c . [ 0327 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 3 - 1 . 4 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 6 - 1 . 8 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 57 ( dd , j = 9 , 13 , 2h ), 2 . 73 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 84 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 77 ( dd , j = 9 , 38 , 2h ), 4 . 58 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 82 ( m , 2h ). [ 0328 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 25 . 2 , 25 . 6 , 27 . 0 , 28 . 6 , 39 . 0 , 50 . 8 , 51 . 3 , 56 . 1 , 60 . 1 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 6 , 128 . 1 , 128 . 3 , 129 . 5 , 137 . 1 , 138 . 3 , 141 . 2 , 141 . 9 , 142 . 5 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 29 n 3 . 2hcl . { fraction ( 3 / 2 )} h 2 o : c , 63 . 69 ; h , 7 . 27 ; n , 8 . 91 . found : c , 64 . 03 , h , 7 . 25 , n , 8 . 90 . prepared as in example 11 , using 2 - ethoxyethylamine , to afford a 100 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 70 - 90 ° c . [ 0333 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 21 ( t , j = 8 , 3h ), 1 . 2 - 1 . 7 ( m , 8h ), 2 . 5 - 2 . 9 ( multiplets , 3h ), 3 . 4 - 3 . 6 ( m , 7h ), 4 . 54 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 39 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 22 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 44 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 2h ). [ 0334 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 15 . 2 , 26 . 9 , 28 . 7 , 30 . 4 , 32 . 2 , 46 . 2 , 46 . 8 , 57 . 0 , 60 . 5 , 66 . 25 , 470 . 1 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 5 , 129 . 3 , 167 . 0 , 138 . 2 , 141 . 6 , 142 . 4 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 31 n 3 o 2 hcl . 9h 2 o : c , 44 . 90 ; h , 8 . 73 ; n , 7 . 14 . found : c , 44 . 69 , h , 8 . 82 , n , 6 . 82 . prepared as in example 11 , using n - benzylpiperazine , to afford a 67 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 205 - 215 ° c . [ 0339 ] 1 h - nmr ( 5 , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 0 - 1 . 8 ( m , 8h ), 1 . 8 - 1 . 9 ( m , 3h ), 2 . 4 - 2 . 6 ( m , 8h ), 2 . 92 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 51 ( singlets , 2h ), 4 . 53 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 03 ( d , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 1 - 7 . 3 ( m , 7h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0340 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 19 . 8 , 24 . 5 , 25 . 7 , 26 . 9 , 30 . 5 , 37 . 2 , 50 . 1 , 53 . 0 , 53 . 5 , 63 . 1 , 65 . 9 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 6 , 126 . 9 , 128 . 1 , 129 . 1 , 129 . 2 , 137 . 0 , 138 . 0 , 138 . 2 , 143 . 1 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 1 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 29 h 36 n 4 . 3hcl . { fraction ( 3 / 2 )} h 2 o : c , 60 . 36 ; h , 7 . 34 ; n , 9 . 71 . found : c , 60 . 53 , h , 7 . 35 , n , 8 . 97 . prepared as in example 11 , using n -( n - isopropylacetamido ) piperazine , to afford a 94 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 180 - 200 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0345 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 147 and 1 . 148 ( doublets , j = 6 , 6h ), 1 . 2 - 1 . 8 ( m , 11h ), 2 . 6 ( broad m , 8h ), 2 . 95 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 088 and 4 . 092 ( heptets , j = 6 , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 17 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0346 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 22 . 75 , 24 . 5 , 25 . 7 , 26 . 1 , 30 . 6 , 60 . 5 , 50 . 2 , 53 . 8 , 61 . 5 , 65 . 8 , 106 . 7 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 6 , 129 . 1 , 137 . 0 , 138 . 2 , 143 . 0 , 156 . 1 , 158 . 2 , 169 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 39 n 5 o 3 hcl . ½h 2 o ( c 4 h 110 ): c , 57 . 98 ; h , 8 . 32 ; n , 10 . 91 . found : c , 57 . 77 ; h , 7 . 90 ; n , 10 . 85 . prepared as in example 11 , using n - phenethylamine , to afford a 73 % yield of the product assigned the trans stereochemistry , mp 195 - 204 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0351 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 2 - 1 . 4 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 58 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 94 ( broad s , 1h ), 2 . 27 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 33 ( broad s , 1h ), 2 . 4904 ( dd , j = 10 , 14 , 2h ), 2 . 7 - 2 . 8 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 10 ( dd , j = 4 , 11 , 1h , assigned trans stereochemistry ), 4 . 54 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 41 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 04 ( d , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 3 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0352 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 20 . 3 , 22 . 4 , 31 . 7 , 36 . 6 , 37 . 3 , 39 . 9 , 40 . 7 , 43 . 3 , 50 . 1 , 59 . 3 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 7 , 126 . 1 , 126 . 7 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 7 , 128 . 9 , 137 . 1 , 1138 . 3 , 140 . 4 , 142 . 8 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 31 n 3 . 2hcl . h 2 o : c , 66 . 39 ; h , 7 . 22 ; n , 8 . 60 . found : c , 66 . 00 ; h , 7 . 22 , n , 8 . 60 . prepared as in example 11 , using 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 1 . 0 ] hex - 6 - ylamine , to afford a 78 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 248 - 260 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0357 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 04 ( broad d , j = 9 , 2h ), 1 . 29 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 59 ( broad s , 1h ), 1 . 89 ( broad s , 1h ), 2 . 12 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 21 ( ddd , j = 3 , 14 , 24 , 2h ), 2 . 48 ( broad s , 1h ), 2 . 78 ( dd , j = 4 , 13 , 1h assigned trans stereochemistry ), 3 . 02 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 55 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 39 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 44 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0358 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 22 . 4 , 25 . 5 , 25 . 6 , 27 . 35 , 32 . 5 , 36 . 3 , 36 . 8 , 38 . 3 , 41 . 3 , 49 . 5 , 52 . 6 , 53 . 6 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 128 . 9 , 137 . 1 , 138 . 3 , 142 . 5 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 3 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 30 n 4 . 3hcl . ½h 2 o . ½ ( c 4 h 10 o ): c , 58 . 92 ; h , 7 . 42 ; n , 10 . 57 . found : c , 59 . 02 ; h , 7 . 50 ; n , 10 . 64 . prepared as in example 11 , using n - phenethylamine , to afford a 77 . 5 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 178 - 192 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0363 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 2 - 1 . 5 ( m , 6h ), 2 . 2 - 2 . 5 ( m , 3h ), 2 . 84 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 03 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 49 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 41 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 . 5 ( 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 12h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 74 ( m , 2h ). [ 0364 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 32 . 6 , 33 . 0 , 36 . 7 , 338 . 7 , 38 . 8 , 43 . 8 , 44 . 7 , 48 . 1 , 60 . 4 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 8 , 125 . 9 , 126 . 3 , 126 . 6 , 126 . 8 , 128 . 3 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 8 , 129 . 6 , 137 . 3 , 138 . 3 , 140 . 1 , 141 . 0 , 146 . 8 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 32 h 35 n 3 . 2hcl . ½ch 2 cl 2 . ( c 4 h 10 o ): c , 66 . 41 ; h , 7 . 48 ; n , 6 . 37 . found : c , 66 . 42 ; h , 7 . 29 ; n , 6 . 17 . prepared as in example 11 , using n - phenethylamine , to afford a 96 % yield of the product assigned the cis stereochemistry , mp 170 - 180 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0369 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 2 - 1 . 4 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 57 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 68 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 0 - 2 . 2 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 61 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 69 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 77 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 50 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 42 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 12 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 22 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 47 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m 2h ). [ 0370 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 22 . 1 , 27 . 4 , 36 . 4 , 36 . 6 , 37 . 1 , 39 . 0 , 41 . 7 , 49 . 7 , 52 . 5 , 68 . 5 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 7 , 126 . 0 , 126 . 7 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 6 , 128 . 9 , 137 . 3 , 138 . 3 , 140 . 1 , 142 . 3 , 156 . 1 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 31 n 3 . 2hcl . h 2 o . ½ ( c 4 h 10 o ): c , 66 . 28 ; h , 7 . 67 ; n , 8 . 00 . found : c , 66 . 57 , h , 7 . 41 , n , 7 . 64 . prepared as in example 11 , using 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 1 . 0 ] hex - 6 - ylamino , to afford a 56 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 200 - 220 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0375 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 2 - 3 . 2 ( multiplets for 18h ), 4 . 53 and 4 . 58 ( broad singlets , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 and 6 . 44 ( doublets , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 and 7 . 05 ( doublets , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 25 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 40 and 7 . 45 ( triplets , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 89 and 7 . 87 ( multiplets , 2h ). [ 0376 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 25 . 3 , 26 . 1 , 30 . 9 , 32 . 9 , 34 . 6 , 37 . 1 , 39 . 9 , 53 . 0 , 64 . 9 , 66 . 5 , 106 . 8 , 107 . 2 , 110 . 8 , 110 . 9 , 125 . 9 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 127 . 1 , 128 . 3 , 129 . 2 , 138 . 4 , 138 . 5 , 156 . 2 , 158 . 2 . prepared as in example 11 , using n - methyloxindole , to afford a 100 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 170 - 175 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0380 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 3 . 26 ( s , 3h ), 4 . 60 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 47 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 86 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 12 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 85 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 02 ( m , 2h ). [ 0381 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 26 . 1 , 107 . 7 , 108 . 1 , 110 . 9 , 121 . 1 , 121 . 7 , 122 . 8 126 . 8 , 127 . 1 , 129 . 7 , 132 . 3 , 135 . 0 , 136 . 7 , 138 . 4 , 140 . 6 , 144 . 1 , 154 . 9 , 158 . 3 , 168 . 45 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 21 h 17 n 3 o . ¼h 2 o : c , 76 . 00 ; h , 5 . 31 ; n , 12 . 66 . found : c , 75 . 93 , h , 5 . 30 , n , 11 . 87 . prepared by reduction of example 28 , to afford a 60 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 45 - 55 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0386 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 91 ( dd , j = 10 , 14 , 1h ), 3 . 14 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 52 ( dd , j = 4 , 14 , 1h ), 3 . 73 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 42 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 725 ( di j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m 1h ), 6 . 88 ( t , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 21 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ). [ 0387 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 26 . 1 , 36 . 5 , 47 . 0 , 107 . 0 , 107 . 9 , 110 . 7 , 122 . 1 , 124 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 127 . 9 , 129 . 6 , 138 . 0 , 138 . 3 , 138 . 5 , 144 . 2 , 155 . 7 , 158 . 3 , 177 . 0 . prepared as in example 28 , using n -( 2 - dimethylaminoethyl ) oxindole , to afford a 91 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 165 - 190 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0391 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 33 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 59 ( t , j = 7 , 2h ), 3 . 90 ( t , j = 7 , 2h ), 4 . 55 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 48 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 85 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 14 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 24 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 51 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 71 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 85 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 02 ( m , 2h ). [ 0392 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 37 . 6 , 45 . 1 , 55 . 6 , 107 . 0 , 107 . 7 , 110 . 4 , 121 . 1 , 122 . 4 , 125 . 9 , 126 . 2 , 129 . 1 , 131 . 7 , 136 . 3 , 137 . 8 , 157 . 6 . not all carbons were visible in this scan due to limited compound solubility . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 24 n 4 o . 2hcl . h 2 o : c , 60 . 63 ; h , 5 . 94 ; n , 11 . 78 . found : c , 60 . 61 , h , 6 . 13 , n , 10 . 12 . prepared by reduction of example 30 using palladium - catalyzed ammonium formate , to afford a 97 % yield of the product as a mixture of diastereomers as the hydrochloride salt , mp 120 - 135 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0397 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 25 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 39 9 m , 2h ), 2 . 95 ( dd , j = 9 , 14 , 1h ), 3 . 48 ( dd , j = 4 , 14 , 1h ), 3 . 7 - 3 . 9 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 47 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 42 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 76 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 84 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 89 ( t , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 18 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 25 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0398 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 36 . 5 , 38 . 2 , 45 . 6 , 46 . 9 , 55 . 9 , 107 . 0 , 108 . 1 , 110 . 7 , 122 . 0 , 124 . 7 , 126 . 6 , 127 . 9 , 128 . 4 , 129 . 7 , 130 . 9 , 138 . 0 , 138 . 3 , 143 . 5 , 155 . 8 , 158 . 2 , 176 . 8 . prepared from example 13 , using 5 - bromomethylisoxazole to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in ethyl acetate , in 90 %, mp 122 - 127 ° c . [ 0402 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 81 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 18 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 485 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 735 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 57 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 17 ( d , j = 1 . 5 , 1h ), 6 . 38 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 24 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 18 ( d , j = 1 . 7 , 1h ). [ 0403 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 2 , 41 . 8 , 53 . 4 , 53 . 9 , 102 . 4 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 8 , 126 . 9 , 137 . 7 , 138 . 2 , 146 . 4 , 150 . 1 , 155 . 9 , 158 . 2 , 168 . 9 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 20 h 22 n 4 o . ¼ ( c 4 h 8 o 2 ): c , 70 . 76 ; h , 6 . 79 ; n , 15 . 72 . found : c , 70 . 83 ; h , 6 . 62 ; n , 15 . 73 . prepared from example 13 , using iodoacetamide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 55 %, mp 224 - 227 ° c . [ 0408 ] 1 h - nmr ( 6 , dmso - d 6 ): 1 . 76 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 17 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 51 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 88 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 91 ( m , 4h ), 5 . 94 ( d , j = 4 . 5 , 1h ), 6 . 39 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 30 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 44 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 2h ). [ 0409 ] 13 c - nmr ( 6 , dmso - d 6 ): 33 . 0 , 41 . 1 , 54 . 0 , 61 . 7 , 106 . 7 , 108 . 0 , 126 . 3 , 126 . 8 , 137 . 3 , 137 . 9 , 146 . 5 , 154 . 3 , 159 . 4 , 172 . 0 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 18 h 22 n 4 o . ½h 2 o : c , 67 . 69 ; h , 7 . 26 ; n , 17 . 54 . found : c , 67 . 96 , h , 7 . 03 , n , 17 . 37 . prepared from example 13 , using phenacyl bromide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl ) phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 75 %, mp 180 - 200 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0414 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 8 - 2 . 0 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 55 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 12 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 85 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 57 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 28 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 55 ( t , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 01 ( m , 2h ). [ 0415 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 2 , 42 . 0 , 54 . 6 , 64 . 8 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 128 . 1 , 128 . 5 , 133 . 1 , 136 . 1 , 137 . 6 , 138 . 3 , 146 . 7 , 155 . 9 , 158 . 1 , 196 . 7 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 25 n 3 o 2 hcl . 3 / 4h 2 o : c , 62 . 95 ; h , 6 . 27 ; n , 9 . 18 . found : c , 63 . 13 ; h , 6 . 38 ; n , 9 . 07 . prepared from example 13 , using 3 , 4 - dimethoxybenzyl bromide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 89 %, mp 150 - 165 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0420 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 85 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 18 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 54 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 06 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 56 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 86 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 89 ( s , 3h ), 4 . 6 ( broad s , 2h ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 82 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 95 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 82 ( m , 2h ). [ 0421 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 32 . 9 , 42 . 2 , 53 . 8 , 55 . 91 , 55 . 935 , 60 . 4 , 62 . 8 , 106 . 9 , 1110 . 7 , 110 . 8 , 112 . 6 , 121 . 7 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 1 , 137 . 7 , 138 . 3 , 146 . 6 , 148 . 3 , 156 . 1 , 158 . 3 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 29 n 3 o 2 . 2hcl . { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} h 2 o : c , 59 . 11 ; h , 6 . 85 ; n , 8 . 27 . found : c , 59 . 19 ; h , 6 . 92 ; n , 8 . 21 . prepared from example 13 , using 3 , 4 - methylenedioxybenzyl bromide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 82 %, mp 150 - 165 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0426 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 87 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 11 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 53 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 05 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 51 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 94 ( s , 2h ), 6 . 41 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 76 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 89 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( m , 2h ). [ 0427 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 0 , 42 . 2 , 53 . 8 , 62 . 8 , 100 . 9 , 106 . 9 , 107 . 9 , 109 . 8 , 110 . 7 , 122 . 6 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 1 , 131 . 4 , 137 . 7 , 138 . 4 , 146 . 7 , 147 . 6 , 156 . 1 , 158 . 3 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 25 n 3 o 2 { fraction ( 3 / 2 )} h 2 o 2 hcl : c , 59 . 14 ; h , 6 . 20 ; n , 8 : 62 . found : c , 59 . 22 ; h , 6 . 32 ; n , 8 . 53 . prepared from example 13 , using furfuryl bromide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl ) phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 100 %, mp 75 - 95 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0432 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 8 - 1 . 9 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 11 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 02 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 56 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 6 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 38 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 37 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 43 ( t , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 2h ). [ 0433 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 1 , 42 . 1 , 53 . 8 , 55 . 0 , 136 . 8 128 . 8 , 110 . 0 , 110 . 6 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 137 . 6 , 138 . 2 , 142 . 1 , 146 . 7 , 151 . 6 , 156 . 0 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 21 h 23 n 3 o 2 hcl . ¾h 2 o : c , 57 . 60 ; h , 6 . 56 ; n , 9 . 60 . found : c , 57 . 66 ; h , 6 . 69 ; n , 9 . 47 . prepared as in example 2 , using 5 , 6 - dimethoxy - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroisoquinoline for the reductive amination step , with a 88 % yield for the final deblocking , mp 205 - 209 ° c . : [ 0438 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 72 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 77 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 52 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 66 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 72 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 75 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 8 ( broad s , 2h ), 6 . 39 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 43 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 53 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 3 - 7 . 4 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 5 - 7 . 7 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 85 ( m , 2h ). [ 0439 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 : 28 . 2 , 50 . 6 , 55 . 4 , 55 . 8 , 62 . 2 , 107 . 5 , 139 . 5 , 110 . 9 , 111 . 4 , 125 . 9 , 126 . 1 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 0 , 127 . 3 , 129 . 9 , 136 . 7 , 138 . 5 , 138 . 6 , 140 . 9 , 147 . 2 , 147 . 5 , 155 . 5 , 158 . 6 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 29 h 29 n 3 o 21 / 2 h 2 o : c , 75 . 63 ; h , 6 . 57 ; n , 9 . 12 . found : c , 75 . 75 , h , 6 . 37 , n , 9 . 20 . prepared from example 13 , using 5 - isothiazolyl bromide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 95 %, mp 140 - 145 ° c . [ 0444 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 795 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 02 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 835 ( s , 2h ), 6 . 385 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 96 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 24 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 42 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 75 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 35 ( s , 1h ). [ 0445 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 1 , 41 . 9 , 54 . 1 , 55 . 4 , 107 . 1 , 110 . 75 , 122 . 2 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 0 , 1337 . 6 , 138 . 4 , 146 . 5 , 155 . 9 , 157 . 4 , 158 . 3 , 166 . 6 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 20 h 22 n 4 s1 / 2h 2 o : c , 66 . 82 ; h , 6 . 45 ; n , 15 . 58 . found : c , 67 . 08 , h , 6 . 51 , n , 15 . 23 . prepared from example 13 , using 5 - thiazolyl bromide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl ) phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 99 %, mp 151 - 154 ° c . [ 0450 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 81 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 145 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 77 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 57 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 39 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 44 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 74 ( s , 1h ). [ 0451 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 2 , 42 . 1 , 53 . 8 , 54 . 3 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 136 . 4 , 137 . 6 , 138 . 3 , 141 . 7 , 146 . 6 , 153 . 3 , 156 . 0 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 20 h 22 n 4 s : c , 68 . 54 ; h , 6 . 33 ; n , 15 . 99 . found : c , 68 . 21 , h , 6 . 49 , n , 15 . 63 . prepared from example 13 , using 2 - pyridyl bromide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl ) phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 97 %, mp 180 - 190 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0456 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 82 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 19 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 53 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 02 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 69 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 54 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 38 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 26 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 64 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 55 ( m , 1h ). [ 0457 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 2 , 42 . 2 , 54 . 4 , 64 . 9 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 6 , 121 . 9 , 123 . 2 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 136 . 3 , 137 . 6 , 138 . 2 , 146 . 8 , 149 . 1 , 156 . 0 , 158 . 2 , 158 . 7 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 24 n 4 . 2hcl . { fraction ( 7 / 4 )} h 2 : c , 58 . 86 ; h , 6 . 62 ; n , 12 . 48 . found : c , 58 . 99 , h , 6 . 66 , n , 12 . 24 . prepared from example 13 , using 3 - pyridyl bromide to alkylate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl ) phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 86 %, mp 202 - 215 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0462 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 81 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 51 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 96 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 53 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 625 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 38 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 24 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 43 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 69 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 82 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 54 ( m , 1h ). [ 0463 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 1 , 42 . 1 , 54 . 1 , 60 . 4 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 6 , 123 . 3 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 133 . 7 , 136 . 8 , 137 . 6 , 138 . 3 , 146 . 6 , 148 . 4 , 150 . 3 , 155 . 9 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 24 n 4 . 3hcl . { fraction ( 3 / 2 )} h 2 o : c , 54 . 95 ; h , 6 . 29 ; n , 11 . 65 . found : c , 54 . 93 , h , 6 . 51 , n , 11 . 31 . prepared from example 13 , using 2 - imidazolyl aldehyde to reductively aminate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 88 %, mp 160 - 163 ° c . [ 0468 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 81 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 28 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 54 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 75 ( broad s , 2h ), 6 . 395 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 94 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 20 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 2h ). [ 0469 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 32 . 6 , 41 . 6 , 54 . 0 , 55 . 7 , 107 . 0 , 110 . 7 , 127 . 0 , 137 . 9 , 138 . 4 , 146 . 0 , 155 . 9 , 158 . 3 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 20 h 23 n 5 ½h 2 co 3 : c , 67 . 56 ; h , 6 . 64 ; n , 19 . 22 . found : c , 67 . 48 , h , 6 . 89 , n , 18 . 91 . prepared from example 13 , using 4 - imidazolyl aldehyde to reductively aminate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 92 %, mp & gt ; 210 ° c . ( dec .) as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0474 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 74 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 07 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 5 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 97 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 47 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 94 ( broad s , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 39 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( broad s , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( d , j = 7 . 4 , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 42 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 56 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 88 ( m , 2h ). [ 0475 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 32 . 8 , 41 . 4 , 53 . 3 , 54 . 1 , 106 . 7 , 108 . 0 , 126 . 3 , 126 . 7 , 137 . 3 , 137 . 9 , 146 . 5 , 154 . 3 , 159 . 5 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 20 h 23 n 5 ½h 2 co 3 : c , 67 . 56 ; h , 6 . 64 ; n , 19 . 22 . found : c , 67 . 99 , h , 6 . 72 , n , 19 . 07 . prepared from example 13 , using 4 - pyridine carboxaldehyde to reductively aminate 6 -[ 4 -( piperidin - 4 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridin - 2 - ylamine , in 74 %, mp 158 - 163 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0480 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 81 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 52 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 94 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 51 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 57 ( broad s , 2h , n h 2 ), 6 . 39 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 28 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 43 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 52 ( m , 2h ). [ 0481 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 4 , 42 . 2 , 54 . 4 , 62 . 1 , 106 . 9 , 110 . 7 , 123 . 9 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 1 , 137 . 7 , 138 . 3 , 146 . 7 , 148 . 1 , 149 . 7 , 156 . 0 , 158 . 3 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 24 n 4 . { fraction ( 5 / 4 )} h 2 o : c , 72 . 00 ; h , 7 . 28 ; n , 15 . 27 . found : c , 72 . 23 ; h , 6 . 97 ; n , 15 . 47 . to a 125 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with n 2 inlet were added 3 . 3 g ( 11 . 96 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -( 4 -( 4 ′- formylbiphenyl - 4 - yl ))- pyridine ( example 1b ), 1 . 9 g ( 11 . 96 mmol ) diethyl malonate , 60 ml benzene , 51 mg ( 0 . 6 mmol ) piperidine , and 10 mg benzoic acid . the reaction was refluxed overnight , cooled , and poured into water and ethyl acetate . the organic layer was washed with 1n hydrochloric acid , aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution , and brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methylene chloride / ethyl acetate to afford the product as a yellow oil , 4 . 32 g ( 86 . 5 %). [ 0487 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 31 ( t , j = 7 , 3h ), 1 . 34 ( t , j = 7 , 3h ), 2 . 21 ( s , 6h ), 4 . 33 ( q , j = 7 , 2h ), 4 . 35 ( q , j = 7 , 2h ), 5 . 93 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 17 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 55 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 87 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( m , 2h ). [ 0488 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 14 . 0 , 14 . 2 , 61 . 7 , 61 . 8 , 106 . 1 , 118 . 5 , 120 . 5 , 126 . 7 , 127 . 2 , 128 . 6 , 129 . 9 , 130 . 1 , 133 . 7 , 138 . 8 , 140 . 2 , 141 . 3 , 151 . 8 , 155 . 6 , 164 . 1 , 166 . 7 . to a 250 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 4 . 32 g ( 10 . 33 mmol ) diethyl - 4 -[ 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 - pyridyl ] benzylidenemalonate and 100 ml ethanol . to the stirring solution was added a solution of 672 mg ( 10 . 33 mmol ) potassium cyanide in 2 . 6 ml water , and the reaction heated at 60 ° c . overnight . the reaction was cooled and quenched with dilute hydrochloric acid , then taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with acid and brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methylene chloride / ethyl acetate as eluant to afford 3 . 00 g ( 78 %) of an oil . [ 0493 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 21 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 96 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 71 ( s , 3h ), 4 . 355 ( t , j = 7 , 1h ), 5 . 93 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 17 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 47 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 74 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 89 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( m , 2h ). [ 0494 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 32 . 9 , 39 . 7 , 52 . 4 , 107 . 1 , 118 . 4 , 113 . 75 , 120 . 3 , 127 . 8 , 128 . 6 , 135 . 4 , 138 . 8 , 151 . 8 , 155 . 8 , 169 . 5 . to a 125 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 2 . 84 g ( 7 . 61 mmol ) ethyl - 3 -[ 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 - pyridyl ] phenyl - 3 - cyano - propionate , 50 ml ethanol , and 1 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid . the solution was heated as 700 mg 10 % palladium - on - carbon and 2 . 4 g ( 38 . 07 mmol ) ammonium formate were added , and the reaction heated at 80 ° c . for 4 . 75 hours , with additional catalyst and ammonium formate at 1 hour intervals . the reaction was cooled and filtered through celite , and the filtrate evaporated . the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate , washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was taken up in 50 ml dry toluene , treated with 5 ml triethylamine , and heated at reflux for 1 hour . the reaction was then cooled , washed with dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid and brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methylene chloride / methanol as eluant to afford 204 . 5 mg ( 8 . 1 %) of an oil . [ 0499 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 2 . 21 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 64 ( ab , j = 8 . 5 , 17 , dn = 94 , 2h ), 3 . 43 ( dd , j = 7 , 9 , 1h ), 3 . 73 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 92 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 02 ( bs , 1h ), 7 . 13 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 72 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 86 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( m , 2h ). [ 0500 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 38 . 0 , 40 . 0 , 49 . 5 , 107 . 0 , 118 . 2 , 119 . 9 , 127 . 2 , 127 . 4 , 128 . 7 , 137 . 3 , 138 . 7 , 143 . 5 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 3 , 177 . 8 . to a 125 ml round - bottomed flask equipped with condenser and n 2 inlet were added 230 mg ( 1 . 73 mmol ) aluminum chloride and 8 ml dry tetrahydrofuran . the solution was cooled to 0 ° c ., and 4 . 04 ml ( 4 . 04 mmol ) of a 1 . 0 m solution was lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran was added . the reaction was stirred 20 minutes at room temperature , and cooled to − 70 ° c . the reaction was treated with a solution of 191 mg ( 0 . 577 mmol ) 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- 6 -[ 4 -( pyrrolidin - 3 - yl )- phenyl ]- pyridine in 2 ml dry tetrahydrofuran , and stirred 1 hour at − 70 ° c . and 14 hours at room temperature . the reaction was carefully quenched with dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid , then taken up in methylene chloride and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution , and the combined organic layer washed with water , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated to afford 145 mg ( 79 %) of an oil . [ 0505 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 21 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 27 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 89 ( dd , j = 8 , 10 , 1h ), 3 . 11 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 19 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 28 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( dd , j = 8 , 10 , 1h ), 3 . 5 ( bs , 1h ), 5 . 92 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 10 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 33 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 70 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( m , 2h ). [ 0506 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 34 . 4 , 45 . 3 , 47 . 2 , 54 . 8 , 106 . 9 , 118 . 1 , 119 . 7 , 125 . 5 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 2 , 127 . 4 , 127 . 6 , 128 . 6 , 136 . 5 , 138 . 6 , 145 . 3 , 151 . 6 , 156 . 6 . prepared using the procedure in example 43 to carry out the reductive amination with furfural , in 65 % yield as an oil . [ 0510 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 92 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 21 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 36 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 59 ( t , j = 9 , 1h ), 2 . 78 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 97 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 18 ( t , j = 9 , 1h ), 3 . 44 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 75 ( ab q , j = 14 , dn = 19 , 2h ), 5 . 92 ( s , 2h ), 6 . 24 ( d , j = 3 , 1h ), 6 . 32 ( dd , j = 2 , 3 , 1h ), 7 . 10 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 38 ( d , j = 2 , 1h ), 70 . 70 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 99 ( m , 2h ). [ 0511 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 4 , 33 . 0 , 43 . 1 , 51 . 7 , 54 . 1 , 61 . 4 , 106 . 8 , 108 . 2 , 110 . 1 , 118 . 0 , 119 . 6 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 3 , 128 . 7 , 130 . 8 , 136 . 3 , 138 . 5 , 142 . 1 , 146 . 05 , 151 . 5 , 152 . 0 , 156 . 6 . prepared as in example 11d , in 77 % yield , mp 60 - 70 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt . [ 0515 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 34 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 51 ( t , j = 9 , 1h ), 2 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 93 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 13 ( t , j = 9 , 1h ), 3 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 69 ( ab q , j = 14 , dn = 21 , 2h ), 4 . 55 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 19 ( d , j = 3 , 1h ), 6 . 30 ( dd , j = 2 , 3 , 1h ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 29 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 36 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ). [ 0516 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 33 . 1 , 43 . 1 , 52 . 0 , 54 . 2 , 61 . 75 , 106 . 8 , 107 . 7 , 110 . 0 , 110 . 6 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 1 , 127 . 4 , 167 . 6 , 138 . 3 , 141 . 9 , 145 . 5 , 152 . 6 , 155 . 9 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 20 h 21 n 3 o . 2hcl . { fraction ( 5 / 3 )} h 2 o : c , 56 . 88 ; h , 6 . 28 ; n , 9 . 95 . found : c , 56 . 67 , h , 6 . 11 , n , 10 . 15 . prepared as in example 46 , using isobutyraldehyde , with a 73 % yield in the final deblocking step to afford the product as a solid , mp 55 - 70 ° c . [ 0521 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 0 . 93 ( d , j = 6 . 5 , 6h ), 1 . 76 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 87 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 2 - 2 . 4 ( m , 3h ), 2 . 49 ( dd , j = 8 , 9 , 1h ), 2 . 64 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 76 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 98 ( t , j = 9 , 1h ), 3 . 37 ( h , j = 7 , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 40 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 32 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 2h ). [ 0522 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 21 . 0 , 27 . 4 , 33 . 2 , 43 . 0 , 54 . 9 , 62 . 4 , 64 . 9 , 106 . 8 , 110 . 7 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 5 , 137 . 5 , 138 . 3 , 146 . 4 , 156 . 0 , 158 . 2 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 19 h 25 . n 3 . 2hcl . 2h 2 o : c , 56 . 43 , h , 7 . 73 , n , 10 . 39 . found : c , 56 . 13 , h , 7 . 52 , n , 10 . 40 . to a 125 ml 3 - necked round - bottomed flask equipped with septum and n 2 inlet were added 1 . 86 g ( 5 . 70 mmol ) 6 - bromo - 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolyl )- pyridine and 40 ml dry tetrahydrofuran . the solution was cooled to − 60 ° c ., and 2 . 73 ml ( 6 . 84 mmol ) of a 2 . 5m solution of butyl lithium in hexane was added dropwise and the solution stirred 10 min at − 60 ° c . then a solution of 1 . 47 g ( 6 . 84 mmol ) 3 - benyl - 3 - aza - bicyclo [ 3 . 2 . 1 ] octan - 8 - one in 15 ml dry tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise , and the reaction stirred at − 60 ° c . for 10 minutes , and then at room temperature for 3 hours . the reaction was quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride solution and taken up in ethyl acetate . the organic layer was separated and washed with more aqueous ammonium chloride solution and brine , dried over sodium sulfate , and evaporated . the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using methanol and methylene chloride to afford 413 mg ( 16 %) of a yellow oil which solidified , mp 58 - 68 ° c . [ 0528 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 45 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 84 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 22 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 46 ( bs , 2h ), 2 . 66 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 92 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 64 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 94 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 14 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 4 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 959 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 74 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 865 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 065 ( m , 2h ). [ 0529 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 25 . 5 , 41 . 8 , 54 . 0 , 61 . 8 , 78 . 9 , 107 . 0 , 118 . 3 , 120 . 0 , 125 . 9 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 1 , 128 . 2 , 128 . 7 , 137 . 6 , 138 . 6 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 4 . prepared as in example 13c in 73 % yield as a solid , mp 185 - 190 ° c . [ 0533 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 52 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 19 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 35 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 48 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 91 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 12 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 55 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 72 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( m , 2h ). [ 0534 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 13 . 5 , 24 . 7 , 42 . 0 , 47 . 1 , 78 . 9 , 107 . 0 , 118 . 3 , 119 . 9 , 125 . 6 , 127 . 1 , 128 . 6 , 137 . 5 , 138 . 6 , 147 . 1 , 151 . 7 , 156 . 4 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 27 n 3 o . ¼ ( c 4 h 8 o 3 ): c , 75 . 92 ; h , 7 . 39 ; n , 10 . 62 . found : c , 76 . 13 ; h , 7 . 37 ; n , 10 . 33 . prepared as in example 11d in 84 % yield as a solid , mp 108 - 120 ° c . [ 0539 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 46 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 29 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 47 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 39 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 635 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 365 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 6 . 94 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 44 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 75 ( m , 2h ). [ 0540 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 24 . 4 , 41 . 5 , 46 . 7 , 78 . 3 , 107 . 3 , 110 . 8 , 125 . 3 , 125 . 5 , 126 . 9 , 138 . 4 , 138 . 6 , 145 . 8 , 155 . 6 , 158 . 4 . hrms calc &# 39 ; d for c 18 h 21 n 3 o : 286 . 1763 . found : 286 . 1776 . [ 0545 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 0 . 90 ( d , j = 6 , 6h ), 1 . 39 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 8 ( broad m , 3h ), 2 . 2 ( broad m , 2h ), 2 . 425 ( bs , 2h ), 2 . 64 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 83 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 51 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 42 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 04 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 465 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 52 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 86 ( m , 2h ). [ 0546 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 20 . 8 , 25 . 15 , 25 . 6 , 41 . 5 , 54 . 4 , 65 . 6 , 78 . 45 , 107 . 4 , 111 . 1 , 125 . 6 , 127 . 0 , 138 . 6 , 138 . 8 , 155 . 7 , 158 . 4 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 29 n 3 o 2 hcl . h 2 o : c , 57 . 64 ; h , 7 . 26 ; n , 9 . 17 . found : c , 57 . 60 , h , 7 . 34 , n , 8 . 84 . prepared as in example 48 , using furfural , with a 33 % yield in the final deblocking step to afford the product as a solid , mp 187 - 202 ° c . [ 0551 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 41 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 78 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 435 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 65 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 68 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 52 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), 6 . 24 ( d , j = 3 , 1h ), 6 . 32 ( dd , j = 2 , 3 , 1h ), 6 . 415 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 37 ( d , j = 2 , 1h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 84 ( m , 2h ). [ 0552 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 25 . 1 , 41 . 5 , 53 . 6 , 53 . 8 , 78 . 5 , 107 . 3 , 108 . 6 , 110 . 1 , 111 . 0 , 125 . 6 , 127 . 0 138 . 4 , 139 . 0 , 141 . 9 , 145 . 1 , 155 . 6 , 158 . 3 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 25 n 3 o 2 . 2hcl . h 2 o : c , 59 . 23 ; h , 6 . 27 ; n , 9 . 01 . found : c , 59 . 17 , h , 6 . 50 , n , 8 . 71 . prepared as in example 46 , deblocking after step a . to afford the product as a solid , mp 185 - 200 ° c . ( dec .). [ 0557 ] 1 h - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 1 . 41 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 79 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 41 ( bs , 2h ), 2 . 63 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 91 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 62 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 58 ( bs , 2h , nh2 ), 6 . 41 ( d , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 . 5 , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 31 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 37 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( t , j = 8 , 1h ), 7 . 51 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 83 ( m , 2h ). [ 0558 ] 13 c - nmr ( δ , cdcl 3 ): 25 . 4 , 41 . 7 , 54 . 0 , 61 . 8 , 78 . 7 , 107 . 3 , 111 . 0 , 125 . 6 , 126 . 8 , 127 . 0 , 128 . 2 , 128 . 8 , 138 . 4 , 138 . 9 , 145 . 4 , 155 . 7 , 158 . 3 . anal . calc &# 39 ; d for c 2 h 27 n 3 o . ¼ch 2 cl 2 . ½ ( c 4 h 10 o ): c , 63 . 34 ; h , 6 . 73 ; n , 8 . 13 . found : c , 63 . 11 , h , 6 . 44 , n , 8 . 12 .

2Chemistry; Metallurgy

referring to the figures in which like referenced features indicate corresponding elements throughout the several views , attention is first directed to fig1 which illustrates a first embodiment of the gift box container ( 10 a ) as delivered to a consumer with the lid ( 12 ) disposed atop the container ( 14 ). it is seen in this view that in this embodiment the lid ( 12 ) substantially conforms to the dimensions of the container ( 14 ). although both the lid ( 12 ) and the container ( 14 ) are cylindrical in this embodiment , it is contemplated that each may take any configuration capable of being formed into a container . for example , square , rectangle , pentagon , octagon , etc . on the upper surface of the lid ( 12 ) is seen an aperture ( 16 ). in this embodiment , the aperture ( 16 ) is removably sealed by a membrane ( 18 ). in the preferred embodiment , the membrane ( 18 ) is affixed to the lid ( 12 ) and is comprised of paper or easily torn plastic material , each of which may be perforated to allow easy access to the decorative element ( 20 ). the membrane ( 18 ) provides a view of and secures a decorative element ( 20 ) stored within the lid ( 12 ). in alternate embodiments , the membrane ( 18 ) may be opaque . an optional handle ( 15 ) is shown attached to the gift box container ( 14 ). the handle ( 15 ) may be composed of rope , string , ribbon , reed , or any other appropriate material . the decorative element ( 20 ) may be seen in fig2 which illustrates a first embodiment of the gift box container ( 10 a ) with the decorative element ( 20 ) removed from the lid ( 12 ) and the gift box ( 10 a ) ready for delivery to a recipient . the decorative element ( 20 ) is secured to the base of a shadow box ( 24 ) disposed within the lid ( 12 ) to prevent accidental removal of the decorative element ( 20 ). referring now to fig3 a and 3 b which illustrate exploded views of the first embodiment of the gift box container ( 10 a ). it is seen in these figures that the membrane ( 18 ) may be affixed to the inner surface of the lid ( 12 ), fig3 a , or to the outer surface of the lid ( 12 ), fig3 b . in fig3 a is seen a shadow box insert ( 22 ) which incorporates a shadow box ( 24 ). the shadow box insert ( 22 ) is affixed to the inner surface of the lid ( 12 ) generally aligning the shadow box ( 24 ) with the lid aperture ( 16 ). alternatively , as seen in fig3 b , the shadow box ( 24 ) may be fashioned on to the lid ( 12 ). in either configuration , the shadow box ( 24 ) stores the decorative element ( 20 ) for delivery and secures the decorative element ( 20 ) to the lid ( 12 ). in this embodiment the decorative element ( 20 ) is comprised of material , such as silk or lace ribbon or any other appropriate material , which may easily collapse for storage within the shadow box ( 24 ) but has the resiliency to rebound to a fully formed decoration . in some embodiments , the decorative element ( 20 ) may incorporate ribbons with lengths generally of the height of the container ( 14 ) and tabs ( 28 ) at the terminal ends thereof to secure the lid ( 12 ) to the container ( 14 ). an example of such ribbons may be seen in fig4 , item 26 . referring now to fig4 which illustrates another embodiment of the gift box container ( 10 b ). the gift box container ( 10 b ) as illustrated in fig4 is shown in a generally rectangular configuration , however , other configurations are contemplated . in this figure it is seen a decorative element ( 20 ) atop the lid ( 12 ). as referenced in the prior paragraph , ribbons ( 26 ) are shown drawn along the sides of ( 14 ). the ribbons ( 26 ) may have tabs ( 28 ) to engage the ribbons with the container ( 14 ) or may engage their opposite member at a meeting point along the bottom of the container ( 14 ). referring now to fig5 a and 5 b which illustrate exploded views of the second embodiment of the gift box container ( 10 b ). in fig5 a is seen a shadow box insert ( 22 ) which incorporates a shadow box ( 24 ). the shadow box insert ( 22 ) is affixed to the inner surface of the lid ( 12 ) generally aligning the shadow box ( 24 ) with the lid aperture ( 16 ). alternatively , as seen in fig3 b , the shadow box ( 24 ) may be fashioned on to the lid ( 12 ). in either configuration , the shadow box ( 24 ) is adapted to receive the decorative element ( 20 ) secure the decorative element ( 20 ) laterally to the lid ( 12 ). in the embodiments of fig5 a through 9 , the decorative element ( 20 ) may be stored within the container ( 14 ) for delivery to the consumer or , alternatively , may be purchased separately from the gift box ( 10 b and 10 c ). by this means , the decorative element ( 20 ) of the gift box ( 10 b and 10 c ) may be exchanged to alter the presentation . it is contemplated that the decorative element ( 20 ) may be comprised of live or dried flowers , artificial flowers , bows , toys , jewelry , beads , or any other decorative item which creates the appropriate mood for the gift - giving occasion . where the decorative element ( 20 ) is comprised of live flowers , it is contemplated that base ( 32 ) of the decorative element ( 20 ) will be comprised of a sponge , see fig6 , or other like material which retains water , to ensure that the live flowers stay fresh for an extended period of time . it is further contemplated that the shadow box ( 24 ), may be comprised of a water - proof material to ensure that the gift is not damaged by water when the decorative element ( 20 ) is comprised of live flowers . at the terminal ends of the ribbons ( 26 ) may be tabs ( 28 ). as seen in fig5 a and 5 b , the tabs ( 28 ) are adapted to be inserted into slots ( 30 ) when the decorative element ( 20 ) is in place in the shadow box ( 24 ) of the lid ( 12 ) and the lid ( 12 ) is in place on the container ( 14 ). this tab / slot arrangement serves the dual purpose of securing the lid ( 12 ) and decorative element ( 20 ) to the container ( 14 ) and providing a finished looked to the ribbons ( 26 ). as shown , the slots ( 30 ) are elongated slots within the side walls of the container ( 14 ). referring now to fig8 , it is seen that other securing arrangements are contemplated such as providing elongated slots within the base of the container ( 14 ). in one alternative arrangement , the tabs ( 28 a ) are fashioned into generally u - shaped hooks . in this arrangement , the elongated slots ( 30 a ) are formed in the base ( 14 a ) of the container ( 14 ). it is also contemplated that the decorative element ( 20 ) may not include a ribbon . in this configuration , the decorative element ( 20 ) may be secured to the lid ( 12 ) by means of removable plastic snap rivets ( 34 ), velcro ® ( not shown ), or some other attachment means which allows for secure attachment but easy removal of the secured item . referring now to fig9 in which it is seen another embodiment of the gift box container ( 10 c ). the gift box container ( 10 c ) as illustrated in fig9 is shown in a generally rectangular configuration , however , other configurations are contemplated . in this figure it is seen a decorative element ( 20 ), a lid ( 12 ) with an aperture ( 16 ), and a container ( 14 ). the decorative element ( 20 ) is fixedly mounted upon a generally flat base ( 36 ). although shown in rectangular form , the base ( 36 ) of the decorative element ( 20 ) will substantially conform to the general dimensions of the aperture ( 16 ) but be sufficiently large such that the base ( 36 ) may not pass through the aperture ( 16 ). as delivered to the consumer , the decorative element ( 20 ) is disposed within the container ( 14 ) and the lid ( 12 ) is in place over the open top of the container ( 14 ). to prepare the gift for presentation , the user pulls the decorative element ( 20 ) through the aperture ( 16 ), ensuring that the ribbons ( 26 ) are also pull through the aperture ( 16 ), until the decorative element base ( 36 ) comes into contact with the inner surface of the lid ( 12 ). a plurality of securing elements ( 38 ) are disposed around the perimeter of the aperture ( 16 ) along the inner surface of the lid ( 12 ). it is expected that there will be at least two securing elements ( 38 ). in the preferred embodiment , the securing elements ( 38 ) are plastic tabs , however , it is also contemplated that any means of securing one surface to another , such as magnetic fasteners , peel - off adhesives , self - adhesive fasteners , foam clip fasteners , hooks , screw posts , rubber bands , clamps , velcro ®, snaps , tacks , prongs , buttons , glue ( reusable or temporary , plastic , gel , acrylic , etc . ), picture - frame swivel lock fasteners , tape ( all types , mounting , magnetic , etc . ), ties ( all types ; plastic , fabric , metal , etc . ), wire , slots , double - sided tape , clips , push pins , rivets , bolts , or nuts . at the terminal ends of the ribbons ( 26 ) are seen tabs ( 28 ). the tabs ( 28 ) are adapted to be inserted into slots ( 30 ) when the decorative element ( 20 ) is mounted to the lid ( 12 ) and the lid ( 12 ) is in place on the container ( 14 ). this tab / slot arrangement serves the dual purpose of securing the lid ( 12 ) and decorative element ( 20 ) to the container ( 14 ) and providing a finished looked to the ribbons ( 26 ). as shown , the slots ( 30 ) are elongated slots within the side walls of the container ( 14 ). although the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments , this description is not meant to be construed in a limited sense . any particular reference to a container shape or a securing mechanism is for illustrative purposes only and is intended to encompass alternate shapes and mechanisms . various modifications of the disclosed embodiments , as well as alternative embodiments of the inventions will become apparent to persons skilled in the art upon the reference to the description of the invention . it is , therefore , contemplated that the disclosure will cover such modifications that fall within the scope of the invention .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

while embodiments of the present disclosure may take many forms , there are described in detail herein specific embodiments of the present disclosure . this description is an exemplification of the principles of the present disclosure and is not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular embodiments illustrated . the following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings in which similar elements in different drawings are numbered the same . the drawings , which are not necessarily to scale , depict illustrative embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure . those skilled in the art will recognize that the dimensions and materials discussed herein are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure . in some embodiments , the present disclosure relates generally to a stent having a bulge or enlarged middle portion where the bulge is designed to adapt to the antrum pouch created during sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch ( sg ) surgery . the role of the bulge is to prevent downwards and / or upwards stent migration and close / insulate any leaks that may occur . the present disclosure is discussed in more detail with respect to the figures below . in some embodiments , the stent includes a sleeve that extends past the distal end of the stent into the duodenum and past the common bile duct to prevent reflux . turning now to the figures , fig5 is a partial side view of one embodiment of a stent according to the disclosure . stent 20 includes a flared proximal end portion 22 , an enlarged middle portion 24 and a distal end portion 26 connected to a polymeric sleeve 28 . sleeve 28 is partially illustrated in fig5 . while the enlarged middle portion 24 is shown in fig5 as having a symmetrical ovular shape , the shape may also be non - symmetrical as well . this stent is designed to pass from the esophagus , through the stomach , and into the duodenum . sleeve 28 extends distally past the distal end of the distal end portion 26 of the stent 20 and past the common bile duct . sleeve 28 is suitably formed of a material that allows it to collapse upon itself . this , in combination with the extension of the sleeve 28 beyond the common bile duct , allows the bile to fun down the outside of the sleeve and continue into the small intestine rather than splashing back into the stomach . sleeve 28 is suitably formed of a polymer material , and can also be formed of an elastomeric polymeric material . examples of elastomeric polymers include , but are not limited to , silicone , polyurethane and polyether - block - amide to mention only a few . fig6 is a side view of a stent 20 similar to that shown in fig5 , with the relative length of sleeve 28 to stent 20 . fig7 illustrates a stent 20 similar to those shown in fig5 and 6 wherein stent 20 is illustrated passing from the esophagus , through the stomach and into the duodenum . the sleeve 28 of stent 20 extends distally past the distal end or the distal end portion 26 past the common bile duct into the duodenum . proximal end portion 22 of stent 20 is in the esophagus , the enlarged middle portion 24 is located in the antrum of stomach and distal end portion 26 along with sleeve 28 is located in the duodenum . fig8 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of a stent 20 wherein the distal end portion 26 of stent 20 is relatively short , or just slightly greater than 0 mm and ends almost at the distal end of the enlarged central portion 24 of stent 20 . in this embodiment , the stent / sleeve is configured such that the sleeve 28 of the stent terminates in the stomach rather extending into the duodenum as illustrated in the embodiment shown in fig7 . again , as in the embodiment shown in fig7 above , sleeve 20 extends beyond the common bile duct . again , sleeve 20 is configured to collapse and close upon itself to prevent bile reflux . in this embodiment , however , the pyloric valve is still able to close to further aid in the prevention of bile reflux . fig9 illustrates stent similar to that shown in fig8 wherein stent 20 is shown passing from the esophagus , through the stomach , and ending in the pylorus . the enlarged central portion and the distal end 26 thereof , thus terminates in the stomach . the sleeve 28 of stent 20 passes through the pylorus 16 of the stomach and into the duodenum 5 . in this embodiment , only the sleeve 28 is located in the duodenum . fig1 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of a stent 20 wherein the sleeve 28 is eliminated . in this embodiment a valve 30 is positioned in the distal end portion 26 of the stent between the enlarged central portion 24 and the distal end of stent 20 . in some embodiments , the one - way flow valve may comprise one cuspid or multiple cuspids . in one embodiment , the stent includes a tricuspid one - way valve as shown in fig1 . positioning of a one way valve in the distal end portion 26 of stent 20 aids in the prevention or significant reduction of bile reflux . the valve 30 is positioned within the distal end portion 26 of stent so as to reside at approximately the same location as the pyloric sphincter . in some embodiments , stent 20 is in the formed of a braided or woven structure . valve 30 may be coupled to the braided or woven construction . fig1 and 13 illustrate alternative embodiments wherein at least a portion of the distal end portion 26 which will be disposed in the pyloric sphincter comprises a collapsible stent portion . the collapsible portion can be created in a variety of ways such as by reducing the radial strength of the stent in at least a portion of the end portion 26 or the entire portion , or by placing a collapsible sleeve or band around at least a portion of the distal end portion 26 . fig1 is a side view illustrating an alternative embodiment of a stent 20 wherein the valve 30 has been replaced with an elastomeric band 32 . band 32 may be formed of any suitable elastomeric material . examples include , but are not limited to , silicone , polyurethane and poly - ether - block amide . elastomeric band 32 is located in the distal end portion at the distal end of the enlarged middle portion 24 of stent 20 . elastomeric band 32 applies an inward pressure such that stent 20 closes upon itself in the region of elastomeric band 32 . when the stomach muscles contract , the bolus of food will be pushed out of the stomach bulge , past the elastomeric band , and into the duodenum . this causes the elastomeric band to expand . once the bolus of food has passed , the elastomeric band returns to it &# 39 ; s at rest state wherein the stent 20 in the region of elastomeric band 32 is again closed , preventing or significantly reducing bile reflux . the distal end portion 26 of stent 20 can be formed of a braided or woven construction as the rest of stent 20 , but can be suitably formed of a continuous wall construction in this embodiment , as opposed to a braided or woven configuration . fig1 is an alternative embodiment wherein the distal end portion 26 of stent 20 extends through the pyloric sphincter . at this location , the radial force of stent 20 is lower than the enlarged middle portion 24 of stent 20 and the proximal end portion 22 of stent 20 to allow closure of the sphincter . the radial force can be reduced in a variety of different was such as reducing the wire diameter , lowering the braid angle , reducing the number of wires , etc . fig1 illustrates a reduction in braid angle in the distal end portion 26 of stent 20 . the radial force may also be reduced only on a segment of the distal end portion 26 of stent 20 such as that portion closest to the enlarged middle portion 24 of stent 20 . in any of the embodiments disclosed above , stent 20 may be formed from any suitable stent material . examples include , but are not limited to , nickel - titanium alloy ( nitinol ), cobalt - chromium - nickel alloy ( elgiloy ), cobalt - chromium alloy , or stainless steel . in any of the embodiments disclosed above , the entirety of the stent , or any portions thereof , may be formed of a braided or woven construction . in any of the embodiments disclosed above , the stent , or any portions thereof , may be a laser cut stent . in any of the embodiments disclosed above , the entirety of stent 20 may include any appropriate cover , or any portion or portions thereof . the covering may be formed of any suitable material . examples include , but are not limited to , polyesters , polypropylenes , polyethylenes , polyurethanes , polynaphthalenes , polytetrafluoroethylenes , expanded polytetrafluoroethylene , silicone , copolymers thereof and mixtures or combinations thereof . in some implementations , the polymeric cover is silicone . a description of some embodiments of a stent delivery catheter , stylet for use therein and methods of using the same is contained in one or more of the following statements :

0Human Necessities

referring to fig3 a rim according to the present invention is indicated generally at 100 and comprises a left side wall 102 and a right sidewall 104 . a bottom portion of the rim 106 extends between the side walls 102 and 104 . a wall 108 of a spoke bore defines a spoke opening through the bottom portion 106 of the rim 100 . the bottom portion 106 of the rim 100 has been upset adjacent to the wall 108 of the spoke bore . specifically , a tool t with a head h , including a spherical surface s , has been forced against the bottom portion 106 of the rim 100 to deform it to produce a concave , spherical surface 120 on the interior of the rim 100 . the act of upsetting the bottom portion 106 of the rim 100 is facilitated by the use of an anvil a . a cavity c is formed in a working surface of the anvil a . the anvil a is positioned against the outside surface of the bottom portion 106 of the rim 100 , with the cavity c aligned with and centered around the wall 108 of the spoke bore and the tool t is inserted into the rim 100 and aligned with the cavity c and the wall 108 of the spoke bore . the tool t is struck with enough force to upset the rim 100 , adjacent to the wall 108 of the spoke bore , to produce the concave , spherical surface 120 . referring now to fig4 a rim 140 according to the present invention comprises side walls 142 and 144 and a bottom portion 146 . a concave spherical surface 148 is formed on the interior surface of the bottom portion 146 of the rim 140 . a cutting tool ct with a spherical cutter head ch is used to form the surface 148 . a small amount of material is removed from the interior side of the bottom portion 146 of the rim 140 , around a wall 150 , which defines a spoke opening . referring now to fig5 a spoke nipple according to the present invention is indicated generally at 170 . the nipple 170 has a plurality of flats 172 so that torque can be applied to it by a suitable tool , such as a wrench ( not shown ). the nipple 170 is provided with an internally threaded longitudinally extending bore , indicated at 174 , for engaging external threads provided on the end of a spoke ( not shown in fig5 ). a lower end 176 of the nipple 170 terminates in a convex , rounded surface 178 . it is this rounded , convex surface that seats inside the rim 100 ( fig3 ) on the rounded , concave surface 120 , or inside the rim 140 ( fig4 ) on the rounded , concave surface 148 . it is preferred that the curvature of the surface 178 be the same as the curvature of the surface 120 or the surface 148 . referring now to fig6 a spoke 200 and a nipple 202 are shown connected to a rim 204 . the nipple 202 corresponds with the nipple 170 ( fig5 ) and the rim 204 corresponds with the rim 100 ( fig3 ). in this embodiment , the nipple 202 has a convex curved surface 206 , which is seated on a concave curved surface 208 formed in the rim . thus , the nipple 202 can pivot relative to the rim 204 . as tension in the spoke 200 increases , as by rotation of the nipple 202 , the nipple 202 will align itself with the longitudinal axis of the spoke 200 , which is determined by the location of the connection of the other end ( not shown ) of the spoke 200 to a hub ( not shown ). typically , this will involve a centering angle and , in the case of torque transmitting wheels , a torsional angle . excellent results have been achieved in a case where the curved surface 206 and the curved surface 208 are spherical and have a curvature corresponding with a radius of 5 millimeters or a diameter of 10 millimeters . a cylindrically shaped wall 210 defines a spoke hole in the rim 204 . a rim portion 212 of the spoke 200 is adjacent to the wall 210 . it will be appreciated that the rim portion 212 of the spoke 200 may be threaded , like the portion ( not shown ) of the spoke 200 that is inside of the nut 202 , or it may be unthreaded . in the case where the nipple 202 is relatively short , the internal threads 174 ( fig5 ) will extend pretty much the length of the nipple , and the rim portion 212 ( fig6 ) of the spoke 200 will likely be threaded , as well , with the spoke threads ( not shown ) terminating below the rim 204 in fig6 . in the case of a relatively long nipple 202 , it is possible to counterbore the nipple 202 , adjacent to the rounded surface 206 so that all of the spoke threads are within the nipple 202 and the spoke portion 212 is unthreaded . according to the preferred embodiment of the invention , excellent results have been achieved where the diameter of the cylindrically shaped wall 210 , i . e ., the diameter of the spoke hole , is approximately 0 . 141 inch in a case where the major diameter of the threaded rim portion 212 of the spoke 200 is about 0 . 090 inch . this provides enough clearance between the spoke 200 and the wall 210 to permit the spoke 200 to be skewed , according to the centering angle or the combination of the centering angle and the torsional angle , as the spoke 200 passes through the spoke bore in the rim 204 . in any case , according to the present invention , the diameter of the spoke hole through the rim must be greater than the diameter of the portion of the spoke , which extends through the spoke hole . however , the diameter of the spoke hole should be kept as small as possible , to maximize the area of contact between the curved surfaces 206 and 208 , while still providing the clearance required for the spoke to pivot . preferably , the diameter of the spoke opening is about 1 . 5 times the diameter , or the major diameter , of the rim portion of the spoke extending therethrough . in the example given above , the ratio is a little less than 1 . 6 to 1 . 0 . preferably , the diameter of the spoke opening in the rim is 2 . 0 times or less than the diameter of the rim portion of the spoke . more preferably , the diameter of the spoke opening in the rim is 1 . 8 times or less than the diameter of the rim portion of the spoke . even more preferred is the case where the diameter of the spoke opening in the rim is 1 . 6 times or less than the diameter of the rim portion of the spoke . it is noted that the spoke bore defined by the wall 210 extends radially , and that it is centered between the side walls of the rim 204 . this is preferred because it is very easy to machine . other spoke bore orientations are within the scope of the present invention , however . in a case where the axes of the spoke bores are oriented so that they are aligned with the axes of the spokes , taking into account the centering angle and the torsional angle , if present , the diameter of the spoke opening in the rim can be 1 . 4 times or less than diameter of the rim portion of the spoke extending therethrough , or , even more preferably , 1 . 2 times or less than the diameter of the rim portion of the spoke . however , the present invention eliminates the need , apparently felt by some wheel builders , to drill spoke holes off of the center plane of the wheel / rim , in a vain effort to align the axis of the spoke hole with the centering angle or the centering angle and the torsional angle of the spoke . the effort is in vain , especially in the case of rear or torque transmitting wheels , because dynamic forces will cause movement of the spokes that can &# 39 ; t be accounted for in static spoke connections . however , with a rim and spoke nipple according to the invention , such movement can be accommodated in the case where the spoke openings in the rim are aligned , more or less , with the axes of the spokes extending through them . referring now to fig7 a spoke 250 and a nipple 252 are shown connected to a rim 254 . the nipple 252 corresponds with the nipple 170 ( fig5 ) and the rim 254 corresponds with the rim 140 ( fig4 ). in this embodiment , the nipple 252 has a convex curved surface 256 , which is seated on a concave curved surface 258 formed in the rim , according to the method described above with reference to fig4 . thus , the nipple 252 can pivot relative to the rim 254 . as tension in the spoke 250 increases , as by rotation of the nipple 252 , the nipple 252 will align itself with the longitudinal axis of the spoke . excellent results have been achieved in a case where the curved surface 256 and the curved surface 258 are spherical and have a curvature corresponding with a radius of 5 millimeters or a diameter of 10 millimeters . a cylindrically shaped wall 260 defines a spoke hole in the rim 254 . a rim portion 262 of the spoke 250 is adjacent to the wall 260 . according to a preferred embodiment of the invention , the diameter of the cylindrically shaped wall , i . e ., the diameter of the spoke hole is approximately 0 . 141 inch in the case where the major diameter of the threaded rim portion 262 of the spoke 250 is about 0 . 090 inch . this provides the clearance between the spoke rim portion 262 and the wall 260 that is needed to permit the spoke 250 to be skewed , according to the centering angle or the combination of the centering angle and the torsional angle , as the spoke 250 passes through the spoke bore in the rim 254 . in any case according to the present invention , the diameter of the spoke hole through the rim must be greater than the diameter of the portion of the spoke , which extends through the spoke hole . however , the diameter of the spoke hole should be kept as small as possible , to maximize the area of contact between the curved surfaces 256 and 258 , while still providing the clearance required for the nipple and spoke to pivot . it is noted that the spoke bore defined by the wall 260 extends radially , and that it is centered between the side walls of the rim 264 . this is preferred , for the reasons set forth above . in the case of a wheel according to the present invention including external nipples as described in the claes patent , the rounded portion of the collar will be seated directly on a curved surface formed in the rim itself . because the nipple isn &# 39 ; t elevated off of the bottom portion of the rim , as in the case where an insert or eyelet is used as explicitly taught in the claes patent , the degree of clearance required in the spoke opening in the rim is minimized compared to the prior art . this maximizes the surface area of the rim bottom that actually supports the nipple , thereby producing a stronger spoke connection to the rim . the relationships described above , between the diameters of the spoke holes in the rim and the diameters of the rim portions of the spokes , applies equally to the diameters of the spoke openings and the outer diameter of the portion of an external nipple extending through the rim . the relationships described above between the diameters of spoke holes oriented to align with the axes of spokes extending through them and the diameters of the spokes extending through them , applies equally to the relationships between the diameters of the spoke openings and the outer diameters of the portion of an external nipple extending through the rim . it will be appreciated that the nipple and rim construction set forth above not only accommodates the centering angle , as illustrated in fig6 and 7 , but also accommodates the torsional angle , as well .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

the major engineering challenge we faced in building a phased array echoplanar imaging system involved modifying the rf receiver system so that that data can be recorded from multiple rf coils ( instead of just one coil ) simultaneously , allowing several independent measurements to be made of the magnetic resonance signal arising from a sample . thus , we used multiple receiver / digitizers , and multiplexed the digital data stream from these receivers as they pass into the host computer which records the data . in other words , we employ parallel receivers , with multiplexing performed in the digital domains . system stability is easily maintained , and each channel operates at its full bandwidth , with no compromise in image quality . the analog channels are completely independent , preserving the full snr benefit of phased array coils . each data channel is sampled simultaneously , so no ghosts arise from interleaved sampling . the system data bottleneck is moved to the digital data acquisition bus ; the limit on data acquisition becomes the speed of the digital input port on the system host computer . referring to the block diagram of fig1 a ge signa 5 . 4rp system with the multicoil 11 , multi - preamp 13 imaging option ( general electric medical systems , milwaukee , wis .) was provided with an anmr ( advanced nmr systems , wilmington , mass .) echoplanar gradient upgrade . the anmr echoplanar system was designed as an add - on upgrade to a conventional general electric signa magnetic resonance system . in order to simplify the system integration , the echoplanar system operates completely independently of the signa system . the only connections between the systems are a synchronization signal derived from the signa &# 39 ; s data bus , a unidirectional control sequence sent from the signa to the anmr receiver system , and a tcp / ip connection which allows the transfer of data to and from the signa . control of the gradients during echoplanar acquisition is passed to the anmr system through high current transfer relays , and all rf data is diverted to the anmr system by the use of rf relays 18 , 19 . the anmr receiver system demodulates and digitizes the data , and passes it over a parallel bus 20 to the anmr host computer system 28 where it is placed into memory to await reconstruction and processing . by design , this data acquisition process is fully autonomous , and requires no intervention by the anmr host computer . the phased array system adds three additional anmr receiver systems 15 , operating in parallel to the standard receiver system . these receivers , called rf baseband units , or rfbbs , are separately packaged rack mounted units . the four rfbbs ( 15 , 16 ) perform the downconversion and sampling of the rf input signal , and output two 16 bit digital data words for each sample . this data stream is processed by a digital multiplexer 26 and passed to the host computer 28 . the major new component in the phased array data acquisition system is the digital multiplexer ( 26 in fig1 ). this device performs two major tasks . the first is to echo all the control and setup signals intended for the primary rfbb to all of the rfbbs . these signals include the sample trigger , local oscillator , and a 10 mhz frequency reference . in order to ensure simultaneous sampling in the four receivers , great care must be taken to ensure that the time delay to each receiver is the same , by using identical buffers and cables of the same length . a serial control line which sets reciever parameters , which is not time critical , is also echoed by the multiplexer . the second task performed by the multiplexer is to interleave the digital data streams from the separate rfbb &# 39 ; s into a single data stream which can be fed to the input port 36 on the anmr host vme system . when a sample pulse is sent to the rfbbs the multiplexer performs all the handshaking with the receivers , latching the sample data in a buffer when it becomes ready . when the data on all channels is ready , the samples from each receiver are clocked out sequentially to the input port on the vme computer . the data is sent at a rate slightly higher than four times the existing peak sampling rate of 1 complex number per 2 . 5 us ( 0 . 4 mhz ). the existing data bus and buffer was sufficiently fast to handle this increased data load without modification . the multiplexer can be set to use one , two , or four receivers by front panel switches . in single receiver mode , the multiplexer acts transparently , and operation is identical to the standard system . the digital multiplexer is built into a 12 inch high , 19 inch rack mount case ( not shown ). the multiplexer and the three additional receivers are housed in a 7 foot tall , 19 inch rack mount cabinet in the signa equipment room . the only additional hardware in the system is the four channel rf transfer switch to divert the multicoil data from the ge receiver system to the four rfbbs . this replaces the single channel switch already in the system . modifications to the host computer software to accept the additional data are minimal . an extra variable can be added to the header file generated by standard pulse sequences to specify the number of coils and increase the data buffer size accordingly , or the number of coils can be specified manually on the host computer at acquisition time . reconstruction is straightforward ; first , the interleaved raw data is separated by receiver and the images from the individual receivers are reconstructed independently . the single coil images are then combined in a way that optimizes the snr of the resultant image . this important step is easily performed on the magnitude images by using the ` sum of squares ` method ( 1 ). if p ( i , n ) denotes the n th pixel from receiver i , the n th pixel in the combined image , p c ( n ), is simply : ## equ1 ## reconstruction is performed offline , or it can be performed on the scanner to provide immediate feedback to the experimenter . in order to fully exploit the power of the phased array receiver system for functional imaging , phased array coils are preferably used which are optimized for the type of functional experiment being performed . two such arrays which we have evaluated are described below . the phased array coil configurations described are based on designs previously tested for high resolution neuro - imaging . ( wald et al . reson . med , 34 : 433 - 439 , 1995 ; wald et al ., magn . reson . med . 34 : 433 - 439 , 1995 ). these coils are constructed by etching flexible circuit board ( pyrolux r , dupont , wilmington , del .) to improve durability and reproducibility and are contoured to the shape of the head . activation experiments can benefit significantly from phased array functional imaging . a commonly used experimental paradigm in functional imaging are photic stimulation , where neural activation is measured in the calcerine fissure in response to stimulation with light ( ogawa et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 89 : 5675 - 5679 , 1990 ). the relatively small signal change resulting from neural activation makes optimization of the snr critical for fmri experiments , and has led to the widespread use of surface coils for these experiments . however the non - uniform spatial profiles of surface coils has meant that this additional snr has come at the expense of spatial coverage , so that correlated activity in different brain regions may go undetected . phased array coils with sensitivity profiles tailored to the expected areas of activation allow expanded spatial coverage without sacrificing the snr benefit of surface coils . fig2 a shows a design for one type of visual / temporal array 50 , a four coil horizontal array which covers the region of activation typically seen in photic experiments , while also detecting the signal from the middle temporal lobe with high efficiency . signal to noise comparisons performed using conventional imaging techniques show that in the region where photic activation is typically observed the average snr increase is 7 %. the increase in the temporal lobe is more dramatic -- 180 %. because the receiver design described above keeps the signals completely independent until after digitization , the snr gain in the phased array echoplanar system is expected to be identical to that in the phased array conventional system . another use of functional imaging is brain perfusion mapping with dynamic susceptibility contrast ( dsc ) imaging ( belliveau et al ., magn . reson . med . 14 : 538 - 546 , 1990 ; harris et al ., am . j . psychiatr . 153 : 721 - 724 , 1996 ). for this type of experiment , good coverage of a large fraction of the cortex is necessary ( depending on the brain area of interest ). to demonstrate this , we have used a bilateral temporal lobe array 52 optimized for coverage of the temporal and frontal cortices , the regions shown to have the largest perfusion defects in alzheimer &# 39 ; s disease . the coil is shown schematically in fig2 b . the snr in the frontal and temporal cortical regions ( the region of interest for dsc mapping ) measured using conventional images is increased with the phased array coil by ˜ 100 % relative to the quadrature head coil . two experiments were performed using the echoplanar phased array system in order to demonstrate the snr increase of the system relative to single coil fmri . in order to evaluate the effect of the phased array on the detection of activation in a bold experiment , a photic stimulation experiment was performed . the subject was a healthy 35 year old female volunteer . bilateral visual stimulation was provided by led goggles ( grass instrument company , quincy mass .) flashing at 8 hz . thirty seconds of stimulation were alternated with 30 seconds of rest , while echoplanar gradient echo images were recorded ( flip angle = 66 °, tr = 2 s , te = 40 ms , 128 × 64 pixels in a 40 cm × 20 cm fov , slice thickness = 7 mm with no gap between slices , obtained obliquely parallel to the calcerine fissure ). the experiment was performed twice ; first with a general electric 5 &# 34 ; general purpose surface coil placed over the visual cortex , and subsequently with the 4 coil visual / temporal array centered on the same position . care was taken to position the patient identically between the two exams , and the slices were relocalized when the coils were changed . after each experiment , the data sets were motion corrected using the dart registration algorithm ( maas et al ., magn . reson . med . 37 : 131 - 139 , 1997 ). activation maps were then calculated for each image series by cross correlating the time history of the image intensity value at each pixel in the image with a reference waveform , as described by bandettini et al ., ( magn . res . med . 20 : 161 - 173 , 1993 ). a comparison was also performed on a cbv mapping experiment . two cbv maps were made of a 37 year old healthy male volunteer . the first data set was obtained using the standard ge quadrature head coil . the coil was then replaced with the bilateral temporal lobe array described above . in each case , a series of 50 images of 10 slices were recorded ( spin echo , tr = 2s , te = 100 ms , 128 × 64 pixels over a 40 cm × 20 cm fov , slice thickness = 7 mm with a 3 mm gap between slices ). twenty seconds into each scan ( after 10 reference images ) a bolus of 0 . 10 meq / kg of prohance was injected into an iv line in the antecubital vein . cbv images were calculated from the data sets by the dynamic susceptibility contrast method described by belliveau , et al . supra . the cbv maps are compared in fig6 a and 6b . the image quality is clearly higher in the frontal and temporal regions of the phased array images . image quality is even in the center of the head . this is consistent with the superior signal to noise ratio of the bilateral temporal array previously demonstrated for conventional images calculated photic activation maps are shown in fig3 a and 3b . these image data sets have been processed identically ; the colored pixels represent activated pixels in the brain , with the color indicating the statistical significance and the sign of the correlation of the detected activation . the image on the right , taken with the phased array , detects activation with significantly higher statistical significance than the surface coil image throughout the visual cortex . in addition , this image shows activation in the visual association area which is not detected with the surface coil , due to the enhanced coverage of the temporal lobe area due to this coil . one interesting feature to note is that there are regions of detected activation in the temporal lobe areas which are negatively correlated with the activity detected in the visual cortex . whether this is due to neuronal inhibition or due to blood flow diversion from these areas to the visual cortex is not discernable from these images ; however , this phenomenon is clearly not detected using the standard surface coil method , and hints at the new types of phenomena which can be explored using this system . the single shot signal to noise ratio of echoplanar imaging is one of the fundamental limits to most functional imaging techniques . while the use of dedicated surface coils has provided great advantages for certain types of experiments , the more general problem of improving the snr of echoplanar imaging over large regions requires the use of phased array coils , high field scanners , or both . we have demonstrated that a standard clinical echoplanar system can be modified quite economically to take full advantage of the benefits of phased array imaging . the phased array coils can be used to increase the snr in a single region over conventional surface coils , increase the coverage area , or a combination of the two . in addition to increasing the quality of functional image data sets , phased array coils facilitate new types of experiments which detect patterns of functional response over large spatial areas . while we have focused on functional imaging in the brain in this study , this system could have great benefits for echoplanar studies of other organs , such as the heart . all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference .

6Physics

referring now to fig1 an airbag module , comprises a reaction canister 11 , an inflator 22 inside the reaction canister near the bottom of the reaction canister 11 , and further comprises an airbag 26 inside the reaction canister 11 , and a deployment door 30 covering the open top of the canister 11 . an electrical conductor 24 is connected at one end of the inflator 22 to an igniter ( not shown ) inside the inflator and the conductor leads away to a deceleration detector ( not shown ) in the vehicle . the reaction canister 11 is a trough - like container defined by a hemi - cylindric bottom 20 , opposed sidewalls 12 and 14 extending outward from the bottom 20 , end walls 16 and 18 covering opposed ends of the canister 11 , and a transverse diffuser plate 28 which is attached to the canister 11 and extends across the inside of the reaction canister 11 between the sidewalls 12 and 14 where those walls join the bottom 20 . the diffuser plate separates a chamber containing the inflator 22 in the bottom 20 of the canister 11 and an airbag container between the diffuser plate 28 and the open top of the canister 11 . the airbag container in the embodiment shown is an integral part of the reaction canister , defined by the sidewalls 12 and 14 , and end walls 16 and 18 . it extends from the diffuser plate 28 outward to the open top of the canister 11 . an airbag 26 is folded inside the airbag container with the mouth of the airbag 26 attached to the diffuser plate 28 . gas will flow from inflator 22 through the diffuser plate 28 into the mouth of the airbag 26 . a deployment door 30 is fastened to the reaction canister 11 and covers the open top of the canister . the deployment door 30 comprises a face panel 32 which covers the airbag container at the open top of the reaction canister 11 and further comprises two side panels 34 and 36 extending at angles , generally essentially perpendicularly , from the inner side of the face panel 32 for attachment of the door 30 to the reaction canister 11 . each of the two side panels 34 and 36 on the deployment door 30 has a plurality of longitudinal keyways 38 spaced apart along its length near the distal edge of the side panel . fig2 shows the detail of the adjustable connection of one keyway 38 and one t - shaped key 46 . the key 46 shown in fig2 is standing on the sidewall 14 at one edge of the sidewall 14 . each of the longitudinal keyways 38 in the side panels 34 and 36 comprises a wide section 40 at one end of the keyway 38 and a narrow section 42 at the other end . the heads 44 at the outer ends of opposed t - shaped keys 46 on the sidewalls 12 and 14 can pass through the wide sections 40 of the keyways 38 in the side panels 34 and 36 but cannot pass through the narrow sections 42 . the stems 48 of the t - shaped keys 46 , however can pass into the narrow sections 42 of the keyways 38 . as shown in fig3 the deployment door 30 may further comprise fastening members 50 and 51 at the distal ends of side panels 34 and 36 which members provide a preferred means for immovably fixing the position of the deployment door 30 in the vehicle , after adjustment of the position of the deployment door 30 , by attaching the fastening members 50 and 51 to structural members of the instrument panel on its under side . the reaction canister sidewalls 12 and 14 are fitted on their outer surfaces with a plurality of standing keys 46 spaced apart along longitudinal lines on the outer surfaces of sidewalls 12 and 14 near the open top of the trough - shaped reaction canister 11 . as shown in fig5 each of the standing keys 46 has a narrow stem 48 attached to and extending outward from the sidewalls 12 and 14 of the reaction canister 11 and a wider head 44 at the distal end of the stem 48 . the standing keys 46 are positioned on the sidewalls 12 and 14 of the reaction canister for engagement with corresponding longitudinal keyways 38 in the side panels 34 and of the deployment door 30 . shown in fig1 on the outside of one of the sidewalls 14 of the reaction canister are three standing keys 46 , spaced apart symmetrically on a line parallel to and near the longer edges of the sidewalls 34 and 36 at the open top of the reaction canister 11 . in the embodiment shown , the body of the reaction canister 11 , except the end walls 16 and 18 , is a unitary aluminum extrusion product which comprises the curved bottom 20 and the sidewalls 12 and 14 of the reaction canister 11 and a number of sleeves with longitudinal slots for connecting other members of the airbag module to the reaction canister 11 , as discussed hereinafter . those walls , bottom , and sleeves are formed by extrusion as integral parts of the reaction canister 11 . the keys 46 on the sidewalls 12 and 14 of the reaction canister 11 can also be formed by extrusion as integral parts of the reaction canister . to do this , the unitary extrusion product is formed with a continuous linear boss having a t - shaped key cross section standing along the outer surface of sidewalls 12 and 14 of the reaction canister 11 near its open top . portions along the length of the continuous boss are then machined away leaving the standing keys 46 spaced apart on lines along the length of the each of the reaction canister sidewalls 12 and 14 . the stem 48 and the head 44 of each key 46 are of the same length along the axis of extrusion but the head 44 is wider in cross section than the stem 48 . in some preferred embodiments a key 46 may further comprise a retaining screw groove 52 , formed during extrusion , in the top of the head 44 along the center line of the key 46 , as best illustrated in fig2 and 5 . the retaining screw grooves 52 in keys 46 standing at the edges of the sidewalls 12 and 14 are used to fasten the end walls 16 and 18 to the sidewalls 14 and 16 by means of self - threading screws 54 , as shown in fig2 and 4 . the invention is not limited to use with a reaction canister that has been formed by extrusion . keys can be formed on walls of a reaction canister or an airbag container made in other ways and from other materials . for example , other suitable standing keys with narrow stems and wide heads can be formed on the walls of an airbag container or reaction canister made from sheet metal by metal stamping or such keys can be attached individually by welding or other means . the essential structure is a key standing on the outer wall surface of the reaction canister or a member attached thereto and comprising a narrow stem supporting a wider head . in the assembly of airbag module 10 , as shown in fig1 after the inflator 22 is placed inside the curved bottom 20 of the reaction canister 11 and the mouth of the airbag 26 is fastened to the diffuser plate 28 by means of retaining rods 56 held inside longitudinal sleeves 58 on opposed peripheral edges of the diffuser plate 28 . the diffuser plate 28 is fastened to the canister 11 separating the airbag container from the inflator 22 by slipping sleeves 58 in retaining grooves 59 on the inside wall of the canister . the airbag 26 is folded inside the airbag container . the end walls 16 and 18 of the canister are attached to the ends of sidewalls 12 and 14 and the electrical conductor 24 is suitably attached to inflator 22 . the airbag module 10 is now ready for attachment of deployment door 30 to the reaction canister 11 . to connect the deployment door 30 to the reaction canister 11 , the face panel 32 of the deployment door is placed over the open top of the canister and the side panels 34 and 36 of the deployment door are brought down against opposed sidewalls 12 and 14 of the airbag reaction canister , passing the wider heads 44 of the keys 46 on the reaction canister through the wide sections 40 of keyways 38 on the side panels 34 and 36 . from the position with the keys 46 standing in the wide sections of the keyways 38 , the deployment door 30 is moved lengthwise to bring the stems 48 of the keys 46 into the narrow sections 42 of the keyways 38 . now the narrow sections 42 of the keyways 38 are under the larger heads 44 of the keys . fig2 and 5 show detail of the structure of the adjustable connection joining the deployment door 30 to the reaction canister 11 at one of the keys 46 on the reaction canister . the key 46 is shown with its stem 48 inside the narrow section 42 of the corresponding keyway 38 . the deployment door 30 covers the open top of the reaction canister 11 and the keys 46 in the keyways 38 connect the door to the canister 11 . the connection allows a limited degree of play between the engaged keyways 38 and keys 46 to permit limited freedom of movement of the deployment door 30 with respect to the reaction canister 11 . the length and width of the narrow section 42 of the keyway 38 are larger than the length and width of the stem 48 of the key 46 , and the height of the stem 48 below the head 44 of the key is larger than the thickness of the side panels 34 and 36 , by limited amounts that will allow a degree of free movement of the deployment door 30 in at least three directions while at the same time securely fastening the deployment door 30 to the reaction canister 11 . this freedom of movement may be needed to make accurate adjustment of the fit and finish of the deployment door 30 in the instrument panel after the reaction canister 11 has been installed in the vehicle . after the deployment door 30 has been adjusted for accurate fit and finish it can be fixed in position to maintain accurate fit and finish by fastening it immovably to the instrument panel by means of fastening members 50 and 51 on the under side of the deployment door which can be fastened , for example by screws or stakes , to the instrument panel by means of corresponding structural members provided for this purpose on the under side of the instrument panel . to prevent the deployment door 30 from sliding back so that keys 46 would move out of the narrow sections 42 of the keyways 38 into the wide sections 40 , any locking means suitable for that purpose can be used . the locking means should not interfere with the limited adjustability of the connection . a preferred locking means , shown in fig2 and 3 and 6 , is a ramp 64 molded on the under surface of the side panel 34 of the deployment door 30 . the ramp 64 is located on the under surface of the side panel at a point where the ramp 64 will slide over the surface of the sidewall 12 or 14 of the canister 11 until the stem 48 of the key 46 is inside the narrow section 42 of the keyway and then the ramp 64 will slide off and catch the edge of the sidewall 12 or 14 . as the deployment door 30 is moved lengthwise along the reaction canister sidewalls 12 and 14 to bring the keys 46 into the narrow sections 42 of the keyways 38 , as described above , the side panels 34 and 36 of the deployment door so are flexible enough so the ramp 64 on the under side of the side panel can slide over the surface of the sidewall of the canister 11 . when the keys 46 have been brought into the narrow sections 42 of the keyways 38 , the ramp 64 has moved past the edge of the canister 11 . the resilience of the side panel snaps the side panel down towards the canister surface and thus moves the ramp 64 downward so it will engage the edge of the canister . the ramp engaging the edge of the canister then prevents the deployment door 30 from sliding back lengthwise . thus , the narrow section 42 of the keyway 38 is held in position under the wider head 44 of the key 46 so the deployment door 30 is securely held to the reaction canister 11 by the adjustable connection . fig2 and 4 illustrate the use of self - threading screws 54 which can be removably fastened into retaining screw grooves 52 formed along the top of the keys 46 . the screws 54 are inserted through holes in the end walls 16 and 18 of the canister 11 and screwed into center grooves 52 of keys 46 standing at each end of the sidewalls 12 and 14 on the canister 11 . this secures the end walls 16 and 18 to the sidewalls 12 and 14 near the open top of the canister . fig7 shows an airbag module with the airbag 26 folded and stored inside the reaction canister 11 and a deployment door 30 covering the open top of the canister . the deployment door 30 is fastened to opposite sidewalls 12 and 14 of the reaction canister 11 by means of keyways 38 on the side panels 34 and 36 of the deployment door engaging keys 46 on the sidewalls of the reaction canister as described above . one side panel is fastened to the face panel by a breakable tear seam 66 which holds the door shut until the tear seam is broken or torn by impact of the airbag 26 against the face panel 32 as the airbag is being deployed . when the tear seam 66 is broken , the face panel 32 is pushed away by the deploying airbag 26 and swings open on a hinge 68 which holds the face panel to the other side panel , making way for deployment of the airbag from the reaction canister as shown in fig8 . in the foregoing specific example the airbag container is an integral part of the reaction canister 11 , so the deployment door 30 is attached directly to the reaction canister 11 and the keys 46 are standing on the reaction canister . in other airbag modules embodying the invention a deployment door may be connected indirectly to the reaction canister through other members of the airbag module , e . g . connected to an airbag container on which the keys are standing and which in turn is attached to the reaction canister . in other embodiments the airbag container may be defined partly or entirely by extended side and end panels of the deployment door , which extended panels are connected to a reaction canister by an adjustable connection in accordance with the invention . in all of those cases the deployment door is connected by an adjustable connection , either directly or indirectly , to the reaction canister . with the foregoing description of the invention , those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit thereof . therefore , it is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated and described . the foregoing and other variations and equivalents of the invention described are within the intended scope of the invention defined by the following claims .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

referring to the figures , an illustrative embodiment of a fairing removal tool according to the present invention is generally indicated by reference numeral 10 . fig1 and 2 illustrate a side view and a top view of one embodiment of a fairing removal tool 10 , respectively . the fairing removal tool 10 includes a handle 12 , a shaft 14 , and a head 16 . the handle 12 allows an operator to easily grip the fairing removal tool . the handle 12 may be contoured to fit comfortably in an operator &# 39 ; s hand . the handle 12 may also be shaped , textured , or covered with a non - slip material so that an operator may easily grip the handle securely with a minimum of slippage when the fairing removal tool is in use . the shaft 14 connects the handle 12 to the head 16 . the head 16 includes a prying radius 18 . while the fairing removal tool 10 of fig1 and 2 has a generally curved convex prying radius 18 , the fairing removal tool of the present invention is not limited to this configuration . the prying radius 18 may also have a flattened v - shape or other geometries suitable for providing a fulcrum or fulcrums necessary for effective prying . the prying radius 18 may include an effective prying area 24 and a prying relief 26 . the effective prying area 24 is the area of the head 16 that contacts the fairing as it is removed . contact points along the effective prying area 24 act as fulcrums as the fairing is pried from an inner strut . a more detailed discussion of fairing removal is provided below . in an exemplary embodiment , the effective prying area 24 will have a length approximately equal to the length of the bond between the fairing and the attached inner strut . in such an embodiment , the entire or nearly the entire effective prying area 24 can be utilized as a fulcrum during release of the bond joining the fairing and inner strut . the prying relief 26 is the area of the fairing removal tool head that does not directly contact the fairing during fairing removal . the head 16 also includes a hook 20 near the end of the head 16 distal the handle 12 and a notch 22 located between the hook 20 and the prying radius 18 . the hook 20 and notch 22 are configured to engage a downstream end of a fairing allowing an operator to pry and disengage the bond between the fairing and a joined inner strut , or a similar structure , bonded to the fairing . the hook 20 and notch 22 allow an operator to easily position the tool on a downstream end of a fairing . fig3 illustrates a fairing removal tool 10 engaged to a downstream end of a fairing 28 that is bonded to an inner strut 30 . the downstream end of the fairing is positioned within the notch 22 of the fairing removal tool during use . as fig3 illustrates , when the downstream end of the fairing 28 is engaged with the fairing removal tool 10 , the inner side of the fairing abuts the hook 20 and the end and outer sides of the fairing are located within the notch 22 . ideally , the hook 20 and notch 22 are configured so that when the fairing removal tool 10 is engaged to a downstream end of a first fairing 28 , an adjacent fairing 32 does not interfere with the shaft 14 and the handle 12 of the fairing removal tool as shown in fig3 . thus , an operator may both position the fairing removal tool on the downstream end of the fairing and operate the tool without interference from adjacent fairings . this is accomplished most easily near the outer diameter ring where adjacent struts 30 and fairings 28 , 32 are spaced apart farthest . closer to the central inner ring , however , the struts and fairings are closer together . in an exemplary embodiment , the hook 20 and notch 22 are configured so that even near the central inner ring , an adjacent fairing 32 does not interfere with the shaft 14 and the handle 12 of the fairing removal tool when engaged to a fairing . additionally , the hook 20 and notch 22 do not interfere with the first variable vanes 36 . the fairing removal tool acts as a first class lever . release of a bond 34 between a fairing 28 and an inner strut 30 is accomplished by first engaging a downstream end of the fairing 28 with the hook 20 and notch 22 of the fairing removal tool 10 as illustrated in fig3 and described above . once engaged , the operator applies force to the handle 12 or shaft 14 of the fairing removal tool 10 generally in a direction toward the longitudinal axis of the fairing 28 as shown in fig4 to pry the fairing away from the inner strut . as force is applied to the handle 12 or shaft 14 , the downstream end of the fairing 28 is pulled by the hook 20 away from the inner strut 30 . during prying , the downstream end of the fairing is pulled along the prying radius 18 . as the fairing is pulled , the bond 34 between the fairing 28 and inner strut 30 is released . in an exemplary embodiment , the length of the bond 34 is about equal to the length of the effective prying area 24 of the prying radius 18 . the length of the bond 34 between the fairing 28 and inner strut 30 is typically between about 2 inches ( 5 . 1 cm ) and about four inches ( 10 . 2 cm ). fig5 illustrates a view from an area of the engine inlet case downstream of the fairings where engagement of the fairing tool with a downstream end of a fairing has occurred and prying of the fairing has begun . the area of the fairing 28 engaged with fairing removal tool 10 has become separated from the inner strut 30 . areas of the fairing not directly engaged to the fairing removal tool but adjacent such areas have also separated from the inner strut , but to a lesser degree . due to the typical strength of the bond 34 between a fairing 28 and an inner strut 30 and the lengths of the fairing and inner strut , one instance of prying may be insufficient to release the bond 34 over the entire length of the inner strut . in these instances , it is necessary to repry the fairing at a different location along the length of the fairing . once the fairing has been pried at enough locations along its length , the bond 34 may be fully released . a fairing 28 is typically bonded to an inner strut 30 along both downstream sides ( fig3 and 4 ). thus , bonds 34 along both sides of the inner strut 30 must be released before the fairing 28 can be completely removed . the process described above is performed on both sides of the fairing 28 until both bonds 34 are released . once both bonds 34 are released , the operator may fully remove the fairing 28 from the inner strut 30 and the engine inlet case . dimensions of one exemplary embodiment of the fairing removal tool 10 are provided below . the description of this embodiment does not impose limitations on other possible configurations and dimensions of the fairing removal tool or its components , however . the overall length of one embodiment of the fairing removal tool is about eighteen inches ( 45 . 7 cm ). the lengths of the handle , shaft , and head are about four inches ( 10 . 16 cm ), ten inches ( 25 . 4 cm ), and four inches ( 10 . 16 cm ), respectively . the width of the head is about one inch ( 2 . 54 cm ). the depth of the notch 22 is about 0 . 1 inches ( 0 . 254 cm ) and the width of the notch 22 ( the distance from the hook to the prying radius ) is about 0 . 07 inches ( 0 . 178 cm ). the angle of the notch 22 relative to the longitudinal axis of the fairing removal tool 10 is about thirty degrees . the width of the head may affect the number of pries necessary to release the bondline between a fairing and an inner strut . thus , head widths between about 0 . 5 inches ( 1 . 27 cm ) and about two inches ( 5 . 08 cm ) may be suitable for smaller or larger engine inlet cases . the fairing removal tool and its components may be comprised of steel or any other materials strong enough to facilitate the fairing removal process . the configurations of the fairing , inner strut , and the fairing removal tool allow an operator to work from the front of the engine inlet without the need for the operator to position his hand downstream of the fairing . the design of the fairing removal tool also allows fairing removal without the need for removing engine inlet components downstream of the fairing and inner strut , such as the first row of variable vanes . the design of the fairing removal tool further allows an operator to engage in fairing removal from the ground or while on the wing of the aircraft near the engine inlet . although the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments , workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

referring to fig1 a plurality of reflective cells in an embodiment of the invention , are generally designated by reference character 10 and installed within a conventional microwave oven generally designated by reference character a . the cells 10 can be arranged in rectilinear rows in which the cells are spaced at least 1 / 16 inch in order to prevent arcing between the cells 10 . preferably , the rows of cells 10 cover substantially the entire bottom wall b of the oven a and the cells are elevated at a distance , for example 3 / 4 to 1 inch above the wall b . in this embodiment , the food to be cooked is placed above the cells 10 as more fully described hereinafter . referring to fig2 and 3a , each cell 10 includes three reflectors 12 , 14 and 16 formed by strips of aluminum or similar material which reflects microwaves . the reflectors 12 , 14 and 16 are bonded to a flexible rubber sheet 18 . the reflectors 12 , 14 and 16 are spaced approximately 1 / 16 to 1 / 8 inch in side - by - side parallel arrangement . the middle reflector 14 is attached to a lower surface of a fixed plate 20 of plastic or similar material which is transparent to microwaves . this central reflector 14 is held horizontally stationary by the plate 20 which preferably extends to support the central reflector in all of the cells 10 . the sheet 18 provides flexible hinging between the reflector 14 and each of the other reflectors 12 and 16 , which allows the reflectors 12 and 16 to pivot in relation to the fixed central reflector 14 . the reflectors 12 and 16 pivot about respective portions 18a and 18b of the sheet 18 narrowly separating the reflectors 12 and 16 from the fixed reflector 14 . as shown in fig2 when the oven a is not in operation , the reflectors 12 and 16 are pulled by gravity to extend in generally vertical parallel planes below the plane of the horizontally oriented reflector 14 . in this configuration , the reflectors 12 and 16 face one another in spaced opposition . between the vertically oriented reflectors 12 and 16 , a u - shaped bimetallic element 22 is disposed so that the arms 22a and 22b of the u - shaped element 22 extend horizontally in generally spaced , parallel opposition between the reflectors 12 and 16 , when the oven a is not in operation and the element 22 is in generally &# 34 ; cold &# 34 ; condition . any conventional bimetallic element , for example copper - aluminum , can be employed in suitably fabricated , u - shaped configuration . the arms 22a and 22b can be dimensioned , for example , approximately 3 / 4 inch in length and extend horizontally parallel and below the horizontal plane of the reflector 14 . between the arms 22a and 22b , a bar 24 of ferrite or similar material which readily absorbs microwaves is positioned to heat the element 22 . referring to fig3 the bight portion 22c of the element 22 is attached to the sheet 18 below the stationary reflector 14 so that the bight 22c is fixed while allowing the arms 22a and 22b to freely move horizontally between the positions illustrated in fig2 and 4b . the bar 24 is stationary and can be attached to the bottom surface of sheet 18 below the central reflector 14 . as shown in fig2 the cells 10 have a floor 26 of plastic or similar material which is transparent to microwaves and both the bight 22c and the bar 24 can be alternatively fixed to the upper surface of the floor 26 . plastic columns 28 separate the plate 20 from the floor 26 . the central reflector 14 shields the bar 24 from microwaves directly transmitted from the generator so that the bar 24 does not overheat . referring to fig4 a , a relatively large portion of food c is placed within the oven a above the plate 20 and will extend over a plurality of the cells 10 , which are in the range 1 - 2 inches long . when the oven a is operated , the conventional microwave generator ( not shown ) directs microwaves represented by arrows d downward through the food c which absorbs some of the microwaves while other microwaves pass through the food c and are reflected upward by impingement against the central reflector 14 or the bottom wall b of the oven . additionally , the microwave generator directs some of the microwaves angularly against the sidewalls of the oven a which reflects these microwaves ( not shown for simplicity ) angularly downward through the food . thus , microwaves are reflected from the bottom wall b in both normal and angular directions . as a result of numerous angularly reflected microwaves , the bar 24 will absorb microwaves and begin to generate heat . the heat generated by the bar 24 is conducted to the bimetallic element 22 . as the element 22 heats , the arms 22a and 22b move apart or spread horizontally and force the respectively engaged reflectors 12 and 16 to pivot upwardly into the sequential phantom positions shown in fig4 a . as a result of the pivotal motion of the reflectors 12 and 16 , some of the microwaves d which pass through the food c and the plate 20 will impinge on and reflect from the reflectors 12 and 16 at progressively different and decreasing angles as shown by the reflected microwaves d &# 39 ;. the reflected , microwaves d &# 39 ; pass through the food c at angles which change with the pivotal movement of the reflectors 12 and 16 and thus , traverse different paths through the food c as the pivotal motion progresses . referring to fig4 b , once the arms 22a and 22b have fully spread and forced the reflectors 12 and 16 into the horizontal coplanar position , the reflectors 12 and 16 will engage the lower surface of the plate 20 which is generally cooled by food which has only begun to heat . the reflectors 12 and 16 are thus cooled by the plate 20 resulting in cooling of the arms 22a and 22b which remain in respective engagement with the cooled reflectors 12 and 16 . as the arms 22a and 22b cool , they retract inwardly toward one another allowing the respective reflectors 12 and 16 to pivot downwardly in the reverse paths of motion illustrated in fig4 a . thus , after temporarily reaching the coplanar positions shown in fig4 b in which the reflected microwaves d &# 39 ; are directed upward and generally coincident with the impinging microwave d , the downwardly pivoting reflectors 12 and 16 will again reflect microwaves at progressively increasing angles in reverse of the progression shown in fig4 a . however , since the bar 24 continues to heat , the arms 22a and 22b become increasingly heated as they retract and will once again spread forcing the repeated upward pivot of the reflectors 12 and 16 . as a result of the cycled , upward and downward pivotal motion of the reflectors 12 and 16 , the microwaves reflected therefrom will also be directed at cycled , increasing and decreasing angles so that the food c is subjected to a changing gradient in concentration of microwaves d &# 39 ;. this changing gradient prevents absorption of microwaves at fixed concentrations in the various strata within the food , and thus eliminates creation of &# 34 ; hot spots &# 34 ;. the effect of the cycled change in the direction of reflected microwaves d &# 39 ; in fig4 a will be multiplied by the microwaves initially directed by the generator against the sidewalls of the oven which are reflected therefrom to impinge the reflectors 12 and 16 and thus , are subjected to the similar change in reflected angles . each cell 10 operates independently of the other cells . the combined effect of the action of the cells is an upward shifting in the focus of microwave concentration ( referred to as the power curve ) in the design of the oven , as well as a multiplicity of motions redirecting reflected microwaves , both of which are particularly beneficial in microwave cooking of large or thick portions of food . in modified embodiments , the cells can be incorporated into containers for cooking food , for example , a bowl . referring to fig6 a bowl generally designated by reference character 100 has a wall 102 within which are embedded a plurality of cells generally designated by a reference character 110 the wall 102 is plastic or similar material transparent to microwaves . referring to fig5 a , the cell 110 includes a stationary generally circular configuration of diametrically intersecting rods 112 of aluminum or similar material which reflects microwaves . as best shown in fig5 b , the rods 112 form a pattern of eight radial projections , however the number of projections may be variable and is dependent upon maintaining a distance between the peripheral ends 112a less than approximately 1 / 2 inch , and therefore , fewer or greater than eight radial projections may be required depending upon the length of the rods 112 and the size of the cell 110 . each cell 110 further includes a generally circular , bimetallic coil 114 which circumscribes and is connected to a wheel 115 on which the ends of eight ( 8 ) diametrical spokes 116 are attached . the spokes 116 intersect coaxially with the intersection of the rods 112 , and the coil 114 is dimensioned so that in its &# 34 ; cold &# 34 ; condition the spokes 116 are superimposed on rods 112 in congruent manner . the spokes 116 are also made of aluminum or similar material which reflects microwave . referring to fig5 b and 6 , when the bowl 110 containing food product ( not shown ) is placed in a microwave oven and cooking is begun , the food heats and conducts heat to the coil 114 . as best shown in fig5 b , the heated coil 114 expands in an unwinding motion so that spokes 116 are rotated from the superimposed position of fig5 a to the position of fig5 b in which the spokes 116 generally bisect the angles between the radial projections of the rods 112 . in this position , the adjacent ends 112a and 116a of the respective rods 112 and spokes 116 will be at a distance of approximately 1 / 4 inch . the microwave typically have a wavelength less than 1 / 4 inch and the configuration of alternating rods 112 and spokes 116 effectively reflects the bulk of the microwaves directed at the cell 110 . particularly when the food is very cold or frozen , the peripheral area of the food can become heated and thus heat the coil of a particular cell 110 , even though the interior of the food may temporarily remain cool or frozen . as a result , the peripheral area which heats the coil 114 can cool again by contact with flowing liquid produced in the heating process or by simple heat transfer to the remaining cool or frozen areas . thus , the peripheral area of the food can again cool the coil 114 and reverse the rotation of the spokes 116 to approach their original position as shown in fig5 a , which again allows the microwaves to pass through the cell 110 . the unwinding and winding of the coil 114 is thus dependent upon the heating and cooling of the peripheral area of the food in which a particular cell 110 is in contact . the combined effect of the coil motion in the plurality of cells 110 produces changing concentration of the microwave reflection passing through various strata within the food to promote uniform heating . referring to fig7 a , a reflective cell 210 is a modified embodiment of a cell for incorporation into the wall of a bowl or similar food heating container . the cell 210 includes a bimetallic element 212 which has four arms 212a which are bent from their central intersection to form a cone - like cruciform . the bimetallic element 212 can be stamped and bent into the cone - like configuration of fig7 a , and then incorporated into the wall of a container similar to the bowl in fig6 . referring to fig7 b , when the microwave oven is operated and cooking is begun , the heated periphery of the food ( not shown ) heats the element 212 causing the arms 212a to spread outwardly into a generally planar configuration in which the arms 212a intercept and reflect the bulk of the microwaves directed at the cell 210 . when the periphery of food products cools , the arms 212a will again fold inward to the cone - like configuration of fig7 a , followed by reheating into the configuration of fig7 b . in this embodiment , the element 212 serves as both the bimetallic element and the reflector . the combined motions of the cells 210 promote uniform heating of the food by changing the concentration of microwave reflection passing through various strata within the food . variation in the size and structural features of cooperating parts and the materials used may occur to the skilled artisan without departing from the scope of the invention which is set forth in the claims hereto appended .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

the following is intended to provide a detailed description of an example of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting of the invention itself . rather , any number of variations may fall within the scope of the invention , which is defined in the claims following the description . fig1 is a component - level diagram showing a memory controller interacting with memory . memory controller 100 reads and writes data to memory 150 . in one embodiment , memory 150 includes one or more memory ranks ( memory ranks 151 , 152 , 153 . . . ). after data and error correction code ( 105 ) is written to memory 150 , memory controller reads the error correction code and determines whether bit errors are present in the stored data by executing error analysis logic 110 . one example of error correction code is a simple checksum with error analysis logic 110 comparing the checksum of data stored a memory location with the checksum that was stored with the data . small bit errors identified by error analysis logic 110 can be corrected by writing correction data ( 115 ) to the memory . error analysis logic 110 keeps track of the bit errors that occur in memory . in addition error analysis logic 110 tracks the particular memory ranks ( 151 , 152 , 153 . . . ) where the bit errors occur . some types of memory are periodically refreshed . memory that is refreshed is typically capacitor - based memory where the individual capacitors are periodically refreshed . when refreshable memory is being used , memory controller executes refresh logic 120 to adjust the refresh rate ( 125 ) based on the number of bit errors encountered . when increased numbers of bit errors are identified , refresh logic 120 increases the refresh rate . increasing the refresh rate likely results in fewer bit errors being encountered . as bit errors decrease , refresh logic 120 decreases the refresh rate . refresh rates can be established for both the overall memory as well as individual memory ranks . in this manner , a higher refresh rate can be set for a memory rank that is experiencing more bit errors than other memory ranks . likewise , if conditions , such as heat , cause increased bit errors from all of the memory ranks , the overall refresh rate for the memory can be set accordingly . memory controller 100 can also set memory usage delays . again , like refresh delays , memory usage delays can be set for both the overall memory as well as individual memory ranks . when bit errors are encountered , memory controller 100 executes delay logic 130 to adjust the usage delay ( 135 ) based on the number of bit errors encountered . when increased numbers of bit errors are identified , delay logic 130 increases the usage delay . increasing the usage delay likely results in fewer bit errors being encountered . as bit errors decrease , delay logic 130 decreases the usage delay . usage delays can be established for both the overall memory as well as individual memory ranks . in this manner , a higher usage delay can be set for a memory rank that is experiencing more bit errors than other memory ranks . likewise , if conditions , such as heat , cause increased bit errors from all of the memory ranks , the overall usage delay for the memory can be set accordingly . when a refreshable memory is being used , adjustments to both the refresh rate and usage delays can be made to either the overall memory as well as to individual memory ranks . in this manner , both types of adjustments work in conjunction to decrease bit errors while not overly increasing one of the delays . further , it might be found through adjustments to the refresh rates and usage delays that an adjustment to the refresh rate or usage delay is more beneficial in a particular type of environment . fig2 is a flowchart showing the steps taken during error analysis of data written to the memory . processing commences at 200 whereupon , at step 210 , the memory controller receives error correction code ( ecc ) data from the memory . at step 220 , the received error correction code is analyzed and , based on the analysis , a determination is made as to whether there are bit errors in the data that was written to memory ( decision 225 ). if the analysis reveals bit errors , decision 225 branches to “ yes ” branch 228 whereupon , at step 230 , an error record is added to error data store 240 . in one embodiment , error data store 240 is stored in a memory accessible to the memory controller . the error records stored in error data store 240 include the timestamps of when the bit errors were encountered . if multiple memory ranks are being managed by the memory controller , the identifier of the memory rank where the error occurred is also written to the error data store . returning to decision 225 , if a bit error was not revealed by analyzing the error correction code data , then decision 225 branches to “ no ” branch 245 bypassing step 230 . at step 250 the number of errors occurring in a particular time window are counted for the overall memory as well as the individual memory ranks ( if individual memory ranks are being managed by the memory controller ). a time window is a certain period of time ( e . g ., one second ). in one embodiment , step 250 is performed periodically rather than every time data is written to memory . the counts computed in step 250 are stored in error counts data store 260 . error counts data store 260 is also stored in a memory accessible to the memory controller . the counts stored in error counts data store 260 include the timestamps of when the count was performed along with the overall count for bit errors occurring in the memory . if multiple memory ranks are being managed by the memory controller , the error counts for each memory rank are also stored in the error count data store along with the timestamp of when the respective counts were taken . a determination is made as to whether bit errors were encountered within the time window ( decision 265 ). if no bit errors were encountered , then decision 265 branches to “ no ” branch 266 whereupon , at step 267 , the default refresh rate ( if applicable to the type of memory being used ) is used and the additive usage delay is set to zero ( 0 ). the memory controller &# 39 ; s error analysis processing thereafter ends at 295 . returning to decision 265 , if bit errors were encountered during the time window , then decision 265 branches to “ yes ” branch 268 whereupon another determination is made as to whether refreshable memory is being used ( decision 270 ). if refreshable memory is being used , then decision 270 branches to “ yes ” branch 275 whereupon the refresh rate ( s ) of the memory ( and individual memory ranks , if applicable ) are adjusted ( predefined process 280 , see fig3 and corresponding text for processing details ). on the other hand , if refreshable memory is not being used , then decision 270 branches to “ no ” branch 285 bypassing predefined process 280 . at predefined process 290 , the usage delays are adjusted ( see fig4 and corresponding text for processing details ). the memory controller &# 39 ; s error analysis processing thereafter ends at 295 . fig3 is a flowchart showing the steps taken to adjust refresh rates in response to errors occurring when writing data to the memory . processing commences at 300 whereupon , at step 320 , error thresholds are retrieved from thresholds data store 310 . as shown , thresholds 310 can include both overall bit error thresholds as well as thresholds for individual memory ranks if the memory controller is managing multiple ranks of memory . thresholds 310 can include actions used to address the bit error rate that is being encountered . the actions can include adjustments to the refresh rates as well as adjustments to the usage delays ( computation of which is shown in fig4 ). at step 325 , the error counts stored in error counts data store 260 are compared to the thresholds . at decision 330 , a determination is made as to whether the overall number of bit errors exceed a minimum threshold set for the memory . if the overall number of errors exceed the minimum threshold , decision 330 branches to “ yes ” branch 335 whereupon , at step 340 , the overall refresh rate is set based upon the retrieved thresholds . note that the refresh rate that is set may be an increased refresh rate , a decreased refresh rate , or the same refresh rate when compared to the refresh rate that was previous set for the memory . returning to decision 330 , if the overall number of bit errors does not exceed a minimum threshold , then decision 330 branches to “ no ” branch 345 whereupon , at step 350 , the default refresh rate is applied to the overall memory . a determination is made as to whether any individual memory ranks ( if individual memory ranks are being managed by the memory controller ) have bit error counts that exceed a minimum threshold ( decision 360 ). if any individual memory ranks have bit error counts that exceed a minimum threshold , then decision 360 branches to “ yes ” branch 365 whereupon , at step 370 , the refresh rate for the first memory rank with a bit error count exceeding the minimum threshold is retrieved from thresholds 310 . a determination is made as to whether the retrieved refresh rate is higher than the overall refresh rate set in either step 340 or 350 ( decision 375 ). if the refresh rate retrieved for the individual memory rank is higher than the overall refresh rate that has been set , decision 375 branches to “ yes ” branch 378 and the individual memory rank &# 39 ; s refresh rate is set to the retrieved refresh rate . note again that the refresh rate that is set for the individual memory rank may be an increased refresh rate , a decreased refresh rate , or the same refresh rate when compared to the refresh rate that was previous set for the memory rank . returning to decision 375 , if the refresh rate retrieved for the individual memory rank is not higher than the overall refresh rate that has been set , then decision 375 branches to “ no ” branch 382 bypassing step 380 . a determination is made as to whether there are more memory ranks with bit error counts that exceed the minimum threshold ( decision 385 ). if there are more memory ranks with bit error counts exceeding the minimum threshold , decision 385 branches to “ yes ” branch 388 which loops back to retrieve the refresh rate for the next memory rank with a bit error count that exceeds the minimum threshold and process the memory rank &# 39 ; s refresh rate . this looping continues until all memory ranks with bit error counts exceeding the minimum threshold have been processed , at which point decision 385 branches to “ no ” branch 390 and processing used to adjust the refresh rates returns to the calling routine ( e . g ., see fig2 ) at 395 . returning to decision 360 , if there are no individual memory ranks with bit error counts exceeding the minimum threshold , then decision 360 branches to “ no ” branch 392 bypassing steps 370 through 385 . processing used to adjust the refresh rates then returns to the calling routine ( e . g ., see fig2 ) at 395 . fig4 is a flowchart showing the steps taken to adjust usage delays in response to errors occurring when writing data to the memory . processing commences at 400 whereupon , at step 420 , error thresholds are retrieved from thresholds data store 310 . as shown , thresholds 310 can include both overall bit error thresholds as well as thresholds for individual memory ranks if the memory controller is managing multiple ranks of memory . thresholds 310 can include actions used to address the bit error rate that is being encountered . the actions can include adjustments to the refresh rates ( computation of which is shown in fig3 ) as well as adjustments to the usage delays . at step 425 , the error counts stored in error counts data store 260 are compared to the thresholds . at decision 430 , a determination is made as to whether the overall number of bit errors exceed a minimum threshold set for the memory . if the overall number of errors exceed the minimum threshold , decision 430 branches to “ yes ” branch 435 whereupon , at step 440 , the overall usage delay is set based upon the retrieved thresholds . note that the usage delay that is set may be an increased usage delay , a decreased usage delay , or the same usage delay as compared to the usage delay that was previous set for the memory . returning to decision 430 , if the overall number of bit errors does not exceed a minimum threshold , then decision 430 branches to “ no ” branch 445 whereupon , at step 450 , the overall usage delay is set to zero ( 0 ) signifying no overall usage delay . a determination is made as to whether any individual memory ranks ( if individual memory ranks are being managed by the memory controller ) have bit error counts that exceed a minimum threshold ( decision 460 ). if any individual memory ranks have bit error counts that exceed a minimum threshold , then decision 460 branches to “ yes ” branch 465 whereupon , at step 470 , the usage delay for the first memory rank with a bit error count exceeding the minimum threshold is retrieved from thresholds 310 . a determination is made as to whether the retrieved usage delay is higher than the overall usage delay set in step 440 ( decision 475 ). if the usage delay retrieved for the individual memory rank is higher than the overall usage delay that has been set , decision 475 branches to “ yes ” branch 478 and the individual memory rank &# 39 ; s usage delay is set to the retrieved usage delay . note again that the usage delay that is set for the individual memory rank may be an increased usage delay a decreased usage delay , or the same usage delay as compared to the usage delay that was previous set for the memory rank . returning to decision 475 , if the usage delay retrieved for the individual memory rank is not higher than the overall usage delay that has been set , then decision 475 branches to “ no ” branch 482 bypassing step 480 . a determination is made as to whether there are more memory ranks with bit error counts that exceed the minimum threshold ( decision 485 ). if there are more memory ranks with bit error counts exceeding the minimum threshold , decision 485 branches to “ yes ” branch 488 which loops back to retrieve the usage delay for the next memory rank with a bit error count that exceeds the minimum threshold and process the memory rank &# 39 ; s usage delay . this looping continues until all memory ranks with bit error counts exceeding the minimum threshold have been processed , at which point decision 485 branches to “ no ” branch 490 and processing used to adjust the usage delay returns to the calling routine ( e . g ., see fig2 ) at 495 . returning to decision 460 , if there are no individual memory ranks with bit error counts exceeding the minimum threshold , then decision 460 branches to “ no ” branch 492 bypassing steps 470 through 485 . processing used to adjust the usage delay then returns to the calling routine ( e . g ., see fig2 ) at 495 . fig5 illustrates information handling system 501 which is a simplified example of a computer system capable of performing the computing operations described herein . computer system 501 includes processor 500 which is coupled to host bus 502 . a level two ( l2 ) cache memory 504 is also coupled to host bus 502 . host - to - pci bridge 506 is coupled to memory controller 100 , includes cache memory and main memory control functions , and provides bus control to handle transfers among pci bus 510 , processor 500 , l2 cache 504 , memory 150 , and host bus 502 . memory controller 100 is coupled to host - to - pci bridge 506 as well as host bus 502 . access to memory 150 is controlled by memory controller 100 . devices used solely by host processor ( s ) 500 , such as lan card 530 , are coupled to pci bus 510 . service processor interface and isa access pass - through 512 provides an interface between pci bus 510 and pci bus 514 . in this manner , pci bus 514 is insulated from pci bus 510 . devices , such as flash memory 518 , are coupled to pci bus 514 . in one implementation , flash memory 518 includes bios code that incorporates the necessary processor executable code for a variety of low - level system functions and system boot functions . pci bus 514 provides an interface for a variety of devices that are shared by host processor ( s ) 500 and service processor 516 including , for example , flash memory 518 . pci - to - isa bridge 535 provides bus control to handle transfers between pci bus 514 and isa bus 540 , universal serial bus ( usb ) functionality 545 , power management functionality 555 , and can include other functional elements not shown , such as a real - time clock ( rtc ), dma control , interrupt support , and system management bus support . nonvolatile ram 520 is attached to isa bus 540 . service processor 516 includes jtag and i2c busses 522 for communication with processor ( s ) 500 during initialization steps . jtag / i2c busses 522 are also coupled to l2 cache 504 , host - to - pci bridge 506 , and memory controller 100 providing a communications path between the processor , the service processor , the l2 cache , the host - to - pci bridge , and the memory controller . service processor 516 also has access to system power resources for powering down information handling device 501 . peripheral devices and input / output ( i / o ) devices can be attached to various interfaces ( e . g ., parallel interface 562 , serial interface 564 , keyboard interface 568 , and mouse interface 570 coupled to isa bus 540 . alternatively , many i / o devices can be accommodated by a super i / o controller ( not shown ) attached to isa bus 540 . in order to attach computer system 501 to another computer system to copy files over a network , lan card 530 is coupled to pci bus 510 . similarly , to connect computer system 501 to an isp to connect to the internet using a telephone line connection , modem 575 is connected to serial port 564 and pci - to - isa bridge 535 . while fig5 shows one information handling system , an information handling system may take many forms . for example , an information handling system may take the form of a desktop , server , portable , laptop , notebook , or other form factor computer or data processing system . in addition , an information handling system may take other form factors such as a personal digital assistant ( pda ), a gaming device , atm machine , a portable telephone device , a communication device or other devices that include a processor and memory . while particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that , based upon the teachings herein , that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects . therefore , the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of this invention . furthermore , it is to be understood that the invention is solely defined by the appended claims . it will be understood by those with skill in the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim element is intended , such intent will be explicitly recited in the claim , and in the absence of such recitation no such limitation is present . for non - limiting example , as an aid to understanding , the following appended claims contain usage of the introductory phrases “ at least one ” and “ one or more ” to introduce claim elements . however , the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim element by the indefinite articles “ a ” or “ an ” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim element to inventions containing only one such element , even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “ one or more ” or “ at least one ” and indefinite articles such as “ a ” or “ an ”; the same holds true for the use in the claims of definite articles .

6Physics

the method and apparatus for pattern defect inspection based on embodiments of this invention will be explained with reference to the drawings . fig1 shows an apparatus based on an embodiment of this invention . the apparatus includes a stage 2 , which is made up of x , y , z and θ ( rotation ) stages , on which a semiconductor wafer ( subject ) 1 having a pattern to be inspected is placed . the x , y and θ stages are operated by a drive circuit 100 . the z stage is operated by another drive circuit 101 . an illumination light source 3 which illuminates the subject 1 consists of a uv laser source having a wavelength of 266 nm or 355 nm for example . the uv laser source is a device which implements the wavelength conversion for the solid yag laser with nonlinear optical crystal , etc . to produce the third harmonic ( 355 nm ) or fourth harmonic ( 266 nm ) of the fundamental wave . a laser light source having a wavelength of 193 nm or 248 nm may be used alternatively . using a laser source having a wavelength of 193 nm or shorter , if available , will enhance the resolution of imaging . the laser oscillation mode can be either continuous oscillation or pulsative oscillation . the continuous oscillation mode is preferable in consideration of imaging of the subject 1 while moving the stage continuously . the illumination light source 3 emits a light beam l 1 , which is reflected by a mirror 4 for setting an intended optical axis , reflected by another mirror 5 , and conducted through an nd filter 10 so that the quantity of light is limited to the light level necessary for the inspection . the mirrors 4 and 5 are moved by a drive circuit 8 to adjust the light beam in the up / down and right / left directions in a certain manner ( not shown ). the nd filter 10 and the mirror 5 are interposed by a partial mirror 6 . the partial mirror 6 having a reflectivity of small percentage transmits most part of the light . the reflected light beam from the partial mirror 6 is cast onto a divisional sensor 7 . the sensor 7 having four divisions in this embodiment measures the balance of light levels of all divisions in a certain manner ( not shown ), and puts the difference values into the drive circuit 8 . for example , the divisional sensor 7 has its individual light quantities balanced when the optical axis of the illumination light beam is at the center of sensor . in this case , the mirrors 4 and 5 do not activate . if the optical axis of the illumination light source 3 varies by some reason , the divisional sensor 7 goes out of balance in light quantity . this variation of light quantity of the divisional sensor 7 indicates a positional error , causing the mirrors 4 and 5 to be operated by the drive circuit 8 on a feedback basis so that the divisional sensor 7 is kept balanced in light quantity . the total light quantity of the divisional sensor 7 indicates the output of the illumination light source 3 , and accordingly it can be utilized to monitor the fall of output of the illumination light source 3 . the drive circuit 8 implements the calculation for the sensor output , and a controller ( not shown ) controls the illumination light source 3 to keep a constant light output . the light beam emitted by the illumination light source 3 has a diameter of around 1 mm in general , which is too small to be used as illumination light , and therefore the light beam is expanded by a beam expander 11 . an illumination light path switching optical system 12 is intended to define the illumination range on the subject 1 . an limiting aperture 13 , which is located at the position conjugate with the pupil 14 a of an objective lens 14 , is intended to limit the na which is incident to the pupil 14 a . the expanded light beam is directed to a coherency diminishing optical system 15 which is intended to diminish the coherency of the laser beam emitted by the illumination light source 3 . the coherency diminishing optical system 15 can be any optical system which lower the coherency of laser in a time - wise or space - wise fashion . the coherency diminishing optical system 15 releases a light beam , which is directed by a beam splitter 16 to the objective lens 14 . the beam splitter 16 , which can be a polarization beam splitter , is designed to reflect the illumination light from the illumination light source 3 thereby to render the bright field illumination for example to the subject 1 through the objective lens 14 . the beam splitter 16 , if it is a polarization beam splitter , functions to reflect or transmit the laser beam when it has a polarization direction parallel or perpendicular , respectively , to the reflection plane . since a laser beam is a polarized light beam inherently , the polarization beam splitter 16 is capable of totally reflecting the laser beam . a set of polarizing devices 17 function to control the polarization direction of the laser illumination light and reflected light to adjust the polarization ratio of the illumination light arbitrarily so that the reflected light is not uneven in brightness at the destination due to the shape and difference of density of the pattern , and it consists of a halfwave plate and quarterwave plate for example . the reflected light from the subject 1 goes back through the objective lens 14 and conducted through the polarizing devices 17 and beam splitter 16 . the reflected light is focused by imagery lenses 18 and 19 on an image sensor 20 . a diaphragm 21 is located at the position conjugate with the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 . the diaphragm 21 which is operated by a drive circuit 22 is capable of squeezing the light beam in a certain manner ( not shown ). the maximum opening of diaphragm is to allow the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 to do full transmission , and it is adjusted appropriately . a movable mirror 23 can be placed between the beam splitter 16 and the lens 18 , in which case an image of the subject 1 can be formed in a camera 25 by a lens 24 . a movable mirror 26 can be placed between the diaphragm 21 and the imagery lens 18 , in which case an image of the subject 1 can be formed in a camera 27 by the lens 18 . the camera 25 is used for the wide - field overall observation of the subject 1 , i . e ., at low magnification , while the camera 27 is used for the narrow - field observation of the subject 1 , i . e ., at high magnification and high resolution . the image sensor 20 has a pixel size of 0 . 05 - 0 . 3 μm in terms of dimension on the subject depending on the combination of the imagery lenses 18 and 19 , and it is designed to produce a tonal image signal in response to the brightness ( tone ) of the reflected light from the pattern to be inspected on the subject 1 ( e . g ., semiconductor wafer ). the tonal image signal is put in to an image signal processing circuit 50 , which implements the image processing to detect defects of the pattern . the objective lens 14 has its focal depth decreasing with the decrease of wavelength , and therefore it is necessary to position ( adjust ) the surface of the subject 1 always at the focal point of the objective lens 14 . the objective lens 14 has its property of resolution affected by various kinds of aberration , and it can have the best performance by the optimal selection of the material of the lens 14 and the coating of the lens surface depending on the wavelength used . on this account , it is becoming difficult for the apparatus of this structure to implement the focusing operation by use of the objective lens 14 . therefore , it is advantageous to implement the off - line focusing operation without using the objective lens 14 . in this embodiment , a focal point detecting system 29 is disposed adjacently to the objective lens 14 . the height of subject 1 from the periphery of objective lens 14 is measured by a certain manner ( not shown ), and a feedback control circuit 30 operates on a drive circuit 101 to move the subject 1 toward the focal point . the focal point detecting system 29 is positioned to match with the focal point of objective lens 14 in advance . these optical systems are set up on an optical rack to organize the illumination light source , illumination optical system , imaging optical system , and optical sensor . the optical rack is installed in a certain manner ( not shown ) on a firm table , for example , where the stage 2 is set up , and this setup environment enables the stable inspection against disturbances including the temperature variation and vibration . fig2 shows the image signal processing circuit 50 . the circuit 50 includes an a / d converter 200 , gradation converter 201 , image filter 215 , delay memory 202 , image alignment portion 203 , local gradation converter 204 , comparator 205 , cpu 212 , image entry 206 , scatter plot graph generator 207 , memory means 208 , display means 209 , output means 210 , and input means 211 . the a / d converter 200 of 10 bits for example converts the tonal image signal 31 produced by the image sensor 20 into a digital image signal and releases an image signal of the subject . the gradation converter 201 renders the gradation conversion as described in japanese patent laid - open no . h8 ( 1996 )- 320294 to the 10 - bit image signal released by the a / d converter 200 . the gradation converter 201 performs the logarithmic conversion , exponential conversion , or polynomial conversion thereby to modify ( compensate ) the image , and releases an 8 - bit digital signal for example . the image filter 215 removes efficiently noises , which are specific to images formed by the uv light , from the image which has been rendered the gradation conversion and modification . the delay memory 202 for storing reference image signals delays and stores the output image signals released by the image filter 215 for one or more cells or one or more chips formed on the semiconductor wafer . one cell is the unit of pattern repetition within a chip . the image filter 215 may be located at the output of the delay memory 202 alternatively . the alignment portion 203 evaluates the positional deviation of the image signal ( image signal detected from the subject ) 213 which has been rendered the gradation conversion by the gradation converter 201 from delayed image signals ( reference image signals ) 214 read out of the delay memory 202 based on the normalized correlation , thereby implementing positional alignment by pixel unit between the image signals 213 , 214 . the local gradation converter 204 renders the gradation conversion to one or both image signals so that the characteristic values ( brightness , differentiation value , standard deviation , texture , etc .) of both signals become equal when a defect does not be existed . the comparator 205 compares the image signals resulting from gradation conversion by the gradation converter 204 to detect the defect based on the difference of characteristic values . specifically , the comparator 205 compares the detected image signal with the reference image signal which has been delayed in proportion to the cell pitch by the delay memory 202 . the cpu 212 produces defect inspection data based on layout coordinate data of the semiconductor wafer 1 , which has been entered through the input means 211 such as a keyboard or disk storage , and stores the produced data in the memory means 208 . the defect inspection data can be displayed on the display means 209 such as a display screen , and also can be put in to the output means 210 . the comparator 205 , which can be the one described in detail in japanese patent laid - open no . s61 ( 1986 )- 212708 , is made up of an image alignment circuit , differential image detecting circuit which detects the difference of the position - aligned images , inequality detecting circuit which binary - digitizes the differential image , and characteristics detecting circuit which calculates the area , length ( projection length ), coordinates , etc . from the binary output . the image entry 206 enters the images , which have been rendered the positional alignment of the images with pixel unit by the image alignment portion 203 , in synchronous or asynchronous manner for producing a scatter plot graph of the images . the scatter plot graph generator 207 produces a scatter plot graph between the characteristic values in terms of each category of the produced image and reference image entered by the image entry 206 , and displays a resulting figure on the display means 209 for example . an example of the image filter 215 will be explained with reference to fig3 showing the sequential process . initially , the input images 280 and 280 ′ undergo the noise elimination 281 to improve the image quality and enhance the s / n property . various kinds of filters can be used selectively for noise elimination depending on the subject of inspection and the nature of noise . one example is to apply a weight to the neighboring pixel values . specifically , a weighting factor is multiplied to the values of neighboring pixels of n × m around the pixel of one &# 39 ; s observation and the results are summed . fig4 shows an example , in which a weighting factor of ⅛ is applied to the n = 3 by m = 3 neighboring pixel values . the pixel of one &# 39 ; s observation ( i , j ) has its value f ( i , j ) expressed by formula ( 1 ). f ( i , j )= b · ⅛ + d · ⅛ + f · ⅛ + h · ⅛ + e · ½ the size and factor of the filter can be varied flexibly by use of a lookup table . another example is a median filter . this scheme is to take the center value of luminance values within the predetermined area , and it can eliminate the influence of singular points . still another example is to use a gaussian function . this scheme smoothes the image by convoluting a 2 - dimensional gaussian function ( formula ( 2 )) having a mean value of 0 and variance of σ 2 for the image f ( x , y ) based on formula ( 3 ). g ⁡ ( x , y ) = ( 1 / 2 ⁢ πσ 2 ) · exp ⁡ ( - ( x 2 + y 2 ) / 2 ⁢ σ 2 ) ( 2 ) f ⁡ ( x , y ) = ⁢ g ⁡ ( x , y ) ⊗ f ⁡ ( x , y ) = ⁢ ∫ ∫ g ⁡ ( x + u , y + v ) · f ⁡ ( x , y ) ⁢ ⅆ u ⁢ ⅆ v ( 3 ) still another example available is to use the fourier transform to remove noises which arise regularly . the subsequent step is the restoration 282 of the image which has been deteriorated in quality by the noise removal . one example of restoration is to use a wiener filter . this filtering results such an image that the mean square error of the restored image f ( x , y ) from the input image f ( x , y ) is minimal . next , it is examined as to whether the produced image and reference image to be compared differ significantly in appearance . assessment indexes include the contrast , disparity of brightness ( standard deviation ), and noise frequency . if the images have a large difference in characteristic quantities , the images undergo the characteristic quantity calculation 283 so that the difference of characteristic quantities is narrowed . this process can be based on the use of wiener filter between the produced image and the reference image . following the comparison of characteristic quantities 284 and fitting of images 285 , decision of sensitivity decrease 286 is implemented . in case the fitting of characteristic quantities is infeasible in the detection process , the comparator is lowered in sensitivity so as to suppress the false generation . the defect calculation by the image processor 24 can be accomplished based on the scheme described in detail in japanese patent laid - open no . 2001 - 194323 . next , the illumination light source 3 will be explained . a light source of the shorter wavelength is required to attain the higher resolution of imaging , and the laser is conceived to be advantageous significantly as a light source to perform high - luminance illumination in the uv wavelength range which is most effective for the enhancement of resolution . accordingly , the inventive method and apparatus adopt the laser - based illumination . fig5 a and 5b show by plan view and side view , respectively , the structure of an illumination light source . the illumination light source 3 is fixed on a plate 102 . another plate 101 is positioned and fixed on an optical base 100 . positioning of the plate 101 is , for example , based on guide pins 103 which are fixed on the optical base 100 . the pins 103 are assumed to be adjusted relatively to the optical axis of the optical system . the plate 102 is fixed to the plate 101 . the illumination light source 3 needs to be replaced when the life span of laser oscillator expires . in order to minimize the down - time of the apparatus when the illumination light source 3 is replaced , the light source 3 undergoes the optical axis adjustment prior to the placement on the plate so that it exerts the intended performance following the minimal adjustment of optical axis . fig6 a and 6b show by plan view and side view , respectively , an example of optical axis adjustment devices . on an optical axis adjustment base 104 , the positioning pins 103 are fixed in the same layout as the optical base 100 . targets 105 and 106 having the same height and having the formation of pin - holes 107 for transmitting a laser beam are fixed on the base 104 by being aligned in parallel to the alignment of pins 103 . the targets 105 and 106 are spaced out by a distance which is enough to adjust the laser light source 3 . the plate 101 is fixed to the optical axis adjustment base 104 . the illumination light source 3 is fixed temporarily on the plate 102 in advance . with the plate 102 being placed on the plate 101 , the laser source is activated to emit a laser beam . the position of the plate 102 is adjusted in the right / left direction and the laser source is adjusted in the inclination direction so that the laser beam l goes through the pin - holes 107 . following the adjustment , the illumination light source 3 is fixed to the plate 102 , and the plate 102 is fixed to the plate 101 . in consequence , the illumination light source 3 has its laser beam adjusted based on the position of the pins 103 . the illumination light source 3 fixed on the plate 101 is moved from the adjustment base 104 to the optical base 100 , resulting in a consistent optical axis before and after the replacement of light source . next , the nd filter 10 which limits the light quantity will be explained . the illumination light source 3 emits a laser beam at the maximum output , and it is necessary to limit the quantity of light which reaches the image sensor 20 . an nd filter 7 is placed to cut in the light path . fig7 a shows the disposition of the nd filter 10 , and fig7 b shows its characteristics . the nd filter 10 varies in transmissivity depending on the angle as shown in fig7 b . the nd filter 10 can be swung and fixed at an intended angle in a certain manner ( not shown ). the nd filter 10 has such an angle α relative to the optical axis that the reflected laser beam r from the filter 10 does not return directly to the laser emission port of the illumination light source 3 . the basis of this angle setting is to prevent the instability of the laser output due to the interference of the reflected beam from the nd filter 10 with the beam in the resonator of the illumination light source 3 . next , the limiting aperture system will be explained . fig8 a and 8b show examples of limiting aperture 13 . the limiting aperture 13 is conjugate in position with the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 . for the pupil 14 a having a maximum diameter of d , the limiting aperture 13 can vary the light transmission diameter d 1 depending on the pattern shape on the surface of the subject 1 . the limiting aperture 13 may be design to provide a ring - shaped aperture as shown in fig8 b to accomplish the ring - shaped illumination . for the pupil 14 a having a maximum diameter of d , the limiting aperture 9 a performs the ring - shaped light transmission having an inner diameter of d 2 and outer diameter of d 3 . by preparing limiting apertures having several sets of diameters and changing the limiting aperture in a certain manner ( not shown ), imaging at the higher resolution can be accomplished . fig9 a and 9b show the illumination state of the objective lens pupil 32 and the view field 33 , respectively , resulting from the illumination of the ordinary white light . a light source image 34 is focused at the position of the pupil 32 , while the whole view field 35 is illuminated virtually uniformly at the position of the view field 33 . fig1 a - 10d show the illumination state resulting from a laser light source . a light source image 36 having a shape of light spot is focused at the position of the pupil 32 as shown in fig1 a . a circuit pattern which has a cross section as indicated by 38 in fig1 c and is illuminated in the view field 33 as indicated by 37 in fig1 b results in a detected waveform 39 as shown in fig1 d . when the circuit pattern is imaged by the illumination of laser light , there arise overshooting and undershooting at the pattern edge and there also emerge speckles 40 . the cause of these waveforms is a small σ of illumination . it implies that the view field 33 beneath the objective lens 14 is not illuminated at multiple angles . illumination of the ordinary white light has a certain beam size on the pupil 32 and has a range of illumination angles comparable to the na ( numeral aperture ) of the objective lens 14 against the view field 33 . coherent lights such as the laser have a value of σ ( it is proportional to the size of light source on the pupil ) of zero , since the point light source of coherent light results in a point image at the pupil . although it is feasible to produce an expanded light beam 41 with another lens system and cast onto the pupil 32 as shown in fig1 a , the result is the same as if the whole light come from a position of σ = 0 ( indicated by 39 in fig1 d ), and the problem is left unsolved . on this account , it is necessary to have a means of diminishing the coherency , i . e ., time coherency or spatial coherency , of the laser beam . next , an embodiment of coherency diminishment will be explained . the invention proposes the operation in which the light source image is focused on the pupil 32 , a position 42 , for example , in fig1 a is illuminated at first , and subsequently positions 42 ′ and so on are scanned sequentially , thereby illuminating , as indicated by 43 , the view field 33 as shown in fig1 b . the pupil 32 may be scanned in a spiral fashion as indicated by 44 in fig1 c , or may be scanned in a 2 - dimensional fashion 45 as shown in fig1 d . although images of speckles , overshooting and undershooting are created at positions , they do not interfere with each other due to different timings of imaging . summing these images by the image sensor 20 results in a same image derived from a coherent light source . for the summation of images , the image sensor 20 is preferably of the accumulation type such as ccd ( specifically , tdi sensor ) having a pixel size of 0 . 05 - 0 . 3 μm in terms of dimension on the subject ( view field ). among various ccd sensors , the image sensor 20 is of the tdi ( time delay and integration ) type . the tdi sensor is a 1 - dimensional sensor in which n pieces of ( several tens to 1000 ) photosensors called “ stages ” are aligned in the lateral direction and multiple stages are aligned in the longitudinal direction . the sensor allows arbitrary control of drive frequency . next , an embodiment of coherency diminishment 15 based on the scanning of light source image will be explained . fig1 shows the arrangement of the coherency diminishing optical system 15 using a scanning means of a resonance - type galvanomirror . a lens 600 makes a light beam illuminated from the illumination light source 3 , at a position 606 which is conjugate with the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 . lenses 601 and 602 make a reflected light beam at a next conjugate position 606 ′. a lens 603 focuses the reflected light beam on the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 . a galvanomirror 605 which can swing in the up / down direction is disposed at the conjugate position 606 , and another galvanomirror 605 ′ which can swing in the right / left direction is disposed at the conjugate position 606 ′. a position 607 conjugate with the subject 1 is set between the lens 602 and the lens 603 . fig1 shows an embodiment of resonance - type galvanomirror . the galvanomirrors 605 and 605 ′ are each made by integrated fabrication inclusive of a stationary portion and swing portion . the galvanomirror has a swing flat 607 which is supported by bars 610 and 610 ′ extending from stationary members 608 and 609 . the flat 607 has the formation of a coil 611 . there are magnets 612 and 613 on both sides of the coil 611 . the coil 611 is supplied with a current 614 , and it reacts against the magnets 612 and 613 , causing the flat 607 to swing . the flat 607 has its rear surface coated to behave as a mirror so that the laser beam is totally reflected . the flat 607 can be confirmed to swing at a constant frequency by supplying with a certain amount of current to the coil 611 . fig1 shows the frequency characteristics 615 plotted along the horizontal axis of resonance frequency and the vertical axis of swing angle . the frequency which makes a peak swing angle can be set arbitrarily between 1000 hz and 5000 hz by adjusting the width of the bars 610 and 610 ′. frequencies below 1000 hz are also attainable obviously . the galvanomirror is designed so that the swing angle is maximal at the intended frequency . fig1 shows the relation between the current value and the swing angle plotted along the horizontal axis of current and the vertical axis of swing angle . the swing angle can be limited based on the amount of current supplied . the galvanomirrors disposed as shown in fig1 operate to swing the light beam horizontally and vertically , and the use of galvanomirrors having the same resonance frequency is desirable . the resonance frequency of galvanomirror is preferably tuned to the accumulation time of the image sensor 20 . the image sensor 20 gets images in a cycle time which is the product of the drive frequency and the number of stages in the lateral direction . for example , in the case of a 300 - khz drive frequency and 500 stages , it images at a frequency of 600 hz . by setting the characteristics of the resonance - type galvanomirror to have a swing frequency of 600 hz , the swing motion of one rotation can be accomplished in the accumulation time . in case the resonance - type galvanomirror has its characteristic frequency deviated to , such as 611 hz , from the ideal frequency due to the disparity of fabrication process or the like , the swing motion of one rotation in the accumulation time can be accomplished by altering the image sensor drive frequency to 305 . 5 khz . namely , based on the adjustment of either the image delivery time to the image sensor or the frequency of resonance - type galvanomirror , it is possible to have the ideal swing motion and imaging . next , a second embodiment of coherency diminishment will be explained . in this embodiment , a diffusion plate is placed on the laser light path , by which the incident angle is shifted in a time fashion thereby to diminish the coherency . fig1 shows the arrangement of the coherency diminishing optical system 15 . the light beam from the illumination light source 3 is conducted through a lens 600 to reach a position 606 which is conjugate with the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 . the reflected light beam is conducted through lenses 601 and 602 to reach a next conjugate position 606 ′. a lens 603 focuses the reflected light beam on the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 . mirrors 700 and 701 are placed at the conjugate positions 606 and 606 ′. a position 607 conjugate with the subject 1 is established between the lens 602 and the lens 603 . a diffusion plate 702 which is rotated by a motor 703 is placed near the conjugate position . fig1 a shows a front view of the diffusion plate 702 , fig1 b shows the details of the diffusion surface , and fig1 c shows the cross section taken along the x - x line of fig1 a . the diffusion plate 702 has preferably a random layout of particles 704 , 705 , 706 having a polygonal or circular shape and having random sizes around 0 . 1 mm in terms of surface observation . the particles are preferably random also in cross - sectional shape and size . the diffusion plate 702 is preferably driven to rotate once in the accumulating time of the image sensor 20 . however , this rotational speed will be infeasible due to the accumulating time of the image sensor 20 of the order of several hundreds hertz . an experiment was conducted to assess the relation between the rotational speed of diffusion plate and the noise of image sensor , with the result 707 being plotted along the horizontal axis of diffusion plate rotational speed and the vertical axis of image sensor noise on the graph of fig1 . the noise was defined to be the fluctuation of brightness of the image sensor which receives a reflected light from a subject of flat surface without exposing a circuit pattern . the noise level is smallest at the point where the rotational speed of diffusion plate matches with the accumulating time of image sensor . the basis of this fact is for being averaged by one revolution of particles 704 on the diffusion plate 702 in the accumulating time of the image sensor 20 . the noise level decreases in a fashion of second - degree function , and at noise levels which do not affect the performance of image processing , it is not compulsory to equalize the one - revolution time of diffusion plate to the accumulating time of image sensor . this critical rotational speed is around 12000 rpm . accordingly , the effect of noise level reduction can be attained by simply rotating the diffusion plate 702 with a conventional means . the same effect is attained when the diffusion plate 702 is replaced with a phase plate . fig2 a shows a front view of a phase plate 750 , fig2 b shows the details , and fig2 c shows the cross section taken along the x - x line of fig2 a . the phase plate 750 is stepped in width in terms of random phase shift to have a random layout of a segment 751 of phase λ , a segment 752 of ½ λ phase shift , a segment 753 of ¼ λ phase shift , a segment 754 of ¾ λ phase shift , and so on . the phase plate 750 , in place of the diffusion plate 702 , is fixed to and is rotated by the motor 703 so that the laser beam varies in phase in response to the depth of steps , and the coherency of laser can be diminished . the same effect is attained obviously when the diffusion plate and resonance - type galvanomirror are placed on the same light path . next , the range of illumination will be explained . fig2 shows the concept of illumination . generally , illumination of a microscope or the like is the circular illumination 300 on the subject . however , in the case of using a 1 - dimensional image sensor as employed by the inventive apparatus , only an elongated range 301 on the subject contributes to imaging , leaving other useless illuminated area . in order to raise the luminous intensity for the imaging by the image sensor , elongated illumination as shown by an area 302 in fig2 is suitable for the imaging range 301 of the image sensor . a tv camera used for observation necessitates a rectangular illumination range , which cannot be covered entirely by the above - mentioned elongated illumination . next , the illumination light path switching optical system 12 will be explained . fig2 a and 23b show the arrangement of this optical system 12 . the illumination light from the illumination light source 3 has a light path 60 , on which is placed a homogenizer 303 . mirrors 63 , 64 , 65 and 66 and a lens 67 are fixed to a base 62 . the base 62 is movable in a certain manner ( not shown ) toward the light path 60 . shown by fig2 a is the state of inspecting by the image sensor 20 , with illumination being achieved by the homogenizer 303 . shown by fig2 b is the state of observation with a tv camera 27 , in which case the base 62 is moved to insert in the light path 60 . in this state , the light path 60 of illumination runs to the light path 68 through the mirrors 63 , 64 , 65 and 66 and the lens 67 , and the ordinary circular illumination can be provided . next , the homogenizer which accomplishes the elongated illumination will be explained . fig2 shows the shape of the homogenizer 303 . the is homogenizer 303 is arranged a plurality of lens arrays 304 . each lens array 304 is arranged so as to image at the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 through a set of lenses placed on the light path . the each lens array 304 has a rectangular shape ( l × i ). a longish direction of the rectangular illumination is matched a longish direction of each lens array 304 . by arranging a plurality of this lens arrays , the intended rectangular illumination 302 is accomplished . next , the illumination light path switching mechanism will be explained . fig2 shows this mechanism 26 , 18 . the illumination light path switching mechanism functions to switch the light path for the image sensor 20 and tv camera 27 . a mirror 26 is adapted to insert in the light path in a certain manner ( not shown ). with the mirror 26 being located on the light path , the tv camera 27 is fixed at the position conjugate with the imagery position of the image sensor 20 . the mirror 26 is retracted from the light path when the image sensor 20 is inspected the image of the subject ( the specimen ) 1 . at the observation of inspection result , the mirror 26 is moved to insert in the light path in a certain manner ( not shown ), and the subject 1 can be observed with the tv camera 27 . the tv camera 27 is attached with a certain angle for the light axis . the tv camera 27 generally places a glass cover in front of a sensor with the intention of protecting the sensor . if a laser beam carries out incidence to the front and rear surface of this glass cover , multiplex interference will occur . therefore , interference fringes will occur on an observation screen of the sensor . on this account , angles α1 and α2 of the tv camera 27 are adjusted before fixing so that the emergence of interference fringes is prevented . the camera 25 is also fixed to have a certain angle . another mirror 23 has the same function as the mirror 26 . a variety of imagery lenses 18 of different magnifications are used selectively depending on the pixel size . for a different pixel size , the imagery lens is replaced , instead of the objective lens . imagery lenses 18 a and 18 b of different magnifications have the same imagery position . consequently , the image sensor 20 and tv camera 27 do not need to be relocated at the change of magnification , enabling the stable imaging operation . the magnification is determined by the focal distance of the objective lens 14 and the focal distances of the imagery lenses 18 , 18 a and 18 b , and the pixel size is determined by the aperture size of the image sensor 20 . the magnification can possibly fluctuate among production lots of optical system due to the fabrication error of the objective lens 14 and imagery lenses 18 , 18 a and 18 b and also their assembling error , and the difference of magnification results in different sensitivities of imaging among production lots of optical system , i . e ., among apparatus . on this account , the imagery lenses 18 , 18 a and 18 b are provided with a mechanism for making their focal distances adjustable . fig2 shows the cross section of an imagery lenses . the imagery lens 18 is made up of multiple lenses 501 , 502 , 503 and 504 combined in an optical tube 500 . the imagery lens 18 is designed to have variable focal distance based on , for example , the movement of one of the lens set . in the example shown , the focal distance is varied by the movement of the lens 503 . the lens 503 is framed in a lens holder 505 so that it can be operated for movement from the outside of the optical tube 500 . the lens holder 505 is moved in a certain manner ( not shown ) to vary the focal point ( focal distance ) of the lens 18 . with the objective lens 14 having a constant focal distance , the magnification can be varied . using a zoom lens for the imagery lens with the ability of variable magnification achieves the same effect obviously . next , the diaphragm 21 will be explained . fig2 shows an embodiment of the shape of the diaphragm 21 . the diaphragm has its light transmission range d set equal to the size of the pupil 14 a . the diameter d is varied by the control system 22 in a certain manner ( not shown ) to control ( adjust ) the light transmission range . based on the combination of the diameter d and the swing range of the resonance - type galvanomirror of the coherency diminishing optical system 15 , it is possible to control the diffracted light from the pattern of the subject 1 and put in to the image sensor 20 . fig2 a and 28b show an example of this affair . shown by 28 a is the locus of illumination 1000 in the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 , and shown by fig2 b is the control range of the diaphragm 21 . the control range is determined in terms of diameter d 1 so that the high - order components of diffracted light can be controlled . this combination is effectual for the grain and the like existed on the surface of the subject 1 . fig2 a and 29b show another example of the affair . shown by 29 a is the locus of illumination 1000 in the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 , and shown by fig2 b is the control range of the diaphragm 21 . the control range is determined in terms of diameters d 2 and d 3 so that the major component of diffracted light from the subject 1 can be controlled . this combination is effectual for the irregularity of color and the like existed on the surface of the subject 1 . next , an embodiment of the tdi sensor which is sensitive to the uv light , particularly the duv light , will be explained . fig3 shows a sensor of the surface reflection type . in the case of using the duv laser for the illumination light source 3 , an image sensor which is sensitive to the duv light must be used . in the surface - reflective image sensor 200 , the incident light 150 goes through a glass cover 151 , passes through a gate 154 , and enters a ccd 155 , causing incident light components of short wavelengths to be attenuated . the sensor is almost insensitive to wavelengths of 400 nm or less , and is not capable of detecting the duv light effectively . there is a scheme for coping with this matter , in which the glass cover is coated with an organic thin film which radiates visible light in response to the incident of duv light , and consequently an image sensor which is sensitive only to the visible light can sense the duv light . fig3 shows an image sensor based on the scheme of organic thin film coating . the image sensor 201 of this scheme has its glass cover 151 coated with a organic thin film 152 , which radiates the fluorescent light 153 in response to the incident light 150 transmitted through the glass cover 151 on the coated surface of the organic thin film 152 , enabling an image sensor of the surface illumination type , which is only sensitive to the visible light , to sense the duv light . fig3 shows spectral characteristics of image sensors . spectral characteristics 156 are of the ordinary image sensor 200 of the surface illumination type , and this sensor has no sensitivity to wavelengths of 400 nm or less . spectral characteristics 157 are of the image sensor 201 having an organic thin film coating , and this sensor has the rendition of additional sensitivity to wavelengths of 400 nm or less . for having much higher sensitivity to the duv light , an image sensor of the rear - surface irradiation type should be used . fig3 shows the structure of this image sensor . the incident light 150 are transmitted through a glass cover 158 and incident to the rear surface 159 without a gate structure . the incident light do not go through the gate 160 and therefore have spectral characteristics 161 shown in fig3 . this image sensor has a high quantization factor ( e . g ., 30 % or more ) and a wide dynamic range ( e . g ., 3000 or more ) and is sensitive to wavelengths of 400 nm or less , and it is particularly advantageous for the illumination of short wavelengths such as 200 nm or less . this type of image sensor is capable of dealing with several wavelengths of illumination . by designing the image sensor 20 to be of the tdi ( time delay integration ) type , the sensitivity can be raised . by designing the image sensor 20 to have the anti - blooming characteristics , it is possible to overcome the problem of overflowing charges to neighboring pixels at the input of excessive light quantity . next , the fitting of the image sensor 20 will be explained . fig3 shows the manner of fitting of the sensor . the image sensor 20 has a glass cover as mentioned previously , and therefore interference fringes can possibly emerge on the glass surface . by inclining the sensor 20 by angle θ against the direction of stages , it is possible to prevent the emergence of interference fringes caused by the interference of laser , while being free from the occurrence of out - focusing in the direction of pixels . next , a scheme of improving the contrast of pattern based on the control of a set of polarizing devices 17 which have been mentioned previously , in addition to the enhancement of resolution by use of the uv light , will be explained . based on the fact that the state of polarization of uv laser can be manipulated by controlling the polarizing devices 17 with the intention of improving the pattern contrast , it becomes possible to detect partially - polarized light components with the image sensor 20 by controlling the direction of polarization of illumination light and the elliptic factor . illumination by uv laser is characterized by having a single wavelength and linear polarization . therefore , the state of polarization can be controlled efficiently by use of the polarizing devices 17 including a halfwave plate and quarterwave plate placed on the light path . specifically , the halfwave plate and quarterwave plate are rotated about the optical axis . the pattern contrast varies significantly depending on the state of polarization of illumination , and accordingly the performance of optical system can be enhanced by making the polarization state controllable ( positioning of the wave plate by rotation ). more specifically , the direction of linear polarization is controlled with the halfwave plate , and the elliptic factor is controlled with the quarterwave plate . in consequence , the sensitivity of detection can be enhanced . based on the combination of these plates , a parallel nicol and orthogonal nicol can be accomplished . the state of circular polarization can also be accomplished obviously . these byproducts are not dependent on the wavelength of illumination . means of accomplishment is arbitrary , provided that the above - mentioned concept is satisfied . the polarization control means 17 includes one or both of the quarterwave plate or the halfwave plate and the quarterwave plate disposed on the light path ranging from the uv light source 3 up to the subject 1 , and an analyzer ( not shown ) disposed on the light path of the light reflected by the subject ranging from the subject 1 up to the detector of said image detecting means 20 . controlling the polarization enables the efficient detection of high - order diffracted light . an experiment conducted by the inventors of the present invention reveals that the contrast is improved by about 20 - 300 %. according to the foregoing setup of optical system , the illumination light ( e . g ., uv laser ) coming out of the illumination light source 3 is reflected by the mirrors 4 and 5 , transmitted through the nd filter 7 which limits the quantity of light , expanded by the beam expander 8 , incident to the objective lens 14 through the coherency diminishing optical system 15 , beam splitter 16 , polarizing devices 17 , and cast onto the subject ( semiconductor wafer ) 1 . the reflected light from the subject 1 goes up vertically , and is conducted through the objective lens 14 , polarizing devices 17 , beam splitter 16 and imagery lenses 18 and 19 , and detected by the image sensor 20 . at the time of inspection , the semiconductor wafer 1 , with a pattern being formed thereon , as an example of the subject of inspection is scanned by moving the stage 2 , and the focal point detecting system 29 is operated to detect the z - axis position of the inspection surface of the subject 1 continuously and control the z - axis position of the stage 2 so that the distance of the surface from the objective lens 14 is kept constant . the image sensor 20 senses the brightness ( tonal image ) of the pattern formed on the semiconductor wafer 1 accurately . resulting information ( tonal image signal ) is processed by an image processor 50 , and the inspection of microscopic defects of the subject 1 is accomplished . fig3 shows a second embodiment of this invention . this embodiment differs from the foregoing first embodiment in the removal of the imagery lens 19 based on the relocation of the diaphragm 21 from the position before the image sensor 20 to the position immediately before the objective lens . the rest is identical to the first embodiment . based on the disposition of the diaphragm 21 close to the pupil 14 a of the objective lens 14 , the same effect as the first embodiment is attained . fig3 shows the effective usage of the defect inspection apparatus of the foregoing embodiments for the semiconductor device fabrication process ( for example s 361 ). semiconductor devices such as lsis are fabricated through a variety of processing steps including steps of laminating transferred patterns . even if a single line breakage or short - circuit is created in any one step , the following processing will merely result in faulty products . using this inspection apparatus in inspection process s 362 , the existence of sudden abnormalities is acquired in process s 363 and it becomes possible by analyzing it in process s 366 to feed back to for example thickness measurement equipment in process 8367 . moreover , if poor analysis is performed and there is no fatal defect by observing the detected defective part in process s 364 , s 365 , s 368 , the rate of the defect will be reduced by letting a process pass as it is . if it is the fatal defect , it will become possible to prevent making a lot of poor products with feeding back to manufacturing apparatus promptly . as described above , by using the duv light having a wavelength of 266 nm , 248 nm or 192 nm , inspection of device defects of 0 . 07 μm rule or smaller can be accomplished . the inventive method and apparatus can be applied for the inspection of cu damascene as a subject of inspection . speckles are not created in subject portions where the circuit pattern is absent , and the comparison of a produced image with a reference image does not make a false indication . the uv light of 365 nm or less in wavelength used for the illumination light has large optical energy , and when optical parts are irradiated by it , organic contaminant decomposes or reacts and sticks on the part surface . by providing the optical parts with an air ventilation means or air blasting means , the deterioration of optical parts can prevented . although the bright field optical system has been explained for the embodiments of this invention , the same effectiveness is attained by use of a common focal point microscope for the imaging optical system . the inventive method and apparatus achieve the high - luminance uv or duv illumination , enabling the high - resolution imaging in a short time , and as a result a high speed and high sensitivity inspection apparatus is offered . defects of pattern are detected in terms of their positions and dimensions . inspection subjects can include damascene of cu and the like resulting from the buried wiring in contact holes or wiring grooves made by forming a conductive metallic film of cu or the like and burying in the holes or grooves which are formed on an insulation film of sio 2 or the like , and removing excessive deposited portions by cmp polishing or the like . accordingly , the inventive inspection method and apparatus can be applied to damascene of cu or the like . when the inventive method and apparatus using the duv light ( 266 nm , 248 nm or 193 nm in wavelength ) are applied to devices of 0 . 07 μm design rule or smaller , they are very effective in detecting microscopic defects smaller than 0 . 07 μm . when the illumination light which is shorter in wavelength than the duv light is used , the influence of chromatic aberration can be alleviated by use of a reflection objective lens for the objective lens 14 . according to this invention , it is possible based on the illumination of a short wavelength , which is indispensable for the enhancement of resolution , particularly based on a laser light source , which is advantageous for practicing , to produce an image , which is the same or better in quality as compared with the result from the ordinary discharge tube illumination , at the higher sensitivity and higher speed , whereby it is effectively possible to detect microscopic defects at high - sensitivity . the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof . the present embodiment is therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive , the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein .

6Physics

materials having electromagnetic - energy - absorbing properties can be used to suppress the transmission of emi over a broad range of frequencies . such emi - absorbing materials can provide substantial electromagnetic shielding effectiveness , for example , up to about 5 db or more at emi frequencies occurring up to about 100 , 000 megahertz . according to the present invention , emi - absorbing materials can be formed in a solution capable of being applied to a suitable porous substrate . generally , the resulting absorptive solution includes an absorbing material and a binding agent that can be applied to new , custom air filters , or to commercially available non - emi air filters . referring to fig1 , procedural steps are illustrated for one embodiment of a process applying an emi - absorbing material to an air filter . in brief overview , a porous substrate is provided ( step 100 ) along with a curable , emi - absorbing solution ( step 110 ). next , the emi - absorbing solution is applied to the porous substrate ( step 120 ) followed by the removal of any excess solution ( step 130 ). the emi - absorbing solution deposited in the porous substrate is then cured ( step 140 ). if a greater emi - absorbing performance is required , steps 120 through 140 can be repeated one or more times ( step 150 ), thereby applying additional emi - absorbing material . in some embodiments , a fire retardant is optionally applied ( step 160 , shown in phantom ). in more detail , the porous substrate is generally selected as having properties desirable for an air filter , namely , a high dust arrestance and a low pressure drop ( or , conversely , a high air permeability ). one measure of the porosity of a given sample is pores per linear inch ( ppi ). numerous porous substrates are readily available , including fiberglass mats , non - woven polyester webs , and various foams . in one embodiment , the porous substrate provided in step 100 is an open - cell foam , such as a reticulated polyurethane foam . common applications of foam substrates used to filter air flow in electronic equipment applications can have 3 ppi to more than 20 ppi . foams , such as synthetic plastic foams , also provide the desirable characteristics of being compliant and resilient , offering the capability of “ giving ” and returning to their original shape . in general , however , the porous substrate can be a commercially available , standard air filter . in general , the emi - absorbing solution provided in step 110 includes one or more emi - absorbing materials and a binding agent . in some embodiments , the emi - absorbing solution also includes highly conductive material , such as copper or aluminum . emi - absorbing materials are selected to suppress the transmission of electromagnetic energy , for example , by converting the electromagnetic energy into another form of energy , such as thermal energy . emi - absorbing materials may exhibit dielectric or magnetic properties , or a combination of both . some examples of emi - absorbing materials include carbon , carbon fibers , alumina ( al 2 o 3 ), sapphire , silica ( sio 2 ), titanium dioxide ( tio 2 ), ferrite , iron , iron silicide , graphite , and composites with different combinations of iron , nickel , and copper . the aforementioned emi - absorbing materials are generally solids over anticipated ambient operating temperatures and pressures . as such , the emi - absorbing materials are generally prepared as particles suitable for suspension within the binding agent . various u . s . patents describe lossy materials and their uses . see , for example , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 408 , 255 issued to adkins , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 689 , 275 issued to moore et al ., u . s . pat . no . 5 , 617 , 095 issued to kim et al ., and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 428 , 506 issued to brown et al ., the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety . some manufacturers of lossy materials are r & amp ; f products of san marcos , calif . ; arc technical resources , inc . of san jose , calif . ; tokin america , inc . of union city , calif . ; intermark - usa , inc . of long island city , n . y . ; tdk of mount prospect , ill . ; and capcon of inwood , n . y . the binding agent adheres the emi - absorbing material to a substrate , such as the porous substrate . in some embodiments , a binding agent is selected that cures with a resilient consistency . in one embodiment , for example , the binding agent is an elastomer , such as a resin binder . in other embodiments , the binding agent is a rubber , such as a natural latex rubber ( for example , stuart 1584 ), a synthetic rubber , such as styrene - butadiene rubber ( sbr ), or a proprietary binder . binders having a resilient consistency adhere the emi - absorbing material to the porous substrate , while allowing the porous substrate to remain flexible or supple . in other embodiments , however , a binding agent is selected that cures with a less resilient or even rigid consistency . one example of a rigidly curing binding agent is an epoxy resin . the application step ( step 120 ) applies the emi - absorbing solution to the porous substrate . in one embodiment , the porous substrate is dipped in a bath of the emi - absorbing solution . in another embodiment , the emi - absorbing solution is applied to the porous substrate as a paint , for example , by either a brush , roller , or spray applicator . in yet other embodiments , the emi - absorbing solution is applied to the porous substrate as an ink , for example , by one or more applicators bearing the emi - absorbing solution . generally , the emi - absorbing solution is applied liberally to the porous substrate , such that excess solution is thereafter removed . the removal of excess emi - absorbing solution ( step 130 ) primarily assures that the pores of the substrate treated with an application of the emi - absorbing solution remain substantially open , thereby ensuring that the substrate remains functional as an air filter . in one embodiment , removal of the excess emi - absorbing solution is accomplished by squeezing or otherwise compressing the treated substrate . for example , the treated substrate can be drawn through a roller , such as one formed between two opposing cylindrical rollers , or a single cylindrical roller opposing a rigid planar surface or plate . in other embodiments , removal of the excess emi - absorbing solution is accomplished by forcing or drawing air through the treated porous substrate . the air can be forced through the treated substrate by applying a positive pressure at a first surface of the substrate . alternatively , air can be drawn through the treated substrate by drawing a vacuum on one side of the substrate . the removal of excess emi - absorbing solution can be accomplished by a combination of the aforementioned methods . the curing step ( step 140 ) allows the applied finish of the emi - absorbing material and binding agent to set . in some embodiments , the finished substrate can be air - cured at ambient room temperature . in other embodiments , the finished substrate can be cured at elevated temperatures , for example in an oven . in some embodiments , a fire retardant , such as a phosphate or antimony trioxide , is optionally applied to the substrate ( step 160 ) to meet stringent flammability standards . one such flammability standard is the ul94v0 vertical flame test , described in detail in underwriters laboratories standard 94 , entitled “ tests for flammability of plastic materials for parts in devices and appliances ,” 5 th edition , 1996 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . in some embodiments , a fire retardant is applied in the same manner as described above for the emi - absorbing solution ( steps 100 through 140 ). in other embodiments , additional treatments , such as fungicides , are similarly applied . referring now to fig2 a , a perspective view is illustrated depicting a free - standing , planar , emi - absorbing air filter 200 . in general , the planar filter 200 defines an arbitrarily shaped cross section 210 ( shown as a rectangle ) having a predetermined thickness 205 . there are no particular constraints on the thickness 205 , however common values range from about 0 . 1 inch to 0 . 5 inch or more . the size of the cross section 210 is generally determined by the application , typically being larger than the air - vent opening to which it is affixed . fig2 b illustrates a perspective view of a framed configuration 208 including a planar , electromagnetic - interference - absorbing air filter 200 configured within a frame 210 . the frame 210 provides rigidity and can include structure for fastening the framed filter 208 to an equipment housing ( not shown ). for example , the frame 210 can include mounting holes 212 through which fasteners are inserted to secure the framed filter 208 to the equipment housing . as discussed above , the emi - absorbing material is generally most effective at higher frequencies ( for example , above 1 ghz ). in some applications , however , particularly where the cross section of the air filter is relatively large ( for example , greater than about 10 cm ), the emi - absorbing filter 200 can be combined advantageously with a low frequency emi - mitigating means . illustrated in fig3 is a perspective view depicting a combination emi / air filter . the combination filter 300 includes an emi - absorbing air filter 200 , as described above , and an electrically conducting layer 310 . the conducting layer 310 is an electrical conductor , such as aluminum or copper , with an array of apertures through which air can flow . the conducting layer 310 can be formed from a rigid plate or from a screen . in some embodiments , the conducting layer includes a conductive coating applied to the filter 200 . the conductive coating generally consists of a highly conductive material , such as copper , aluminum , or gold . the conductive coating can be prepared as a paint or ink and applied to the filter 200 by dipping , brushing or spraying . alternatively , the conductive coating can be prepared as particles and applied to the filter 200 in a sputtering process . the combination air filter 300 can be optionally mounted within a frame 210 ( illustrated in partial cutaway ). the frame 210 offers rigidity and also assists in forming a positive electrical ground from the conducting layer 300 to the equipment housing . the frame 210 itself can be conducting , thereby providing electrical bonding between the conducting layer 310 and an equipment housing . alternatively , the frame can be non - conducting , forming an electrical bond by compressing the conducting layer 310 against the chassis . generally , the frame 210 includes a fastening means 320 , such as a mechanical fastener ( for example , a screw , a rivet , and the like ). referring to fig4 , an alternative embodiment of a combination emi filter 400 is shown . a perspective view of the combination emi filter 400 is illustrated depicting an emi absorbing air filter 200 combined with a waveguide - below - cutoff layer 405 . the waveguide - below - cutoff layer 405 is formed from an electrical conductor , such as aluminum or copper , and includes an array of apertures 410 ( that is , waveguides ) distributed across the filter &# 39 ; s surface area . each aperture 410 can be constructed with arbitrary shapes , such as rectangular ( shown ), circular , and hexagonal . each aperture 410 preferentially attenuates electromagnetic radiation below a predetermined “ cutoff ” frequency controllable by the dimensions of the aperture 410 . the apertures 410 of the waveguide - below - cutoff layer 405 allow air to flow to the emi - absorbing air filter layer 200 . as the emi - absorbing layer 200 attenuates higher frequencies , the resulting combination emi filter 400 attenuates a broader range of frequencies than either layer 200 , 405 would otherwise attenuate alone . in general , the emi - absorbing air filters can be fashioned in any desired configuration . fig5 a and 5b illustrate exemplary non - planar applications depicting embodiments in which the porous substrate upon which emi - absorbing solution is applied is pleated 500 , and tubular 510 . fig6 illustrates one embodiment of a “ dipping ” manufacturing process for forming the emi - absorbing air filter . a container 600 , such as a trough , holds an emi - absorbing solution 610 . a porous substrate 200 is then immersed into the solution 610 thereby allowing the solution 610 to completely cover and penetrate the porous substrate 200 . the substrate 200 is then drawn from the solution 610 through a wringer 620 . the wringer 620 , shown as a dual cylindrical roller assembly compresses the substrate 200 by a predetermined amount to remove excess solution 610 and to ensure that the solution 610 is forced into the interior of the substrate 200 . fig7 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a “ spraying ” manufacturing process for forming the emi - absorbing air filter 200 . one or more sprayers 700 ′, 700 ″ ( generally 700 ), spray the emi - absorbing solution 710 onto the porous substrate 200 . generally , any type of spray applicator 700 known to those skilled in the art can be employed ( for example , pneumatic , mechanical , aerosol , etc .). the sprayer ( s ) 700 apply a liberal coating of the emi - absorbing solution 710 to completely cover and penetrate the porous substrate 200 . the substrate 200 is next drawn through a wringing device , such as a dual cylindrical roller assembly 730 . the wringing device 730 compresses the substrate 200 by a predetermined amount to remove excess solution 720 and again to ensure that the solution 710 is forced into the interior of the substrate 200 . fig8 illustrates test measurement results relating to the emi performance of a sample emi - absorbing air filter . the emi - absorbing air filter test sample was formed by applying a carbon - based absorber in an elastomer binder to an open - cell reticulated polyurethane foam planar substrate . the sample substrate was formed as a 0 . 25 - inch thick sheet having approximately 20 ppi . the sample was treated with a double carbon coating and flame retardant as described above . the electromagnetic transmission loss was measured across the filter over the frequency range from about 2 . 0 ghz to about 18 . 0 ghz . the resulting sample demonstrated a measured attenuation of more than 20 decibels ( db ) above a frequency of about 4 ghz . as the emi - absorbing air filter must also function as an air filter , it is important that the filter allow sufficient air flow after being treated with the emi - absorbing material and , optionally , with other coatings , such as a flame - retardant coating . one measure of the air filter &# 39 ; s air flow performance is pressure drop versus air flow . a discussion of an exemplary test setup for measuring the air flow performance , as well as measured air flow test results , are provided herein as an appendix and incorporated herein . generally , any reduction in air flow resulting from the application of the one or more coatings is controlled to reduce air flow by no more than a predetermined amount ( for example , a difference in pressure drop for the same air flow of not more than 10 %). having shown exemplary and preferred embodiments , one skilled in the art will realize that many variations are possible within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention . it is therefore the intention to limit the invention only by the scope of the claims , including all variants and equivalents . this test compares the airflow characteristics of a non - shielding air filter material to absorber - treated air filter materials . a “ baseline ” air - filter material has been selected to represent an exemplary electronic - equipment dirt and dust filter . the baseline filter consists of an open - cell polyurethane foam having approximately 20 ppi and a sample thickness of 0 . 25 inch . a first sample reference “ t - 15 ” represents an emi - absorbing air filter having a double coating of carbon and a flame - retardant treatment . the t - 15 sample has been formed using an open - cell polyurethane foam , approximately 15 ppi and a sample thickness of 0 . 25 inch . a second sample reference “ r - 20 ” represents an emi - absorbing air filter having a double coating of carbon and a flame - retardant treatment . the r - 20 sample has also been formed using an open - cell polyurethane foam , having approximately 20 ppi , and again having a sample thickness of 0 . 25 inch . airflow testing was conducted in accordance with air - permeability standard , astm d737 , described in the american society for testing and materials annual book of astm standards . the test set - up , a representation of which is shown in fig9 , consisted of a 6 inch &# 39 ; 6 inch sheet metal duct 900 with metal flanges at each end ( not shown ). a first end of the duct 902 was sealed against an opening in a plenum chamber 910 using suitable fixtures and sealant . the emi - absorbing air filter sample under test was attached to a second end of the duct 912 and sealed in a manner preventing leakage from the sides . a pressure tap 920 was made on the duct at a distance of 18 inches from its second open end 912 . a plenum chamber outlet 930 was connected to the suction side of a centrifugal blower ( vacuum pump ) 940 via a series of valves 950 and an airflow - metering device . calibrated instrumentation was used in measuring the test parameters . fig1 illustrates the resulting test data in graphical form comparing the performance of the absorber - treated foams ( t - 15 , r - 20 ) to the untreated baseline foam filter . the graph includes a vertical axis representing “ static pressure ” ( measured in inches of water ) and a horizontal axis representing “ airflow ” ( measured in cubic - feet - per - minute per square inch of vent panel , cfm / in 2 ). test results for the untreated baseline foam and two samples of treated foam are illustrated on the graph . the test results demonstrate that the static pressure increases with increasing airflow for all three samples . this gradual increase in static pressure is due to the inherent resistance to airflow that the test panel offers to the air stream . the results indicate that there is virtually no difference between the untreated baseline filter foam and the r - 20 absorber filter foam . as expected , the t - 15 absorber filter foam exhibits greater air flow than the baseline and r - 20 samples . this is due to its cell structure being more open with 15 ppi as compared to 20 ppi for the other two test samples . the data indicates that the airflow characteristics of the r - 20 sample should be similar to the baseline samples , while also providing emi absorption .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

fig1 is a block diagram representation of an encoder 10 which is used in a transmitter for transmitting data , in a secure form , according to the invention , over a radio frequency , infrared , or other medium . the encoder can be implemented as an integrated circuit with its various components being part of this circuit or provided as discrete components . the encoder 10 has non - volatile memory 12 , a control unit or processor 14 , an interface or input module 16 which receives data from input sources 18 such as switches or push buttons , an oscillator 20 , a timer 22 and a voltage reference module 24 . information pertaining to the identity of the encoder is stored in the non - volatile memory 12 . the timer 22 runs continuously and is connected to the oscillator 20 , or to a crystal , to give a timing reference . the timer 22 changes at regular intervals to reflect time irrespective of whether the encoder is activated for transmission . the time measure can be in minutes or seconds but may be any regular period . the encoder is controlled by a user activating one or more of the inputs 18 and the resulting signals are interfaced to the control module 14 which interprets the input and causes corresponding operation of the encoder . fig5 illustrates an example of a data word 28 produced in the encoder . in this example the data word includes timer information 30 derived from the timer 22 , command information 32 which is produced by one or more of the inputs 18 , a serial number 34 , or a portion thereof , which relates to the identity of the encoder , fixed code or user derived information 36 , and utility information 38 which pertains to operational parameters of the encoder . the timer information 30 is essential to produce variance in the data word 28 in order to prevent replay attacks . the length of the timer and its resolution reflect a balance between cost , security , and practical implementation factors . for example the timer may be a 24 - bit device which increments every 10 seconds . due to the fact that the timer changes every 10 seconds a transmission value recorded away from the receiver will soon be invalid because the decoder will be able to determine that the timer value is out of date . the oscillator 20 in fig1 is preferably completely on - chip failing which the oscillating range must be restricted . as such the oscillator cannot be fast forwarded to achieve the same effect as in a “ fast stepping ” attack , or purely to make up time that can be used to record away from the receiver and then use the “ extra ” time to go back to the receiver . one of the major problems of a time based system is that power 40 ( see fig1 ), whether from a battery source or otherwise , may be lost . if this happens the encoder immediately loses its relative time compared to other encoders and decoders which form part of the security system in question . the time may be saved into non - volatile memory at regular intervals so that upon re - application of power to the encoder the timer can proceed from where it left off . it will , however , still be out of synchronisation by approximately the period that it was without power . continuously writing to memory requires “ waking up ” at regular intervals and over several years of usage the writing may be extensive . the waking up and writing operations consume meaningful quantities of energy which is not desirable in most applications . these operations may also limit the options on non - volatile memory due to the high number of read / write cycles and thus the quality of non - volatile memory which is required . another option is to save the time with each transmission . neither of these possibilities is however without drawbacks from the security point of view . the invention , as an alternative to the aforegoing approaches , makes use of a cold boot counter ( cbc ) 46 as is shown in the memory map 48 of fig2 . the cold boot counter value is incremented or changed each time the encoder is powered up or comes out of reset . the cold boot counter can also be changed when the timer overflows after an extended period of operation . the use of the cold boot counter holds several advantages in practice : ( a ) the encoder is generally cheaper . incrementing the timer in volatile memory ( ram ) at lower voltages is less costly than storing a value in non - volatile memory ( eeprom ) at very low voltages ; ( b ) fewer writes to non - volatile memory are required ; ( c ) the risk of writing errors is reduced ; ( d ) since the cold boot counter is changed only at the time of powering up or reset , time constraints are much relaxed . it may however be desirable from a security perspective to increase the time constraints from seconds to minutes ; and ( e ) the power requirement is reduced . it is noted that it is important that the cold boot counter value changes in a constant direction ( up or down ) in order to determine new and old transmissions ( possible replays ). as is shown in fig2 the memory map 48 at the encoder includes an identification number or key 50 , the cold boot counter ( cbc ) value 46 , a serial number 52 , a configuration word 54 , a seed 56 and user - derived key information 58 . the cold boot counter value can be used to influence the key or the algorithm at the encoder and does not necessarily form part of the data word 28 to be encrypted . it is however proposed that the cold boot counter value is transmitted to the receiver / decoder in the clear . this may not happen with every word but can for example only occur in an extended transmission , say of at least 15 seconds , or for the first hour after a power - up event . the cbc value may also be transmitted partially with successive transmission words . fig6 illustrates a transmission word 70 which includes the cold boot counter value 46 ( in the clear ), command information 72 , an encrypted version 74 of the data word 28 , the serial number 34 , a heading 74 and a cylic redundancy count ( crc ) value 78 . this word is transmitted to the decoder at which the word is decrypted and data extracted therefrom is used , in a manner which is described hereinafter . according to one aspect of the invention a number of high end bits of the timer value are used for a high speed timer to count down for a short time period , say of the order of 10 seconds . this is done immediately following a first transmission in a sequence of activations . one bit of the timer is used to designate an optional status bit to show what is reflected in the timer 22 . this high speed timer allows easy access and better time resolution in the period after a transmission has been activated and helps a decoder make time - based activation decisions . for example a second transmission activation within three seconds of a first activation may be a command to unlock all doors in a vehicle and not only the driver &# 39 ; s door . the decoder need not even receive the first transmission . as the timer 22 runs each transmission word from a single activation of the encoder may be based on the new timer value and may as such differ from a preceding word . this approach may however not always be desirable and according to a variation of the invention a new transmission word may be formed with every new activation of the encoder or after an extended period of transmission activation , say in excess of 5 seconds . fig3 is a block diagram representation of a decoder 80 . the decoder includes a control unit or processor 82 , an on - board oscillator 84 , a timer 86 , a decoding and key - generating algorithm 88 which is stored in non - volatile memory , a memory module 90 , a reset and voltage reference 92 , and an output module 94 which acts as an interface to output devices 96 eg . led &# 39 ; s or the like . data 98 may be transmitted to the control unit during a normal transmission whereas learning input 100 may be instructed to the control unit to enter a learning mode . preferably the oscillator is controlled by a crystal 102 . fig4 is a decoder memory map 104 of information held in the non - volatile memory 90 . the map includes a generation key 106 and a plurality of sets of data 108 ( 1 ), 108 ( 2 ) . . . etc . resulting from successive transmissions from respective transmitters / encoders . each transmission includes the respective cold boot counter value , the seed and serial number , the user identification number and the configuration word referred to in connection with fig2 . the decoder , in volatile memory , ( fig4 ( a )), may also include information about the relationship of each encoder timer with the decoder timer ( tr ). the decoder 80 has a learn mode in which it can “ learn ” a new authorised encoder . upon completion of the learn action the decoder is able to recognise transmissions from the now learned encoder . the learning process is , in general terms , known in the art . however it is proposed that each encoder has a user - derived changeable portion of its key 58 ( see fig2 ), which is a portion of the key that can be changed or influenced by the user and which is not known to the manufacturer . this has a number of security benefits . the user - derived key information can be determined through inputs 18 to the encoder , eg . dip switches or through a button operation procedure . an example is the time period between a first power - up action and the instance at which a button is pressed . the user - derived information 36 may also be inserted into the data word 28 and both methods will cause a change in the transmission word ( 70 ) values and sequence . since a key needs to be derived from data transferred from the encoder to the decoder during the learning process ( for example the serial number , seed and the user - derived key information ) it falls within the scope of the invention to store this information and to derive the key only during the process of receiving and interpreting commands . this does have the drawback of needing extra processing at the time of receiving a command but saves costs as non - volatile memory to store the keys is not required . when learning information from a transmitter , during the learn mode , this information is stored in a first - in - first - out ( fifo ) stack structure . as can be seen from fig7 and 8 each new encoder is learned into the same position . prior thereto all other positions have been programmed into the next memory location , overwriting the information that was there before . clearly the previous value that was in position “ n ” ( fig8 ) will be lost — hence the fifo designation . during the learning process a relationship ( tr ) is established between the timer value ( te ) of the encoder and the timer value ( td ) of the decoder . for example , if at the time of learning , te = 120 and td = 1243 , the mathematical difference , tr , between the two values , which is 1123 , can be stored . if it is accepted that the decoder and encoder timers are perfectly in synchronism then at the time of the next transmission when td = 1574 the received te value must correspond to mathematical difference of 1574 − 1123 = 451 . it is important that the tr value is stored for each learned encoder . as the encoder and decoder timers ( 22 and 86 respectively ) will inevitably exhibit drift between them in all but the most expensive systems it is important to accommodate such drift without undue sacrifices to security and with as little requirement for user intervention as possible . this also holds true for the handling of a power failure at the encoder or decoder . according to a preferred aspect of the invention the timers 22 and 86 are designed so that the encoder timer is always faster than the decoder timer . the design is such that even with the encoder timer at its slowest variance and the decoder timer at its fastest variance the encoder timer is the faster of the two . with each valid reception the decoder recalibrates the tr value for the specific encoder and the previous tr value is replaced with the new tr value which reflects the exact and latest relationship between the encoder and decoder timers ( 22 and 86 ). as such even if there is drift of ( say ) 1 minute per day and a 5 minute window is allowed for a valid transmission , a system which is used on a regular basis does not drift too far because with each use the previous drift is calibrated out . for example , a system in a car which is used twice a day ( evenly spaced ) will , based on the preceding assumptions , always be within about 0 . 5 minutes accuracy . due to security considerations a reception under conditions in which te is further advanced , with reference to td , is less of a problem than a slow te . the latter may be an attempted replay or a transmission recorded out of range from the decoder and then taken to the decoder ( hence the timer loss ) and replayed . production offsets ( ie . drift between the timers which is constant and which does not change over time ) can also be calibrated out with a coefficient . for example when an alarm system is installed in a controlled environment ( regulated temperature and voltage ), two transmissions with a reasonable time period between them ( of the order of several minutes ) can be used to trim out such manufacturing offsets . if it is known that under controlled voltage and temperature conditions the normal drift is 1 %, but it is found by measuring the drift between two successive transmissions that the drift is in fact 2 %, then the difference can in future always be multiplied by a factor ( 101 / 102 ). if the drift on the other hand is − 1 % then a factor ( 101 / 99 ) is used to adjust the drift . the invention allows two types of forward windows to be accommodated , namely an auto - synchronisation window wa and a re - synchronisation window wr . the auto - synchronisation window sets a time limit boundary for drift ( te greater than td ) which is not regarded as a problem . security requirements dictate this value should be as small as possible but , from a practical point of view , this should not enforce additional actions on a user to such an extent that the system becomes cumbersome or user - unacceptable . the auto - synchronisation window could be a fixed value but in a preferred embodiment is represented by a factor of , say , 3 % of usage time . in the latter case the window grows larger over time but is a more accurate representation of the drift between the counters . in the prior art which is embodied in bruwer et al and soum the counters represented a number of activations which are unrelated in time . in the present invention however the auto - synchronisation window is not related to the number of activations and is purely a function of the relative drift between the timers over the time elapsed since a previous valid reception . this is the case since tr was last calibirated at the minimum or at the time of the previous valid reception . note that in yoshizawa the window has to cover time elapsed since the encoder was first connected with the decoder . this is quite a severe impediment . the wa type of window which can be accommodated by the system can have a minimum and / or maximum value . this window can be specified even though a factor of the elapsed time is used for the determination of the window size . this has the advantage that in a system which is used on a regular basis the wa window is quite small but even if the system is not used for a long time , say in excess of a year , the size of the window wa is kept to an acceptable period of , say , 10 minutes . for example for a 0 . 1 % wa factor and 5 second minimum and 10 minute maximum caps the following occur : should the te value be faster so that it falls beyond wa in terms of security it is desirable to perform further security checks . a further window called a re - synchronisation window ( wr ) can be used and this window will require some further security checks that may not be too stringent . one such security check requires a further transmission in order to verify that the timing information correlates with the expected value with reference to that of the previous transmission which fell outside wa but inside wr . in some applications this check would suffice and , if the encoder timing information passes this test , the decoder accepts the command and also re - synchronises the tr value to remove the drift which has occurred . if the te value is beyond wr the decoder does not accept transmissions from that encoder and enforces a re - learn or other action as is described hereinafter , which totally resets the encoder / decoder relationship . with a te value which is slow with reference to the td value the security constraints required are much tighter . with correct design there is no reason why the te value should fall behind the expected value . it must be recognised however that any increment beyond the value previously received , even if slower with respect to the expected value , still yields better security than “ activation count ” based systems such as those described in the bruwer et al and soum . yoshizawa on the other hand treats slow and fast windows in the same way . depending on the security requirements various options can be designed into the system to “ double check ” the authenticity of the encoder . for example , if the te value is 30 seconds fast then the decoder can check for a new value 30 seconds later . a valid new code would mean that the encoder is present and therefore authentic . however with a sound design and a guarantee that te is faster than td , rather than slower , the reception of a slow te raises serious security concerns . it is possible to re - synchronise an encoder with a slow te , or a te falling outside the wa and wr windows , in one of three different ways described hereinafter : this is equivalent to adjusting the combination of a safe access code when it is open . as such another legal or approved mechanism must be used to put the system in an “ open ” state . this can be another encoder , a mechanical key , an electronic token or the like . once in an “ open ” mode the tr value can automatically adjust . ( b ) physical contact between the encoder and decoder can be established by means of an electric connector . this can be a requirement before further access is granted . physical contact may be established through an electrical connector situated on the outside of a security perimeter which is protected by an access control system linked to the encoder / decoder . for example if the system controls a garage door opener , the electrical connector can be in a house or an outer side of the house . on the other hand if the security system is used in connection with a vehicle , the connector may be on an outer side of the vehicle or some place which is accessible only with a mechanical key , eg . inside the trunk or boot of the vehicle . by using a physical electrical connector to transfer electrical signals the decoder can control activation buttons to create a quasi bi - directional system . electrical contacts to the activation inputs of the encoder allow the activations to be executed in such a way that the probability of codes , which do not originate from the authentic encoder , being presented to the decoder is very low . this probability can be statistically controlled by suitable design . in other words by making the communication via the electrical contacts more complex or expanded , the probability of a successful attack can be lowered . in a preferred embodiment the high speed timer and repeat ( activation ) counter play a major role . upon insertion in the connector the decoder activates the encoder . this first transmission starts the high speed timer and the decoder then randomly activates other buttons which influence the transmission words from the encoder via the command bits in the data word . the decoder verifies that the words have been constructed at the precise time with the correct command button information . by making sure the activation sequence is such that the high speed timer is used or that the normal timer would show , the pre - recording of multiple commands can be prevented , thereby lowering the probability of a successful attack . in another embodiment the sequence can also be checked via the repeat activation counter which counts the number of activations in a defined period after a first activation . again , this can prevent the pre - recording of multiple activations in order to have a replay response available to the decoder activations . the same mechanism can be used via feed back to a user but will probably not be acceptable for the average user . an example is a display panel indicating the sequence of buttons that must be pressed . full bi - directional communications may be used . if however bi - directional communication facilities are available then these facilities should be considered for more extensive use as they can enhance security when implemented correctly . a situation can however be foreseen in which communication in one direction will be of limited range . for example , the encoder to decoder medium may be rf whilst the decoder communicates with the encoder via optical , transponder or hard wiring means due to cost or other considerations . in an example of an application using the principles of the invention an ir led may be used to provide the communication medium from the decoder to the encoder . the encoder is part of a rf key fob . the encoder monitors an optical receiver ( pin diode ) after it has been activated and has transmitted a code word . if the decoder receives a code from the encoder with an unacceptable te , it communicates back to the encoder via the optical medium . if the key fob is held in the optical path , ( because the user notices that the decoder does not read ), it will receive the decoder data and the encoder / decoder can proceed with a bi - directional verification process . it must be mentioned that a physical connector can also solve the problem of a dead encoder battery by providing power , whereas the optical system cannot . if the authenticity of the encoder is established via any of these methods , the tr value is automatically adjusted to re - synchronise te and td by removing any drift that may have caused the problem . an example of an encoder operational life cycle is described with reference to fig9 . upon a power - up sequence or when a reset occurs ( 210 ) a number of functions take place to reset the integrated circuit which embodies the encoder . in essence the integrated circuit is put into a well - defined state to ensure that its function is predetermined upon coming out of reset . for example memories are cleared , and pointers and program counters are set to defined positions . the encoder now increments ( 212 ) the cold boot counter ( cbc ) value . it is important that redundancy or error correction is used in this step to prevent the cbc value from being erased or scrambled due to writing errors or the like . as such checks should also be done to verify that the voltage supplied to the circuit is sufficient to ensure successful writing into the non - volatile memory . once the cbc value has been incremented the encoder moves into the cycle in which it will spend most of its life . if the timer is to be incremented ( 216 ), and this takes place at regular intervals of , say , 10 seconds , then the timer count is advanced ( 218 ). a further check ( 220 ) is done to verify that the timer has not reached its limit and is about to overflow . this however is a rare occurrence . the inputs 18 ( see fig1 ) are monitored ( 222 ) to check if the encoder has been activated . if no inputs are active the cycle repeats itself endlessly . upon detecting active inputs , the inputs are debounced and read ( 224 ). if the inputs are valid ( 226 ) the timer value is read and the data word is constructed ( 228 ). it has been explained in connection with fig5 that the data word consist of several elements which are put together to prepare the encrypted data word 74 ( see fig6 ). if the inputs are not valid ( 229 ) then the earlier cycle steps are repeated . after reading the timer the controller checks if the high speed timer ( hst ) is already running or if this transmission is actually the first transmission which has taken place after a period of inactivity ( 230 ). if the hst is not running it is started and the flag for the hst is set so that it is recognised that the hst is active ( 232 ). the subsequent transmissions will include the high speed timer count as part of the data word . the resulting data word is encrypted ( 234 ) and the result is used in the construction of the transmission word 70 ( see fig6 ) in a step 236 ( see fig9 b ). before the transmission word is transmitted over the medium in question ( rf , ir or other ) the inputs 18 are checked to verify that the same command is still active ( 238 ). if not the transmission is abandoned and the controller 14 returns to its waiting cycle ( 216 , 222 ). if the command is still active the encoder starts to output the data of the transmission word so that it can be transmitted ( 240 ). typically the encoder is responsible for the data rates . although not shown the encoder can continuously check for a new input demanding that a new word should be formed immediately . under such circumstances the transmission can immediately be terminated in order to start preparing and transmitting the new transmission word . the controller can exchange some of the cbc bits that form part of the transmission word ( 242 ). for example if the cbc is 16 bits and only two bits at a time are being added to a transmission word then 8 consecutive words would be required to reconstruct the cbc counter at the receiver / decoder . this does not affect the security of the transmission but it does provide a convenient way of reducing the length of the transmission word . thereafter the controller can return the operation ( 244 ) to the phase prior to the step 238 . if however the system is designed to start output of the hst after a certain elapsed time ( say 5 seconds ) it proceeds to a step 246 at which the hst count is read . a check is then performed to see if the command currently active has been active for at least 5 seconds ( 248 ). if a transmission word has not been previously constructed ( 250 ) then a check is done ( 252 ) to see if the same input 18 is still active . a recycle or return to earlier process steps takes place depending on the outcome of this test . if a transmission word has previously been constructed then the process synchronises the addition of a new hst count with the completion of an earlier transmission and a new data word is formed ( 254 ) and encrypted ( 256 ), and a new transmission word is constructed ( 258 ). the transmitter cycle then continues from immediately prior to step 238 . at any time the process can be terminated when the inputs change or fall away ( 238 or 252 ). if the inputs change or are repeated within a short period , say from the start of the hst , the repeat counter increments with each new activation . once the hst overflows the normal timer is incremented . if the hst works within the same interval ( say 10 seconds ) this should prevent seamless timing . an encoding example is described with reference to fig1 a and 10 b . at the start of an encryption algorithm ( 300 ) all the initialisation of hardware and software is done . a specific key is read from non - volatile memory and the cbc count is obtained ( 302 ). the key is the key allocated to a specific encoder . if an encoder has multiple keys one of these is determined by means of a particular command . the key may be read 8 bits at a time . the data which is to be used in the encrypted data word , ie . the data word and the user derived information , is obtained ( 304 ) and the various elements are fed to the algorithm ( 306 ) to yield a scrambled data word ( 308 ) which is used in the transmission word . fig1 b schematically depicts an encoding algorithm 310 operating on the data word and user derived information 312 , and the key and the cbc count 314 , to yield the scrambled data word 74 . it is to be noted that in the decoding process which is carried out at the receiver the decoder algorithm performs the reverse operation in that if the decoding algorithm is provided with the correct key and cbc count the decoding algorithm transforms the scrambled data word 74 to yield the data word and the user derived information . an example of decoder operation is discussed with reference to fig1 . upon reset ( 350 ) the decoder , in a step ( 352 ), scan its input ( 98 in fig3 ) for data received . if a test 354 shows that the data format is incorrect then the preceding cycle is repeated . once a complete transmission word of the correct format has been received the decoder , in a step 356 , does a cyclical redundancy check ( crc ) to verify that the transmission word was correctly received , and checks the serial number and the cbc portion of the transmission word . thereafter in steps 358 and 360 respectively the serial number and the cbc value are matched against corresponding values stored in non - volatile memory 90 ( see fig3 ). if the cbc value is not matched against the stored value then a period of time elapses in which additional data is received and a new cbc value is constructed ( step 362 ). the validation process is then repeated . after the validation process has successfully been completed the decoder reads the timer data td ( step 364 ) and then uses the serial number and other information stored during a learning process to calculate a decryption key ( 366 ) corresponding to the encoder that generated the particular transmission word . the decoder uses the decryption key together with the cbc value to perform a decryption process ( 368 ) on the scrambled part of the transmission word . it is to be noted that some commands may not require any security and in this event the decoder may interpret and activate the command after the step 360 . however , since the only advantage would be that the command can be issued some milliseconds earlier this is not of particular significance . with the decrypted data word available the decoder performs a check to verify a match between the encoder user derived information and the decoder user derived information ( 370 ). a non - match forces a return to the scanning of the input for a valid transmission word ( step 352 ). if the match is positive the more complex checking between the encoder and decoder timers is performed . in this example a re - learn is assumed if the re - synchronisation window wr is exceeded or te lags behind td . firstly the automatic synchronisation window is checked ( 372 ) and if the check is passed then the command bits are interpreted and the outputs activated ( 374 ). the tr value is updated to reflect the latest relationship between the encoder and decoder timers ( 376 ) and thereafter the process is repeated . if the step 372 shows that the difference between the encoder and decoder timers displays a tr value falling outside the auto - synchronisation window wa then the value is checked against the less rigid re - synchronisation window wr ( step 378 ). if tr also falls outside of wr then the received transmission word is abandoned as being invalid and the decoder returns to the scanning input step 352 . if the timing difference tr falls within wr then the decoder prepares to receive another transmission word within a short time ( say 10 or 20 seconds ) and it then can use the hst data to confirm a second transmission ( 380 ) and verify the timing relationship ( 382 ). because the time interval in question is particularly short no significant drift can occur . a check is done against wa but , if necessary , a tighter check can be effected . if the test fails the decoder cancels the re - synchronisation process ( 384 ) and returns to step 352 . if the timer test ( 382 ) is successful the tr value is adjusted ( 386 ) and the commands are interpreted and activated ( 390 ) whereafter the process returns to the stage 352 . the preceding example does not cover the handling of the hst , repeat data , battery level indication , shift levels nor a situation in which the decoder loses or has lost power and therefore has lost timer information . usually the decoder is more expensive and complex than the encoder . a single decoder is also typically required to work with multiple encoders . power consumption is normally less constrained at the decoder , compared to the encoder . due to these factors it is desirable to have the decoder timer include the hst portion permanently . this may prove handy for comparisons at re - synchronisation actions or when second or third instructions are received within a short space of time . it is also important for handling a quasi - bidirectional synchronisation or authentication process as discussed earlier . the shift levels , battery level indications and repeat values all comprise information which may influence the outputs generated by the decoder . if the decoder should lose power then it would pass through the reset state ( 350 ) when power is restored . at this point a choice is made from a number of options . for example the time of every valid reception can be stored in non - volatile memory each time a valid word is received and successfully decoded . a flag can now be set to relax wa and wr for all encoders which have already been learnt , for one auto re - synchronisation action . a check is carried out that the encoder timer has increased beyond what was stored at the reception of the previous valid transmission word from the corresponding encoder . another option is to enforce the change of the cbc value at the encoder or the re - synchronisation of the decoder tr values by operating a transmitter while in the open state . in another variation the decoder can use a timer value from the next valid and previously learnt encoder activating it after the reset , to readjust its main timer . all tr values ( for other learnt encoders ) would automatically come into play again . this can be done with some provision for error by adjusting the decoder for only 99 % of the perceived lost time as can be derived from this single encoder timer . this is because it is far more difficult to handle encoders with timers lagging the decoder timer than for encoders with timers which lead the decoder timer . the decoder learn operation is discussed with reference to fig1 . the decoder must be instructed to switch from normal operation to learning mode and typically this is done using an input switch 100 ( see fig3 ). once the activation of the input switch is detected ( 400 ), the switch is debounced ( 402 ) to confirm that the input is activated . the input for the learn mode can operate on an interrupt basis or it can be tested from time to time in the program flow during normal operation of the decoder . once the learn mode has been confirmed ( 404 ) the decoder must receive sufficient transmission words to construct the cbc value that may not necessarily be completely included in every transmission word ( 406 ). if this process fails due to the transmission terminating before the complete cbc value has been received or due to the incorrect reception of code words , the learning process is abandoned ( 408 ) and the process returns to step 402 to verify that the learning mode is still selected . the decoder timer is also read for reference . if sufficient information is received to construct the cbc value ( 410 ) then the control unit 82 ( see fig3 ) constructs the cold boot counter value and reads the timer data td from the timer 86 ( step 412 ). the control unit then calculates ( step 414 ) the decryption key using the serial number , the cbc count and other information transferred via the transmission values . this key is used in the decryption process ( 414 ) to obtain the data word including the user derived information , commands and encoded timer information . in a step 416 the data is checked to see if it conforms to requirements . a further transmission a short time later may be required to verify the timer movement . once accepted as a valid learn the relevant information is stored into the decoder non - volatile memory 90 . this includes the tr value ( the relationship between the encoder and decoder timers ) and the te of the last valid received data word . the decoder may indicate ( step 418 ) the status of the learning process on some indicator to the user , eg . an led . the completion of the learning process of an encoder can also be indicated in the same way . this aforementioned process can be repeated to enable the learning of several encoders . the information from each encoder may be written to memory in a first - in , first - out sequence ( fifo ) as is shown in fig7 and 8 . in the aforementioned sequence it is not possible to perform selective erasing of encoders . it is possible though to erase the oldest encoder by the addition of a new encoder , once the memory for learned encoders is full . a further command to erase all learn encoders may be implemented . fig1 illustrates process steps in setting user derived information at the encoder 10 . when the encoder is powered up ( 450 ) a check is performed on internal non - volatile memory 12 ( see fig1 ) to determine if the user derived information (“ udi ”) has already been set . if not , the encoder can automatically enter a udi setting mode . in a variation the encoder can check if a special set of inputs has been activated ( 452 ) to cause the encoder to enter the udi setting mode . if not the encoder proceeds with normal operation ( 454 ). if special inputs are active ( 456 ) the encoder activates the high speed timer ( hst ) in a step ( 458 ). in a particular example the period for which the inputs are active is used to determine a value by stopping the hst changing at the time the inputs change ( 460 ). the substantially random value in the hst can be read and used as a udi value ( 462 ) to construct ( 464 ) a user defined information word which can then be stored ( 466 ) in the encoder non - volatile memory before proceeding with normal operation ( 454 ). the preceding description relates to a situation wherein the transmitter has a timer and the receiver has a timer . if an existing counter - based security system is to be upgraded to a timer - based security system then it is necessary to provide a dual capability so that the timer - based system can also be used with , and be compatible to , a counter - based system . to achieve this a timer - based transmitter is designed to work with a non - timer - based system ( ie . counter - based ), and with a timer - based system . the timer in the transmitter counts normally when powered up . when the transmitter is “ learnt ” to the receiver , the decoder at the receiver accepts any value which is assigned for the purpose or which otherwise is presented to the decoder . hence the decoder does not distinguish between counter - based and timer - based information . the need to synchronise the starting of the transmitter and receiver is therefore done away with . the transmitter timer is then operated for a period which is limited or controlled to ensure that the timer information is kept within the automatic re - synchronisation window of the count - based system ( ie . the earlier system which is to be upgraded ). when the transmitter time value reaches a point at which it will go outside the window , the timer stops . consequently , upon the next activation of the transmitter , the timer value which is used will be viewed by the previous ( counter - based ) system as a count value which is still within the limits of the automatic re - synchronisation window , and hence will be accepted . this procedure can be implemented until such time as a full timer - based system can be adopted .

6Physics

one embodiment of the invention is a computer system comprised of a software program that compares the combination of treatment parameters for a proposed treatment plan with that from historical data taken from patients previously treated for the same disease with the same type of treatment . the program will identify deviations from the historical data , prompting the user to verify that the deviation is not the result of an error that could lead to a catastrophic radiation event . the treatment plan is typically a data record containing component items that specify a plurality of beam dosages , that is , each treatment plan is a group of specified beams , each of a beam shape , beam angle or position , beam intensity and beam time . the historical data for any radiation therapy modality , such as forward planning 3d conformal treatment for whole brain patients may be used . the goal of this analysis is to : 1 . identify which parameters or combinations of parameters share similarities among patients ; 2 . identify which treatment parameters or combinations of parameters lead to a potentially catastrophic radiation event , should the setting be wrong ; 3 . analyze what constitutes a deviation that can potentially lead to a catastrophic radiation event ; 4 . create the mechanisms by which a deviation can be identified in a proposed treatment plan when comparing with historical data . this invention relates to reducing the potential for catastrophic radiation or other error by using historical treatment data when automatically monitoring treatment plans or the operation of a clinical treatment device itself , including a radiation treatment delivery device . the increasing complexity of imrt ( intensity modulated radiation therapy ) treatment plans requires carefully checking the correctness and consistency of an increasingly large number of treatment parameters between planning and each delivery session . a new level of safety can be added in the planning and delivery process by exploiting the similarities that exist among treatment parameters of a large pool of plans for the same disease using the same technique . the system includes a software program that analyzes either treatment plan data or clinical treatment device machine parameter distributions from historical treatment data for a given disease site and alerts the user or other party of any deviation . the system can alert treatment planning staff that a treatment plan is outside a calculated norm . the system can also stop or prevent the treatment if a difference between the treatment plan and the machine parameters is detected . the distribution of treatment parameters for a population of 60 patients treated with whole brain irradiation using a forward planning technique with parallel opposed beams was analyzed . a total of 15 treatment parameters were considered , including the number of beams , beam energy , gantry , collimator and couch angles , ssd , field size , number of monitor units , number of monitor units ( mu ) per gy at isocenter and beam weight . for each parameter , a range of acceptable values was extracted from the population distribution . a new plan was considered consistent with historical data if each of its parameter values was compatible with 60 % of the population . in order to test the software , errors such as a wrong number of beams , beam energy , ct dataset or absence of heterogeneity correction were manually introduced in new plans . as expected , the population of whole brain plans is very homogeneous . the ssd and number of mu per gy exhibited a narrow gaussian distribution . the field size , beam weight and number of mu show 2 gaussian peaks corresponding to the open field and field - in - field , respectively . all other parameters had a single value . these narrow distributions made deviations easy to detect . the plans with the wrong number of beams or beam energy were easily detectable . the plan using the wrong ct dataset led to an ssd that was outside the historical range and was detected . a computer system comprised of a software program can compare each new treatment plan to historical treatment parameters for the same disease . this has been successfully tested on a population of whole brain treatment plans . the use of such a program can detect potential errors that were accidentally introduced during data transfer and recording . in addition by using more standardized treatment approaches for a given disease , the risk for errors can be reduced . the system is comprised of a computer operatively connected over a data network to a clinical treatment device . the device transmits data to the computer representing the parameter values describing the specific clinical treatment that has been delivered . the computer has access to a database that store the information and associates that information with the patient that was treated as well as other relevant data , including , the area of the body treated , patient height , weight , age , the disease type , tumor size , tumor location , tumor stage , time , location , the prescribing physician , the technician operating the device and any other relevant data . the database is updated with each treatment . the database is also used to either continuously or periodically calculate the average of a parameter value for all the patients or a defined subset of patients . the defined subset can be determined by running a range based search query to find patients of sufficiently similar height , weight , age , tumor location or any other aspect or combination . in addition , the database can receive and store such average data received from some other system that has a larger group to calculate an average for the parameters . besides averaging , the system can calculate a mean or a weighted average . when the system is used , a set of parameters can be input into the computer to control the clinical device , or the clinical device can be directly controlled and the parameters retrieved by the system . the system can then check the parameters against the averages or other metrics to determine whether there is a potential error . if a discrepancy is detected , the system can issue a command to the clinical treatment device that prevents it from initiating the treatment and also it can issue an alarm to the technician . in one embodiment , the system and the clinical treatment device are distinct subsystems that communicate over a data network or other data interchange . in another embodiment , the system is integrated with the clinical treatment device . in one embodiment , the system operates by accessing the database over a data network . in another embodiment , the system and the database are integrated . in an example embodiment a data structure is stored in the database that has several elements in each entry : as an example , the location may be specified as “ cervical 3 ”, “ posterior ”, and the angle “ zero degrees ”. however , this point into the spinal column and therefore the dosage threshold would be a low number to avoid damaging the spinal cord . however , if the angle entry was “ 90 degrees ”, the dosage threshold entry may be higher . in some imrt systems , the dosage is a list of angles , collimations and dosage amounts that are delivered to the patient in each session . in this case , the entries in the imrt instructions can be matched against the database contents in the following manner : for each entry in the imrt prescription list , the geometry defined by the instruction is checked against the list of dosage limits to determine whether any of the geometries in the listed instructions are within the spatial geometry defined by any of the dosage limit entries . where that is the case , the dosage in the instructions is checked against the dosage limit . in other embodiments , the imrt instructions are not provided in terms of patient anatomy , but rather the actual measured position to references on the patient &# 39 ; s body . this increases the accuracy of the positioning of imrt , but introduces a problem : not all patients have identical size . in this case , the imrt instructions are mapped to a nominal model of the shape of a human body . for example , a size ratio in one or more dimensions may be specified that maps the actual patient to the nominal patient model . the safety limit list can then refer to the nominal patient model geometric locations . in this embodiment , the imrt instruction list for the patient is converted to a list of instructions where the geometries have been scaled with the ratios , in order that imrt instructions are mapped to the nominal patient body . then the list of instructions can be compared to the safety list that refers to geometric positions of the nominal patient body . the system is typically comprised of a central server that is connected by a data network to a user &# 39 ; s computer . the central server may be comprised of one or more computers connected to one or more mass storage devices . the precise architecture of the central server does not limit the claimed invention . in addition , the data network may operate with several levels , such that the user &# 39 ; s computer is connected through a firewall proxy to one server , which routes communications to another server that executes the disclosed methods . the precise details of the data network architecture do not limit the claimed invention . further , the user &# 39 ; s computer may be a laptop or desktop type of personal computer . it can also be a video game console , a cell phone , smart phone or other handheld device . the precise form factor of the user &# 39 ; s computer does not limit the claimed invention . in one embodiment , the user &# 39 ; s computer is omitted , and instead a separate computing functionality provided that works with the central server . in this case , a user would log into the server from another computer and access the simulated space . in another embodiment , the user can operate a local computer running a browser , which receives from a central server a video stream representing the rendering of the simulated space from the point of view associated with the user . further , the user may receive from and transmit data to the central server by means of the internet , whereby the user accesses an account using an internet web - browser and browser displays an interactive web page operatively connected to the central server . the central server transmits and receives data in response to data and commands transmitted from the browser in response to the customer &# 39 ; s actuation of the browser user interface . some steps of the invention may be performed on the user &# 39 ; s computer and interim results transmitted to a server . these interim results may be processed at the server and final results passed back to the user . the invention may also be entirely executed on one or more servers . a server may be a computer comprised of a central processing unit with a mass storage device and a network connection . in addition a server can include multiple of such computers connected together with a data network or other data transfer connection , or , multiple computers on a network with network accessed storage , in a manner that provides such functionality as a group . a server may be a virtual server , where one or more virtual servers are individual instances of software operating as independent servers but housed in the same computer hardware device . practitioners of ordinary skill will recognize that functions that are accomplished on one server may be partitioned and accomplished on multiple servers that are operatively connected by a computer network by means of appropriate inter process communication . in addition , the access of the website can be by means of an internet browser accessing a secure or public page or by means of a client program running on a local computer that is connected over a computer network to the server . a data message and data upload or download can be delivered over the internet using typical protocols , including tcp / ip , http , tcp , udp , smtp , rpc , ftp or other kinds of data communication protocols that permit processes running on two remote computers to exchange information by means of digital network communication . as a result a data message can be a data packet transmitted from or received by a computer containing a destination network address , a destination process or application identifier , and data values that can be parsed at the destination computer located at the destination network address by the destination application in order that the relevant data values are extracted and used by the destination application . it should be noted that the flow diagrams are used herein to demonstrate various aspects of the invention , and should not be construed to limit the present invention to any particular logic flow or logic implementation . the described logic may be partitioned into different logic blocks ( e . g ., programs , modules , functions , or subroutines ) without changing the overall results or otherwise departing from the true scope of the invention . oftentimes , logic elements may be added , modified , omitted , performed in a different order , or implemented using different logic constructs ( e . g ., logic gates , looping primitives , conditional logic , and other logic constructs ) without changing the overall results or otherwise departing from the true scope of the invention . the method described herein can be executed on a computer system , generally comprised of a central processing unit ( cpu ) that is operatively connected to a memory device , data input and output circuitry ( io ) and computer data network communication circuitry . computer code executed by the cpu can take data received by the data communication circuitry and store it in the memory device . in addition , the cpu can take data from the i / o circuitry and store it in the memory device . further , the cpu can take data from a memory device and output it through the io circuitry or the data communication circuitry . the data stored in memory may be further recalled from the memory device , further processed or modified by the cpu in the manner described herein and restored in the same memory device or a different memory device operatively connected to the cpu including by means of the data network circuitry . the memory device can be any kind of data storage circuit or magnetic storage or optical device , including a hard disk , optical disk or solid state memory . the io devices can include a display screen , loudspeakers , microphone and a movable mouse that indicate to the computer the relative location of a cursor position on the display and one or more buttons that can be actuated to indicate a command . examples of well known computing systems , environments , and / or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include , but are not limited to , personal computers , server computers , hand - held , laptop or mobile computer or communications devices such as cell phones and pda &# 39 ; s , multiprocessor systems , microprocessor - based systems , set top boxes , programmable consumer electronics , network pcs , minicomputers , mainframe computers , distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices , and the like . the computer can operate a program that receives from a remote server a data file that is passed to a program that interprets the data in the data file and commands the display device to present particular text , images , video , audio and other objects . the program can detect the relative location of the cursor when the mouse button is actuated , and interpret a command to be executed based on location on the indicated relative location on the display when the button was pressed . the data file may be an html document , the program a web - browser program and the command a hyper - link that causes the browser to request a new html document from another remote data network address location . the html can also have references that result in other code modules being called up and executed , for example , flash or other native code . the internet is a computer network that permits customers operating a personal computer to interact with computer servers located remotely and to view content that is delivered from the servers to the personal computer as data files over the network . in one kind of protocol , the servers present webpages that are rendered on the customer &# 39 ; s personal computer using a local program known as a browser . the browser receives one or more data files from the server that are displayed on the customer &# 39 ; s personal computer screen . the browser seeks those data files from a specific address , which is represented by an alphanumeric string called a universal resource locator ( url ). however , the webpage may contain components that are downloaded from a variety of url &# 39 ; s or ip addresses . a website is a collection of related url &# 39 ; s , typically all sharing the same root address or under the control of some entity . in one embodiment different regions of the simulated space have different url &# 39 ; s . that is , the simulated space can be a unitary data structure , but different url &# 39 ; s reference different locations in the data structure . this makes it possible to simulate a large area and have participants begin to use it within their virtual neighborhood . computer program logic implementing all or part of the functionality previously described herein may be embodied in various forms , including , but in no way limited to , a source code form , a computer executable form , and various intermediate forms ( e . g ., forms generated by an assembler , compiler , linker , or locator .) source code may include a series of computer program instructions implemented in any of various programming languages ( e . g ., an object code , an assembly language , or a high - level language such as c , c ++, c #, action script , php , ecmascript , javascript , java , or html ) for use with various operating systems or operating environments . the source code may define and use various data structures and communication messages . the source code may be in a computer executable form ( e . g ., via an interpreter ), or the source code may be converted ( e . g ., via a translator , assembler , or compiler ) into a computer executable form . the invention may be described in the general context of computer - executable instructions , such as program modules , being executed by a computer . generally , program modules include routines , programs , objects , components , data structures , etc ., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types . the computer program and data may be fixed in any form ( e . g ., source code form , computer executable form , or an intermediate form ) either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium , such as a semiconductor memory device ( e . g ., a ram , rom , prom , eeprom , or flash - programmable ram ), a magnetic memory device ( e . g ., a diskette or fixed hard disk ), an optical memory device ( e . g ., a cd - rom or dvd ), a pc card ( e . g ., pcmcia card ), or other memory device . the computer program and data may be fixed in any form in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies , including , but in no way limited to , analog technologies , digital technologies , optical technologies , wireless technologies , networking technologies , and internetworking technologies . the computer program and data may be distributed in any form as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation ( e . g ., shrink wrapped software or a magnetic tape ), preloaded with a computer system ( e . g ., on system rom or fixed disk ), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system ( e . g ., the internet or world wide web .) the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network . in a distributed computing environment , program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices . practitioners of ordinary skill will recognize that the invention may be executed on one or more computer processors that are linked using a data network , including , for example , the internet . in another embodiment , different steps of the process can be executed by one or more computers and storage devices geographically separated by connected by a data network in a manner so that they operate together to execute the process steps . in one embodiment , a user &# 39 ; s computer can run an application that causes the user &# 39 ; s computer to transmit a stream of one or more data packets across a data network to a second computer , referred to here as a server . the server , in turn , may be connected to one or more mass data storage devices where the database is stored . the server can execute a program that receives the transmitted packet and interpret the transmitted data packets in order to extract database query information . the server can then execute the remaining steps of the invention by means of accessing the mass storage devices to derive the desired result of the query . alternatively , the server can transmit the query information to another computer that is connected to the mass storage devices , and that computer can execute the invention to derive the desired result . the result can then be transmitted back to the user &# 39 ; s computer by means of another stream of one or more data packets appropriately addressed to the user &# 39 ; s computer . in one embodiment , the relational database ( i will use cloud storage services such as amazon simpledb , this is most often not relational db but column - oriented / nosql db ) may be housed in one or more operatively connected servers operatively connected to computer memory , for example , disk drives . the invention may be executed on another computer that is presenting a user a semantic web representation of available data . that second computer can execute the invention by communicating with the set of servers that house the relational database . in yet another embodiment , the initialization of the relational database may be prepared on the set of servers and the interaction with the user &# 39 ; s computer occurs at a different place in the overall process . the described embodiments of the invention are intended to be exemplary and numerous variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art . all such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims . although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail , it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only , and is not to be taken by way of limitation . it is appreciated that various features of the invention which are , for clarity , described in the context of separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment . conversely , various features of the invention which are , for brevity , described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided separately or in any suitable combination . it is appreciated that the particular embodiment described in the appendices is intended only to provide an extremely detailed disclosure of the present invention and is not intended to be limiting . the foregoing description discloses only exemplary embodiments of the invention . modifications of the above disclosed apparatus and methods which fall within the scope of the invention will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . accordingly , while the present invention has been disclosed in connection with exemplary embodiments thereof , it should be understood that other embodiments may fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims .

6Physics

in the following description , for purposes of explanation , numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention . it will be apparent , however , to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the invention can be practiced without these specific details . in other instances , structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the invention . reference throughout this specification to “ one embodiment ” or “ an embodiment ” means that a particular feature , structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention . thus , appearances of the phrases “ in one embodiment ” or “ in an embodiment ” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment . furthermore , the particular features , structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments . fig1 is a diagram of a socket and a socket contact protector , in accordance with one example embodiment of the invention . in accordance with the illustrated example embodiment , assembly 100 may include socket housing 102 , socket contacts 104 and socket contact protector 106 . socket contact protector 106 includes openings 108 and integrated springs 110 as shown in fig1 . socket housing 102 is usually made of plastic and provides the structural support and limited protection for internal mechanisms of the socket , for example socket contacts 104 . additionally , the shape of socket housing 102 may provide alignment features for both socket contact protector 106 and a device package intended to mate with the socket . socket contacts 104 are often thin metal strip formed and cut in a particular shape which provide electrical coupling with pads of a device package . socket contacts made be of other materials and shapes . in one embodiment , socket contacts 104 rise from the base of socket housing 102 at an angle and are curved at the top end . in this embodiment , socket contacts 104 will tend to move down and out slightly when a downward force is applied , for example when a device package is mated with the socket . this movement of socket contacts 104 is colloquially referred to as a wiping action . socket contact protector 106 , when installed in socket housing 102 , is designed to protect socket contacts 104 from potential damage and contains openings 108 through which socket contacts 104 can emerge to couple with a device package . openings 108 may be circular or any other shape to accommodate the particular shape of the socket contacts and penetration of socket contacts 104 through socket contact protector 106 , including accommodating any wiping action of socket contacts 104 . in one embodiment , socket contact protector 106 is a substantially planar , thin , injection - molded plastic table . socket contact protector 106 may also include integrated springs 110 to provide a means for captivating socket contact protector 106 within socket housing 102 and a means for transitioning socket contact protector 106 between up and down positions as described in greater detail hereinafter . fig2 is a diagram of a socket with integral , retractable socket contact protector , in accordance with one example embodiment of the invention . in accordance with the illustrated example embodiment , device package socket 200 may include socket housing 202 , socket contact protector 204 , tabs 206 , and integrated springs 208 coupled as shown in fig2 . socket contact protector 204 , which was molded to align in shape and dimensions within the contact field of device package socket 200 , is shown installed and captivated within socket housing 202 after integrated springs 208 ( and possibly others not shown ) have been snapped under tabs 206 . when there is no force placed on socket contact protector 204 , and therefore no compression of integrated springs 208 , the top surface of socket contact protector 204 extends slightly above the contacts of device package socket 200 . when a force is placed on socket contact protector 204 , for example when a device package is installed in device package socket 200 , integrated springs 208 are compressed and socket contact protector 204 retracts ( or lowers along the z - axis ) exposing the contacts of device package socket 200 which emerge through corresponding openings in socket contact protector 204 . through designed alignment with socket housing 202 and integrated springs 208 , socket contact protector 204 is able to move through a slight up and down range in the z - axis , but is constrained to very limited movement in the x - axis or y - axis given the close x - y fit between features on the contact protector and corresponding features in the socket housing . one skilled in the art would appreciate that the physical alignment of socket contact protector 204 within socket housing 202 can facilitate proper installation of socket contact protector 204 into socket housing 202 . fig3 a - 3b are cross - sectional views of an example socket with integral , retractable socket contact protector , in accordance with one example embodiment of the invention . in accordance with the illustrated example embodiment , view 300 of device package socket 200 includes socket contacts 302 , socket contact protector 303 , openings 304 , integrated spring 306 , socket base 308 , and vertical space 310 , coupled as shown in fig3 a . socket contacts 302 are aligned with corresponding openings 304 in socket contact protector 303 . the top surface of socket contact protector 303 in this example is above socket contacts 302 , providing protection which would be recognized by one skilled in the art . vertical space 310 is the distance which the bottom of socket contact protector 303 is suspended above socket base 308 . in one embodiment , this distance is about 0 . 4 mm . while as shown integrated spring 306 maintains vertical space 310 by acting on socket base 308 , other configurations or types of springs or mechanical means may be utilized to provide vertical space 310 . fig3 b depicts view 300 of device package socket 200 with the addition of device package 312 . in this example embodiment , an actuation force has been applied to seat device package 312 , possibly through the use of , for example , a socket lever or metal clip ( not shown ). this actuation force pushes socket contact protector 303 down until it contacts socket base 308 . as socket contact protector 303 is forced down , socket contacts 302 emerge through openings 304 . socket contacts 302 are then able to contact pads , for example land grid array ( lga ) pads , of device package 312 . if the actuation force were removed , integrated spring 306 would unload and return socket contact protector 303 to the up position depicted in fig3 a . fig4 is a cross - sectional view of an example socket with integral , retractable socket contact protector , depicting view 400 in fig3 b . as shown , socket contact 404 is extending through opening 406 of table 402 to contact land 408 of device package 414 . to achieve the coupling of socket contact 404 and land 408 , a downward force would be applied to device package 414 thereby forcing table 402 down onto surface 412 of socket housing 410 . land 408 is a conductive element of a land grid array ( lga ). one skilled in the art would appreciate that while shown as part of a device package socket , the contact protector of the present invention can be applied to protect contacts in any number of applications , including but not limited to power connectors , i / o connectors , or other connections where a contact is to couple with a lga - style land . fig5 is a cross - sectional view of an example electronic appliance incorporating a socket with integral , retractable socket contact protector , in accordance with one example embodiment of the invention . electronic appliance 500 is intended to represent any of a wide variety of traditional and non - traditional electronic appliances , laptops , desktops , cell phones , wireless communication subscriber units , wireless communication telephony infrastructure elements , personal digital assistants , set - top boxes , or any electric appliance that would benefit from the teachings of the present invention . in accordance with the illustrated example embodiment , electronic appliance 500 may include substrate 502 , processor socket 504 , socket contact protector 506 , socket contacts 507 , processor 508 , memory socket 510 , memory module 512 , and network controller 514 coupled as shown in fig5 . substrate 502 may be a fiberglass motherboard with components soldered to it . for example , socket contacts 507 , memory socket 510 and network controller 514 may be soldered to a surface of substrate 502 . conductive elements , either on a surface of or embedded within substrate 502 , provide the means for electrically coupling the various components with one another . processor socket 504 may include socket contacts 507 and a socket contact protector 506 as depicted in fig1 , 3 a , or 3 b . processor 508 may represent any of a wide variety of control logic including , but not limited to one or more of a microprocessor , a programmable logic device ( pld ), programmable logic array ( pla ), application specific integrated circuit ( asic ), a microcontroller , and the like , although the present invention is not limited in this respect . memory module 512 may represent any type of memory device ( s ) used to store data and instructions that may have been or will be used by processor 508 . typically , though the invention is not limited in this respect , memory module 512 will consist of dynamic random access memory ( dram ). in one embodiment , memory module 512 may consist of rambus dram ( rdram ). in another embodiment , memory module 512 may consist of double data rate synchronous dram ( ddrsdram ). the present invention , however , is not limited to the examples of memory mentioned here . network controller 514 may represent any type of device that allows electronic appliance 500 to communicate with other electronic appliances or devices . in one embodiment , network controller 514 may comply with a the institute of electrical and electronics engineers , inc . ( ieee ) 802 . 11b standard ( approved sep . 16 , 1999 , supplement to ansi / ieee std 802 . 11 , 1999 edition ). in another embodiment , network controller 514 may be an ethernet network interface card . many of the methods are described in their most basic form but operations can be added to or deleted from any of the methods and information can be added or subtracted from any of the described messages without departing from the basic scope of the present invention . any number of variations of the inventive concept is anticipated within the scope and spirit of the present invention . in this regard , the particular illustrated example embodiments are not provided to limit the invention but merely to illustrate it . thus , the scope of the present invention is not to be determined by the specific examples provided above but only by the plain language of the following claims .

7Electricity

in this application , a composite material , as defined above , with nanoscale particles ( small particles with at least one dimension less than 100 nm , including nanopowder , nanocluster , nanocrystal , etc .) distributed in a solid matrix is called a nanoparticle composite . if the nanoparticles are made of a magnetic material , the composite is called a magnetic nanoparticle composite . the teachings hereof are based on the idea that certain magnetic properties of a suitably constructed magnetic nanoparticle composite can be locally fine - tuned by using external forces such as a combination of laser heating and an external magnetic field . in certain matrix materials , the modification can be permanently maintained , so that the composite has a spatial magnetic property distribution that is tailored to a specific application . an objective hereof is to teach fabrication of a transmission line of a predetermined impedance and electrical length by using a suitably constructed magnetic nanoparticle composite . although embodiments shown are mainly applied to the design and construction of transmission lines , including waveguides , for rf and / or microwave energy transmission , the same principle can be applied to other suitable applications and the teachings hereof are broadly applicable to these other applications as well . a magnetic nanoparticle composite is formed by uniformly dispersing nanometer - sized crystallite particles in a matrix material . the matrix material may be an insulating material or a conductive material . polymeric materials are advantageous for use as the matrix . conventional polymers are insulating materials , but polymers may be conductive , and they are also advantageous for the purposes of the particular embodiments shown . basically any polymer ( thermoplastic polymer , thermosetting polymer or even elastomer ) can be used as matrix . examples of thermoplastic polymers with good dielectric properties include polyethylene , polystyrene , syndiotactic polystyrene , polypropylene , cyclic olefin copolymer or fluoropolymers . examples of thermosetting polymers include epoxy , polyimide , etc . magnetic nanocrystallite particles ( or nanoparticles in short ) suitable for the embodiments are paramagnetic . in such embodiments , the paramagnetic nanoparticles should not exhibit ferromagnetic properties at a temperature range required for preparing the composite . therefore , during the preparation of the composite , these nanoparticles do not cluster or align with each other and they are easily dispersed in the matrix material . the paramagnetic nanoparticles can be for example either super - paramagnetic nanoparticles , which are paramagnetic at nearly all temperatures , or paramagnetic nanoparticles with a relatively low curie temperature ( i . e . the curie point is below the ambient temperature ). superparamagnetism occurs when the material is composed of very small crystallites ( less than 20 nm , preferably 1 - 10 nm ). even when the temperature is below the curie or neel temperature , the thermal energy is sufficient to change the direction of magnetization of the entire crystallite . the resulting fluctuations in the direction of magnetization cause the overall magnetic field to be zero . thus the material behaves in a manner similar to paramagnetism , except that instead of each individual atom being independently influenced by an external magnetic field , the magnetic moment of the entire crystallite tends to align with a magnetic field . the energy required to change the direction of magnetization of a crystallite is called the crystalline anisotropy energy and depends both on the material properties and the crystallite size . as the crystallite size decreases , so does the crystalline anisotropy energy , resulting in a decrease in the temperature at which the material becomes superparamagnetic . typical superparamagnetic nanoparticles include metals like fe , co and ni , alloys like fept , oxides like fe 3 o 4 , etc . as shown in fig1 ( a ), for the embodiments , a superparamagnetic nanocrystallite 12 is coated with a layer of surfactant 14 to form a coated nanoparticle 10 . as shown in fig1 ( b ), the surfactant - coated nanoparticles 10 are uniformly dispersed in a polymer matrix 32 as mentioned above to form a magnetic nanoparticle composite 30 . the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix can be performed by various conventional methods known in the art . for example , the composite can be made using solution or melt mixing techniques . for thermosetting polymers , solution method is suitable . a thermosetting polymer is dissolved in a solvent and mixed with nanoparticles . composite thin films are formed by casting or spin coating and traditional curing by heat or ultraviolet light . for thermoplastic polymers , solution mixing is also suitable for produce the composite . mixing with low viscosity solvent results in good dispersion of nanopatricles within the polymer . films can be formed either by casting or spin coating ( solvent evaporated away ). thin films can be made also by e . g . langmuir - blodgett technique or layer - by - layer deposition directly from the solution . alternatively , as the nanoparticles are coated with a surfactant , they can be mixed well with molten thermoplastic polymers . standard melt mixing techniques ( e . g . twin - screw extruder or single - screw extruder with mixing elements ) and plastic processing methods ( extrusion , injection or compression molding ) can be used . this method may be more favorable for high volume productions . as the composite material is solidified ( which means for thermoplastic polymer to cool down to below its glass transition temperature , or for the thermosetting polymer to be cured ) the polymer matrix becomes stiff and the magnetic nanoparticles are bound to the matrix , unable to move or rotate ( see fig1 ( b )). although the composite is preferably formed in a flat - sheet shape such as a thin film , other geometric shapes can also be considered according to the teachings hereof . in addition to above - mentioned methods for forming the flat - sheet shaped composite , other forming methods may also be considered by persons skilled in the art . the weight or volume fraction of the nanoparticles in the matrix is not limited , and it should be determined by specific applications to produce desired permeability values . for example , anything from a few percent up to a close packing of particles as the surfactant layer and polymer allow to keep the particles separated may be considered . suitable nanocrystallite particles may be characterized in that each nanoparticle has a so - called easy axis ( as illustrated in fig1 ( a )). the easy axis is an energetically favorable direction of spontaneous magnetization in a magnetic material . the easy axis is determined by various factors , including magnetocrystalline anisotropy and shape anisotropy . the two opposite directions along the easy axis are usually equivalent , and the actual direction of the magnetization can be either of them . in the as - formed composite , the easy axes of the nanoparticles are randomly oriented and nanoparticles are confined by the matrix . therefore , the net magnetization of the composite is zero . according to the teachings hereof , the formed composite is further processed to allow for a local alignment of the magnet nanoparticles according to a predetermined pattern ( the process is referred to as “ patterning ” hereinafter ). as the result , the nanoparticles inside the pattern are substantially aligned in their easy axes and the nanoparticles outside the pattern remain randomly oriented . a method for forming an aligned magnetic nanoparticle pattern in the composite is by heating locally , along the predetermined pattern , using a finely focused laser beam or other suitable heat sources . selection of a heat source depends on the shape of the pattern , and could take many different forms . therefore , it should be understood that there are other ways to provide the “ patterning ” and the technique shown is merely exemplary . fig2 shows an example in which a laser beam 40 is moving along a line on the composite 30 and the spot hit by the laser has a higher temperature than the surrounding areas . an external magnetic field b is applied while the composite is heated locally by the laser beam . along the line that the laser beam moves , the polymer matrix material is locally softened or liquefied . above a certain temperature , the nanoparticles 10 in the softened region are able to move around and / or rotate . the external magnetic field applied on the composite influences the particles &# 39 ; direction of rotation , so that their easy axes are substantially aligned in a relation with the magnetic field b . as the result of the alignment , the average particle - to - particle distance may decrease and nanoparticles may even become nearly connected to each other along the line . the heating laser beam may be precisely adjusted so that the polymer matrix is liquefied locally , enough to allow the rotation of nanoparticles . typically for amorphous thermoplastic polymers and thermosetting polymers , heating the polymer matrix slightly above its glass transition temperature is sufficient . however , for some highly crystalline thermoplastic polymers , local melting might be required . even more precisely , the laser beam or an alternative heat source may be controllably applied in such a way that only the surfactant layer around the nanoparticles is liquefied to allow only rotation but not linear movement of the nanoparticles . the matrix material cools down quickly after the heat source is removed . the external magnetic field is applied until the matrix completely solidifies again . as a result , the magnetic nanoparticle composite now has a patterned microstructure . the pattern may contain several lines , parallel or in different angles , depending on the design . the pattern can be made in several steps in which the directions of the external magnetic field and the laser heating line are carefully matched to ensue that the nanoparticles are oriented in a desired direction . the direction of the orientation depends on particular applications . for example , if the propagation mode of the electromagnetic wave is a transverse electromagnetic mode ( tem ), the nanoparticles should be oriented with their easy axes such that the current is parallel to the line and the magnetic field is perpendicular to the line , thus orienting the easy axes of the nanoparticles perpendicular to the line would have more effect than other directions . the patterned magnetic nanoparticle component can be used in fabricating transmission line components for directing rf or microwave frequency electromagnetic waves . in electromagnetism , permeability is the degree of magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic field . magnetic permeability is represented by the greek letter μ . basically , permeability of the composite depends on the density of the particles in the composite , the orientation of the particles , and the material choice . as can be seen above , the magnetic permeability of the composite at a certain location depends on the net easy axis of the magnetic nanoparticles at the location . at unpatterned locations , the net magnetization is zero . at the patterned locations the net axis of the nanoparticles is no longer random and the net magnetization is not zero . therefore , the magnetic permeability at the patterned locations is not the same as that of the unpatterned locations . with the fine - tuning of the nanoparticle orientation the local changes in the permeability is made . patterning the magnetic nanoparticle composite locally results in a desired spatial distribution of the permeability . the patterned magnetic nanoparticle composite can be used as the dielectric medium for transmission of electromagnetic energy or local adjustment of rf properties of distributed elements such as transmission lines or waveguides . a schematic drawing of a stripline according to the present disclosure is shown in fig3 . fig3 ( a ) shows a piece of magnetic nanoparticle composite prepared according to the above - mentioned process which results in a line of aligned nanoparticles in the composite . fig3 ( b ) shows a stripline in which the magnetic nanoparticle composite of fig3 ( a ), used as the dielectric medium , is sandwiched between two conductive plates . the aligned line of the nanoparticles plays the role of the central conductor in the stripline . if the polymer matrix is conductive ( consisting of any inherently conductive polymer ), the conductive plates are not needed . the magnetic nanoparticle composite is patterned in a similar way as described above and the stripline can be made entirely with the composite material . referring now to fig4 , an as - formed magnetic nanoparticle composite sheet ( a ) has a permeability μ which is determined by the material of the choice and the density of the nanoparticles . such a sheet of composite is subject to the process according to the present disclosure and , as the result , the nanoparticles are partially or entirely oriented in some or all of the locations depending on the process conditions . thus , after the process , the permeability of the composite changes to μ ′ ( b ). therefore , even though the dimensions of the composite remain the same , the magnetic properties of the composite are different . this feature can be used to simplify the design of the transmission line components . a conduit of electromagnetic energy ( i . e . a waveguide ) can be formed by locally tailoring the electromagnetic environment ( permeability ) of the wave conducting medium . thus there is no need for any extra cables for directing the electromagnetic wave . confinement in a waveguide so created can be estimated by the tm 01 mode cut - off frequency of a circular waveguide : this shows that the waveguides need to have a dimension in the range of three times the wavelength . dimension wise , the present invention is very useful in the thz frequency range where the wavelength is from 0 . 3 to 0 . 1 mm ( frequency 1 - 3 thz ). the fine - tuning of the material properties as suggested by the teachings hereof can be used for changing impedance levels of a microstrip or other transmission line . local , tunable magnetic property change is equivalent to changing the width of the microstripline and thus allows for the same size “ wiring ” with changing and variable microstrip impedance to be illustrated below . gradient in the permeability will cause the electromagnetic wave to reflect and will thus lead to a waveguide as in other transmission lines . if the net easy axes of the nanoparticles are partially aligned and the degree and / or orientation of the alignment varies gradually from location to location , the composite material can be used as a transformer , since the electromagnetic wave properties will depend on the environment &# 39 ; s permeability . very localized tuning of magnetic properties allows for the fabrication of transmission line components where the conductor width is not changed but instead the material properties of the environment of conductor are tuned . this leads to a design domain where only material properties are changed instead of wiring structure . this could be very beneficial in circuits where , for example , a 50 ohm input is matched to much lower impedance at very high frequencies . this also allows for the stripline component sizes ( width ) to be of the same order as that of the very small component dies that are used at microwave frequencies . fig5 ( a ) shows a conventional multi - section transformer with three different widths . each section has a permeability value that is determined by the width of the dielectric medium and each section thus has a characteristic impedance . fig5 ( b ) is a conventional waveguide with smoothly varying width , which corresponds to a smoothly varying permeability . fig5 ( c ) is a multi - section transformer according to the teachings hereof . by locally tuning the nanoparticle orientation , different sections of the composite have different permeability values μ 1 , μ 2 and μ 3 , which is equivalent to having three different characteristic impedance values . a waveguide with magnetic properties similar to that of fig5 ( b ) but with fixed width can also be fabricated by the composite and the process of the present invention . according to the embodiments , the local microstructure change is permanently maintained under normal operation conditions . with a further process , the change may be reversed . in order to reverse the change , for example re - randomize the particle orientation , simply bringing the composite to a liquefaction temperature without applying external magnetic field . ( 1 ) a transmission circuit can be made without thin wires , cables or strips . it can be composed of only plates and the composite material . if the matrix of the composite is conductive ( e . g . made with conductive polymers ), the circuit can be made with only the composite . for example , in a printed wiring board , the board can be replaced by a sheet made of the magnetic nanoparticle composite material and some or all of formerly required extra wiring can be omitted . ( 2 ) physical width of the wiring can remain the same , only material properties change underneath ( or inside ). this can be beneficial in very high frequency , low impedance circuits where physical sizes of the transmission line and the high frequency component need to match . ( 3 ) tuning of material properties of the circuit leads to reversible ways of adjusting circuitry without using adjustable components and thus enables a design - testing - tuning - retesting cycles that are very fast for designing the circuit . it is to be understood that the above - described arrangements are only illustrative of the applications of the principles of the teachings hereof . in particular , it should be understood that although transmission line embodiments have been shown , the teachings hereof are not restricted to transmission lines . the present disclosure has been disclosed in reference to specific examples . numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the teachings hereof .

7Electricity

in the figures , identical reference numerals designate identical or similar components or sets of components . fig1 shows that the packaging e according to the invention includes a wall 1 defining a volume which is substantially parallelepiped - shaped , for example , when the packaging is in a service configuration ( i . e . a configuration enabling it to be emptied or filled ). the parallelepiped - shaped volume can be obtained by folding and gluing a cutout blank 2 of semi - rigid material such as cardboard , for example ( see fig5 ). the wall 1 includes a first side 3 , a second side 5 , a third side 7 and a fourth side 9 , in succession in that order , and respectively having a first edge 11 , a second edge 13 , a third edge 15 and a fourth edge 17 defining an opening 21 , for example a rectangular opening . a first flap 23 , a second flap 25 , a third flap 27 and a fourth flap 29 are respectively articulated to each of the aforementioned edges , the first flap 23 and the third flap 27 being wide enough to overlap at least in part . according to one essential feature of the invention , a first group 31 and a second group 33 of deformation folding lines are formed on the second side 5 and the fourth side 9 of the wall 1 . the deformation folding lines are preferably formed by scoring , rows of perforations or other kinds of internal or external marking of the blank and substantially define inverted y - shapes ( when the opening 21 is at the top , i . e . as shown in fig1 ) whose branches 35 , 37 and 39 , 41 respectively extend substantially from the middles of the second edge 13 and fourth edge 17 to edges 43 , 45 and 47 , 49 respectively separating the second side 5 and the fourth side 9 from the first side 3 and the third side 7 , and whose stems 51 and 53 are in substantially median areas of the second flap 25 and the fourth flap 29 . the first flap 23 includes a tongue 55 and the third flap 27 and the third side 7 respectively include a first slot 57 and a second slot 59 , both of which slots are adapted to receive the tongue 55 . the bottom of the packaging e is closed by a fifth flap 61 , a sixth flap 63 , a seventh flap 65 and an eighth flap 67 which are glued or stapled together , for example . fig2 shows the packaging e in a first storage configuration . the first storage configuration is obtained from the previous configuration by folding the second flap 25 and the fourth flap 29 toward the interior of the packaging , folding the third flap 27 over them , and finally folding the first flap 23 over the third flap 27 and inserting the tongue 55 into the first slot 57 . fig3 shows the packaging e in an intermediate configuration preceding a second storage configuration . the intermediate configuration is obtained from the service configuration shown in fig1 by folding toward the interior of the packaging the portions 69 and 71 of the second side 5 and the fourth side 9 respectively situated between the branches 35 , 37 and 39 , 41 of the first group 31 and the second group 33 of deformation folding lines and by folding the second flap 25 and the fourth flap 29 in half around the stems 51 and 53 of the first and second groups of deformation folding lines so that the first edge 11 and the third edge 15 come into contact . fig4 shows the packaging e in its second storage configuration . the second storage configuration is obtained from the previous configuration by folding the first flap 23 , the second flap 25 , the third flap 27 and the fourth flap 29 over the third side 7 and inserting the tongue 55 into the second slot 59 . fig5 shows the blank 2 formed in a semi - rigid material such as cardboard and adapted to be folded and assembled to form the packaging e . the figure shows that the blank 2 includes a first rectangular panel 3 , a second rectangular panel 5 , a third rectangular panel 7 and a fourth rectangular panel 9 , in succession in that order , connected together by a first vertical folding line 43 , a second vertical folding line 45 and a third vertical folding line 47 . the blank 2 also includes a gluing tab 72 connected to the fourth panel 9 by a fourth folding line 49 . the blank 2 further includes a first flap 23 , a second flap 25 , a third flap 27 and a fourth flap 29 respectively connected to the first panel 3 , the second panel 5 , the third panel 7 and the fourth panel 9 by a first horizontal folding line 11 , a second horizontal folding line 13 , a third horizontal folding line 15 and a fourth horizontal folding line 17 . the blank 2 further includes a fifth flap 61 , a sixth flap 63 , a seventh flap 65 and an eighth flap 67 respectively connected to the first panel 3 , the second panel 5 , the third panel 7 and the fourth panel 9 opposite the aforementioned four flaps by a fifth horizontal folding line 81 , a sixth horizontal folding line 83 , a seventh horizontal folding line 85 and an eighth horizontal folding line 87 . the blank 2 further includes a first group 31 and a second group 33 of deformation folding lines formed on the second panel 5 and the fourth panel 9 and on the second flap 25 and the fourth flap 29 , substantially defining inverted y - shapes whose branches 35 , 37 and 39 , 41 respectively extend substantially from the middles of the second horizontal folding line 13 and the fourth horizontal folding line 17 to the first vertical folding line 43 and the second vertical folding line 45 , on the one hand , and to the third vertical folding line 47 and the fourth vertical folding line 49 , on the other hand , and whose stems 51 and 53 are in substantially median areas of the second flap 25 and the fourth flap 29 . the first flap 23 includes a tongue 55 and the third flap 27 and the third side 7 respectively include a first slot 57 and a second slot 59 adapted to receive the tongue . the first group 31 and the second group 33 of deformation folding lines are preferably formed by scoring , rows of perforations or other type of internal or external marking of the blank . how the packaging according to the invention is used and its advantages flow directly from the preceding description . to access the content of the packaging e for the first time , the conventional closure members ( not shown ) provided to make the packaging completely airtight are torn or peeled off and the first flap 23 , the second flap 25 , the third flap 27 and the fourth flap 29 are unfolded so that the packaging is in the service configuration shown in fig1 . the packaging e can be closed up again from the service configuration in two different ways . a first way is to fold the packaging e as described above into its first storage configuration , that is shown in fig2 . as anyone who eats breakfast cereal will be aware , this conventional storage configuration offers only a mediocre seal , given in particular the tendency of the first flap 23 and the third flap 27 to return to the open position because of their elasticity . the second way is to fold the packaging e as described above into its second storage configuration , which is that shown in fig4 . in this second storage configuration the first flap 1 clamps the wall 1 in a substantially airtight manner along the folding line 11 . this clamping is made possible by the first group 31 and the second group 33 of deformation folding lines . because of these lines and the relative flexibility of the material forming the wall 1 , the wall can be deformed locally from a state in which the sides 3 and 7 are parallel throughout their height to a state in which the sides are parallel only in their lower parts ( i . e . in the parts below the intersection of the branches 35 , 37 and 39 , 41 with the edges 43 , 45 and 47 , 49 ) and define a roof - shaped profile in their upper parts ( i . e . in the parts above said intersections ). when the first flap 23 , the second flap 25 , the third flap 27 and the fourth flap 29 are folded over the third side 7 of the wall 1 , the four edges 11 , 13 , 15 and 17 butt up against each other , which reinforces the clamping effect and thereby improves the seal obtained . note in particular that the second flap 25 and the fourth flap 29 prevent any ingress of air at the ends of the first edge 11 in the second storage configuration . note also that , if the contents of the packaging e are inside a flexible sachet , in the second storage configuration clamping the wall 1 can also hold the sachet in a position in which its top part is rolled up on itself , for example , which further improves the seal obtained . note also that in the second storage configuration the packaging e has a vertical overall size slightly less than that of its first storage configuration , enabling it to be stored on shelves with a relatively small distance between them , for example . note further that the locking of the opening 21 obtained when the packaging e is in its second storage configuration is significantly stronger than that obtained in its first storage configuration , and this enables the packaging to be stored on its side , for example , with no risk of its contents escaping and spilling . note further that the deformation which changes the packaging e from its service configuration to its second storage configuration is entirely reversible . what is more , the packaging tends to return spontaneously to its service configuration as soon as the first flap is raised , thanks to the elasticity of the material forming the wall 1 . this is very practical because it provides access to the contents of the packaging e with minimum manipulation . of course , the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described and shown , which is provided by way of illustrative and non - limiting example only . thus the blank for forming the packaging in accordance with the invention could be formed in a semi - rigid plastics material , for example . thus only the part of the packaging in the region of its opening could be formed in a semi - rigid material , other parts of the packaging , such as its bottom , being formed of rigid materials . thus the wall forming the packaging could have only one edge defining an opening , for example a circular or elliptical opening . thus the opening in the packaging could extend over only a portion of its top face . thus the deformation folding lines could be replaced by portions of the packaging that are easy to fold because they are more flexible than the remainder of the packaging .

8General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology

referring to fig1 a wrap - around carrier 10 comprises a top panel 12 connected along fold lines 14 to side panels 16 which generally follow the contour of tapered articles t in the carrier . for purpose of illustrating the invention , the articles t are shown as comprising tubs of the type used to contain soft food , such as pudding or margarine or the like . it can be seen that the side panels are inwardly tapered at the bottom portion of the carrier as a result of being tightly wrapped around the sloped side portions of the tubs . the side panels adjacent the bottom panel are provided with cutouts or apertures 18 through which the bottom portions of the tubs t extend . the bottom panel is formed by overlapped inner and outer bottom panel flaps 20 and 22 . the inner bottom panel flap 20 is connected to one of the side panels 16 along fold line 24 while the outer bottom panel flap 22 is connected to the other side panel 16 along fold line 26 . extending up from the bottom panel adjacent the end articles t in the adjacent rows of articles is a retainer flap 28 . the retainer flap is contoured , as described more fully below , and fits snugly between the angled bottom portions of the articles t , preventing the bottom portions from moving either toward the open end of the carrier or in a transverse direction away from the side panels 16 . as shown in fig2 wherein like reference numerals to those used in fig1 denote like elements , a blank for forming the carrier 10 comprises a substantially rectangular sheet 30 of paperboard or other suitable material having adequate flexibility and strength , with the top panel section 12 being centrally located and the other panel sections described above being successively connected along the fold lines referred to above . the inner bottom panel flap 20 incorporates the retainer flaps 28 at opposite ends as well as primary female locking openings 32 between the flaps . the outer bottom panel flap 22 includes a fold line 34 spaced from and parallel to the fold line 26 . primary locking tabs 36 are formed by slits 38 which interrupt the fold line 32 . two spaced secondary locking tabs 40 are connected to the flap 22 along fold lines 42 . the edges of the locking tabs 40 that face each other curve toward the blank and terminate adjacent the end edge of the bottom panel flap 22 in spaced shoulders 44 , while the edges of the tabs facing away from each other terminate in projections such as catch hooks or shoulders 46 . referring back to the opposite end of the blank of fig2 and to fig3 each retainer flap structure 28 is connected to the inner bottom panel flap 20 by a fold line 48 which is spaced from and substantially parallel to an end edge of the flap 20 . identical slits 50 extend transversely from the ends of the fold line 48 and connect with the ends of slit 52 , which is parallel to the fold line 48 . curved fold lines 54 extend from spaced points on the slit 52 to points on the slits 50 to form identical spaced extensions 56 of the retainer flap . the main body 57 of the retainer flap is thus connected to the bottom panel flap 20 by the fold line 48 and extends between the extensions 56 . a slit 58 extends from outside the retainer flap structure into the narrow neck of the retainer flap body between the extensions 56 and terminates in a cross slit 60 to form a t - shaped cut . the portions of the retainer flap connected to the fold line 54 and slits 58 , 60 and 52 comprise flaps or wings 61 . in addition , an s - shaped slit 62 in the bottom panel flap 20 connects with the end of the slit 58 located outside the retainer flap 28 . to form a carrier the blank 30 is wrapped around the tubs or other articles to be packaged with the inner bottom panel flap 20 folded down against the bottoms of the tubs and the outer bottom panel flap 22 folded back along fold line 34 as illustrated in fig4 . this moves the primary locking tabs 36 out of the plane of the bottom panel flap 22 . with the primary locking tabs 36 thus exposed , the outer bottom panel flap 22 is folded down about the fold line 26 and the tabs 36 are caused to enter the primary locking openings 32 of the inner bottom panel flap . the outer portion of the outer bottom panel flap is then folded down about fold line 34 and the secondary locking tabs 40 are folded down about their fold lines 42 so as to enter the slits 58 . although it is not essential that the s - shaped slits 62 be provided at the ends of the slits 58 , this structure is preferred because it enables the locking tabs 40 to readily enter the slits while providing a degree of protection against subsequent withdrawal . as can be understood from fig5 which illustrates the location of a locking tab 40 , shown in broken lines , as it is about to enter an associated slit 58 , the tabs 40 push aside the small tabs 64 formed by the s - shaped slits as the tabs 40 enter the slits 58 . then when the small tabs snap back to their original position after the shoulder 44 of the locking tabs 40 have passed , they prevent easy withdrawal of the locking tabs . it will be clear from fig5 that as the tabs 40 enter the portions of the slits 58 in the bottom panel 20 , the outer portions of the tabs engage the main retainer flap bodies 57 and pivot them into the interior of the carrier about the fold lines 48 . because the retainer flaps are located between the bottoms of the two rows of tubs , the retainer flaps are able to freely move in this manner in the space between the rows of tubs . as the main retainer flap bodies 57 pivot toward the top panel and the open ends of the carrier , the foldable extensions 56 contact the adjacent tubs and are caused to fold up about the fold lines 54 . as the retainer flap bodies move toward the adjacent open ends of the carrier the portions of the slits 58 separating the wings 61 also move closer to the ends of the carrier until a point is reached where the ends of the cross hooks 46 of the tabs 40 no longer engage the flap bodies 57 but pass through these slits . when this occurs the bias of the fold lines 48 toward their closed positions causes the flap bodies 57 to snap back toward each other , causing the edges formed by the cross slits 60 to be located beneath the hooks or projections 46 . this final condition is illustrated in fig6 which omits the tubs in order that the relationship between the retainer tab structure and the secondary locking tab 40 can more clearly be seen . it is also shown in the sectional view of fig7 and in the end view of the completed carrier of fig8 o as shown in these drawing figures , contact between the hook 46 and the edge 66 formed by the slit 60 in the flap body 57 prevents withdrawal of the tabs 40 from their locked positions . the final position of the retainer tab structure is also illustrated in fig9 which shows the bottom of the carrier of fig1 . note that the structure visible in this view is seen through the opening in the bottom panel flap 20 which has been vacated by the inward pivoting of the retainer flap structure . it is contemplated that the main retainer flap bodies may be modified as shown in fig1 , wherein the flap body 57 &# 39 ; is connected to the bottom panel flap 20 by short fold lines 48 &# 39 ; separated by a cutout in the flap body , thus forming legs 68 . this arrangement requires less force to fold the flap body into operative position and may be employed where this is a concern . it will be understood that the dimensions of the retaining flap and the location of the side extension fold lines are selected to cause the retainer flap extensions to engage and be folded against adjacent articles in the carrier . it is preferred that the wing flaps 61 be present for the extra stability and the additional support surface which they provide . it will be appreciated , however , that even if they were eliminated , so that a cutout area is provided in their place , the locking tabs 40 would still be positioned with respect to the retainer flap edge 64 so as to prevent withdrawal of the locking tabs from the retainer flaps . it can be appreciated that the article retaining means of the invention provides an effective retainer which engages substantial portions of the end tubs or other articles in a carrier which have spaced bottom portions , and does so without adding to the material cost of the carrier blank . in addition , the retaining means provides an additional mechanical lock between the flaps forming the bottom panel , thus further ensuring against the accidental escape of articles from the carrier through failure of the bottom panel . although not illustrated , it will be understood that the top panel may be provided with handle openings if desired , to facilitate lifting and carrying . while the invention has been illustrated in connection with tub - shaped articles , it may also be employed to hold articles of different shapes , including beverage bottles and cans , against outward movement in a carrier . it should now be apparent that the invention need not be limited to all the specific details described in connection with the preferred embodiments , but that changes to certain features of the preferred embodiments which do not alter the overall basic function and concept of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention , as defined in the claims .

1Performing Operations; Transporting

while this invention is being described in its preferred embodiment for a high speed motorcycle application , as one skilled in this art will appreciate this invention has application for any type of rotary motion machine where at least two bearings are required and the inner diameter of the inventive journal bearing is one working surface and the outer diameter is another working surface and where the bearing is fixed in place . suffice it to say that the journal bearing of this invention is fixed in place and one rotary member is rotary supported on the inner diameter of the bearing and another rotary member is rotary supported on the outer diameter of the bearing . it also should be understood that in the preferred embodiment one of the piston rods of the v - type of combustion engine rotates 360 degrees while the other piston rod operating in unison with the first piston rod articulates over a small angle . in another embodiment of this invention a roller bearing supported in a cage is mounted on the inner surface of the inside diameter of the journal bearing so that it rotary supports the inner rotating member . obviously , as one skilled in this art will appreciate , ball bearings can be readily substituted for the roller bearings and the bearing selection will be predicated on costs and load factors . the invention can best be understood by referring to fig1 which schematically illustrates a prior art v - type combustion engine generally illustrated by reference numeral 10 having a pair of angularly disposed cylinders 12 and 14 and pistons 16 and 18 respectively disposed therein . piston rod 20 is suitably and hingedly connected to piston 16 and piston rod 22 is suitably and hingedly connected to piston 18 in any well known manner . the remote ends of piston rods are suitably connected to a pair of fly wheels where only fly wheel 24 is shown . the other fly wheel is mounted on the opposite face of the piston rod 20 and each fly wheel is connected to the piston rod 20 and piston rod 22 via the eccentric pin or shaft crank journal 26 . as is apparent from the foregoing , the piston rods when displaced drive the fly wheel in the direction of arrow a and in turn , drive the main shaft 30 for extracting power from the engine . as this invention is merely concerned with the bearings supporting the piston rods 20 and 22 to fly wheel 24 , the description of the drive train for powering the motorcycle is omitted here from for the sake of brevity and convenience . suffice it to say that the drive wheel drives either a spoke , pulley or power gear that , in turn , drives the wheel of the motorcycle . the invention can best be seen by referring to fig2 which shows the piston rod 20 having a bifurcated end 32 including arms 34 and 36 . the journal bearing of this invention generally illustrated by reference numeral 40 comprises a cylindrical body 42 having a central through bore 44 , an outer working surface 46 on the outer diameter and an inner working surface 48 on the inner diameter . obviously , these surfaces are suitably finished as is typical in journal bearings to accommodate the rotary motion of the rotary machine . in this embodiment as best seen through fig2 through 4 , the bearing 40 is shrunk fitted into the aligned complementary bores 50 and 52 formed in arms 34 and 36 , respectively , of the bifurcated end 32 . the fit is done in a well known manner by heating the bifurcated end and shrinking the bearing 40 just prior to inserting the bearing into the central bore . the heat / cool ratio for the shrink fit is predicated on the end use of the rotary machine . obviously the respective end portions 54 and 56 are rigidly secured to the inner diameter surface of the bores 50 and 52 so that the bearing can not rotate during the entire operating envelope of the engine . the end portion 60 of male piston rod 22 includes a through bore 62 whose diameter is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the journal bearing 40 so that it can articulate about the outer surface 46 thereof . in assembling the unit the bearing 40 is first fitted into the bores of the female piston rod 20 and the male piston rod 22 is then inserted into the bifurcated portion of female piston rod 20 noting that the bore 62 aligns with the bore 44 of the bearing 40 . the now assembled male piston rod 22 , female piston rod 20 and journal bearing 40 are installed on the shaft crank journal 26 . the bearing surfaces are lubricated by feeding pressurized oil into the passage 70 , into drilled hole 72 formed in the shaft crank journal 26 and then , into a plurality of circumferentially spaced drilled holes 73 where the oil migrates to the bearing surfaces of the bifurcated portion 32 and the female piston rod 20 ( an annular space out of proportion is shown in fig3 for purposes of illustrating the bearing surface , but in actuality these surfaces are closely spaced ) where the space is sufficient to define a hydrodynamic film of oil , and the bearing surface 74 intermediate the ends of journal bearing 40 . the oil is pumped in a well known manner with commercially available equipment including a sump pump that collects and returns the spent oil to the pumping system for continuous flow of oil into and out of the bearing . it is apparent from the foregoing that the shaft crank journal 26 rotates 360 degrees around the journal bearing 40 within the central bores 50 and 52 at the speed ( rpm ) of the fly wheel being powered by the pistons of the engine and that the male piston rod 22 articulates about the outer surface portion 74 of the journal bearing 40 . in another embodiment as is exemplified by fig5 the journal bearing 40 is utilized in the same manner as the apparatus is described in connection with fig1 - 4 except in this embodiment a roller bearing generally illustrated by reference numeral 80 is inserted in the central bore 44 of journal bearing 40 . the roller bearing comprises a commercially available suitable cage 82 having the annular end members 84 and 86 and a plurality of spaced axial rods 88 , separating the rollers 90 . when this embodiment is utilized in the embodiment of fig2 the shaft crank journal 26 will fit inside of the roller bearing 80 and will be rotary supported thereby . in other words the rollers engage the surface on the inner diameter of the journal bearing and the shaft crank journal 26 . the male piston rod will be rotary supported in the same manner as was described in connection with fig2 through 4 , namely the journal bearing 40 will extend through the bores in the bifurcated section of the female piston rod and the male piston rod will be mounted over the top of the journal bearing so that the outer diameter surface of the journal bearing supports the articulating motion of the male piston rod . the shaft crank journal 26 will , obviously , be rotary supported by the rollers 90 of the roller bearing 80 . as one skilled in this art will appreciate , when designing the actual hardware of a rotary machine , the type of bearing will be predicated on the loads , speeds and cost of the component parts . however , by virtue of this invention , in one embodiment , a single bearing serves the purpose of three bearings without sacrificing function and durability , and in the other embodiment two bearings serve the same purpose of the three bearings and , again without sacrificing function and durability . by virtue of this invention the flywheel is rotary driven by the pistons in a v - shaped engine utilizing a single journal bearing 40 or a combined journal bearing and roller bearing that serve the dual function of supporting the female piston rod 20 and the male piston rod 22 and eliminating the need of three bearings that have heretofore been utilized for the same environment . in the high speed motorcycle environment the material that is preferred for the journal bearing is silicon nitride while in a lower speed motorcycle environment the material for the journal bearing can be any well known bearing material such as bronze , brass , aluminum , iron or their alloys etc . although this invention has been shown and described with respect to detailed embodiments thereof , it will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail thereof may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention .

5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting

generally , the present invention provides a method and system for collecting and analyzing system data , continuously monitoring system operation , coordinating data backup functions , and predicting future system occurrences based upon qualitative and quantitative historical analysis of system data . the present invention is utilized for numerous reasons and in numerous settings . the present invention relates to various processes that include , but are not limited to , data backup , data analysis , system monitoring , coordination of data backup media , historical analysis of system data , and any other process that relates to data backup , qualitative and quantitative historical data analysis , and continuous system monitoring . preferably though , the present invention is well suited for use with regard to a data backup and system monitoring process process , which integrates data storage and archiving , continuous system monitoring and data analysis , and predicting future system behaviors based upon quantitative and qualitative computations of historical system data . the preferred embodiment of the present invention is for use in the data backup / systems maintenance field , although the present invention is operable in fields including , but not limited to , geology , meteorology , engineering and any other fields needing the data archiving , system monitoring , and qualitative and quantitative historical data analyzing systems and methods as described herein . in particular , the present invention is well suited in fields involving rapidly changing sensitive data , fields requiring continuous system operation and continuity , and fields requiring forecasting of future system behaviors . in one of its current implementations , a backup application is storing ‘ meta data ’ ( data that describes data ) in a relational database . the term “ meta data ” in the context herein used refers to structural descriptions , stored as digital data that attempts to describe the essential properties of other discrete computer data objects . in fact , meta data can describe other meta data , and so on . it is organized and analyzed much like information in the stock market . each type of meta data is assigned a weight that defines how important it is in the evaluation and prediction of what is occurring in the backup process . once the weight is defined , mathematical formulas can be applied . an analogy drawn from the stock market is stochastic , macd , oct . 30 , 1990 ( time period ) moving averages . because the actions of a computer are much more deterministic than the stock market , related analysis provides a more accurate prediction . this enhanced predictability has been documented and used to successfully rectify a failure before it happened in a live production environment . the failing system was a windows 2000 server . other applications have been developed , and are being developed to derive even more accurate predictivity . the potential applications for this technology are significant . in a backup application , the time it takes to do each backup , the size of each backup , the number of files backed up , and the number of directories backed up are recorded . this information can then be compared on a technical , one - time basis , as well as on an historical basis . any deviation from the history stored in the system can initiate a warning or identify an error . for example , if the backup takes 15 % longer than its historical average , it can be compared to the amount of data currently being backed up . if there is an equivalent amount of data added to justify the extra time , no warning flag would occur . however , if no additional data has been added , or if even less data has been recorded the indication of potential problems would occur and preemptive action could be triggered . integrating this technology into existing firewalls also provides a significantly enhanced level of intrusion detection . for example , by monitoring the flow of traffic through a firewall and storing that information appropriately , any deviation from historical norms would immediately point to a possible attempt to breach the security of the system . in turn , a reverse firewall monitors all outbound traffic . if a system is compromised by a trojan that replicates itself via email , there would be a distinct and identifiable change from the norm . a compromised desktop system could be identified by the reverse firewall within micro - seconds , and be disconnected automatically from the network . the entire activity could be designed to take place without the intervention of a system administrator . two benefits would occur . first , the network would be protected from other potentially disastrous infections . second , the viability of the internet would be served . the savings in lost man hours has the potential to be enormous ( i . e . 500 systems × 3 hours to clean each system = 1 , 500 hours ). file storage can also be monitored . by recording who has access to what over a period of time , the behaviors of employees can be profiled . if an employee accesses new areas , the unique activity can be isolated and verified as either legitimate or not . the obvious benefit is the potential for a reduction in destructive internal activity . information lifetime management ( ilm ) has become an important initiative in the computer industry . by monitoring files that are not accessed in a pre - determined amount of time , predictive information can be gathered to identify alternative access pattern intervals . by applying a margin of error to the intervals , the information can either be retained for future access , or marked for deletion or secondary storage . also , in the event of a significant virus attack , such as the “ i love you ” virus , an email system could be enhanced with predictive properties to monitor the normal operation of events , and if the enhancement detects a significant increase in unique activity , the system can be shut down or throttled to protect the server from failure due to overload . such predictive capability would again be based on an established history of normal behavior . in all cases , the system has the ability to adapt to natural growth , with tolerances calibrated over a period of time . using historic information , the system can recalibrate the tolerances to adjust to a gradual shift , mirroring the natural growth of an organization . in some applications , the system does not need the intervention or re - configuration of a system administrator because actions can be designed to be applied by the system independently . the actions can be complex , or as simple as notifying an administrator of a requirement for consideration . the present invention generally operates through the use of a software program that allows for the continuous monitoring of a system &# 39 ; s operation , the coordination of routine data backups , and data analysis means for analyzing historical data to predict future system behaviors . the present invention is also fully customizable and thus is adaptable for a variety of system types , data types , and media types . moreover , the present invention is fully expandable for use in settings involving complex , enterprise - level systems , and large amounts of rapidly changing data . the present invention is accessible through any device possessing the appropriate hardware capable of operating the system of the present invention . appropriate devices include , but are not limited to personal computers ( pc &# 39 ; s ), portable computers , hand - held devices , wireless devices , web - based technology systems , touch screen devices , typing devices , and any other similar electronic device . the user interacts with the system using a graphical user interface ( gui ), which configures and controls the operation of the system . entry of information occurs through input devices including , but not limited to , mouse / pointing devices , keyboards , electronic pens together with handwriting recognition software , mouse devices , touch - screen devices , scanners , and any other similar electronic input devices known to those of skill in the art . the present invention works in unison with other networked devices , and also works independently on a single device . thus , wired or wireless transmission from the device to a common server is possible . the data is stored on the device itself , a local server , a central server via the internet , or a central data warehouse outside of a facility . the present invention allows for simultaneous , multiple users . the present invention is compatible with all standard networks , such as novell netware , unix nfs , microsoft windows ( smb and cifs ), etc . the present invention includes a software program for all of the functions of the data backup and system monitoring system , including arranging and organizing data backup , computing system operation data , storing system data , monitoring and analyzing collected historical system data , predicting a future system occurrence , taking the appropriate steps to notify a specified party of a future occurrence , and taking the appropriate steps to correct or prevent a future occurrence . the software program is accessible through communication systems including , but not limited to , the internet , intranet , extranet , and any other similar digital network mechanism know to those of skill in the art . additionally , the software can be interfaced and integrated with currently existing software programs involving digital data such as microsoft office , microsoft outlook , and other such business software programs , as well as existing electronic document storage systems , including databases . fig1 represents a process flow diagram of the present invention . the backup process is started ( 2 ) by the system scheduler , and the system loads all information relevant to the present backup job ( 4 ). the scheduler can be implemented as a standard ‘ vixie - cron ’ software package ( which initiates programs based on time and / or date ), or as an integrated scheduling program within the backup system . a log is created ( 6 ), which continuously logs information relating to the system &# 39 ; s operation and integrity . the log is a time - stamped record of the meta - data of the associated operation . each operation provides meta - data that is recorded with a time stamp and is inserted into a file or database to be uploaded to the central server . the system then scans the given computer system ( 8 ), taking inventory of system information such as available memory ( ram ), available hard disk space , as well as currently running programs . this information is compared ( 10 ) with archived system information , reflecting the expected values for each piece of system information ( available memory , hard disk space , etc .). any discrepancies between the current and expected system operation are recorded ( 12 ). the system then computes a value based upon the current collected system information . in doing so , the system identifies (“ qualifies ”) ( 14 ) the useful elements of the collected information , and measures (“ quantifies ”) ( 16 ) the usefulness of this identified data . alternatively , the system can be configured so that the system “ qualifies ” the relevant data , and then alerts or reports the results to a human user or administrator , who is then capable of measuring (“ quantifying ”) the value of this data . the system can also be configured to analyze any number of system or network data items ( i . e ., hard disk integrity , network flow , network integrity , etc .). this information is transmitted ( via an electronic communication interface such as the internet ) ( 18 ) to a remote monitoring system . alternatively , this process can occur locally , within the given computer , thereby negating the necessity of an electronic connection or a remote system . the transmission of this information at regular intervals ( as determined by the system administrator ) is a strong indication that the given computer is operational ( 20 ). if the remote monitoring system senses that a certain number of intervals have passed without data transmission , the remote monitoring system notifies the appropriate party ( based upon pre - determined system settings ), and / or attempts to repair the connection ( 22 ). meta - data is also transmitted and archived by a central server to perform historical analysis for predictive purposes . in the event of an interruption , the system also provides a powerful interface for viewing and sorting the collected system data . the user may view the system operation log , and can track the system &# 39 ; s performance based on the previously collected system data . this interface allows the user to pinpoint various system errors or malfunctions that may have lead to a system failure . the notification system is then initiated . fig2 represents a process flow diagram of the notification system . this system collects ( 30 ) all relevant system data , as well as any system failures / warnings , and stores and analyzes this data for further reporting process ( 32 ). if any errors are detected ( 34 ), based upon the comparison of current system values with the system &# 39 ; s historical values ( using the data qualified and quantified above ), the notification system alerts the user ( 36 ) of the discrepancy . furthermore , the system analyzes the stored historical data to identify the parameters of the system &# 39 ; s normal operating state . once enough data is collected , the system can accurately define the expected normal operating state , and can alert the user whenever the system &# 39 ; s operational data deviates from it . fig3 represents a process flow diagram of the backup / media verification system . the system computes the appropriate media to be used for the current data backup ( 50 ), and prompts the user accordingly ( 52 ). the system then retrieves the desired ( either selected automatically by the system , or manually by the user ) backup process ( 54 ) from the backup configuration information . the user inserts the appropriate storage media ( hard drive , tape drive , dvd - r , etc .) ( 56 ), and the system verifies the integrity of the inserted media ( 58 ). then , the system creates a new job log ( 60 ), which continuously logs the status and results of every step in the backup process . the system verifies that the expected and appropriate storage media is present ( 62 ). if the expected media is not present , the system sends a warning to the user not to overwrite the media . the system utilizes the collected and archived system data to calculate the way the system being analyzed will behave or respond in the future ( 64 ). the system first identifies (“ qualifies ”) important and relevant portions of the collected system and backup data and meta - data ( data recorded based on the collected system data ). this identified (“ qualified ”) data is then weighed (“ quantified ”), to determine its relative value , from the perspective of the entire system &# 39 ; s operation , or any other such value . alternatively , the system can be configured so that the system “ qualifies ” the relevant data , and then alerts or reports the results to a human user or administrator , who is then capable of measuring (“ quantifying ”) the value of this data . the data and meta - data are further analyzed from a historical perspective , comparing them quantitatively and quantitatively with previously collected system data . the results of this analysis are attributed a value , which is added to an overall system ‘ score ’ ( 66 ). if the system ‘ score ’ reaches a pre - determined point ( as determined by the user and the system ), the system alerts the user that the present computer may be unstable ( 68 ). to calculate the proper system ‘ score ,’ the system analyzes the stored historical data to identify the parameters of the system &# 39 ; s normal operating state . once enough data is collected , the system can accurately define the expected normal operating state , and can alert the user whenever the system &# 39 ; s operational data deviates from it . further deviations from the norm prompt further alerts to the user . in this fashion , even a slight deviation from a computer &# 39 ; s expected operation can help predict a system failure or malfunction . the results of this data analysis , together with the data backup itself , are stored in an intermediate storage area ( i . e ., central hard drive or other such mass storage device ) ( 70 ), and are further stored on recordable media ( i . e ., cd - rom , dvd - rom , etc .) for backup purposes ( 72 ). throughout this application , various publications , including united states patents , are referenced by author and year and patents by number . full citations for the publications are listed below . the disclosures of these publications and patents in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains . the invention has been described in an illustrative manner , and it is to be understood that the terminology , which has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation . obviously , many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings . it is , therefore , to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims , the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described .

6Physics

mune is a technology developed to evaluate neuromuscular functions . as noted above , mune automation using the traditional is method needs to address the issue of motor unit alternation . the present invention provides an automation method to estimate mun more accurately and reliably by minimizing the adverse effect of alternation based on waveforms acquired with pre - configured electrode array under controlled stimulation conditions . the methodology of the preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in fig5 . 1 . pre - configured electrode array . a surface electrode array 50 ( fig4 ) consists of pre - arranged electrodes on a single housing . the array is placed on the surface of skin of the subject according to anatomical landmarks ( e . g ., distal wrist crest 53 in fig4 ). the electrodes are used to deliver stimuli and to acquire response waveforms . the stimulator portion of the electrode comprises two or more electrodes 64 , 65 , and 66 ( fig4 ). the stimulator electrodes are placed over or near the nerve axons which are to be stimulated ( e . g ., median nerve 54 in fig4 ). the geometric relationship between stimulator electrodes are controlled , fixed and known . through electric circuit design , each electrode is connected as a cathode and one of the remaining electrodes is connected as an anode . alternatively , more than one electrode can be connected as cathode or anode . the ability to alter anode and cathode electrode connections allows a greater diversity in electric current patterns delivered to nerve axons . this diversity , combined with fine control of varying electric current intensity , provides a greater assortment of stimulated axons . as a result , a better sampling of motor units is achieved . multiple electrodes are used to acquire response waveform ( e . g ., electrodes 61 , 62 , and 63 in fig4 ). the spatial associations of the signal acquisition electrodes with respect to each other are fixed and known ( or is controlled with accuracy ). the spatial relationship of the signal acquisition electrodes with respect to stimulator electrodes is also fixed . after the application of each stimulus , more than one response waveform can be acquired through a different pairing of detection electrodes . as an example , two response waveforms may be acquired simultaneously , one from electrode pair 61 and 63 and the other from electrode pair 62 and 63 . all electrodes are insulated from each other and held on the skin with an adhesive . from the electrode array , with known and fixed geometric associations among all electrodes , stable and more certain response waveforms are acquired during each study session as well as from study to study . 2 . automated data acquisition . an electrodiagnostic device acquires motor responses via detection electrodes of the electrode array . the motor responses are evoked by the activation of the nerve axon under the stimulus electrode when a controlled electric shock is delivered to the nerve via stimulus electrodes . the motor responses ( both smup and cmap ) are acquired with adjustable analog gain so that the response range spans the dynamic range of the data acquisition system . the responses are also optionally filtered to reduce the measurement noise outside the primary energy band of the motor responses . a significant portion of motor response energy lies in the frequency range of 30 - 800 hz . to avoid aliasing , the analog response waveform is lowpass filtered and sampled at rates in excess of twice of its nyquist frequency . as an example , if the cmap is filtered with a lowpass filter of 2500 hz , the waveform is sampled at a rate at or greater than 5000 hz . the stimulation parameters may depend upon the subject demographics . for example , higher stimulus intensity is used when the subject has an above - average body mass index . the body mass index correlates with adipose tissue volume . a higher body mass index is a good predictor of a thicker layer of adipose tissue separating skin and nerve axon , and therefore a higher stimulus intensity is needed to activate the axon . the stimulation parameters depend upon the prior electrophysiological responses . for example , a stimulus response curve 102 ( fig7 ) for the nerve under study is generally available when stimuli with a gradual increase in intensity are delivered to obtain maximum cmap response . the is method operates at the threshold region 101 ( the boxed area of the stimulus response curve shown in fig7 ). using the electrode placement arrangement identical to that for acquiring maximum cmap response , the is response waveforms are acquired . the stimulation parameters are digitally controlled with finer precision ( e . g ., 0 . 1 ma increments in stimulus intensity ). more than one stimuli of the same intensity are delivered to the nerve axon in order to elicit responses from distinct motor units with overlapping activation thresholds . the control of the stimulation parameters is tightly integrated with the subsequent waveform analysis procedures . if alternation activities are detected and cannot be separated effectively from activation activities , an even finer stimulus intensity increment is used to differentiate the motor units with overlapping activation threshold . in addition to stimulus intensity 110 ( fig6 ), other controllable and adjustable parameters include duration 111 , polarity 112 , and repetition interval 113 . for example , instead of stimulus intensity adjustment , both duration and intensity are altered simultaneously to attempt to evoke different motor units . the real - time integration of response waveform analysis and data acquisition control improves the efficiency , accuracy , and reliability of the mune . i . mus activity region determination and noise estimation . the baseline and any dc offset of the acquired response waveforms are removed . the onset 49 ( fig2 ) and the duration 46 ( fig2 ) of the maximum cmap are used to determine the response activity region 47 ( fig2 ). the response activity region 47 is searched within the maximum cmap duration . in this search , the absolute deviations of the response waveforms from their median are averaged across waveforms at each time sample so as to form an activity profile . the region of the activity profile where the value exceeds the noise level defines the response activity region . segments of the response waveform falling outside the activity region are no longer considered in the mune analysis . the waveform segment outside of the maximum cmap region is used to estimate background noise . the noise power is calculated and a multiple of the noise power is then used to screen response waveforms . any waveform having a power less than this threshold is considered a null response waveform and is removed from further analysis . ii . identical waveform measure and merging . a similarity measure is used to evaluate whether the differences between two waveforms are exclusively due to noise . the measure is based on euclidian distance and is calculated as follows : the sample - by - sample difference between the two waveforms are calculated and squared ; the squared difference values are added ; and the summation is divided by the number of samples or the length of the waveform . measures based on other metrics such as mean absolute value and correlation coefficient are also possible . the similarity of a given pair of waveforms is compared with the noise threshold . a pair of waveforms is considered as having identical responses if the similarity measure is below the noise threshold . the identical waveforms are then combined to produce a single , consolidated waveform for subsequent analysis . waveform combination is done by averaging the two waveforms . consolidated waveforms have better waveform quality and reduced noise . waveform combination also improves the efficiency of alternation pattern determination process by reducing the number of waveforms to be examined . iii . waveforms sorting . the response waveforms are sorted by waveform energy and the stimulus intensity to facilitate alternation identification . i . deferment decision level . because of the possibility of alternation , morphological differences between consolidated response waveforms cannot be automatically attributed to activation of additional motor units . a decision has to be made as to whether waveform variations are due to the activation of a new motor unit or due to alternation . previously , such a decision would generally be made sequentially , based on manual examination of each pair of waveforms . in the global search method , the decision is deferred in order to assess consequence of either possibility ( new motor unit or alternation ) by considering more than two waveforms . the level of decision deferment ( i . e ., how many additional waveforms need to be considered before a decision is made ) is controlled via automation parameter settings . when the level of deferment is set at one , then the decision process utilizes step - by - step sequential manual processing . global search with a deferment level of two will determine the best path of alternation or activation based on two new response waveforms . when the level of deferment is set to be the same as the total number of acquired waveforms , the decision is made only after all possible combinations of alternation and new motor units are considered . a higher deferment level will lead to a better discrimination of alternation activities , and thus a more accurate estimate of motor unit number . however , a greater computational complexity is associated with a higher deferment level . ii . global search paths . the global search method evaluates all possible combinations of smups at a pre - set decision deferment level . the approach is illustrated with an example below ( shown in fig8 ). if the deferment level is one , a decision is made as to whether the changes in x 2 is a result of new motor unit or alternation . the scores of the two candidate paths are calculated ( see waveform scoring section ): { x 1 , x 2 − x 1 } and { x 1 , x 2 }. the path with a higher score is selected . if the path { x 1 , x 2 − x 1 } is selected , the next step is to form candidate paths that include x 3 : { x 2 − x 1 , x 3 − x 1 } ( x 3 is a result of alternation ) and { x 2 − x 1 , x 3 − x 2 } ( x 3 is a result of new activation ). the scores for the two paths are calculated and the path with a higher score is selected . if more response waveforms are available , the process is repeated for all other waveforms . the lower half of the candidate paths shown in fig8 are not considered further by the search algorithm once the boxed x 2 node is excluded from the first segment of path . if the deferment level is greater than one ( e . g ., two ), no commitment needs to be made at the x 2 level until x 3 is observed . this will allow the evaluation of all paths shown in fig8 . when candidate paths are constructed , the path { x 1 , x 2 , x 3 − x 2 } will be one of them . a score may be higher than { x 1 , x 2 − x 1 , x 3 − x 1 }, suggesting that the path with boxed nodes is a better solution . in effect , a higher deferment level allows for a global optimization solution instead of a sequence of local optimization solutions . iii . smup waveform extracting . for each search path , a set of smups are obtained , depending upon the assumption made to form that path . for example , if it was assumed that the path consists of all new motor unit activities from one node to another , the smups will be differences between successive response waveforms associated with each node ( for the most top path in fig8 ). iv . smup waveform scoring . multiple candidate paths are formed as a result of decision deferment . the candidate smup waveform set obtained from each path is scored based on ranking criteria . all candidate paths are ranked based on the scores of the candidate smup waveforms associated with the paths . the quantitative ranking criteria capture the desired features of true smups . a set of smups receive a higher score if the individual smup waveforms meet the criteria of initial negativity ( up peak followed by down peak ) and biphasic morphology . a similar onset for all smup waveforms will yield a higher score as well . in the case that two successive response waveforms are due to alternation but the path search dictates that they are considered as new motor unit activation , the candidate smup derived from the path will be the difference between the two individual motor unit responses . thus , it will likely have smaller amplitude , irregular morphology , and perhaps a delayed onset time because of the phase cancellation . consequently , the score for the candidate smup will be low and the incorrect candidate path will be penalized with a lower score . additional scoring components for candidate smup waveforms include : the offset of a smup waveform power over the average power level of all smups ; the offset of a smup waveform onset over that of the cmap ; the offset of a smup waveform duration over that of the cmap ; the offset of a smup waveform maximum negative peak location over that of the cmap ; the offset of the waveform numbers of this smup group over the total number of consolidated mu waveforms . each feature is weighted by a weighting factor that is consistent in determining its relative importance to other features . the weighting factors are based on prior data analysis , physiological factors , and other considerations . the weighted feature scores are summed for all features and all smups to form the final ranking score for a group of smups . fig9 shows two groups of smups : the left panel shows a group of smups with a lower ranking score , and the right panel shows a group of smups with a higher ranking score . ( i ) mus alternation equation . as an example , a frequently observed alternation pattern is shown in table 1 where two motor units ( mu 3 and mu 4 ) alternate before both of them are activated together . the first column is the recording waveforms , and the second column describes the individual mus included in these recordings . direct subtraction of the mus responses would result in creating three motor units : mu 3 = x 1 − x 0 , mu 4 a = x 2 − x 1 = mu 4 − mu 3 , and mu 5 = x 3 − x 2 = mu 3 . as a result , mu 4 a will be an under - estimation of mu 4 , leading to an over - estimation of mune . to identify the alternation patterns , one first removes the common component x 0 ( mu 1 + mu 2 ) to obtain residuals r i = x i − x 0 , i = 1 , 2 , 3 . the residuals r i , i = 1 , 2 , 3 and their mus are listed in the third and fourth columns of table 1 , respectively . these residuals satisfy the following alternation equation : the above equation condition indicates that alternations are present in the recording waveforms x 1 and x 2 . subsequently , x 2 − x 1 is not a true smup . instead , the components r 1 and r 2 are considered as potential motor units for further evaluation . in general , for a set of consolidated recording waveforms x 0 , x 1 , . . . x l , ∀ l ≧ 3 , one needs to remove the common component x 0 to obtain residual signals r i = x i − x 0 ≠ φ , i = 1 , . . . , l , ∀ l ≧ 3 . if the residual components r i satisfy the alternation equation : ∑ r i i ∈ j , j ≠ i , j ∈ [ 1 , … ⁢ , l ] = r j , ( 1 ) ( here index set j is a subset of [ 1 , 2 , . . . , l ]), then these components r i , iεj , are candidates to be assessed as alternating motor units . direct subtraction between their original waveforms x i , iεj should be avoided . a . potential smups extracting . the flow chart in fig1 describes the methods of extracting potential smups by using alternation equations . in this step , all the consolidated mu response waveforms x i , are re - arranged at different positions according to their power . the large power waveforms are placed on high positions . the base waveform ( aforementioned common components among the mu responses ) is first considered as a null signal , and then each of the mu response waveforms x i is tested once as a base waveform . at each determined base waveform position , the residual components r i , are obtained by subtracting the base waveform from all those mu response waveforms which are at a higher position than that of this base waveform . this set of residual waveforms is checked using alternation equations ( 1 ). the residual waveforms that satisfy an “ alternation equation ” are identified and recorded . this procedure is repeated until all the mu response waveforms have been used as the base waveforms . those residual components of r i satisfying alternation equations indicate a fact that their corresponding original mu waveforms x i are alternating mu response waveforms . all of the alternating waveforms that have an overlap range form an alternation range . the recording waveforms from a muscle group may contain many alternation ranges . in any particular alternation range , the smaller residual waveforms on the left side of the alternation equations ( 1 ) are taken as potential smups . beyond the alternation ranges , the potential smups are extracted using traditional is method , i . e ., a potential smup is extracted by directly subtracting an mu waveform from another mu waveform that is one position above . the procedure discussed above can be further explained using the following example . table 2 shows a case involving 5 alternating motor units : mu 1 - mu 5 . the first column lists the recording mu response waveforms x i . the first ( i . e ., lowest ) waveform x 0 has the least power , and the last ( i . e ., highest ) waveform x 9 has the largest power . the second column describes their corresponding motor unit components . while waveform x 0 is determined as the base waveform , the residual waveforms are obtained by subtracting the base waveform x 0 from all the higher position waveforms from x 1 to x 9 . the resulting residual waveforms r i , i = 1 , . . . , 9 , and their corresponding components , are listed in the third column and fourth column , respectively . those residual waveforms only presenting on the left side of the above equations are extracted as potential smups . accordingly , they are : r 1 ( mu 1 ), r 2 ( mu 2 ), r 3 ( mu 3 ), and r 4 ( mu 4 ). the residual waveform r 5 ( mu 1 + mu 2 ) appears on both sides of the equations , thus it cannot be a smup . these five alternation equations relate to seven response waveforms from x 1 to x 6 , and x 8 . these seven mu response waveforms form an alternation range including waveforms from x 1 to x 8 . beyond this range , only one recording waveform exists , which is x 9 . within this alternation range , the direct subtraction among the alternating waveforms from x 1 to x 8 is avoided . beyond this alternation range , traditional is method is used . that is , the waveforms sequential subtraction result is taken as potential smups , which result in x 9 − x 8 ( mu 3 + mu 5 − mu 2 ). b . smups validation . the flow chart in fig1 describes the methods of smup validation by using self - check method . this process is explained as follows . the aforementioned smup search process has extracted a group of potential smups , and they are r 1 ( mu 1 ), r 2 ( mu 2 ), r 3 ( mu 3 ), r 4 ( mu 4 ), and x 9 − x 8 ( mu 3 + mu 5 − mu 2 ). these potential smups do not include all the true motor units ( mu 5 is missed ), and also contain potential smups that are not true motor units ( x 9 − x 8 is not a correct one ). to validate the potential smups , firstly , identical waveforms or any composite smup waveforms ( combinations of other smups ) are identified and removed from this potential smup group . in the above example , none of candidate waveforms are removed . the potential smups are r 1 ( mu 1 ), r 2 ( mu 2 ), r 3 ( mu 3 ), r 4 ( mu 4 ), and x 9 − x 8 ( mu 3 + mu 5 − mu 2 ). secondly , a self - check method is provided . that is , if the potential smup combinations with the original base waveform x 0 are used to compare with the recording waveforms x 1 , at least one subset of potential smups must exist and their summation matches a given recording waveform . otherwise , the recording waveform without a match must have a new smup component . in table 2 , a self - check can identify waveform x 7 does not meet the matching criteria . thus , it must contain new potential smups . then , the mis - matched waveforms are used to obtain additional smups . the mismatched waveform subtracts lower level waveforms sequentially to obtain new residual waveforms . if a newly obtained residual waveform can be combined with existing smup candidates to match two or more recording waveforms , the new residual waveform is added to the potential smup pool . as noted above , waveform x 7 is a mis - matched waveform . new residual waveforms are formed by subtracting lower position waveforms from waveform × 7 . two residual waveforms x 7 − x 5 ( mu 5 ) and x 7 − x 2 ( mu 1 + mu 5 ) meet the matching criteria twice for waveform x 7 and x 9 . thus , they are added to the potential smup pool . now , the potential smups group consists of r 1 ( mu 1 ), r 2 ( mu 2 ), r 3 ( mu 3 ), r 4 ( mu 4 ), x 9 − x 8 ( mu 3 + mu 5 − mu 2 ), and new potential smups x 7 − x 5 ( mu 5 ) and x 7 − x 2 ( mu 1 + mu 5 ). after this self - check process , identical waveforms and composite smup waveforms are detected and removed . in this example , x 7 − x 2 ( mu 1 + mu 5 ) is the combination of r i ( mu 1 ) and x 7 − x 5 ( mu 5 ), and thus removed . the final selection is a set of smups from the potential smup group that has a minimum number of smups , but matches all the consolidated mus responses . this last step can exclude incorrect waveforms x 9 − x 8 ( mu 3 + mu 5 − mu 2 ), and keep the true motor units which are r 1 ( mu 1 ), r 2 ( mu 2 ), r 3 ( mu 3 ), r 4 ( mu 4 ), and x 7 − x 5 ( mu 5 ) 6 . motor unit number estimation . mune is used to estimate the number of smup waveforms that will take to match the maximum cmap waveform . each smup is from an individual motor unit and the maximum cmap is the result of all motor units in the muscle group . a specific feature of the waveform is used for matching waveforms instead of the total waveform morphology . for example , if the peak - to - base amplitude of a smup is 20 uv and the amplitude for cmap is 5 mv , then the number of smup waveforms needed to match the cmap is 250 . commonly - used measures for waveform size are peak - to - base amplitude , peak - to - peak amplitude , and peak area of smup and cmap waveforms . the smup waveforms extracted from response waveforms do not have the same morphology and the size feature from each smup waveform is also different . different methods are used to obtain the average smup feature : calculating the features of each smup waveform , and then average individual features ; averaging all the smup waveforms , and then calculating the feature of the averaged smup ; calculating the size feature of the largest response waveform with a known number of motor units , and then normalizing the value of the feature by the number of motor units . global search method provides multiple sets of smups . each set of smups will lead to an estimate of mun . in addition to the mean estimate of mun , the variance of the estimates is also calculated to describe the variations of the mun estimates . a smaller variance gives a higher confidence of the robustness of the estimates . thus it will be seen that this invention describes methods and apparatus for estimating motor unit number of a muscle group . a pre - configured electrode array is used to acquire more stable and more certain response waveforms . based on intermediate waveform processing results , the experimental condition is dynamically adjusted through digitally controlled stimulation and acquisition setup for fast and repeatable motor unit number estimation . an automation algorithm enhances the response waveform quality ; determines the optimal solutions for alternation and activation patterns of the response waveforms ; derives individual single motor unit potentials ; calculates waveform features useful for motor unit number estimation ; and reports an estimated value of motor unit number as well as the confidence level of the estimation . it will be appreciated that still further embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure . it is to be understood that the present invention is by no means limited to the particular constructions and method steps herein disclosed and / or shown in the drawings , but also comprises any modifications or equivalents within the scope of the invention .

0Human Necessities

referring now to fig1 , 2 and 3 , a tag body 20 is illustrated having a first half 22 and a second half 24 . first and second halves 22 and 24 are preferably made of a hard or rigid material and are adapted to attach to one another and form a front end 21 and a rear end 23 . a usable rigid or hard material might be a hard plastic such as , for purposes of illustration but not limitation , an injection molded abs plastic or like material . second half 24 has a peripheral wall 26 extending inwardly from an inner surface 28 a of second half 24 and securely engaging — along a substantial portion of the periphery thereof — first half 22 . peripheral outer wall 26 of tag 20 encloses the tag body except for the front end 21 . if plastic or like material is used for the body of tag 20 , the mating of peripheral wall 26 to first half 22 can be accomplished via an ultrasonic weld or like joining mechanism . however , it is to be understood that other joining methods , such as adhesives for example , may also be used . inner surface 28 b of first half 22 and inner surface 28 a of second half 24 create a cavity 30 within which a marker 32 is enclosed . marker 32 may be an electronic article surveillance (“ eas ”) device or any electronic means of monitoring an article to which it is attached . conventional eas devices or tags include a resonator that , when activated , causes an alarm to sound when the eas tag is brought within operative proximity of detection apparatus ( which is typically located at the exit of a store ). marker 32 may also be a radio - frequency (“ rfid ”) device . rfid is a generic term for technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify objects such as tagged products . there are several conventional methods of identifying objects using rfid , the most common of which is to store a serial number ( and other information if desired ) that identifies the object on a microchip that is attached to an antenna . the chip and the antenna , together with any supporting substrate , herein are called an rfid device or an rfid tag . the antenna enables the chip to transmit the identification information to a reader . the reader converts the radio waves from the rfid device into a form that can then be utilized by a computer and read by a user . marker 32 may also be any transponder or a combination of both an eas and rfid device , and can also incorporate any later developed technology to track inventory or surveil articles . marker 32 is adapted to operate along the lines of a frequency modulated ( fm ) radio and also amplitude modulated ( am ) radio signals . a chamber 34 — defined between first half 22 and second half 24 — securely maintains an attaching member 36 therein in a swiveling or rotating manner . chamber 34 is created by a first protrusion 38 extending outwardly from first half 22 and a second protrusion 40 extending outwardly from second half 24 . in one preferred embodiment , chamber 34 is located proximal to front end 21 of tag body 20 . first protrusion 38 and second protrusion 40 have an inwardly extending lip 44 such that lip 44 defines an opening 42 . inner surface of first protrusion 38 and second protrusion 40 are substantially concave and form a substantially cylindrical chamber 34 when the tag body is attached . although a cylindrical embodiment is herein presented , it is to be understood that attaching member 36 and chamber 34 may be substantially spherical , or any other appropriate shape that would allow the swiveling of attaching member 36 within chamber 34 . in fact , attaching member 36 may take any shape that does not prevent it from being moveably maintained within chamber 34 . and , as a further example , attaching member 36 may be substantially conical . now also referring to fig5 through 9 , an engaging element 46 has a first end 48 and a second end 50 , at points distal to one another , and a middle region 52 therebetween . engaging element 46 may be a lanyard preferably formed of stainless steel cable or like material that is flexible yet strong . a first catch 54 is attached to first end 48 and a second catch 56 is attached to second end 56 and are preferably cylindrical in shape . first catch 54 and second catch 56 may be formed by crimping a metal element onto first end 48 and second end 50 , respectively , or by soldering thereon . in addition , first and second catches 54 and 56 may also preferably be formed by crimp splices . in one preferred embodiment , first catch 54 has a smaller diameter than second catch 56 such that first catch 54 can pass through a first aperture 58 defined through attaching member 36 , as defined below in greater detail . attaching member 36 is substantially cylindrically shaped having a leading end 60 and a trailing end 62 . in one preferred embodiment , leading end 60 has a smaller diameter than trailing end 62 such that a peripherally extending ridge 64 is formed at the transition between leading end 60 and trailing end 62 . ridge 64 is engaged by lip 44 of tag body 20 in a swiveling yet secure manner such that leading end 60 is substantially flush with front end 21 when assembled . first aperture 58 is defined by the attaching member and traverses from leading end 60 to trailing end 62 . first catch 54 is fed through aperture 58 from trailing end 62 such that first catch 54 emanates from leading end 60 . however , as a result of the larger diameter of second catch 56 , it cannot pass through the aperture 58 and is securely maintained within attaching member 36 . a second aperture 66 is also defined by and extends from leading end 60 to trailing end 62 of attaching member 36 . first end 48 of engaging element 46 is passed through an article to be monitored and first catch 54 is inserted into second aperture 66 and is securely therein via an attaching mechanism 68 . in such a state , the article to be monitored is maintained within a loop formed by engaging element 46 . furthermore , in said state , an unscrupulous individual will not be able to insert a screw driver or similar tool within the loop and turn the same into a tightening helical form in an attempt to break the engaging element 46 or cause failure of the tag body 20 . attempts to turn the screw driver in order to twist the engaging element 46 upon itself will not be successful because it will result in the swiveling of the attaching member 36 within tag body 20 . attaching mechanism 68 is comprised of a cap 70 , a biasing member 72 , and a ball 74 . ball 74 is larger in diameter than second aperture 66 and cannot travel therethrough . cap 70 is substantially disc shaped and is adapted to be received on trailing end 62 of attaching member 36 . cap 70 has an elevated region 76 — that is substantially shaped like a right triangle — extending inwardly therefrom . cap 70 also has a first hole 78 and a second hole 80 defined through the disc region thereof . first hole 78 and second hole 80 have the same size as and are axially aligned with first aperture 58 and second aperture 66 , respectively . elevated region 76 has a first side 82 that is inclined and is similar to a hypotenuse of a right triangle , a second side 84 extends downwardly from a top portion 86 of first side 82 in a substantially perpendicular manner to disc region of cap 70 . a third side 88 is defined on said flat region of the cap 70 and forms the final side of the triangular elevated region 76 and attaches to a bottom portion 90 of first side 82 . bottom portion 90 is distal to top portion 86 of first side 82 . a base 92 emanates vertically from disc region of cap 70 at bottom portion 90 of first side 82 . base 92 is adapted to receive one end of biasing member 72 thereon such that biasing member 72 is maintained in parallel alignment with and rests on top of first side 82 . the other end of biasing member 72 rests proximal to top portion 86 of first side 82 . in one preferred embodiment , first side 82 and second side 84 have an axially extending concavity along the lengths thereof such that a first channel 94 is defined along first side 82 and a second channel 96 is defined along second side 84 . biasing member 72 and ball 74 are adapted to travel on top of the side rail like structures created by first channel 94 without falling into second channel 96 . now referring more particularly to fig7 , a crevice 98 is formed within attaching member 36 from trailing end 62 thereof , the apex of crevice 98 communicating with second aperture 66 . a first wall 100 and a second wall 102 oppose one another , with first wall 100 being angled such that it is in parallel alignment with first side 82 and first wall 100 culminating at second aperture 66 . second wall 102 being vertically aligned such that it is in substantial parallel alignment with second side 84 , and second wall 102 culminating at second aperture 66 at one end and at second hole 80 at another end . when attaching mechanism 68 is inserted into crevice 98 of attaching member 36 , ball 74 is maintained at top portion 86 of first side 82 by the application of force from biasing member 72 thereto . ball 74 and biasing member 72 are moveably maintained between first side 82 and first wall 100 and maintained within first channel 94 . now referring more particularly to fig9 , when first catch 54 is inserted into second aperture 66 , it pushes ball 74 toward biasing member 72 , whereby biasing member 72 is compressed and ball 66 moves away from top portion 86 and toward base 92 . first catch 54 travels into second channel 96 defined between second wall 102 and second side 84 . when first catch 54 is inserted up to a predetermined length such that first end 48 is proximal to ball 74 , biasing member 72 expands and forces ball 74 toward top portion 86 and second aperture 66 thereby occluding second aperture 66 and preventing withdrawal of first catch 54 . a loop is thereby formed by engaging element 46 such that an article to be monitored can securely be maintained therein . it is to be understood that while a ball mechanism is illustrated herein , other attaching mechanisms known in the art may be substituted therefor without departing from the essence of the invention . in a single use theft deterrent device , the authorized user is provided with a cutting tool that is capable of cutting engaging element 46 from the article that is enclosed within the loop . while the above description contains many specificities , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as an exemplification of preferred embodiments thereof . many other variations are possible without departing from the essential spirit of this invention . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents .

6Physics

in the following , the embodiments of the present invention are described in detail in reference to the drawings . here , the same symbols are attached to parts having the same functions throughout all the drawings illustrating the embodiments , and repeated descriptions are omitted . fig1 is a cross sectional diagram schematically showing a main portion of the cross sectional structure of one subpixel of the semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device according to an embodiment of the present invention . fig2 is a plan diagram showing the electrode structure of the semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device according to an embodiment of the present invention . here , fig1 is a cross sectional diagram showing the cross sectional structure along line a - a ′ of fig2 . in the semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment , a first substrate ( sub 1 ) and a second substrate ( sub 2 ) are provided so as to sandwich a liquid crystal layer ( lc ). in the semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment , the main surface side of the second substrate ( sub 2 ) is a viewed side . as shown in fig1 , a scanning line ( which is also referred to as gate line ) ( gl ) or a reflection layer ( ral ), an interlayer insulating film ( pas 3 ), a video line ( which is also referred to as source line or drain line , not shown ) ( dl ) or a thin film transistor ( tft ), an interlayer insulating film ( pas 2 ), a facing electrode ( which is also referred to as common electrode ) ( ct ), an interlayer insulating film ( pas 1 ), a pixel electrode ( px ) and an orientation film ( al 1 ) are formed on the liquid crystal layer side of the first substrate ( which is also referred to as tft substrate ) ( sub 1 ) sequentially from the first substrate ( sub 1 ) to the liquid crystal layer ( lc ). here , a polarization plate ( pol 1 ) is formed on the outside of the first substrate ( sub 1 ). in addition , the reflection layer ( ral ) is connected to the facing electrode ( ct ), and the same drive voltage as that for the facing electrode ( ct ) is supplied to the reflection layer ( ral ). here , the reflection layer ( ral ) may be a diffuse reflection layer where unevenness is created on the surface . a light shielding film ( bm ), an orientation film ( al ) for orienting an incorporated phase difference film , the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ), a color filter for red , green and blue ( cf ), a flattened film ( oc ), a step forming layer ( mr ) and an orientation film ( al 2 ) are formed on the liquid crystal layer side of a second substrate ( which is also referred to as color filter substrate ) ( sub 2 ) sequentially from the second substrate ( sub 2 ) to the liquid crystal layer ( lc ). here , a polarization plate ( pol 2 ) is formed on the outside of the second substrate ( sub 2 ). in addition , as shown in fig2 , the facing electrode ( ct ) is formed in plane form , and the pixel electrode ( px ) is a comb shaped electrode having a number of linear electrodes . in general , the pixel electrode ( px ) and the facing electrode ( ct ) are formed of a transparent conductive film , such as of ito ( indium tin oxide ), or the like . furthermore , the pixel electrode ( px ) and the facing electrode ( ct ) overlap via the interlayer insulating film ( pas 1 ), and as a result , a capacitor is formed . here , the interlayer insulating film ( pas 1 ) is not limited to being one layer , but may be of two or more layers . here , as shown in fig2 , one subpixel is formed within a rectangular region surrounded scanning lines ( gl ) and video lines ( dl ). light is shielded by the light shielding film ( bm ) formed on the second substrate ( sub 2 ) side in the region where this one subpixel is formed , and therefore , the region ( pt ) which functions as the region where one subpixel is substantially formed is the opening of the light shielding film ( bm ). in addition , fig2 shows the reflection layer ( ral ) with broken lines . in the present embodiment , the reflection layer ( ral ) is formed on the first substrate ( sub 1 ) side . the region where this reflection layer ( ral ) is formed is a reflection portion 31 , and light entering through the second substrate ( sub 2 ) side is reflected from the reflection layer ( ral ) in the reflection portion 31 . in addition , the region where the reflection layer ( ral ) is not formed is a transmission portion 30 , and illumination light from a backlight arranged on the rear side of the first substrate ( sub 1 ) passes through the transmission portion 30 and is emitted through the main surface side of the second substrate ( sub 2 ). the reflection layer ( ral ) may be a metal film , such as of aluminum ( al ), or may have a two - layer structure of molybdenum ( mo ) in the lower layer and aluminum ( al ) in the upper layer . in the semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment , the linear pixel electrode ( px ) and the facing electrode in plane form ( ct ) are layered on top of each other via the interlayer insulating film ( pas 1 ) so that lines of electric force in arch form formed between the pixel electrode ( px ) and the facing electrode ( ct ) are distributed so as to penetrate through the liquid crystal layer ( lc ), and thus , the orientation of the liquid crystal layer ( lc ) is changed . in the present embodiment , the gap between the first substrate ( sub 1 ) and the second substrate ( sub 2 ) is set to a predetermined length by the spacer in columnar form ( spa ), and the length of the gap between cells in the reflection portion 31 is set at approximately half of the length of the gap between cells in the transmission portion 30 due to the step forming layer ( mr ). this is because light passes through the reflection portion 31 twice , traveling forward and then backwards , and the light path length should be the same in the transmission portion 30 and the reflection portion 31 . the brightness and darkness of light are displayed using the birefringence of the liquid crystal layer ( lc ) in the transmission portion 30 , while the brightness and darkness of light are displayed using the birefringence of the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) and the liquid crystal layer ( lc ) arranged inside the liquid crystal display panel in the reflection portion . fig3 is a diagram illustrating a manufacturing method for the second substrate ( sub 2 ) shown in fig1 . in the present embodiment , the second substrate ( sub 2 ) shown in fig1 is formed in accordance with the following method , for example . as shown in fig3 ( a ), a light shielding film ( bm ) is formed on the second substrate ( sub 2 ). this light shielding film ( bm ) is formed using a publicly known photoetching technique , for example . next , an orientation film ( al ) for an incorporated phase difference film is formed on this light shielding film ( bm ), and an orientation process is carried out on this orientation film ( al ) in accordance with a rubbing method . here , the orientation film ( al ) has a function of determining the direction of the late phase axis of the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ). next , a phase difference resist ( for example , an organic solvent including a liquid crystal having a photoreactive acryl group at a terminal of the molecule and a reaction initiator ) is applied onto the orientation film ( al ), and the organic solvent is removed through heating . at this point in time , the photoreactive liquid crystal is oriented in the direction of the orientation process for the orientation film ( al ). next , the acryl group is photopolymerized through irradiation with ultraviolet rays 10 via the photomask 11 so that the portion irradiated with ultraviolet rays 10 is cured . next , the unexposed portion which is not irradiated with ultraviolet rays 10 is eluded in an organic solvent for development , and thus , as shown in fig3 ( b ), an incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) patterned in the same manner as the reflection portion 31 is formed . subsequently , a color filter ( cf ), a flattened film ( oc ), a step forming layer ( mr ), a spacer in columnar form ( spa ) and an orientation film ( al 2 ) are formed . here , the flattened film ( oc ), the step forming layer ( mr ) and the spacer in columnar form ( spa ) may not be formed if unnecessary . fig4 is a diagram showing the light shielding film ( bm ) of the semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment , and fig5 is a diagram showing the light shielding film ( bm ) of the conventional semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device described in the above patent document 1 . here , in fig4 and 5 as well as the below described fig6 , the regions ( pt ) which function as the region where one subpixel is substantially formed are shown with thick lines , and furthermore , the incorporated phase difference films ( ret ) are shown with broken lines . as shown in fig5 , in the conventional semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device , the light shielding film ( bm ) is formed so as to surround one subpixel , but no light shielding film ( bm ) is formed in the border portion between the transmission portion 30 and the reflection portion 31 . in contrast , in the semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment , the light shielding film ( bm ) is formed so as to surround one subpixel , and at the same time , the light shielding film ( bm ) is formed in the border portion between the transmission portion 30 and the reflection portion 31 . that is to say , according to the present embodiment , the light shielding film ( bm ) is in a pattern having a portion which only surrounds the reflection portion 31 , and thus , a resist film for an incorporated phase difference film having no gap can be formed , and therefore , the effects of repelling of the film can be reduced while the film is surrounded by the light shielding film ( bm ) even when repelling of the film occurs so that the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) does not flow out into the transmission portion 30 , and the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) can be formed inside the reflection portion 31 without fail . here , as shown in fig4 ( b ), it is not necessary to form a light shielding film ( bm ) in the border between the reflection portion 31 and the reflection portion 31 between two subpixels adjacent to each other . here , as shown in fig4 ( b ), it is necessary to surround the reflection portion 31 in the outermost portion . here , as shown in fig6 , the light shielding film ( bm ) may be formed only around the reflection portion 31 . in this case , the amount of transmitted light from the backlight , which is shielded by the light shielding film ( bm ), can be increased , and therefore , it becomes possible to increase the brightness of the liquid crystal display panel . in addition , in the same manner as in fig4 ( b ), it is not necessary to form the light shielding film ( bm ) in the border between the reflection portion 31 and the reflection portion 31 between two subpixels adjacent to each other , as shown in fig6 ( b ). here , as shown in fig6 ( b ), it is necessary to surround the reflection portion 31 in the outermost portion . in addition , the orientation film ( al ) for an incorporated phase difference film may be formed only in the region where the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) is formed . in addition to the above described effects , it is possible to gain resistance to corrosion of the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) as well as coloring and decomposing prevention effects of the orientation film through irradiation with uv or duv during the process for exposure to uv or duv when the spacer in columnar form ( spa ) is formed , for example , by using an already existing film , since in the present embodiment , the orientation film ( al ) for orienting an incorporated phase difference film and the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) are formed after the formation of the light shielding film ( bm ) on the second substrate ( sub 2 ), and top of this , the color filter ( cf ) and the flattened film ( oc ) are formed . as described above , in the present embodiment , the color filter ( cf ) and the flattened film ( oc ) can also be used as a protective transparent resin film for protecting the incorporated phase difference film , and therefore , the protective transparent resin film becomes unnecessary , and furthermore , it is possible to form the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) without changing the conventional process for patterning through development . in addition , the color filter ( cf ) and the flattened film ( oc ) are formed on top of the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ), and therefore , the flatness of the base on which the step forming layer ( mr ) is formed can be increased , and the control of the film thickness of the step forming layer ( mr ) becomes easy , and thus , it becomes easy to adjust the length of the gap between the transmission portion 30 and the reflection portion 31 . furthermore , a sequence of processes for forming the incorporated phase difference film ( ret ) is arranged after the process for forming the light shielding film ( bm ), and thus , it becomes possible to prevent the yield from lowering due to factors caused in the process , such as the flatness of the base on which the step forming layer ( mr ) is formed and a foreign substance . moreover , the light shielding film ( bm ) is patterned so as to have a portion which surrounds only the reflection portion 31 , and thus , a resist film for an incorporated phase difference film without a gap can be formed so that it becomes possible to reduce the effects of repelling of the film . here , though an embodiment where the present invention is applied to a semi - transmission type liquid crystal display having an ips system is described in the above , the present invention is not limited to this and can be applied to a semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device having an ecb system and a semi - transmission type liquid crystal display device having a va system , for example . in these cases , the facing electrode ( ct ) is formed on the second substrate ( sub 2 ) side instead of on the first substrate ( sub 1 ) side . though the invention made by the present inventor is described concretely on the basis of the above described embodiments , the invention is not limited to the above described embodiments and can , of course , be modified variously within the scope of not deviating from the gist of the invention .

6Physics

for the manipulation of dna , standard methods are used such as are described by maniatis et al . ( 1982 ) in molecular cloning , ( cold spring harbor laboratory , cold spring harbor , n . y . 11724 ). the molecular biological reagents used are employed according to the instructions of the manufacturer . the structural gene of α - glucosidase pi ( fig1 ) from bakers &# 39 ; yeast is constructed via an adaptor ( correct binding between promotor and n - terminus ) and two α - glucosidase - coding dna fragments of the plasmid yrp / glucpi , dsm 4173p ( fig2 ). the 3 ′- untranslated region of the α - glucosidase from yeast is removed up to 25 bp . for this purpose , the plasmid yrp / glucpi is digested with ecori and bcli and the bcli / ecori fragment ( 1 . 7 kb ), as well as the ecori fragment ( about 0 . 3 kb ), isolated . the ecori fragment is post - cleaved with fnudii and the ecori / fnudii fragment ( 0 . 13 kb ) isolated . the vector pkk177 - 3 dsm 3062 , is cleaved with ecori and smai . into the resulting vector fragment ( 2 . 85 kb ) the bcli / ecori fragment the ecori / fnudii fragment , as well as the synthetic dna fragment the desired construction was identified and isolated on 5 - bromo - 4 - chloroindolyl - α - d - glucopyranoside indicator plates α - xgl , 40 mg / liter ) and 1 mm iptg on the basis of low α - glucosidase activity in ed82 - i q . the correct construction of the α - glucpi gene is confirmed by restriction analysis . the plasmid has the designation pkk177 - 3 / glucpi . the host strain ed82 - i q has no α - glucosidase activity under the test conditions . expression of yeast α - glucosidase pi in escherichia coli under standard conditions for the heterologous expression of α - glucosidase pi from yeast , there was used the escherichia coli k - 12 strain ed82 - i q which contains the vector pkk177 - 3 / glucpi . the experiments were carried out in roller cultures ( 20 ml reagent glass with 5 ml of medium ) in lb medium ( maniatis et al ., molecular cloning , cold spring harbor laboratory , 1982 ) with 40mg / liter of ampicillin at 37 ° c . the cultures were inoculated with 50 μl of overnight culture and , upon achieving a cell density of od 550 of from 0 . 5 to 0 . 6 , were induced with 5 mm iptg ( end - concentration ). after 2 to 3 hours 0 , 5 ml culture samples were harvested , the cell pellets washed with 10 mm phosphate buffer ph 6 . 8 and immediately frozen . frozen all pellets were resuspended in 0 . 25 ml 10 mm phosphate buffer ph 6 . 8 with 1 mm edta and disrupted by sonification . after centrifugation soluble active α - glucosidase was assayed in the supernatant in 0 . 1 m phosphate buffer ph 6 . 8 at 25 ° c . with 2mm p - nitrophenyl - α - d - glucopyranoside ( pnpg ) as substrat . for the calculation of spezific activities the protein was estimated according to the micro - biuret method ( zamenhof , methods enzymol . 696 - 704 / 1957 ) with bovine serum albumin as a standard . specific activities are expressed as nanomoles of substrate hydrolyzed per minute per milligram of protein . the β - galactosidase was determined analogously using 2 - nitrophenyl - β - d - galactopyranoside as substrate instead of pnpg . the chromosomally coded β - galactosidase in ed82 - i q served for the control of the course of induction of the lac operon . a ) dependency of the yield of active protein ( α - glucosidase pi and β - galactosidase ) depending upon the period of induction and upon the iptg inducer concentration . working was carried out as described in example 2 , the inducer concentration ( iptg ) and the period of culturing thereby being varied . the results obtained are shown in the following table i . the results show that the specific activity of the β - galactosidase ( internal control ) continuously increases with increasing inducer concentration and increasing period of induction . in contradistinction to β - galactosidase , the specific activity of the β - glucosidase achieves a maximum at a concentration of 0 . 01 mm of iptg . b ) dependency of the yield of active protein ( α - glucosidase and β - galactosidase ) upon the lactose inducer concentration working was carried out as described in example 2 , the inducer concentration ( lactose ) thereby being varied . the results obtained are shown in the following table ii . the results show that the β - galactosidase is fully induced ( internal control ) by a lactose concentration of 2 %. in contradistinction thereto , in the case of the same inducer concentration , the α - glucosidase only achieves a specific activity of 5 % of the maximum achievable specific enzyme activity . dependency of the yield of active protein ( α - glucosidase and β - galactosidase ) on the ph value and upon the concentration of inducer iptg working was carried out as described in example 2 , the ph value at the time of induction being adjusted by the addition of tris - hcl or phosphate buffer ( end concentration 0 . 1 m ) and an inducer concentration of 0 . 01 mm iptg ( table iiia ) and 0 . 5 % lactose ( table iiib ) being used . the results obtained are given in the following tables iiia and iiib . it can be seen that at the ph range optimal for culturing escherichia coli ( 7 . 0 to 7 . 5 ), there is surprisingly obtained the lowest yield of active protein . the optimum ranges are from 4 . 8 to 5 . 6 , as well as from 7 . 5 to 8 . 5 . furthermore , the enzyme activity is increased by a factor of 8 in comparison with the sole induction with lactose ( 0 . 5 %). ( table ii , line 4 , compared with table iiib ), line 5 ). dependency of the yield of active protein ( α - glucosidase and β - galactosidase ) upon the culturing temperature working was carried out as described in example 2 , the temperature and the inducer iptg ( 0 . 01 mm ) and lactose ( 0 . 5 %) being varied . the results are given in the following table iv . the results show that the specific activity of the β - galactosidase ( internal control ) is not influenced by the culturing temperature . surprisingly , however , the specific activity of the α - glucosidase increases in the case of lower culturing temperatures . dependency of the yield of active protein ( α - glucosidase and β - galactosidase ) upon the medium and period of culturing working was carried out as described in example 2 , the medium being varied and 0 . 5 % lactose being used as inducer . the results obtained are shown in the following table v . dependency of the yield of active protein ( α - glucosidase and β - galactosidase ) upon the carbon source for the synthesis of active α - glucosidase , ed 82 - i q with plasmid - coded α - glucosidase was cultured in lb medium or in minimal medium at 37 ° c . up to an od 550 of 0 . 4 to 0 . 6 . thereafter , the culture was cooled ( 20 to 30 ° c . ), induced with lactose ( end concentration 0 . 5 %) and either a carbon source ( end concentration 1 to 2 %; preferably glycerol and / or maltose ) added thereto or the ph value lowered with phosphate buffer ( 0 . 1 m ) to ph 4 . 8 to 5 . 5 and the cells cultured at 20 to 30 ° c . up to a cell density of od 550 of 3 to 5 . the results obtained are given in the following table vii . it will be understood that the specification and examples are illustrative but not limitative of the present invention and that other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art . a deposit was made under the terms of the budapest treaty of the following materials with the deutsche sammlung von mikroorganismen , mascheroder weg 1b , 3300 braunschweig , germany . the deposited materials are listed with their accession numbers and submission :

2Chemistry; Metallurgy

the fan blade technology disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 039 , 541 followed the assumption that all air flow into the fan blades is from a direction that is perpendicular to the plane of rotation for the blades . in addition , it assumed that the airflow is of a constant velocity from the root end to the tip end of the blades as used in aircraft propeller theory . using this assumption the blades were designed with a constant twist rate from root end to tip end . twisting of the blade is done in an attempt to optimize the relative angle of attack of the airflow direction relative to the blade surface . this is done to ensure that the blade is operating at its optimum angle of attack from root end to tip end . this angle changes to accommodate the fact that the tip of the blade moves faster than the root end of the blade diameter . this increase in velocity changes the direction of the relative wind over the blade . again , this assumption has now been found to be invalid for ceiling fans . ceiling fans are air re - circulating devices that do not move through air as an aircraft propeller does . air does not move in the same vector or even velocity over their blades from root end to tip end . fig1 illustrates a ceiling fan that is of conventional construction with the exception of the shape of its blades . the fan is seen to be mounted beneath a ceiling by a downrod that extends from the ceiling to a housing for an electric motor and switch box . here the fan is also seen to have a light kit at its bottom . power is provided to the motor that drives the blades by electrical conductors that extend through the downrod to a source of municipal power . the fan blades are seen to be twisted rather than flat and to have a graduated dihedral . air flow to and from the fan blades is shown by the multiple lines with arrowheads . from these it can be visually appreciated how the fan blades do not encounter an air mass as does an airplane propeller . rather , the restricted space above the blades alters the vectors of air flow into the fan contrary to that of an aircraft . each fan blade is tapered with regard to its width or chord as shown diagrammatically in fig2 . each tapers from base or root end to tip end so as to be narrower at its tip . in addition , each preferably has a dihedral as shown in fig1 although that is not necessary to embody the advantages of the invention . the dihedral is provided for a wider distribution of divergence of air in the space beneath the fan . with continued reference to fig2 and 3 it is seen that the blade is demarked to have three sections although the blade is , of course , of unitary construction . here the 24 - inch long blade has three sections of equal lengths , i . e . 8 inches each . all sections are twisted as is evident in fig1 . however the rate of twist from root to tip is nonuniform . the twist or angle of attack deceases from root end down to 10 ° at the tip end . this decrease , however , which is also apparent in fig1 is at three different rates . in the first 8 - inch section adjacent the root end the change in twist rate is 0 . 4 ° per inch . for the mid section it is 0 . 7 ° per inch . for the third section adjacent the tip it is at a change rate of 1 . 0 ° per inch . of course there is a small transition between each section of negligible significance . thus in fig3 there is an 8 ° difference in angle of attack from one end of the outboard section to its other ( 1 ° per inch × 8 inches ). for the mid section there is about 6 ° difference and for the inboard section about 3 °. fig5 - 7 show one of the blades 10 of the fan of fig1 in greater detail . the blade is seen to have its root end 11 mounted to the fan motor rotor hub 12 with its tip end 13 located distally of the hub . the hub rotates about the axis of the downrod from the ceiling as shown in fig1 which is substantially vertical . as most clearly noted by the blade centerline 15 , the blade has a 0 ° dihedral at its root end 11 and a 10 ° dihedral d t at its tip 13 . the fan blade here is continuously arched or curved from end to end so that its dihedral is continuously changing from end to end . as shown by the air flow distribution broken lines in fig1 this serves to distribute air both directly under the fan as well as in the ambient air space that surrounds this space . conversely , fans of the prior art have mostly directed the air downwardly beneath the fan with air flow in the surrounding space being indirect and weak . though those fans that have had their blades inclined at a fixed dihedral throughout their length have solved this problem , such has been at the expense of diminished air flow directly under the fan . the blade dihedral may increase continuously from end to end . however , it may be constant near its root end and / or near its tip with its arched or curved portion being along its remainder . indeed , the most efficient design , referred to as the gull design , has a 0 ° dihedral from its root end to half way to its tip , and then a continuously increasing dihedral to its tip where it reaches a dihedral of 10 °. in the preferred embodiment shown the blade root end has a 0 ° dihedral and its tip a 10 ° dihedral . however , its root end dihedral may be less than or more than 0 ° and its tip less than or more than 10 °. fan size , power , height and application are all factors that may be considered in selecting specific dihedrals . the fan was tested at the hunter fan company laboratory which is certified by the environmental protection agency , for energy star compliance testing . the fan was tested in accordance with the energy star testing requirements except that air velocity sensors were also installed over the top and close to the fan blades . this allowed for the measurement of air velocity adjacent to the fan blade . during the testing it was determined that the velocity of the air is different at various places on the fan blades from root end to tip end . test parameters are shown in fig4 . the actual test results appear in table 1 . comparative test results appear in table 2 where blade 1 was the new one just described with a 10 ° fixed dihedral , blade 2 was a hampton bay gossomer wind / windward blade of the design taught by u . s . pat . no . 6 , 039 , 541 , and blade 3 was a flat blade with a 15 ° fixed angle of attack . the tabulated improvement was in energy efficiency as previously defined . it thus is seen that a ceiling fan now is provided of substantially higher energy efficiency than those of the prior art and with enhanced flow distribution . the fan may of course be used in other locations such as a table top . although it has been shown and described in its preferred form , it should be understood that other modifications , additions or deletions may be made thereto without departure from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims .

5Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting

fig1 is a perspective view of a first form a - 1 of the modular pad in which it will be seen to include a base board 10 that is illustrated as being rectangular , although other shapes may be used if desired . the base board 10 serves as a mounting for a pair of laterally spaced generally parallel , femoral support blocks 12 and 12 &# 39 ; that are preferably substantially rigid , but may be inflatable . the base board 10 and the pair of femoral support blocks 12 and 12 &# 39 ; may be molded as an integral unit from rubber , fiberglass , thermoplastic resins or the like at the option of the manufacturer . fig2 better illustrates the corrective action exerted by the novel pad , in its basic form equivalent to that shown in fig1 on the pelvis of a person seated with the pad 10 &# 39 ; placed on a seat s underneath a user p . the primed numerals in fig2 correspond or are equivalent to elements indicated by unprimed numerals in fig1 . the support pad has a base board 10 &# 39 ; which is of generally rectangular shape as shown in fig1 analogous to the base board 10 in fig1 . the rear end 26 &# 39 ; of the base board is oriented towards and placed against the back rest b of the seat s , while the front end 22 &# 39 ; of the base board is near the front edge of the seat s . the pad includes a femoral support which is comprised collectively of three cylindrical elements 25 &# 39 ; parallel to each other and attached to the top surface of the base board 10 &# 39 ; transversely to the board , i . e . parallel to the front and rear ends of the board and fully extending between two side edges of the base board . further the three support elements 25 &# 39 ; are near the front end 22 &# 39 ; of the base board , the diameter of the rear most cylinder 25 &# 39 ; terminating at its rear most end at about the mid point of the base board between the front and rear ends of the base board . consequently , a bare 28 &# 39 ; of the base board between the rear most cylinder 25 &# 39 ; and the rear end 26 &# 39 ; is devoid of the femoral support elements . an optional sheet of relatively soft , resilient synthetic foam 27 &# 39 ; covers the rear area 28 &# 39 ; of the base board and also the three cylinders 25 &# 39 ; constituting the femoral support . the three cylinders 25 &# 39 ; together define an elevated support plane which is tangential to the tops of the cylinders and generally parallel to the base board 10 &# 39 ;. the cylinders 25 &# 39 ; are preferably cylindrical inflatable chambers pressurized to a substantial degree of stiffness so as to support the size of the patient p as shown in fig2 , spaced several inches above the top surface of the base board 10 &# 39 ;. the base board 10 &# 39 ; and the support elements 25 &# 39 ; are dimensioned so as to provide a definite and steep transition from the elevated support plane to the top surface 25 &# 39 ; of the base board at a point located just forwardly of the femoral head f of the patient p , as indicated by the vertical dotted line r in fig2 . the femoral head f is a pivot point for the pelvis v , which therefore tends to drop down towards the base board surface 28 &# 39 ;, pivoting about the femoral head f in a counterclockwise direction in fig2 . in an individual who has poor spinal lower back posture , suggested by the parallel dotted lines in fig2 in the lower back area , the rotation of the pelvis effectively repositions the spinal column to a more erect condition shown in solid lining in the drawing . the thick sheet of foam 27 &# 39 ; is selected to provide a degree of comfort for the user p between the buttock and the base board surface 28 &# 39 ;, as well as to fill in the longitudinal voids defined between the cylinders 25 &# 39 ;. it is contemplated that the board 10 &# 39 ; can be cut to a custom dimension for a particular user as well as for particular seat , to maintain proper positioning of the femoral supports 25 &# 39 ; in relation to the users pelvis . alternatively , standard sizes of the base board 10 &# 39 ; in graded sizes , can also be provided . the femoral supports 25 &# 39 ; may be of a variety of materials , so long as firm thigh support results . in the case of inflatable supports 25 &# 39 ;, it is possible to inflate the cylinders to variant degrees so as to elevate the thigh of a particular user to an optimum level above the base board 10 &# 39 ;, so as to achieve optimum pelvic repositioning and lower back posture correction . the supporting pad of fig2 may be reversed on the seat s in the manner already described in connection with the pad of fig1 and as illustrated in fig8 and 9 . specifically , the base board is reversed on the seats so that the front end 22 &# 39 ; is now proximal to the back rest b of the seat , while the rear end 26 &# 39 ; is now at the front of the seat . in such rearrangement , the buttock and pelvis v of the user p are elevated above the seat s and base board 10 &# 39 ;, while the front end of the thigh and knees of the subject are unsupported and thus tend to slope downwardly from the pelvis towards the knees . this causes an opposite displacement of the pelvis v , so that it rotates in a clockwise direction about the femoral head f , bringing about a corresponding repositioning of the spine which may be helpful to certain individuals . the specific posture correction required by a particular subject depends on the individuals anatomy , different people finding relief from back pain in one position of the base board 10 &# 39 ;, while others find relief with the base board in the reverse position on the seat s . the pair of femoral support blocks 12 and 12 &# 39 ; have upper support surfaces 14 and 14 &# 39 ;, and forward and rearward end surfaces 16 , 16 &# 39 ; and 18 , 18 &# 39 ; respectively . the blocks 12 and 12 &# 39 ; have inner side surfaces 20 , 20 &# 39 ; that cooperate to define a longitudinal space 22 therebetween that is situated above the base board 10 , and the pair of blocks also having outer side surfaces 24 , 24 &# 39 ;. in some instances it may be desirable to have the side surfaces 20 , 20 &# 39 ; in abutting contact . the forward end surfaces 16 , 16 &# 39 ; are substantially flush with the forward end of the base board 10 . the rearward end surfaces 18 , 18 &# 39 ; are situated forwardly a substantial distance from the rear edge surface 26 of base board 10 . the base board 10 has an upper surface 28 that extends rearwardly from the pair of blocks 12 , 12 &# 39 ; to the rear edge 26 . a patient p is shown in fig8 and 10 , which patient has a body 30 that includes buttocks 30a and legs 30b . the patient p also has an ischial tuberosity 30c . when the modular pad a - 1 is used as shown in fig8 the height of the side surfaces 12 , 12 &# 39 ; of the blocks is critical , for the blocks must be of sufficient height as to support the buttocks 30a of the patient p above the upper surface 28 of the base board 10 . the length that the upper surface 28 extends rearwardly from the pair of blocks 12 , 12 &# 39 ; is important , for it must be of sufficient magnitude as to provide clearance for the buttocks 30a . in fig9 the patient p is illustrated as resting on the modular pad a - 1 , but with the position of the pad reversed relative to that shown in fig8 to tilt pelvis in opposite direction to that shown in fig8 . in fig1 the form a - 1 of the modular pad is serving as a part of a bed in which the patient lays in a supine position with the buttocks 30a rearwardly of the femoral support blocks 12 , 12 &# 39 ;. in the three positions for the patient p as shown in fig8 and 10 the body 30 of the patient is held in a different pelvic rotation . if desired , the pair of femoral blocks 12 , 12 &# 39 ; may be coated or covered with a soft somewhat resilient sheet material or envelope ( not shown ) that imparts a more desirable feel to the blocks . also , free upper surfaces of the base may support a soft or forgiving material ( not shown ). the second form a - 2 of the invention as shown in fig2 is particularly adapted for use by patients p suffering from emmorhoidal and pirineum stitch problems . the second form a - 2 of the modular pad includes all of the elements of the first form a - 1 but in addition includes a first rectangular or suitable shaped insert 32 mounted on the upper surface 28 of the base board 10 and is centrally disposed thereon and extends rearwardly from the blocks 12 , 12 &# 39 ; and is axially aligned with the space 22 . the second form a - 2 may also include a pair of second inserts 36 that are mounted on the upper surface 28 of the base board 10 and situated on each side of the first insert 32 . only one of the second inserts 36 is shown in fig2 . by varying the height of the first and second inserts 32 and 36 relative to one another the pressure on the anus of the patient p may be controlled . the sides of the insert may be shaped to present a more narrow surface to the anus area to increase and control pressure on the affected site . the upper forward portion of the first insert 32 if desired may be tapered forwardly and downwardly to reduce testicular pressure and perineum pressure on the patient . the inserts 32 and 36 are preferably removably secured to the surface 28 of the base board 10 by &# 34 ; velcro &# 34 ; or other suitable fastening material . it will be apparent that perineum pressure may be relieved completely on the part of the patient p by removal of the first insert 32 from the base board 10 . patients p suffering from enervation , ( lack of feeling ) may be subject to tissue death by excessive pressure being applied over boney prominences while the patient is seated . accordingly this form a - 3 of the modular pad shown in fig3 provides pressure relief over the ischial tuberosities , coccyx , and greater trochanter , as well as by separation , perineal relief , and reduction of shear forces to the skin . in fig3 it will be seen that the third form a - 3 of the invention includes a rectangular base board 40 that has a pair of laterally spaced pair of femoral support blocks 42 , 42 &# 39 ; that may be flexible or rigid mounted on the upper surface of the base board . the pair of blocks 42 , 42 &# 39 ; have flat upper surfaces 44 , 44 &# 39 ; that on the forward edge develop into forwardly and downwardly extending surfaces 46 , 46 &# 39 ;. the pair of blocks 42 , 42 &# 39 ; may be placed in abutting contact . insert 48 of generally rectangular shape is centrally and removably disposed on the upper surface of the base board 40 , preferably by &# 34 ; velcro &# 34 ; or other suitable means , and is illustrated as longitudinally aligned with the space between the pair of support blocks 42 , 42 &# 39 ; and extending upwardly thereabove . the form a - 3 if desired may be an integral unit . a pair of rear inserts 52 , 52 &# 39 ; are fixed or removably secured to the upper surface of the base board 40 by suitable means , with the rear inserts having flat or shaped upper surfaces 54 , 54 &# 39 ;. the forward insert 48 serves as an abduction wedge to keep the legs 30b of the patient p separated . the longitudinally extending space 56 if desired may be filled with graduated or other padding to control the pressure exerted on the patient p when resting on the third form a - 3 of the modular pad . the base board 40 as well as the pair of blocks 42 , 42 &# 39 ;, and the forward insert 48 , as well as the rearward insert 52 , 52 &# 39 ;, may be fabricated from polyethelene , polyurethane neoprene , or other type of somewhat resilient material that will give adequate patient support . it is desirable that the components described in conjunction with the third form a - 3 of the modular support be removably secured to one another , to permit either a modular support a - 3 in standard sizes to be provided or to provide customized modular supports in which the dimensions of the various components of the third form a - 3 are assembled to conform to the physical needs of the patient p . the fourth form of the invention a - 4 as shown in fig4 includes all of the elements common to the first form a - 1 but in addition includes a back support 60 that is preferably pivotally connected to the rearward edge 26 of the base board 10 by suitable hinges of pivotal connections 62 . for convenience , both support and seat may be separate components , however , if modular seat and back are to be used in a fabric support it is possible that the base 40 and 60 are one continuous flexible surface and which all blocks are appropriately attached . in this instance blocks 12 , 12 &# 39 ; and 64 &# 39 ; may be divided into sections to follow curved line of sling seat , base board 10 and 60 . a pair of laterally spaced , upwardly extending , elongate pads 64 and 64 &# 39 ; are fixed or removably secured to the back board 60 , and laterally separated from one another . the pad 64 , 64 &# 39 ; have forwardly disposed supporting surfaces 66 , 66 &# 39 ; that preferably taper rearwardly and inwardly towards one another to maintain the patient p in a centered position when resting on the femoral block 12 , 12 &# 39 ;. a strap 68 is provided as shown in fig4 that is removably connected to the base board 10 and back board 60 , to support the back board in a desired angular relationship to the base board 10 . the pads 64 , 64 &# 39 ;, tend to support the patient p conformably on the fourth form a - 4 of the modular support , and provide relief of boney spine or rotation of the part of the patient at the lumbar area . surfaces 66 and 66 &# 39 ; may be shaped to further support lumbar area of the body if desired or lumbar support may be laterally connected across back board 60 in lieu of either 64 or 64 &# 39 ;. the fourth form a - 4 of the modular support is adapted for use in automobiles , stadiums , in wheel - chairs , sling seat wheel - chairs or standard chairs . if the height of the femoral support blocks 12 , 12 &# 39 ; is too high in the first form a - 1 of the invention for ischial tuberosity pressure relief , a fifth form a - 5 of the invention as shown in fig5 may be utilized . the fifth form a - 5 as may be seen in fig5 includes a second base board 70 of substantially the same width as the base board 10 , but with a cut - out . the second base board 70 supports a block 72 that has a forward transverse edge 74 and a flat upper surface 76 . the block 72 has a rear edge surface 78 from which a centrally disposed cut - out portion 80 extends forwardly . the form a - 5 of the invention has the second base board support 70 replacing the base board 10 , and with the pair of femoral support blocks 12 , 12 &# 39 ; resting and removably secured to the flat upper surface 76 . required thickness of block 72 and support 70 may be such that only one block shaped similarly to 72 is used to replace 10 of fig1 . the second and third forms a - 2 and a - 3 of the modular pad may have a sixth form a - 6 of the invention as shown in fig6 used in conjunction therewith . the sixth form a - 6 of the invention includes a second base board 82 that has a block 84 mounted thereon , with the block having a protuberance 86 projecting from the end edge 88 thereof . this also may be of such thickness as to replace 10 of fig1 . a seventh form a - 7 of the invention is shown in fig7 that is particularly adapted for use in an automobile that has a seat 90 that has a rearwardly and downwardly extending upper surface 92 that forms a part of the seat 90 . the seventh form a - 7 may include form a - 1 through a - 6 , and in addition a wedge shaped body 94 that rests on the upper surface 92 of a reclined seat 90 , with the upper surface 96 of the wedge shaped body 94 being substantially horizontal . the surface 96 has the base board 10 resting thereon , as a result the forms a - 1 through a - 6 of the invention that forms a part of the seventh forms a - 7 are held in a stationary horizontal position . even though the surface 92 of the seat 90 slopes downwardly and rearwardly , when the seventh form a - 7 of the invention is used , the patient p is postured in the same manner as though he was resting on the first form a - 1 , which first form is in a substantially horizontal position . fig1 and 14 illustrate a modified form a &# 39 ;- 3 of the third form a - 3 of the modular pad , and in this modified form the modified form a - 3 includes a pressure sensitive transducer 100 that is preset to close at a specific pressure . the numeral 102 and 104 in fig1 indicate a battery and a visual or audible alarm . the eighth form a - 8 of the invention includes the elements of the third form a - 3 arranged in the same manner as illustrated in fig3 but in addition includes resilient hollow pads 110 mounted on the upper surfaces of the blocks 44 and 44 &# 39 ;. each of the pads has an air inlet to which a flexible tube 112 is connected that has a manually operable valve 114 connected to the outer end thereof . each valve 114 has a resilient bulb 116 connected thereto . the eighth form a - 8 of the invention also includes pressure sensitive switches 100 and a battery 102 and alarm 104 that are operatively associated therewith . when the pressure sensitive switches are contacted by a portion of the patient p , the alarm 104 is actuated , which alarm may be visual or audible . upon the alarm being actuated , the valves 114 are in turn placed in open positions , and the bulbs 116 manually squeezed to further inflate the pads 110 and raise the patient p relative to the base board 40 . when the patient p has been raised to a desired degree relative to the base board 40 , the valves are placed in the closed positions . elevation of the patient p as above described will be to the extent that the alarm 104 is not actuated . in fig1 it will be seen that each pad 110 is formed from a pliable sheet material that has stitching 118 or other fastening means therein that provide a number of transverse , interiorly connected inflatable pockets 120 . in fig1 a pad 110a is shown that is a pliable sheet material that is made with transverse tubes covering the entire top of femoral blocks of previous figures . a smooth surfaced pad 110b with a non inflated middle section is shown in fig1 . in fig1 an inflatable pad 110c is shown , that when inflated has a number of spaced bulbs 124 extending upwardly therefrom . an alternate form a &# 39 ;- 8 of the eighth form a - 8 of the invention is shown in fig2 , that is the same as the latter with the exception it includes a power operated pump 140 to inflate the pads 110 , which pump may be actuated either manually or by completing an electric circuit thereto in conjunction with a power source and the pressure sensitive switches 100 . a ninth form a - 9 of the invention is shown in fig2 and 23 that is the same as the eighth form a - 8 with the exception that is further includes two hollow resilient pads 150 filled with a gel , water or a viscous type of material 152 . the pads 150 rest on the blocks 110 and are removably secured thereto by conventional means . a tenth form a - 10 of the invention is shown in fig2 and 25 that is the same as the third form a - 3 with the exception that a resilient pad 160 that may be hollow and filled with a viscous liquid or gel overlies both the blocks 42 , 42 &# 39 ; and may deform when subjected to the weight of a patient p as illustrated in fig2 . the blocks 42 and 42 &# 39 ; may be of differing height and or different material to correct for pelvic tilt of the patient . the use and operation of the various forms of the invention have been explained previously in detail and need not be repeated .

0Human Necessities