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Patent US5824177 - Method for manufacturing a semiconductor device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA semiconductor wafer, which can be divided into chips at a high yield and a low cost and easily handled during transfer thereof as well, is disclosed. In a semiconductor wafer of such structure that structures with a low mechanical strength, such as suspended microstructures, are exposed at a surface...http://www.google.com/patents/US5824177?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5824177 - Method for manufacturing a semiconductor deviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5824177 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/678,822Publication dateOct 20, 1998Filing dateJul 12, 1996Priority dateJul 13, 1995Fee statusPaidAlso published asDE19628237A1Publication number08678822, 678822, US 5824177 A, US 5824177A, US-A-5824177, US5824177 A, US5824177AInventorsSumitomo Inomata, Takashi Kurahashi, Fumio Ohara, Shinji YoshiharaOriginal AssigneeNippondenso Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Referenced by (98), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod for manufacturing a semiconductor deviceUS 5824177 AAbstract A semiconductor wafer, which can be divided into chips at a high yield and a low cost and easily handled during transfer thereof as well, is disclosed. In a semiconductor wafer of such structure that structures with a low mechanical strength, such as suspended microstructures, are exposed at a surface thereof, detachable adhesive sheet making up protective caps for the respective suspended microstructures are formed over the semiconductor wafer. By means of this, even if the semiconductor wafer is diced into the individual chips, respective microstructures on chips are protected from the external force, such as the pressure of cutting water, during the dicing process. What is claimed is: 1. A method for handling a semiconductor wafer comprising:preparing a protective sheet which has a recessed part by using an adhesive sheet; and sticking to a surface of a semiconductor wafer said prepared protective sheet so as to align said recessed part with a structure which is provided on said semiconductor wafer and has a mechanical strength capable of being broken by an external force, said protective sheet being stuck to said semiconductor wafer while there is a gap between said structure of said semiconductor wafer and an inner wall of said recessed part. 2. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising:forming on a semiconductor wafer a structure having a mechanical strength capable of being broken by an external force; preparing an adhesive sheet which has a recessed part; sticking said prepared adhesive sheet to a surface of said semiconductor wafer so that said recessed part is placed in a position facing said structure on said semiconductor wafer, thereby protecting said structure from said external force, said adhesive sheet being stuck to said semiconductor wafer while there is a gap between said structure of said semiconductor wafer and an inner wall of said recessed part; and dicing said semiconductor wafer together with said adhesive sheet. 3. A method for handling a semiconductor wafer comprising:preparing a protective sheet which has a recessed part by using an adhesive sheet; and sticking to a surface of a semiconductor wafer said prepared protective sheet so as to align said recessed part with a structure which is provided on said semiconductor wafer and has a mechanical strength capable of being broken by an external force, whereby said structure is protected from said external force, said protective sheet comprising a conductive material. 4. A method for handling a semiconductor wafer comprising:preparing a protective sheet by:placing, on a front surface of a jig having a recess and a through hole communicated with said recess, a raw adhesive sheet with an adhesive surface thereof facing above; and sucking said raw adhesive sheet through said through hole to form a recessed part on said adhesive sheet; and sticking to a surface of a semiconductor wafer said prepared protective sheet so as to align said recessed part with a structure which is provided on said semiconductor wafer and has a mechanical strength capable of being broken by an external force, whereby said structure is protected from said external force. 5. A method for handling a semiconductor wafer according to claim 4, wherein said step of preparing a protective sheet includes: after said sucking:heat-treating said adhesive sheet sucked along with said jig at a temperature range from 40 cooling down said adhesive sheet. 6. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising:forming on a semiconductor wafer a structure having a mechanical strength capable of being broken by an external force; preparing an adhesive sheet having a recessed part by,placing, on a front surface of a jig having a recess and a through hole communicated with said recess, a raw adhesive sheet with an adhesive surface thereof facing above; and sucking said raw adhesive sheet using said through hole to thereby form said recessed part on said adhesive sheet; sticking said prepared adhesive sheet to a surface of said semiconductor wafer so that said recessed part is placed in a position facing said structure on said semiconductor wafer, thereby protecting said structure from said external force; and dicing said semiconductor wafer together with said adhesive sheet. 7. A manufacturing method according to claim 6, further comprising, before said placing, processing a free-cutting ceramic material to prepare said jig having said recess and said through hole. 8. A manufacturing method according to claim 6, further comprising, after said sucking:heat-treating said adhesive sheet sucked along with said jig at a temperature range from 40 said adhesive sheet. 9. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 6, further comprising, before said dicing, sticking another adhesive sheet to a back surface of said semiconductor wafer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects, features and characteristics of the present invention will be appreciated from a study of the following detailed description, the appended claims, and figures, all of which form a part of this application. In the figures: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS In the following paragraphs, the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described by referring to the appended figures. Thirdly, as illustrated in FIG. 3C, the first adhesive sheet 2 is sucked and bent by the vacuum chuck stage 5 through the through holes 4b within the jig 4. Then, the jig 4, together with the first adhesive sheet 2, is heated within a temperature range of 40 evident from FIG. 9, the temperature range should preferably be 50 C. to 70 FIG. 9 illustrates the relations between the jig heating temperature and a cavity height d (FIG. 10). The first adhesive sheet 2, the base material of which is polyolefin, was heated with the jig 4, then cooled to the room temperature, then left for 1 hour, and then the cavity height d was measured. FIG. 9 illustrates the results of this measurement. Here, the recessed part 4a within the jig 4 was set to 0.3 mm in depth and 1.7 mm in square side. In some cases, the first adhesive sheet 2 warps in heating. To prevent such warping, if the first adhesive sheet 2 is fixed by a metallic frame or the like beforehand, the weight of the metallic frame itself or the like can prevent the warping. After reaching the desired temperature, the jig 4 and the first adhesive sheet 2 are cooled to the room temperature (30 adhesive sheet 2 is caused to be maintained. Although on the shape of the first adhesive sheet 2 is reflected the shapes of the insides of the shaping recessed parts 4a of the jig 4, it is needless to say that the shape of the first adhesive sheet 2 may vary according to the thickness, material and heating conditions of the first adhesive sheet 2. If the first adhesive sheet 2 fixed with a metallic frame is mounted on the jig 4 and sucked after the jig 4 and the vacuum chuck stage 5 are heated to the desired temperature, the shapes of the protective caps 2a can be stabilized. CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority of the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 7-177506 filed on Jul. 13, 1995, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of these problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide such semiconductor devices and manufacturing methods that can divide a semiconductor wafer on which structures with a low mechanical strength have been formed into chips at a high yield and a low cost. 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Du Pont De Nemours And CompanyComposite article made by a process* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification156/250, 438/460, 438/464, 156/292, 257/E21.599International ClassificationH01L21/301, B29C43/36, B81C1/00, H01L21/78Cooperative ClassificationB29C43/36, H01L21/78, B29C2043/023, B81C1/00888, B29C33/0022European ClassificationB81C1/00P6, B29C43/36, H01L21/78Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionApr 14, 2010FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Mar 22, 2006FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Mar 28, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Dec 4, 1997ASAssignmentOwner name: WESTELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., ILLINOISFree format text: RELEASE;ASSIGNOR:AMATI COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008842/0114Effective date: 19971120Oct 10, 1997ASAssignmentOwner name: WESTELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., ILLINOISFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AMATI COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008753/0387Effective date: 19970930Jul 12, 1996ASAssignmentOwner name: NIPPONDENSO CO., LTD., JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:YOSHIHARA, SHINJI;INOMATA, SUMITOMO;OHARA, FUMIO;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008108/0383;SIGNING DATES FROM 19960705 TO 19960708RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

Ludewa district rural electrificati... by IIED 195 views Financing forest linked small- and ... by IIED 132 views Urban finance for local groups for ... by IIED 189 views Guatemala - progressive forest gove... by IIED 238 views Unlocking public finance for decent... by IIED 284 views Takeaway from the Third China - Afr... by IIED 256 views This is a presentation by Marek Soanes, a researcher at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), on unlocking international climate finance for local access. The presentation was made during the devolved climate finance session at the Money Where It Matters (MWIM) event, held in London from 7-8 December 2016. 1. Unlocking international climate finance for local actors 1 Marek Soanes December 2016Marek Soanes December 2016 Marek Soanes, Researcher, IIED 7 December 2016, IIED Finance Forum Unlocking international climate finance for local actors 2. Unlocking international climate finance for local actors 2 Marek Soanes December 2016 Do we know how much climate finance reaches the local level? • IIED estimates roughly 11 per cent – US$1.6 billion – of the US$14.1 billion total flows from international funds flows to the local level • Is this a realistic figure? Adaptation 63% Mitigation - general 24% Mitigation - REDD 12% Multiple foci 1% • Climate funds are not equipped to provide this level of transparency 3. Unlocking international climate finance for local actors 3 Marek Soanes December 2016 Barriers and blockades within international funds • Priorities for large scale results • Business-as-usual financing intermediaries still dominate • Funding strategies are too risk averse • There is too little support for local capacity building • Co-financing requirements hinder local ownership • Enabling policies for community engagement are poorly enforced 4. Unlocking international climate finance for local actors 4 Marek Soanes December 2016 Promoting local climate finance in practice – the solutions… • Prioritise locally relevant results • Simple access and project approval requirements • Earmarking of small-grant based finance for local programmes • Innovating through financial instruments and flexible co-financing to unlock local public and private sector finance • Provide tailored capacity building to strengthen local capacity to manage and utilise climate finance • Build platforms for participation between national and local governments, representatives of vulnerable communities and NGOs to oversee and strengthen climate finance flows 5. Unlocking international climate finance for local actors 5 Marek Soanes December 2016 Looking forward – where do we go next? • Identify the amount of finance reaching the local level – new methodologies to overcome the tracking challenges • Including capacity building and readiness support • Learning from the other funds and financing strategies: • Processes of multi-stakeholder participation – ensuring the voices of the most vulnerable and truly heard • Building local capacity to identify climate resilient and local carbon opportunities • Unlocking local private sector finance 6. Unlocking international climate finance for local actors 6 Marek Soanes December 2016Marek Soanes December 2016 • Break-out groups of 6-8 people • 10 minutes per question and 5 minutes reporting back Questions: 1. Challenges: have we identified the right challenges stemming the flow of finance? 2. Solutions: do you see opportunities to enhance the flow of finance? 3. New frontiers: what are the outstanding questions and lessons to learn? Discussion session

Allison B. Gold - Semantic Scholar J. Michael Mcintosh34 Michael J. Marks24 Allan C. Collins18 David C. Perry17 22Sharon R. Grady 21J. Michael Mcintosh 14Michael J. Marks 12Xiomara A. Perez 12Gregory Patrick Hussmann David C. Perry, Danyan Mao, Allison B. Gold, John McIntosh, John Christopher Pezzullo, Kenneth J. Kellar We investigated the effects of chronic nicotine on alpha6- and beta3-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in two rat brain regions using three methodological approaches: radioligand… (More) Adult and periadolescent rats differ in expression of nicotinic cholinergic receptor subtypes and in the response of these subtypes to chronic nicotine exposure Menahem B. Doura, Allison B. Gold, Ashleigh B. Keller, David C. Perry Adolescence is a time of significant brain development, and exposure to nicotine during this period is associated with higher subsequent rates of dependence. Chronic nicotine exposure alters… (More) Chronic Nicotine Differentially Regulates 6-and 3-Containing Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in Rat Brain We investigated the effects of chronic nicotine on 6and 3-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in two rat brain regions using three methodological approaches: radioligand binding,… (More) Allison B. Gold, E. Paul Wileyto, Adriana Lori, David Conti, Joseph F. Cubells, Caryn Lerman Galanin modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission in the mesolimbic dopamine system, thereby influencing the rewarding effects of nicotine. Variants in the galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) gene have been… (More) Mary Falcone, Allison B. Gold, +8 authors Caryn Lerman The perception that smoking relieves negative affect contributes to smoking persistence. Endogenous opioid neurotransmission, and the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in particular, plays a role in affective… (More) Prenatal exposure of rats to nicotine causes persistent alterations of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Allison B. Gold, Ashleigh B. Keller, David C. Perry We examined for immediate and persistent changes in nAChRs in cerebral cortex, thalamus and striatum of male rats caused by prenatal exposure to nicotine from gestational day 3 to postnatal day 10… (More) Pharmacogenetics of smoking cessation: role of nicotine target and metabolism genes Allison B. Gold, Caryn Lerman Many smokers attempt to quit smoking but few are successful in the long term. The heritability of nicotine addiction and smoking relapse have been documented, and research is focused on identifying… (More)

Schwarz–Christoffel mapping - Wikipedia (Redirected from Schwarz-Christoffel mapping) 3 Other simple mappings 3.3 General triangle Consider a polygon in the complex plane. The Riemann mapping theorem implies that there is a biholomorphic mapping f from the upper half-plane {\displaystyle \{\zeta \in \mathbb {C} :\operatorname {Im} \zeta >0\}} to the interior of the polygon. The function f maps the real axis to the edges of the polygon. If the polygon has interior angles α {\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\ldots } , then this mapping is given by {\displaystyle f(\zeta )=\int ^{\zeta }{\frac {K}{(w-a)^{1-(\alpha /\pi )}(w-b)^{1-(\beta /\pi )}(w-c)^{1-(\gamma /\pi )}\cdots }}\,\mathrm {d} w} is a constant, and a {\displaystyle a<b<c<\cdots } are the values, along the real axis of the ζ plane, of points corresponding to the vertices of the polygon in the z plane. A transformation of this form is called a Schwarz–Christoffel mapping. It is often convenient to consider the case in which the point at infinity of the ζ plane maps to one of the vertices of the z plane polygon (conventionally the vertex with angle α ). If this is done, the first factor in the formula is effectively a constant and may be regarded as being absorbed into the constant K Consider a semi-infinite strip in the z plane. This may be regarded as a limiting form of a triangle with vertices P = 0, Q = π i, and R (with R real), as R tends to infinity. Now α = 0 and β = γ = π⁄2 in the limit. Suppose we are looking for the mapping f with f(−1) = Q, f(1) = P, and f(∞) = R. Then f is given by {\displaystyle f(\zeta )=\int ^{\zeta }{\frac {K}{(w-1)^{1/2}(w+1)^{1/2}}}\,\mathrm {d} w.\,} {\displaystyle z=f(\zeta )=C+K\operatorname {arcosh} \zeta ,} where C is a (complex) constant of integration. Requiring that f(−1) = Q and f(1) = P gives C = 0 and K = 1. Hence the Schwarz–Christoffel mapping is given by {\displaystyle z=\operatorname {arcosh} \zeta .} This transformation is sketched below. Schwarz–Christoffel mapping of the upper half-plane to the semi-infinite strip Other simple mappings[edit] A mapping to a plane triangle with angles π {\displaystyle \pi a,\,\pi b} {\displaystyle \pi (1-a-b)} {\displaystyle z=f(\zeta )=\int ^{\zeta }{\frac {dw}{(w-1)^{1-a}(w+1)^{1-b}}}.} The upper half-plane is mapped to the square by {\displaystyle z=f(\zeta )=\int ^{\zeta }{\frac {\mathrm {d} w}{\sqrt {w(1-w^{2})}}}={\sqrt {2}}\,F\left({\sqrt {\zeta +1}};{\sqrt {2}}/2\right),} where F is the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind. General triangle[edit] The upper half-plane is mapped to a triangle with circular arcs for edges by the Schwarz triangle map. The Schwarzian derivative appears in the theory of Schwarz–Christoffel mappings. Driscoll, Tobin A.; Trefethen, Lloyd N. (2002), Schwarz–Christoffel mapping, Cambridge Monographs on Applied and Computational Mathematics, 8, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-80726-5, MR 1908657 Nehari, Zeev (1982) [1952], Conformal mapping, New York: Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-61137-2, MR 0045823 Further reading[edit] An analogue of SC mapping that works also for multiply-connected is presented in: Case, James (2008), "Breakthrough in Conformal Mapping" (PDF), SIAM News, 41 (1) . "Schwarz–Christoffel transformation". PlanetMath. Schwarz–Christoffel toolbox (software for MATLAB) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwarz–Christoffel_mapping&oldid=778044260" Categories: Conformal mapping Navigation menu DeutschEspañolPortuguêsРусский中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2017, at 20:38.

Live a Little.../Trouble With Girls/Change of Habit/Charro [SOUNDTRACK]: Amazon.co.uk: Music Live a Little.../Trouble With Girls/Change of Habit/Charro [SOUNDTRACK] Elvis Presley | Format: Audio CD 4.7 out of 5 stars See all reviews (3 customer reviews) Double Features: Harum Scarum / Girl Happy Elvis Presley B0002W0ZOC,B000025MQJ,B0002W0ZT2,B00019FW7Q,B000FFJ7J0,B000IONJ74,B000FFJ7IQ,B000025MQH,B00002R0MO,B003JLJRQ0,B0002W0ZRO,B0006TL9CS ASIN: B000008OOV Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 345,469 in Music (See Top 100 in Music) 1369066131 The best of late 60s Elvis Format:Audio CD This must be the best of all the selections in Elvis' late 60s catalogue. Though many of the released singles in this package failed to hit it big in the charts, failed miserably in fact, but it contains some of his best ballads.You have some gospel rock, "Let Us Pray" love ballads, "Almost" including a western ballad "Charro" and hip rockers "Clean Up Your own Backyard". Fact is, I am not an Elvis fan, I hate most of his late 50s and early 60s rock n roll, but have grown to love his 70s ballads. You can't get these songs anywhere else, not even in any of the numerous greatest hits sets, including the "Walk A Mile" box set. Get it before it runs out ! live a little love a little/charro/trouble/change of habit Format:Audio CD SO we come to the final four Elvis musicals of the 60's, and how i wish from a musical view point he had done more like this.It has got a lot of good songs on it though I only really like a few I reconise the fact that here we have good songs even if your not that keen on them.It is a very good package because it contains previosly unreleased songs ('signs of the zodiac' should have stayed that way its rubbish) and songs that were not in the film.It was a bit late in the day but it seemed that R.C.A were finally realising , due to low sales and chart positions that fans did't want movie soundtracks any more ( Speedway never made the british charts).Some people have given this album 5 stars and I can understand why but I can't give it any more than 4 simply because it falls short of the very best Elvis albums, even so its a good album and package well worth your money. Format:Audio CD THIS CD FEATURES THE MUSIC FROM ELVIS FINAL FOUR FILMS, FOUR VERY GOOD FILMS I MUST ADD.HERE WE HAVE SOME EXCELLENT, EXCELLENT MUSIC, SUCH AS THE DRAMATIC 'CHARRO' FROM THE WESTERN 'CHARRO'; THE COUNTRY DRIVEN 'CLEAN UP YOUR OWN BACK YARD' AND A RE-RECORDING OF 'SWING-DOWN SWEET CHARIOT'.THIS IS A CRACKING CD, SOME OF THE MUSICAL SET PIECES WONT SUIT REGULAR LISTENEING AND ONLY WORK IN THE CONFINES OF A MOVIE, BUT SOME ALTERNATES AND UNUSED SONGS ARE INTERESTING FOR THE COLLECTOR.BUY THE FILMS THEN BUY THIS CD

Kings: Colin Fraser to debut vs. Canucks - Los Angeles Los Angeles Hockey Blog - ESPN Los Angeles 2. Penner’s production – It took 32 games, but Dustin Penner finally produced his first multi-point game as a member of the Kings. He had two assists Tuesday night against visiting Nashville, helping the Kings to a well-deserved 4-3 victory. The Kings are paying Penner $4.25 million this season, fifth most on the team, and expect him to produce multi-point games on a weekly basis, not monthly. It will be interesting to see if Penner plays with the same focus and intensity as he did Tuesday night, or reverts back to his invisible self. 3. Quick time – The Kings ended a five-game losing streak with the victory against the Predators, but goalie Jonathan Quick is still overdue for a win. After winning five consecutive games earlier this season, he has gone winless in his last five for the first time since the end of the 2009-10 season. In his last six starts, Quick is allowing an average of three goals a game with a .900 goals-against average, well below his career numbers. He hasn’t exactly been stellar against Vancouver in his career either, bringing a 3-6-1 career record against the Canucks into the game. 4. Good on the dot – One area the Kings have been strong the last few games is in the faceoff circle. Jarret Stoll and Anze Kopitar have teamed up to win a majority of their drops, giving the Kings extra possession time. Stoll won 61.9 percent of his faceoffs against the Predators and has been better than 50 percent in four consecutive games. Kopitar won 68.4 percent of the draws against Nashville and has been over 50 percent in three straight. They’ll be up against one of the better faceoff artists in Manny Malhotra, who has won 59.2 percent of his drops this season. 5. Powered up – The Canucks have been relaxing in Los Angeles the last four days, likely drawing up new ways to score on the power play. They went 5-for-6 with the man-advantage Sunday night in a 6-2 victory in Chicago, the first time they scored five power-play goals since January 2007. The Kings will counter with one of the top penalty-kill units in the league. Don’t be surprised if this game comes down to a battle of special teams. Tags:Kings, Jonathan Quick, Anze Kopitar, Jarret Stoll, Scott Parse, Ryan Smyth, Dustin Penner, Vancouver Canucks, Manny Malhotra, Colin Fraser Previous PostKings: Offense comes alive in 4-3 victoryNext PostQuick Reaction: Canucks 3, Kings 2

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Give me Convenience or Give me death | Gramophone Record | Sound Recording And Reproduction Uploaded by arthurascii Description: A white paper by Brian Millar which explains why products are getting worse, not better A white paper by Brian Millar which explains why products are getting worse, not better Give me Convenience or Give Me Death Why everything gets worse before it gets better Brian Millar brian@brandtacticians.com Have you ever tried to open a Tetra Pak? As Tetra Laval produce over 110 billion packages a year, chances are that you have. You know the ones. They’re the waxy cardboard cartons that are impossible to open. They spill milk down your suit when you’re getting breakfast. They shoot orange juice over your children when stabbed with a straw. They blurt boiling soup onto your hands when you try to extract them from the microwave. How can that be? Human beings have been storing liquid in vessels for millennia. Yet in spite of all our technological and cultural progress, a Tetra Pak delivers a worse consumer experience than a neolithic stone pot. Why is it one of the great business success stories of the 20th Century? How did it make the Rausing family one of the richest on Earth? That’s what I’ll aim to answer in this article. It’s an answer which is almost as counter-intuitive as the Tetra Pak itself. In marketing, the world is always New and Improved. Every day, thousands of ads give us new reasons to buy: the 2005 Miata is completely redesigned. Huggies are now as thin as Calvin Klein boxer shorts. Airline seats are flatter, wider, softer than ever before. Since the publication of In Search of Excellence, managers have had twenty years of Quality Circles, heading ever upwards towards perfection. It seems like a fairly safe assumption, then, that everything is getting better. But it’s not. In fact, in certain key ways, most mass-produced products and services go through a long cycle of deterioration before they get better. They do this in response to consumer demand. Because faced with a choice between convenience and performance, almost all consumers choose convenience. When I first started researching this, I assumed that I would find exceptions. Sure, there were some slight variations. But wherever I looked, the rule held. Next, I worried that my observations were so obvious, and were such common currency among marketers, that I had never read them because they were too obvious to write down. But I’ve discussed this with marketers far smarter and more knowledgeable than I am. And they all make exactly the assumptions that this article challenges. More importantly, some of the largest corporations in the world have been wrongfooted in their marketing, in their development of new products, and in the kinds of experiences they provide for their customers, precisely because they’ve ignored the principles that I’m about to outline. I’m talking about companies like General Motors and McDonald’s who could have seen the warning signs years ago by following the methodology I’m going to describe below. But first, let me show you a few examples of what I mean. Restaurants Let’s look at the history of eating out. After the French Quality Curve: restaurants revolution, the aristocracy with heads still connected to their bodies ended up in The Ivy London. Deprived of their ELITE Escoffier stately homes and chefs, they took to eating at an establishment set up by the M A Belgo/Wagamama SS great Escoffier. (Are you Brasseries listening, France? Your Pizza Express Bistros cuisine was invented in Bernie Inns England). Clearly they were KFC an elite, and this was not time food for the masses. This tradition of grand restaurants serving extremely high quality food has continued ever since in every capital of the developed world. If you’re willing and able to pay a lot of money for a meal in a restaurant, you can have a great meal. Once things had relaxed a bit in France, the 19th Century saw the rise of the Brassiere, serving a simplified version of Haute Cuisine to the new middle classes. The food was more simply prepared, the décor was maybe a little less grand, and the formula was wildly successful. Next came the Russian occupation of Paris in 1815. Cossack soldiers didn’t mind so much about the quality of food, they just wanted it fast. The Russian word for ‘Quick!’ is ‘Bistro!’. Hence the rise of the restaurants of the same name, serving quick, fresh food to the hungry masses. The Russians left, but the Bistros stayed. The food might not have been as fancy, but people liked the convenience. By 1933 when George Orwell was writing Down and Out in Paris and London, you could sit down to one of the finest meals in history at Maxim’s, and when your waiter knocked off work, he could get a steack-frites down the road for next to nothing. By the 1970s the restaurant business in the UK was increasingly run by catering chains like Bernie Inn and Beefeater, serving standardized versions of what the UK public believed was ‘posh’ restaurant food. Doubtless in London you could still get a terrific meal for a great deal of money, but most of us chose the convenience and simplicity of Steakhouse fare over anything more expensive and challenging. Next came the Americans. KFC and McDonald’s1 revolutionised the concept of eating out. They normalised it. It became a natural occurrence to have a hot meal outside your home, and nobody minded that it was carbs soaked in saturated fat. It tasted good and nobody had to wash up afterwards. core product quality Arguably McDonald’s is not a restaurant, but rather the apotheosis of street food. However as they persist in calling themselves a restaurant chain, I say they’ve made their bed and they can lie in it. Then, something happened. A new generation of restaurants began to rise in the UK. Pizza Express, founded in the late 1960s in swingin’ Soho, suddenly found that it catered to a newly aspirational diner. Faced with the total ubiquity of fast food outlets, we began to see their shortcomings. McDonald’s was an unfriendly, wipe-down environment where you clearly weren’t welcome to linger. It didn’t serve alcohol. There were pictures of clowns. Basically you were eating in a (very clean) toilet. Pizza Express combined the convenience of McDonald’s with a real, adult eating experience. It’s been followed by chains like Chez Gerard, Belgo and Wagamama. Here we see an almost-complete quality cycle: consumer demand pushes the quality of nearly all restaurants down. Once the lowest common denominator restaurants reached saturation point, consumer demand started pushing the quality up again. The good restaurants don’t necessarily go away, but they remained for the tiny elite who were able and willing to pay. However in a fully mature quality curve, the massmarket product actually overtakes the elite one. I can show you a full cycle in the history of a cup of coffee: from eighteenth-century coffee houses where the intellectual elite invented the Enlightenment, coffee gradually became the drink of the urban middle classes in the 20th Century. (Remember how Tom Courtney aspired to drink coffee in the 1963 film Billy Liar?). Meanwhile the masses were given travesties like chicory coffee and then, post WWII2, instant coffee. Eventually we tired of Nescafe, and instant coffee became fancier (Gold Blend). Then Starbucks happened, and coffee would never be the same again. The Starbucks phenomenon has been described as the fetishisation of commodity. Something ubiquitous is elevated to an extremely high level. So much so, that it actually overtakes the elite (in this case gourmet) that the masses aspire to. The fetishisation of a commodity is the final point in the cycle, where the mass product crosses, and becomes indistinguishable from the elite one. Looking good, sounding bad Quality Curve: coffee Tassimo/Nespresso M AS S Home percolators Freeze-dried instant time Maxwell House instant coffee, like Bistros, was developed to meet the needs of soldiers. Take a completely different consumer example: recorded sound. Professor Jack Dinsdale spent his career analysing sound quality. His conclusion was that every generation of consumer sound reproduction technology was worse than the last, with one exception. The first truly mass recorded medium were 78RPM records. When these gave way to 33RPM LPs, there was a dip in quality as the sample rate went down (the record went round more slowly). However, consumers didn’t care, as you could store a lot more on a 33 than you could on a 78. Then came cassette tapes, a medium that wasn’t designed for storing music at all. Philips created cassette tapes as media for dictation. But people picked up on their convenience and portability, and soon they were a giant global music phenomenon, much to Philips’ embarrassment, because they sounded truly dreadful. It’s true that CDs were better than cassettes, but according to Professor Dinsdale, they were still inferior to vinyl LPs. Once again, people had chosen convenience (ie. portability) over a core attribute (sound reproduction quality) In fact it proved quite difficult to make something that reproduced music worse than a cassette tape. But of course, we managed it eventually. Welcome the delightful ground-glass quality of MP3! It has the bass response of a bee in a coffee tin and offers the depth of a grand piano being played over a telephone. However, a 60GB iPod can store the amount of music that would fill a house with LPs, and there’s no sign that anybody’s going back to vinyl in any great numbers. Quality Curve: recorded music uipment Audiophile eq MA SS 78 rpm 33 rpm cds Cassette tapes mp3 Recorded music hasn’t been around as long as restaurants, so maybe it’s not surprising that the curve hasn’t started heading back up again towards quality. MP3 players are still relatively expensive, and have not reached the kind of saturation that KFC attained on our high streets – yet. But with the possibilities of storing a lifetime’s worth of music on a single device, I would predict, using our model, that the curve is going to bottom out soon, and people will be demanding better quality recording and playback on their devices very soon. I could go on But I won’t. Think of beer, going from skilled local brewers to mass produced breweries and ending up with Skol, the biggest-selling lager in the UK at the start of the 1990s. Now the market is dominated with brands that were then considered niche and premium. Or consider technology. There’s a slight difference here, where Moore’s Law stops mass-produced software from extreme quality drops3. I challenge you to find a product category that doesn’t follow this pattern, where the core function is actually made worse through consumer demand: sunglasses, moisturiser, cars, high street fashion, editing software… The trap At some point along this curve, even the most dynamic brand is going to drop its anchor. By that I mean that consumer perception about the quality of your product is going to be fixed. And if that anchor drops while the curve is bottoming out, then it will take an enormous and immediate effort to get off the bottom and change consumer perceptions. Remember what your mum told you about pulling an ugly face. If the wind changes, you’ll be stuck like that. McDonald’s, for example, stuck itself firmly on the bottom of the low-quality-foodserved-in-toilet curve, and stayed there while consumer demand pushed the quality threshold upwards. Now they’re playing catch-up. It’s too early to say whether their redesigned flagship restaurants, with wooden floors and non-hose-downable furniture are justifying the investment with increased profits. Meanwhile Kraft foods are experiencing flat sales in spite of continued fiddling with brand extensions. Their Tassimo high-end coffee product may help to lift them off the bottom of the coffee curve, but it’s little, and late. General Motors, whose Chevrolet and Opel brands have purveyed basic cars at bargain prices, is struggling for sales in a premium-obsessed market. Escaping the trap So does every giant miss the quality curve upswing? Emphatically, no. And different strategies seem to be successful. Take Ikea. Ikea is (as far as I know) unique, in becoming the only brand leader in the world that’s got there simply through price. The people who brought you the (badly built, semi-disposable, unpleasant to purchase) £50 Billy bookcase are employing two parallel strategies. One is to increase the quality of its products, and move its whole range upmarket. The second is to expand into high-end furniture retailing through purchases. In the UK, for example, it has bought the Conran-founded Habitat (which is itself going upmarket thanks to the Creative Directorship of Tom Dixon) and that icon of Arts and Crafts movement chic, Heal’s. Similarly, Volkswagen are turning from a mass-producer of basic cars into a luxury brand through the purchase of Bentley, Bugatti and Lamborghini and the production of the Phaeton. True, the Phaeton is hardly a success story. The Bentley, which is basically the Phaeton with a different badge, sold more units in 2004, in spite of costing nearly twice as much. However this is only testimony to the inertia which brands face when pushing themselves up the quality curve. (I have full faith in However see Nicholas Negroponte’s comments on computer speeds in Market Leader Spring 2005 for confirmation of the Quality Curve in action Volkswagen’s ability to pull it off. Look what they did to Skoda. And have you driven a Phaeton? They are unbelievably good cars.) Getting back up the curve: Kano strategies The simple practise of doing what you do, only better, is just one way back up the curve. In the 1980s, Prof. Noriaki Kano developed a model to show the connections between implementing product features and customer satisfaction4. While intuitively you might think that the better you do something, the more people will like you. Kano demonstrated that the relationship is far from simple. In fact, there are three different ways that consumers relate to improvements in products. Sometimes there’s a simple linear relationship He calls these ‘one dimensional attributes’. But most times, there’s not. Some attributes are ‘Threshold attributes’. Far from being attractive, these are seen as the price of entry into a market. (For example, safety in cars. Ten airbags don’t make a car much more attractive than eight). Then there are ‘Attractive attributes’. When these things are absent, a customer doesn’t really notice them. But their presence causes customer satisfaction to shoot up. Think of the ice creams and massages that Virgin give their passengers on longhaul flights. According to Kano, there are two ways to lift yourself up the quality curve. The first is to execute your linear attributes at an ever-higher level. The second is to do unexpected things that delight your customers. However, when you look at the pattern suggested by the quality curve I’ve outlined, there’s a problem with Kano’s model. Delighting your customers might not be enough if your brand anchor is too firmly routed in a ‘quicker, cheaper, easier’ model. Starbucks could fetishise the coffee commodity because it wasn’t the brand which commoditised it. Timing is everything. Ikea started a campaign of ‘name’ designers and higher quality products years before the furniture quality curve bottomed out. What you can do to avoid the trap Your first step is to draw your market as Quality Curve. What stage is your market at? Has it reached ubiquity? Are there mass brands that are actively pushing up the linear and attractive attributes? Plot them on the graph. Then plot your own brand on the curve. If you’re on a curve that is still heading downwards towards complete mass ubiquity (for example, video cameras or digital music players), then you need to consider a N. Kano. "Attractive Quality and Must-be Quality", Hinshitsu. The Journal of the Japanese Society for Quality Control, (April 1984), pp. 39 -48. strategy which gives you a wide enough range to encompass mass-market goods, where the big money will continue to be in the short to mid term. However you need to consider creating a high-end offering, even if the margins are much more limited. Because this is where your market will ultimately head. Canon is doing this brilliantly in the digital imaging arena, with entry-level products like the Ixus/Elph and Quality Curve Cor e pro duc t qua lity Television Digital music High Street fashion furniture professional-level sophisticated video and still cameras. The professional brands of today will be the consumer fetish products of tomorrow. If your market has bottomed out, then you need to consider how hard your brand has been anchored at the bottom. If you are Easyjet, for example, and your brand is known for little else, then strategies of improvement and the additions of unexpected delights may not be enough to shake off associations of a product that’s been pared back to a minimum and painted orange. Purchases of other brands may be the only alternative to decline and consumer indifference. Go up or down, but not sideways Don’t miss the most obvious thing about the quality curve: it’s a curve. You have to decide whether you’re going down towards convenience and ubiquity, or up towards fetishisation and customer delight. Don’t fight the curve. Don’t develop brilliant products in a market that doesn’t care about them. That’s why Apple are small and Dell are big. And if you’re going down, start laying plans for what happens when you need to go up. Volkswagen have Bentleys and Phaetons. Virgin Atlantic have Upper Class. What have you got? 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lisp-java | C++ | Runtime System n a recent study Prechelt (1999) compared the relative performance of Java and C++ in execution time and memory usage. Unlike many benchmark studies, Prechelt compared multiple implementations of the same task by multiple programmers in order to control for the effects of differences in programmer skill. Prechelt concluded that “as of JDK 1.2, Java programs are typically much slower than programs written in C or C++. They also consume much more memory.” We repeated Prechelt’s study using Lisp as the implementation language. Our results show that Lisp’s performance is comparable to or better than C++ in execution speed; it also has significantly lower variability, which translates into reduced project risk. Furthermore, development time is significantly lower and less variable than either C++ or Java. Memory consumption is comparable to Java. Lisp thus presents a viable alternative to Java for dynamic applications where performance is important. MB of RAM and ours had only 64 MB; however, none of the programs used all the available RAM, so the results should not have changed. Common Lisp benchmarks were run using Allegro CL 4.3. Scheme benchmarks were run using MzScheme (Flatt 2000). All the programs were compiled to native code. Figure 1 shows the results of our experiment Our data set consists of 16 programs written by 14 programmers. (Two programmers submitted more than one program, as was the case in the original study.) Twelve of the programs were written in Common Lisp (Steele 1990), and the other four were in Scheme (ACM 1991). All of the subjects were volunteers recruited from an Internet newsgroup. To the extent possible we duplicated the circumstances of the original study. We used the same problem statement (slightly edited but essentially unchanged), the same program input files, and the same kind of machine for the benchmark tests: a Figure 1: Experimental results. The vertical lines from left to right indicate, respectively, the 10th SPARC Ultra 1. The only difference percentile, median, and 90th percentile. The hollow box encloses the 25th to 50th percentile. The was that the original machine had 192 thick grey line is the width of two standard deviations centered on the mean. i n t e l l i g e n c e • Winter 2000 21 Erann Gat Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109 gat@jpl.nasa.gov and the data from the original Prechelt study. The results are presented as cumulative probability distribution functions. The Y-value at a particular point on the curve represents the fraction of programs with performance on a particular metric that was equal to or better than the X-value at that point. The horizontal extent of the curve indicates the range of values. A smooth curve indicates evenly distributed values. A curve with discontinuous jumps indicates clustering of the data at the jumps. Two striking results are immediately obvious from the figures. First, development time for the Lisp programs was significantly lower than the development time for the C, C+, and Java programs. It was also significantly less variable. Development time for Lisp ranged from a low of 2 hours to a high of 8.5, compared to a range of 3 to 25 hours for C and C++ and 4 to 63 hours for Java. Programmer experience cannot account for the difference. The experience level was lower for Lisp programmers than for both the other groups (an average of 6.2 years for Lisp versus 9.6 for C and C++ and 7.7 for Java). The Lisp programs were also significantly shorter than the C, C++, and Java programs. The Lisp programs ranged from 51 to 182 lines of code. The mean was 119, the median was 134, and the standard deviation was 10. The C, C++, and Java programs ranged from 107 to 614 lines, with a median of 244 and a mean of 277. Second, although execution times of the fastest C and C++ programs were faster than the fastest Lisp programs, the runtime performance of the Lisp programs in the aggregate was substantially better than C and C++ (and vastly better than Java). The median runtime for Lisp was 30 seconds versus 54 for C and C++. The mean runtime was 41 seconds versus 165 for C and C++. Even more striking is Lisp seems to offer reduced development time and reduced variability in performance. the low variability in the results. The standard deviation of the Lisp runtimes was 11 seconds versus 77 for C and C++. Furthermore, much of the variation in the Lisp data was due to a single outlier at 212 seconds (which was produced by the programmer with the least Lisp experience: less than a year). If this outlier is ignored, the mean is 29.8 seconds, essentially identical to the median, and the standard deviation is only 2.6 seconds. Memory consumption for Lisp was significantly higher than for C and C++ and roughly comparable to Java. However, this result is somewhat misleading for two reasons. First, Lisp and Java both perform internal memory management using garbage collection, so often Lisp and Java runtimes will allocate memory from the operating system that is not actually being used by the application program. Second, the memory consumption of Lisp programs includes memory used by the Lisp development environment, compiler, and runtime libraries. This allocation can be substantially reduced by removing from the Lisp image features that are not used by the application, an optimization we did not perform. Our study contains one significant methodological flaw: all the subjects were self-selected (a necessary expediency given that we did not have ready access to a supply of graduate students who knew Lisp). About the only firm conclusion we can draw is that it would be worthwhile to conduct a follow-up study with better controls. If our results can be replicated they would indicate that Lisp offers major advantages for software development: reduced development time and reduced variability in performance resulting in reduced project risk. Our results beg two questions: (1) Why does Lisp seem to do as well as it does? and (2) Winter 2000 • i n t e l l i g e n c e If these results are real why isn’t Lisp used more than it is? The following answers should be considered no more than informed speculation. When discussing Lisp’s performance we need to separate four aspects that have potentially different explanations. First, Lisp’s runtime performance appears comparable to C and C++. This result contradicts the conventional wisdom that Lisp is slow. The simple explanation is probably the correct one: the conventional wisdom is just wrong. There was a time when Lisp was slow because compilers were unavailable or immature. Those days are long gone. Modern Lisp compilers are mature, stable, and of exceptionally high quality. The second performance result is the low development time. Lisp has a much faster debug cycle than C, C++, or Java. The compilation model for most languages is based on the idea of a compilation unit, usually a file. Changing any part of a compilation unit requires, at least, recompiling the entire unit and relinking the entire program. It typically also requires stopping the program and starting it up again, resulting in a loss of any state computed by the previous version. The result is a debug cycle measured in minutes, often tens of minutes. Lisp compilers, by contrast, are inherently designed to be incremental and interactive. Individual functions can be individually compiled and linked into running programs. It is not necessary to stop a program and restart it to make a change, so state from previous runs can be preserved and used in the next run rather than being recomputed. It is not unusual to go through several change–compile–execute cycles in one minute when programming in Lisp. The third result is the smaller size of the Lisp code. This can be explained by two factors. First, Lisp programs do not require type declarations, which tend to consume many lines of code in other languages. Second, Lisp has powerful abstraction facilities like firstclass functions that allow complex algorithms to be written in a very few lines of code. A classic example is the following code for transposing a matrix represented as a list of lists: (defun transpose (m) (apply ‘mapcar ‘list m)) The final performance result is the low variability of runtimes and development times—which has several possible explanations. It might be because the subjects were self-selected. It might be because the benchmark task involved search and managing a complex linked data structure, two jobs for which Lisp happens to be specifically designed and particularly well suited. Or it might be because Lisp programmers tend to be good programmers. This in turn might be because good programmers tend to gravitate toward Lisp, or it might be because programming in Lisp tends to make one a good programmer. This last possibility is not as outlandish as it might at first appear. Lisp has many features that make it an easy language to learn and use. It has simple and uniform syntax and semantics. There is ubiquitous editor support to help handle what little syntax there is. The basic mechanics of the language can be mastered in a day. This leaves the programmer free to concentrate on designing and implementing algorithms instead of worrying about the vagaries of abstract virtual destructors and where to put the semicolons. If Lisp programmers are better programmers it may be because the language gives them more time to become better programmers. Which brings us to the question why, if Lisp is so great, is it not more widely used? This has been a great puzzle in the Lisp community for years. One contributing factor is that when artificial intelligence fell out of favor in the 1980s for failing to deliver on its lofty promises, Lisp was tarred with the same brush. Another factor is the dogged persistence of the myth that Lisp is big and slow. Hopefully this work will begin to correct that problem. Lisp is often considered an esoteric AI language. Our results suggest that it might be worthwhile to revisit this view. Lisp provides nearly all of the advantages that make Java attractive, including automatic memory mani n t e l l i g e n c e • Winter 2000 23 HARD COPIES OF ALL OR PART OF THIS WORK FOR PERSONAL OR CLASSROOM USE IS GRANTED WITHOUT FEE PROVIDED THAT COPIES ARE NOT MADE OR DISTRIBUTED FOR PROFIT OR COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGE AND THAT COPIES BEAR THIS NOTICE AND THE FULL CITATION ON THE FIRST PAGE. agement, dynamic object-oriented programming, and portability. Our results suggest that Lisp is superior to Java and comparable to C++ in runtime, and it is superior to both in programming effort and variability of results. This last item is particularly significant because it translates directly into reduced risk for software development. contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. For information on Java resources, see intelligence (Summer 2000) or visit: tigger.cs.uwm.edu/~syali/ali-links/ ACM. The revised report on the algorithmic language Scheme (W. Clinger and J. Rees, eds.). 1991. ACM Lisp Pointers 4, 3, pp. 1–55. Flatt, M. MzScheme Language Manual. 2000. Available at http://www.cs.rice.edu/CS/PLT/packages/mzscheme/ Prechelt, L. 1999. Java vs. C++: Efficiency issues to interpersonal issues. Communications of the ACM (October). Steele, G.L. 1990. Common Lisp: The Language. 2nd ed. Digital Press. Thanks to Lutz Prechelt for making available the raw data from the original study and to Dan Dvorak for calling the Prechelt study to my attention. Lutz Prechelt, Dan Dvorak, and Kirk Reinholtz provided comments on an early draft of this paper. This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a TO POST ON SERVERS OR TO REDISTRIBUTE TO LISTS, REQUIRES PRIOR SPECIFIC PERMISSION AND/OR A FEE. © ACM 1523-8822 00/1200 $5.00 Documents Similar To lisp-java Surfer Guide Lisp Stat Question Bank Modified C+ Programming__0750657383 Chap1-Basic RAni C++ Report

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Board Games - West Virginia - Scout Board GamesKevin Kinder01/19/2012West Virginia crushed Marshall on the boards by ten in rolling to a 78-62 win on Wednesday. However, that margin wasn't built in a conventional fashion, and that's the angle that many missed in analyzing one of the key storylines of the game. It was no secret going in to the contest that rebounding was one of the biggest factors to watch. Sitting at 1-2 in the national rankings, and with two of the best offensive rebounders on the planet, the action after missed shots was a part of every pre-game analysis. After WVU came out with a 37-27 win on the glass (and a +2 on the offensive boards), it was easy to pinpoint that result as one of the key factors in the Mountaineer victory. However, that stat line only scratched the surface of one of the game's key factors. It wasn't just THAT the Mountaineers owned the boards. It was the players that helped build that margin, and the way in which they did it, that bears interest. First off was Kevin Jones. Although he was transcendent in the win, Jones failed to get an offensive rebound for the first time all year. Part of this was due to the fact that Jones was raining shots from all angles on the heads of Herd defenders, so there were fewer misses to grab. However, the fact that he didn't get at least one caused a raised eyebrow or two, and would have gotten more notice if West Virginia had lost. In his stead, Dominique Rutledge contributed three offensive rebounds to help the Mountaineers to an 11-9 win in that category. Second, and perhaps most important, was the rebounding performance of WVU's guard trio. Truck Bryant (seven), Jabarie Hinds (five) and Gary Browne (five), combined for 17 retrievals – a huge part of West Virginia total of 37. While all three guards have had good rebounding performances this season, they haven't combined in one game to have the impact they did against the Herd. That's something that Huggins hopes continues in future games, because if it does, West Virginia is going to be very difficult to defeat. The trio certainly benefited from the box-out efforts of Jones, Rutledge and Noreen, but they also did a lot on their own. They darted in from the perimeter to secure spaces that were cleared by their frontcourt teammates, and almost always blocked their counterparts away from the long rebounds that resulted from Herd jumpshot misses. There were a couple of lapses to be sure, but for the most part Bryant, Hinds and Browne limited the second chances the Herd usually enjoys. Marshall was credited with just eight second chance points in the game, and four of those came in the final five minutes of the game. Third, Kevin Noreen came up bigger than most expected. Playing for the injured Deniz Kilicli, Noreen totaled six points and five rebounds, but also did yeoman work in keeping high-jumping players such Marshall's Dennis Tinnon off the glass. Tinnon is a genuine talent who plays above the rim (two of his early defensive rebounds appeared to be gobbled up about 12 feet off the floor) but Noreen, who has been shoved around by some of the bigger players he has faced, held his own in this match-up. He played with a determination and aggressiveness that he hasn't shown in some earlier games, and that helped WVU immensely. Finally, from a team perspective, West Virginia did the best job it has done all year in recovering from its defense of high ball screens to get rebounding position. As WVU forced Marshall out of its offense, the Herd was forced to resort to a high screen in the center of the floor. WVU had its big men show hard on the opposite side of the screen, then scramble back to cover the screener as he rolled to the basket. Oftentimes, that maneuver results in an advantage for the offensive player, as he has a straight shot to the basket to either look for a pass or set up for a rebound. However, West Virginia's defense, especially in the second half, not only forced Marshall out of shooting position, but also rotated well to maintain good position for missed shots. That's not something that shows up directly in the stat sheet, but it went a long way in helping WVU own the boards. Add these factors up, and it's easy to see why WVU gobbled up missed shots like PacMan. The Mountaineers snared 20 rebounds in its dominant second half, and likely would have gotten more had they not shot a blistering 61.5% over the final 20 minutes. WVU didn't even need its biggest player, Kilicli, to record one of its most impressive games of the year on the glass, but it did need these hidden performances to make it happen. Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutThe Film Room: WVU - TCUAdams' Family: WVU Corners Form Tight BondAcross The Field: Questions For Oklahoma St.Inside the Matchup: WVU vs OKSTUpdated Scout 300 Trend Meter For 2017Across The Field: Questions For Oklahoma St. Full StoryBlueGoldNews Top StoriesAcross The Field: Questions For Oklahoma St.Oklahoma State has quietly put together a 5-2 record and moved into position to challenge for the top rung of the Big 12 conference. We head Across the Field to find out where the…by Kevin KinderBlueGoldNews2:49 AMWVU One of Six On Dance PredictionBig 12 basketball is almost here. Campus Insiders' Jordan Cornette gets fans ready for the 2016-2017 season by predicting which team will win the conference, who will be the player…by StaffScout CBKYesterday at 2:31 PMAdams' Family: WVU Corners Form Tight BondMORGANTOWN, W.Va. - The ability of West Virginia cornerbacks coach Blue Adams to not only elevate the play of his position, but to get them to coalesce around one another for the…by Matt KellerBlueGoldNewsYesterday at 7:43 AMThe Film Room: WVU - TCUWest Virginia was far more basic in its defensive alignments, at least in terms of fronts, against TCU, but at least some of that had to do with the way the game played out. That,…by Kevin KinderBlueGoldNewsYesterday at 1:48 AMWVU In Good Standing With Big Wide ReceiverA leader has emerged in the recruitment of Cadarius Gaskin, a South Florida native and 6-foot-4, 205-pound wide receiver out of the 2018 class.by Corey BenderScout FootballTuesday at 3:54 PMWVU Defense Ready for Another Daunting TaskMORGANTOWN, W.Va. - For the third week in a row West Virginia's defense will be go up against a dynamic offense with a good quarterback and a bevy of talented skill players. It…by Brian McCrackenBlueGoldNewsTuesday at 12:05 PMWVU's Special Teams Elevating PlayMORGANTOWN, W.Va. - West Virginia's special teams revealed themselves as a potential issue as recently as a couple weeks ago. Now, two sound performances later, the Mountaineers…by Matt KellerBlueGoldNewsTuesday at 11:01 AMHolgorsen Details WVU's Match-up With OSUMORGANTOWN, W.Va. - For the third week in a row, WVU head coach Dana Holgorsen said his team will be taking on its toughest challenge of the year when they travel to Stillwater and…by Brian McCrackenBlueGoldNewsTuesday at 8:19 AMWesley Harris Recaps WVU visitJunior college forward Wesley Harris had a busy weekend, and capped it off with a visit to West Virginia's campus on Sunday.by Kevin KinderBlueGoldNewsTuesday at 6:20 AMFinal Offensive Takes From WVU's Win Over TCUMORGANTOWN, W.Va. - West Virginia's rushing game has rightfully gained acclaim after the win over TCU. But the passing attack was perhaps more impressive in its ability to make a…by Matt KellerBlueGoldNewsTuesday at 6:03 AMInside the Matchup: WVU vs OKSTIt's a Big 12 bout from Stillwaterby Jonathan KahnScout CFBYesterday at 11:20 AMWVU Has Four in Uncommitted Scout.com Top 300The updated Scout 300 Trend Meter for the 2017 class takes a look at which schools are trending for each uncommitted member in the Scout 300.by StaffScout FootballTuesday at 5:40 AMLoad More

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Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4038599 *Dec 30, 1974Jul 26, 1977International Business Machines CorporationHigh density wafer contacting and test systemUS4175253 *Feb 22, 1978Nov 20, 1979Teradyne, Inc.Analyzing electrical circuit boardsUS4423373 *Mar 16, 1981Dec 27, 1983Lecroy Research Systems CorporationTest probeUS4443756 *Nov 25, 1980Apr 17, 1984Lightbody James DApparatus and method for testing circuit boardsUS4528500 *Dec 9, 1983Jul 9, 1985Lightbody James DApparatus and method for testing circuit boardsUS4566184 *Nov 19, 1984Jan 28, 1986Rockwell International CorporationProcess for making a probe for high speed integrated circuitsUS4585991 *Mar 13, 1985Apr 29, 1986Texas Instruments IncorporatedSolid state multiprobe testing apparatusUS4672314 *Apr 12, 1985Jun 9, 1987Rca CorporationComprehensive semiconductor test structureUS4924589 *May 16, 1988May 15, 1990Leedy Glenn JMethod of making and testing an integrated circuitUS4994736 *Nov 6, 1989Feb 19, 1991Motorola, Inc.Method and structure for extracting lateral PNP transistor basewidth data at wafer probeUS5172050 *Feb 15, 1991Dec 15, 1992Motorola, Inc.Micromachined semiconductor probe cardUS5177439 *Aug 30, 1991Jan 5, 1993U.S. Philips CorporationProbe card for testing unencapsulated semiconductor devicesEP0130350A1 *May 25, 1984Jan 9, 1985International Business Machines CorporationBuckling beam test probe contactor assembly with spring biased stripper plateJPS5337077A * Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1E.J.Dombroski and W.C. 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Lloyd, Ultra Small Test Probe , IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 26, No. 3A (Aug. 1983), pp. 1100 1101.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5849633 *Apr 30, 1997Dec 15, 1998Micron Technology, Inc.Electrically conductive projections and semiconductor processing method of forming sameUS5869787 *Apr 30, 1997Feb 9, 1999Micron Technology, Inc.Electrically conductive projectionsUS5966020 *Oct 30, 1996Oct 12, 1999Intel CorporationMethod and apparatus for facilitating detection of solder opens of SMT componentsUS6041269 *Aug 11, 1997Mar 21, 2000Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.Integrated circuit package verificationUS6093643 *Oct 22, 1998Jul 25, 2000Micron Technology, Inc.Electrically conductive projections and semiconductor processing method of forming sameUS6124721 *Oct 31, 1997Sep 26, 2000Micron Technology, Inc.Method of engaging electrically conductive test pads on a semiconductor substrateUS6127195 *Jul 17, 1997Oct 3, 2000Micron 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channelUS6525555May 16, 2000Feb 25, 2003Formfactor, Inc.Wafer-level burn-in and testUS6573740Mar 14, 2001Jun 3, 2003Micron Technology, Inc.Method of forming an apparatus configured to engage an electrically conductive pad on a semiconductive substrate and a method of engaging electrically conductive pads on a semiconductive substrateUS6614249Aug 22, 2000Sep 2, 2003Micron Technology, Inc.Methods of forming apparatuses and a method of engaging electrically conductive test pads on a semiconductor substrateUS6657450Oct 1, 1999Dec 2, 2003Micron Technology, Inc.Methods of engaging electrically conductive test pads on a semiconductor substrate removable electrical interconnect apparatuses, engagement probes and removable engagement probesUS6670819Jan 24, 2002Dec 30, 2003Micron Technology, Inc.Methods of engaging electrically conductive pads on a semiconductor substrateUS6678850Nov 6, 2002Jan 13, 2004Formfactor, Inc.Distributed interface for parallel testing of multiple devices using a single tester channelUS6683449 *Oct 6, 2000Jan 27, 2004Dell Products, L.P.Apparatus and method for detecting a mechanical component on a computer system substrateUS6686758Mar 23, 2000Feb 3, 2004Micron Technology, Inc.Engagement probe and apparatuses configured to engage a conductive padUS6727715Sep 6, 2002Apr 27, 2004Micron Technology, Inc.Test system and test contactor for electronic modules having beam spring contactsUS6741091Sep 18, 2002May 25, 2004Micron Technology, Inc.Test method for electronic modules using contractors and conductive polymer contactsUS6744114Aug 28, 2002Jun 1, 2004Honeywell International Inc.Package with integrated inductor and/or capacitorUS6756802Nov 26, 2002Jun 29, 2004Micron Technology, Inc.Test system for electronic modules having contactors with spring segment terminal portionsUS6788094Dec 19, 2002Sep 7, 2004Formfactor, Inc.Wafer-level burn-in and testUS6825422Jun 17, 2002Nov 30, 2004Formfactor, Inc.Interconnection element with contact bladeUS6833727Mar 17, 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for engaging a conductive padUS7078926Aug 23, 2004Jul 18, 2006Formfactor, Inc.Wafer-level burn-in and testUS7098475Nov 7, 2003Aug 29, 2006Micron Technology, Inc.Apparatuses configured to engage a conductive padUS7116118Mar 17, 2004Oct 3, 2006Micron Technology, Inc.Method and apparatus for testing semiconductor circuitry for operability and method of forming apparatus for testing semiconductor circuitry for operabilityUS7123036Oct 11, 2004Oct 17, 2006Micron Technology, Inc.Test method for electronic modulesUS7135867 *Oct 11, 2005Nov 14, 2006Rolls-Royce PlcMethod and apparatus for verifying connectivity of an instrumentation systemUS7166493Mar 29, 2004Jan 23, 2007Honeywell International Inc.Package with integrated inductor and/or capacitorUS7279915Aug 24, 2005Oct 9, 2007Micron Technology, Inc.Test method for electronic modules using movable test contactorsUS7330036Jul 31, 2003Feb 12, 2008Micron Technology, Inc.Engagement ProbesUS7331250Sep 6, 2006Feb 19, 2008Applied Materials, Inc.Sensor device for non-intrusive diagnosis of a semiconductor processing systemUS7345493Jul 18, 2006Mar 18, 2008Formfactor, Inc.Wafer-level burn-in and testUS7434485Jun 29, 2006Oct 14, 2008Applied Materials, Inc.Sensor device for non-intrusive diagnosis of a semiconductor processing systemUS7688090Mar 18, 2008Mar 30, 2010Formfactor, Inc.Wafer-level burn-in and testUS7821278Jan 26, 2007Oct 26, 2010Atg Luther & Maelzer GmbhMethod and device for testing of non-componented circuit boardsUS7888955Sep 25, 2007Feb 15, 2011Formfactor, Inc.Method and apparatus for testing devices using serially controlled resourcesUS7944225Sep 26, 2008May 17, 2011Formfactor, Inc.Method and apparatus for providing a tester integrated circuit for testing a semiconductor device under testUS7977959Sep 27, 2007Jul 12, 2011Formfactor, Inc.Method and apparatus for testing devices using serially controlled intelligent switchesUS8095841Aug 19, 2008Jan 10, 2012Formfactor, Inc.Method and apparatus for testing semiconductor devices with autonomous expected value generationUS8122309Mar 11, 2008Feb 21, 2012Formfactor, Inc.Method and apparatus for processing failures during semiconductor device testingUS8872534Jul 8, 2011Oct 28, 2014Formfactor, Inc.Method and apparatus for testing devices using serially controlled intelligent switchesDE102006005800A1 *Feb 8, 2006Aug 16, 2007Atg Test Systems GmbhVerfahren und Vorrichtung zum Testen von unbest�ckten LeiterplattenDE102006005800B4 *Feb 8, 2006Dec 6, 2007Atg Test Systems GmbhVerfahren und Vorrichtung zum Testen von unbest�ckten LeiterplattenWO2003021667A2 *Aug 29, 2002Mar 13, 2003Honeywell Int IncPackage with integrated inductor and/or capacitor* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification324/756.05, 324/763.01International ClassificationG01R1/073Cooperative ClassificationG01R1/07357, G01R1/07307European ClassificationG01R1/073B8, G01R1/073BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 25, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Apr 26, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: ATG TEST SYSTEMS GMBH & CO. 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KG REICHOLZHELM, ZUM SFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:ATG TEST SYSTEMS GMBH /AR;REEL/FRAME:016164/0393Effective date: 19990907Oct 1, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 25, 2000FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jul 28, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: ATG TEST SYSTEMS GMBH, GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ATG ELECTRONIC GMBH;REEL/FRAME:010121/0317Effective date: 19990715Oct 25, 1991ASAssignmentOwner name: ATG ELECTRONIC GMBH, GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ARNAUDOV, KONSTANTIN;PROKOPP, MANFRED;REEL/FRAME:006418/0758Effective date: 19911011RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

Dermatology Office Assistant Jobs, Employment in Houston, PA Dermatology Office Assistant jobs in Houston, PA Seeking a medical assistant to join a growing private dermatology practice in Moon Township, PA . Effective communication skills, attention to detail, and... View all Three Rivers Dermatology jobs in Coraopolis, PA - Coraopolis jobsSalary Search: Medical Assistant Dermatology salaries in Coraopolis, PALearn more about working at Three Rivers DermatologyRelated forums: Coraopolis, Pennsylvania - Three Rivers Dermatology - - Some dermatology experience is strongly preferred for the Dermatology practice. Dermatology practice and in our Imperial/McDonald Internal Medicine practices.... View all WMC Physician Practices jobs in Robinson Township, PA - Robinson Township jobsSalary Search: Medical Assistant salaries in Robinson Township, PALearn more about working at Wmc Physician PracticesRelated forums: WMC Physician Practices LLC - Medical Assistant - Robinson Township, Pennsylvania Medical Assistant - Dermatology - Forbes/Natrona Heights - P... Get email updates for the latest Dermatology Office Assistant jobs in Houston, PA

Engram says he'll make 'immediate impact' - New York - Scout USA TODAY Sports Engram says he'll make 'immediate impact'David Blutstein04/28/2017The former Ole Miss tight end wasn't shy in describing how talented he is and why he's deserving of a first round draft choice.With the 23rd pick in the 2017 NFL Draft, the New York Giants selected Tight End Evan Engram from Mississippi Rebels. The 6-foot-3, 234 lb. Engram brings his explosive and dynamic play style to the Big Apple, to team up with Ole Miss alum Eli Manning. The Giants have had difficulty finding consistent playmakers from the Tight End position for years, they have put their faith in Evan Engram to be that missing piece. Shortly after being drafted by the Giants, Evan Engrams shared some statements with the media, via conference call. “I can’t put it into words," Evans responded. "Honestly, I dreamed of playing for a couple of teams. I had it in my mind and New York was at the top. This is an amazing feeling. I’m so blessed. I can’t even find the words to describe it. I’m just very thankful and blessed to be a part of just this night. I have my family and friends. It’s a real blessing. I feel really blessed.” This should make Giants fans excited, Engram may have some difficultly putting his emotions into words at the current moment, especially so soon after his life has changed forever, but from we can tell, he truly seems happy, and motivated to come in and play for the New York Giants. A player who is willing to put in the work, who will strive to improve, and does not take the burden of being a professional player in the NFL lightly, who understands now that he has been given this opportunity, is a player who is easy to support. “I know I’m ready to come in and make an immediate impact, noted Engram.. "I know for a fact. I’ve been watching the Giants, they’re on TV all the time. I sit down and watch them, especially this past year. I’ve been really analyzing teams and certain offenses. The Giants have been missing a piece like me. They have a great quarterback and I think Tye, 45, was great for them. I felt that I could be another more dynamic piece at that role. I just always felt that they would look at a guy like me to come in and contribute. I know my skillset. I’m confident in my game and how hard I work. Just the weapons around me, I can’t wait to come in and contribute. Learn from all those guys and take advantage of the opportunity to be a great player for this team.” Engram is confident in himself, and his abilities on the football field. If he is able to be that missing piece of the offense from the start of the season, the Giants will be in a better place. If he has some growing pains as a rookie, I have no doubt that Engram will seek to prove himself to the coaches, teammates, and to himself, I do not see Evan Engram accepting failure. Secondly, I like that Engram talks about his future teammates, and how he seeks to learn from those veterans. Rookies have come into the league before, and believed that they knew best, that the veterans and coaches knew nothing, and more times then not, these players were either locker room cancers, busts, or both. Engram seems to have his head on straight, I see him taking the lessons that he will learn as he takes this next step forward in his life very seriously, and growing from them. The last question I wish to highlight was in relation toEngram, and his NFL Comparison of Washington Tight End Jordan Reed. “I have been looking up to him for so long. He was such a huge talent at Florida that I didn’t think got used enough, so when he got to Washington and got used to his abilities, he has been doing such great things in the league. So just watching him and studying him and I would love to work with him some day because he is such a threat, so savvy with his routes and so precise and he gets physical after the catch. Being compared to that is what I want. I want to be better than him, but that is going to be a tough task. But being compared to him and being able to bring to the table what he does for a team like the Giants is a blessing.” Engram has fire, passion, and desire to not only be as good in the NFL as Jordan Reed, he wants to be better. He also is realistic, knowing that this will be a difficult comparison to live up to, but from everything we have seen up to this point, from having his head on straight, to having a strong work ethic, wanting to learn from veterans, and having the drive to be better then an already elite NFL Tight End, Big things lie ahead for the Giants 1st round pick, Engrams. Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutDE Devin Taylor Set to Visit New York GiantsUS & Japan Counter China in South China SeaSEC TOURNAMENT ON DECK | LSU vs. MissouriOdell Beckham Jr. Absent from OTA'sHow Will Marshall Impact the Locker Room?Steelers OTA 1: Bryant Back Full StoryThe Giants Beat Top StoriesOdell Beckham Jr. Absent from OTA'sOdell Beckham Jr. decided to skip OTA's on Tuesday in light of signing a prolific $25 million dollar shoe deal with Nike. Clearly the star receiver had more pressing matters to…by Sara StanleyThe Giants BeatYesterday at 3:33 PMHow Will Marshall Impact the Locker Room?Former Jet Brandon Marshall has a history of causing locker room feuds for several teams, and with his borderline personality disorder, should the Giants be worried of his presence…by Alexander WilsonThe Giants BeatYesterday at 1:05 PMPositions Battles: Wide ReceiversThe New York Giants wide receiver position battle will be on one of the most anticipated throughout training camp. Who will earn a role on the starting offense?by Alex EvansThe Giants BeatMonday at 12:58 PMDE Devin Taylor Set to Visit New York GiantsFormer Lion Devin Taylor is set to visit the New York Giants today, per ESPN's Adam Schefter. He could provide a big body and immediate support to a rather shallow defensive line…by Alexander WilsonThe Giants BeatMonday at 12:27 PMGiants Position Battles: Running BackIt will be a full running back room during training camp, but what speedster will emerge as the Giants go-to man?by Dean RoventiniThe Giants BeatMonday at 12:11 PM2017 Fantasy Football PrimerAre you ready for the 2017 Fantasy Football season? It can't come soon enough, right? This page is a hub where we both want to look forward towards 2017 but also look back at 2016.by SCOUT Fantasy StaffScout FantasyYesterday at 1:25 PMBrandon Marshall to Limit Sterling Shepard?The New York Giants signed former Jet No. 1 receiver Brandon Marshall this offseason, supplanting Victor Cruz as the No. 2 behind Odell Beckham Jr.by Alexander WilsonThe Giants BeatMonday at 11:27 AMGiants Position Battles: SafetyBig Blue's starter is in place, but who could be in the hunt to be a part of the rotation?by Sara StanleyThe Giants BeatMonday at 8:31 AM2017 Could be a Huge Year for Devon KennardThe New York Giants’ defense is primed to have a terrific 2017 campaign, simply based on the promise they showed last season as the No. 2 ranked defense in the NFL. Despite…by Alexander WilsonThe Giants BeatSunday at 2:34 PMGeno Smith Vs Davis WebbAfter the release of longtime New York Giants backup quarterback Ryan Nassib, Jerry Reese went after former Jet Geno Smith. Smith was signed as an insurance policy for Eli Manning,…by Alexander WilsonThe Giants BeatSaturday at 3:59 AMPosition Battles: Defensive BacksThe New York Giants arguably have one of the better secondary’s in the league with the emergence of all-pro safety Landon Collins and pro bowler Janoris Jenkins.by Alexander WilsonThe Giants BeatFriday at 5:10 PMGiants Defensive Line Ready to Smash RecordsThe New York Giants have one of the most versatile and dangerous defensive units in the entirety of the NFL. With the likes of Jason Pierre-Paul and Olivier Vernon dominating the…by Alexander WilsonThe Giants BeatFriday at 7:57 AMLoad More

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Charlotte Bobcats coach Larry Brown says Sean May won't play until he's in better shape Brown: May sidelined until he's in better shapeCharlotte Bobcats2767dThe Draft-Day Manifesto18hMatthew BerryCowboys' McClain not on plane to training campDallas Cowboys3hTodd ArcherBrowns' Gordon upbeat: 'I'm a different person'Cleveland Browns2hPat McManamonAnthony has become the unlikely face of Team USANew York Knicks5hNick FriedellAmar'e: Suns not receptive to retirement ideaPhoenix Suns3hNo letdown for Stenson in opening 6711hBob Harig3 Related Aces hard to come by in Round 1 grades Round 2 tee times for the PGA Championship Is Rickie Fowler ready to contend at the PGA Championship?NFL's 20 most impactful offseason moves for 201631mDan GrazianoTop under-the-radar storylines for all 32 NFL teams21hESPN.comJags RB addresses how car ended up in pondJacksonville Jaguars12hMichael DiRoccoSale happy to be back after being 'on island'Chicago White Sox5hBradford DoolittleCubs give a preview of their October bullpen in win over White Sox4hJesse RogersSeahawks GM: No out clause to leave for GBSeattle Seahawks11hSheil KapadiaSummer Forecast: Projecting the MVP race for 2016-17Oklahoma City Thunder16hPorzingis rents penthouse in same building as Carmelo's gym16hESPN.comThe bones of Jim Thorpe do not rest easy14hKurt StreeterSteelers need Rolls-Royce driver Brown more than ever21hJeremy FowlerKurt Coleman says 'Thieves Ave.' won't change because Josh Norman is gone5hDavid NewtonRavens' Stanley performs R Kelly song in a chicken suit16mJamison HensleySager starts chemo again, will not cover Rio13hESPN.com news servicesBell apologizes to Steelers for 'distraction' of banPittsburgh Steelers12hJeremy FowlerJaeger shoots 58, first in PGA-sanctioned event4hAfter a summer of camping, SEC coaches still not sold on satellite camps22hEdward AschoffOwner uses security-cam photo of Cam Newton to promote restaurant5hDavid NewtonPatrick Peterson arrives at Cardinals training camp in a helicopter7mJosh WeinfussTurn 4: NASCAR's burning questions17hGarcia makes anticipated return after long layoff17hDan RafaelBrown holding oft-injured May out until he's in better shapeFacebookTwitterPinterestEmailcommentDec 30, 2008ESPN.com news services FacebookTwitterPinterestEmailprintcommentCHARLOTTE, N.C. -- Sean May feels he's in good enough shape to play. Charlotte Bobcats coach Larry Brown thinks otherwise. So there was May on the inactive list for the ninth straight game Tuesday as his frustration mounts in what's been another disappointing season for the oft-injured former first-round pick."It is stressful," May said before his team's 93-89 loss against New York. "I want to prove to this organization that I can help this team for the future. You can't do that in a suit. It's been tough because the prior three years I've been in suits. Now that I'm able to play, coach just doesn't feel like I can give him much right now. It stinks all in itself."May, the 13th pick in the 2005 draft, played in only 58 games in his first three seasons because of his troublesome right knee. He missed all of last season after undergoing microfracture surgery, but began this season as the Bobcats' starting power forward.But May lost his job after just one game because Brown said he wasn't fit. He was inactive for the next five games, and has seen limited time since. He's played in 16 of Charlotte's 32 games and is averaging only 4.3 points and 3.3 rebounds.Speaking after a shootaround before Tuesday's game against New York, Brown hinted May won't see the court anytime soon."He's making progress, but I'm not going to play him," Brown said. "I told him last week that until I see he's able to run up and down the court and be fit enough to play without having him struggle. I haven't seen that."May disagrees. He feels he's in much better shape and capable of playing 6-7 minute stretches before being taken out. May did have one solid game earlier this month, scoring 10 points and grabbing 11 rebounds in 27 minutes in a win over Oklahoma City."I felt like right before I was deactivated I started to do things I hadn't been doing prior," May said. "I was driving the ball. I was able to go after balls that I didn't have the confidence to before. It's just a trust thing with my knee. Then I get deactivated and now I have to start back at square one."May is not the only former first-round pick to see little playing time under Brown, in his first season in Charlotte. Adam Morrison, the No. 3 pick in the 2006 draft, hadn't played in four of the past six games before Tuesday.But May's situation is more tenuous. He's in the final year of his rookie contract and would appear to have little trade value. He said he's struggled some with tendinitis in his knee, but said overall pain is not the issue."That's what they see sometimes, that I favor it," May said of the knee. "But it's going to be like that for a while until I'm able to get it back stronger and gain some confidence. But the knee feels good. I feel like I can contribute. But it's not up to me."Brown said he planned to revisit May's status soon."We talked last week and he just said he wants to see me move better," May said. "He wants to see me play better and he's not going to put me out there in a bad situation. He just said in the near future. That was a week ago."I'm just trying not to get discouraged. It's tough, but I've been through worse."Information from The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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BrowseInterestsStay InformedCareerPersonal GrowthFiction & BiographiesHealth & FitnessLifestyleCultureBrowse byBooksAudiobooksNews & MagazinesSheet MusicBrowse allUploadSign inJoinApplied Linear Algebra (EE635) Quiz 2 Solutions October 5, 2012 1. The crux of the problem is to find an proper inner product structure satisfying the norm condition. Following identity helps us express inner product over real field in terms of the norm. 1 x, y = [||x + y||2 − ||x − y||2 ] (1) 4 Now say x = [a1 , b1 ] and y = [a2 , b2 ] be two vectors from R2 . ||x + y||2 = (a1 + a2 − b1 − b2 )2 + 3(b1 + b2 )2 ||x − y|| = (a1 − a2 − b1 + b2 ) + 3(b1 − b2 ) Thus, 4 x, y = (a1 + a2 )2 + (b1 + b2 )2 − 2(a1 + a2 )(b1 + b2 ) + 3(b1 + b2 )2 − (a1 − a2 )2 − (b1 − b2 )2 + 2(a1 − a2 )(b1 − b2 ) − 3(b1 − b2 )2 = 4a1 a2 + 16b1 b2 + 2(a1 b1 − a1 b2 − a2 b1 + a2 b2 − a1 b1 − a1 b2 − a2 b1 − a2 b2 ) = 4a1 a2 + 16b1 b2 − 4(a1 b2 + a2 b1 ) Hence x, y = a1 a2 − a1 b2 − a2 b1 + 4b1 b2 Now say x=[3,4] i.e. a1 = 3, b1 = 4. Thus if y belongs to the x Substituting a1 and b1 , we get 3a2 − 3b2 − 4a2 + 16b2 = 0 =⇒13b2 = a2 From the theory of Complementary subspaces, clearly dimension of the x Hence the basis of x ⊥ is [13,1]. ⊥ =2-1=1. ⊥, 2 2 2 (4) x, y = 0 . 2. Clearly colspan(A) is spanned by v1 = [1, 0, 1] , v2 = [1, 2, −1] and v3 = [2, 2, 1] . But these vectors are not yet orthogonal. Lets apply GS procedure to orthogonalise these set of vectors. Let wi (i = 1, 2, . . .) denote the set of orthogonal vectors. w1 = [1, 0, 1] 1 (5) 2. −1] 2 6 −1 1 1 =[ . Hence v itself is the most appropriate approximation. Thus w2 = [1. −1] And similarly 5 3 w3 = [2. . 2. Hence u = v i. ] 3 3 3 Thus we have three orthogonal vectors spanning the colspan(A). ||u − v|| = 0 (6) . Hence colspan(A) is complete R3 . 0. 1] − [1. w1 =0.See that v2 .e. 1] − [1. Thus the vector v belongs to the colspan(A). 2. More From This UserSkip carouselAdderq2 solnass1solnFinite FieldsRoutineWirelessHttp Www.cse.Iitb.ac.in ~Vadehra HubsHomework 08Bit MirroringIndia Kargil War Heros Sons of Brave Parents Indian Army Soldierstimetableautumn2011_12System Software Assignment 1 Sign up to vote on this titleUsefulNot usefulq2 soln by Maloy Ghosh0.0 (0)EmbedDownloadRead on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentMore informationShow less RelatedAdderby Maloy Ghoshq2 solnby Maloy Ghoshass1solnby Maloy GhoshFinite Fieldsby Maloy GhoshRoutineby Maloy GhoshWirelessby Maloy GhoshHttp Www.cse.Iitb.ac.in ~Vadehra Hubsby Maloy GhoshHomework 08by Maloy GhoshBit Mirroringby Maloy GhoshIndia Kargil War Heros Sons of Brave Parents Indian Army Soldiersby Maloy Ghoshtimetableautumn2011_12by Maloy GhoshSystem Software Assignment 1by Maloy GhoshMore From Maloy GhoshSkip carouselAdderq2 solnass1solnFinite FieldsRoutineWirelessHttp Www.cse.Iitb.ac.in ~Vadehra HubsHomework 08Bit MirroringIndia Kargil War Heros Sons of Brave Parents Indian Army Soldierstimetableautumn2011_12System Software Assignment 1

Patent US5413575 - Multifunction electrocautery tool - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA multifunction electrocautery tool includes an elongated housing within which a generally cylindrical suction tube is slidably supported. A slide control is mechanically coupled to the suction tube and movable to control the retraction and extension thereof. The slide control includes an aperture coupled...http://www.google.com/patents/US5413575?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5413575 - Multifunction electrocautery toolAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5413575 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/229,693Publication dateMay 9, 1995Filing dateApr 19, 1994Priority dateApr 19, 1994Fee statusLapsedPublication number08229693, 229693, US 5413575 A, US 5413575A, US-A-5413575, US5413575 A, US5413575AInventorsThomas J. 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ControlsUS20100076411 *Mar 25, 2010Jung WuMedical electrocautery instrument assistant deviceUS20100106151 *Jun 22, 2007Apr 29, 2010Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Surgical instrument for performing controlled myotomiesUS20100274242 *Oct 28, 2010Greep Darcy WElectrosurgical instrument with adjustable power cableUS20110077645 *Sep 29, 2009Mar 31, 2011San-Chih Yang LinElectrosurgical Pencil with Synchronous Evacuation FunctionUS20110190768 *Aug 4, 2011Medtek Devices, Inc.Electrosurgical device with vacuum portUS20120101497 *Apr 26, 2012Prash JayarajSurgical Pencil Enabling SuctionUS20120203209 *Aug 9, 2012Noah Mark MinskoffApparatus and method for electrosurgical suctionUS20120203223 *Aug 9, 2012Nathan Andrew TerryApparatus and method for electrosurgical suctionUS20140081086 *Mar 15, 2013Mar 20, 2014Medtek Devices, Inc.Electrosurgical device with vacuum portUS20140276799 *Mar 14, 2014Sep 18, 2014GYRUS ACMI, INC., d/b/a Olympus Surgical Technologies AmericaCombination electrosurgical deviceUS20140325816 *May 6, 2013Nov 6, 2014Ciena CorporationOptical interface insertion and extraction toolUSD668763 *Oct 9, 2012Erbe Elektromedizin GmbhHandle for electro-surgical instrumentUSD709196 *Mar 15, 2013Jul 15, 2014Megadyne Medical Products, Inc.Hand pieceCN102614013A *Dec 31, 2011Aug 1, 2012升望科技股份有限公司Adjustable electrotome smoke-absorbing device for surgical operationCN102614013BDec 31, 2011Jan 15, 2014升望科技股份有限公司Adjustable electrotome smoke-absorbing device for surgical operationEP1532928A1 *Jul 7, 2004May 25, 2005Sherwood Services AGPistol grip electrosurgical pencil with manual aspirator/irrigatorEP1897506A1 *Sep 8, 2006Mar 12, 2008Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.A surgical instrument for performing controlled myotomiesEP1902682A2Nov 12, 2004Mar 26, 2008Lina Medical CML ApSLength adjustable electro-surgical pencil with suction meansEP2965704A1 *May 18, 2012Jan 13, 2016Cimpax ApsAn extension device for an electrosurgical pencil with a suction channelWO1999008613A1 *Aug 12, 1998Feb 25, 1999Somnus Medical Technologies, Inc.Apparatus and device for use therein and method for ablation of tissueWO2005046498A1Nov 12, 2004May 26, 2005Lina Medical Cml ApsLength adjustable electro-surgical pencil with suction meansWO2008028701A1 *Jun 22, 2007Mar 13, 2008Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.A surgical instrument for performing controlled myotomiesWO2009094604A1 *Jan 24, 2009Jul 30, 2009Anacapa Arch AssociatesMethod and device for less invasive surgical procedures on animalsWO2009150638A2 *Aug 7, 2009Dec 17, 2009Pulathis SiriwardanaMultipurpose diathermy apparatusWO2009150638A3 *Aug 7, 2009May 27, 2010Pulathis SiriwardanaMultipurpose diathermy apparatus* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification606/45, 606/39International ClassificationA61B18/14, A61B18/00, A61M1/00Cooperative ClassificationA61B18/1402, A61B2018/00976, A61B2218/008European ClassificationA61B18/14BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 19, 1994ASAssignmentOwner name: AN-CON GENETICS, INC., NEW YORKFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HAENGGI, THOMAS J.;REEL/FRAME:007097/0994Effective date: 19940720Dec 1, 1998REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedMay 9, 1999LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesJul 6, 1999FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19990509RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

Top 10 Hotels in Boeblingen, Germany | Hotels.comEnglish (United States)Book online or call 800-246-8357This call is free. 24 hours a day; 7 days a week.HotelsHotel DealsPackages & FlightsGroupsGift CardsHelpWebsite feedbackSign in & AccountSign inCreate an accountYour bookingsReview a hotelHotels.com® RewardsYour bookingsHotelsHotels in GermanyBoeblingen HotelsHotels in Boeblingen, GermanySearch & Compare Boeblingen HotelsCity, landmark, hotel name, address or zip codeCheck inCheck out I don’t know my datesRooms123456789+Room 1:Adults12345678Aged 18+Children01230-17Age at check in:Child 1:-?-<11234567891011121314151617Show dealsGet Secret Prices on select hotelsThese prices aren’t available to everyone.Unlock nowTrending now in BoeblingenHotels in BoeblingenMost bookedV8 HOTEL - Motorworld Region StuttgartExcellent 4.6 / 5( 157 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 40 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"The hotel is great Loved the themed room. Really enjoyed strolling through the museum of beautiful cars. Would suggest bed side table lamps and possibly a love seat to sit on. Although the movie theatre style seating adds to the theme of the room they are not very comfortable to sit on. Other..."A Traveller, Nov 2016, CAMercure Hotel Stuttgart BoeblingenGood 3.8 / 5( 125 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 18 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"Good hotel for the price. Friendly and helpful staff. Clean rooms and conveniently located to many stores and restaurants. Great alternative to staying downtown Stuttgart if business near Böblingen. Clean rooms and decent breakfast."A Traveller, Jan 2017, USHotel BöhlerOutstanding 4.8 / 5( 40 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 17 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"Lovely family run hotel. Rooms are spotless! Car park is very useful. The staff are great. "A Traveller, Jul 2016, GBFS Hotel Stuttgart BöblingenExcellent 4.3 / 5( 26 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 10 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"From the out side looks average but inside is a different story people cannot do enough for you rooms are clean and the breakfast are brilliant Regards Ian Patterson "P, May 2015, AUHotel RiethGood 3.0 / 5( 1 genuine review )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 10 people looked at this hotel in the last hourBusiness HotelExcellent 4.0 / 5( 24 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 8 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"We needed a hotel in the Stuttgart area to check a train. Great location, train station a 7 minute walk, thermal spa 5 minute walk away. Staff was nice and friendly. Room slept 3 comfortably, park was a minor problem but not bad."A Traveller, Oct 2015, USWaldhorn HotelExcellent 4.5 / 5( 15 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 7 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"This was a very nice hotel! Enjoyed our stay. We had a wonderful meal in the restaurant. Breakfast was very nice too."A Traveller, Sep 2014, USHotel Restaurant Zum ReussensteinOutstanding 4.7 / 5( 21 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 6 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"The lady at reception was super friendly and nice, the hotel has snack bars that you can just get whatever you like from them absolutely free, there is a small garage, I loved my stay, totally recommend it."A Traveller, Dec 2015, USHotels within 5 miles of BoeblingenStuttgart Marriott Hotel SindelfingenGood 3.9 / 5( 83 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 68 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"Nice hotel. Remodeling still on-going. Rooms are a bit inconvenient for desk orientation."A Traveller, Jan 2016, USMercure Hotel Stuttgart Sindelfingen an der MesseExcellent 4.1 / 5( 214 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! 30 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"Happy with the helpful front office staff. Breakfast was great ."A Traveller, Sep 2016, SGSee more hotels in Boeblingen, GermanyRecently bookedBest Western Hotel Sindelfingen City4 starsfrom $79Erikson Hotel4 starsfrom $67Mercure Hotel Stuttgart Sindelfingen an der Messe4 starsfrom $66Pullman Stuttgart Fontana4.5 starsfrom $104V8 HOTEL - Motorworld Region Stuttgart4 starsfrom $158Pay now or later on most roomsFree cancellation on most roomsPrice GuaranteeMap of Boeblingen hotelsLandmarksMotorworld StuttgartBoeblingen Congress CenterMotorworld Region StuttgartSt. Alexander KircheCongressCentrum BöblingenTransportationBoeblingen Hulb S-BahnBoeblingen StationSindelfingen Goldberg StationHotel typesThree Star hotels (5 hotels)Pet Friendly hotels (5 hotels)Family-friendly hotels (7 hotels)Best hotels in BoeblingenWith hotels.com we help you find the best hotels in Boeblingen, Germany. To make the most of our service, download our mobile & tablet apps and sign up to our newsletter or follow us on Facebook, Google+ or Twitter to receive the latest deals and Hotels.com Boeblingen discount codes.See more hotels in Boeblingen, GermanyChoose one of the following to unlock Secret Prices and pay less on select hotels.EmailSign up for our latest offersHotels.com appDownload the app and book on the goHotels.com® RewardsJoin now! 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Musical Instruments in Franklin, North Carolina with Reviews & Ratings - YP.comFind People•Advertise With UsBrowseFind PeopleFeatured CollectionsRestaurantsAutomotiveHome ImprovementHealth & WellnessAttorneysPeople Searched For...Tree ServiceAttorneysRoofing ContractorsInsuranceDentistsGolf CoursesMoversPlumbersPainting ContractorsElectriciansPest Control ServicesReal Estate AgentsHotelsHorseback RidingAuto Repair & ServiceAcupunctureTire DealersMattressesTattoo ShopsGarbage CollectionFloristsLand SurveyorsCraft SuppliesAre you alocal business owner?Advertise with YPor call 888-367-2194What do you want to find?Search by business name, or keywordnearWhere? Address, ZIP Code, or NeighborhoodMy current locationSearchSign In•JoinHomeFranklin, NCMusical InstrumentsFranklin Musical InstrumentsSort:DefaultDefaultDistanceRatingName (A - Z)FiltersFiltersMore NeighborhoodsDowntown AshevilleHenrietta- Spears StreetDoneClear AllMore CategoriesAudio-Visual EquipmentBusiness & Vocational SchoolsComputer & Technology SchoolsConsumer ElectronicsDancing InstructionGuitars & AmplifiersGuns & GunsmithsHome Theater SystemsJewelersJewelers-Wholesale & ManufacturersJewelry BuyersLanguage SchoolsLoansMusic Instruction-InstrumentalMusic Instruction-VocalMusic SchoolsMusic SheetMusic StoresMusical Instrument RentalMusical Instrument Supplies & AccessoriesMusical InstrumentsMusical Instruments-RepairPawnbrokersPersonal Services & AssistantsPiano & Organ MovingPianos & Organ-Tuning, Repair & RestorationPianos & OrgansSound Systems & EquipmentStereo, Audio & Video Equipment-DealersTelevision & Radio StoresDoneClear AllCategoryMusical InstrumentsMusical Instrument Supplies & AccessoriesPianos & OrgansMore »FeaturesCouponsBook a TableMake an AppointmentBBB Rated A+/ANeighborhoodsDowntown AshevilleHenrietta- Spears StreetMusician's Workshop(4)319 Merrimon Ave, Asheville, NC 28801(828) 252-1249Show BannerHide BannerMusical InstrumentsConsumer ElectronicsWebsiteYP AdDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection1. M W Enterprises IncFranklin, NC 28734(828) 963-8990Musical InstrumentsAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection2. Buscarino Guitars2348 Wide Horizon DrFranklin, NC 28734(828) 349-9867Musical InstrumentsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection3. Plaza Pawn & Gun(1)253 Highlands RdFranklin, NC 28734(828) 349-3215PawnbrokersI am sooo happy to see Joe back! He has THE best customer service in the area. When times are tough, I can count on Joe @ FRANKLIN PAWN to help m…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection4. Paradise Music166 E Main StFranklin, NC 28734(828) 369-7227Music SheetMusical Instrument RentalWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection5. Paradise Music242 Highlands RdFranklin, NC 28734(828) 369-7227Musical Instrument Supplies &...Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection6. Thunder Pawn253 Highlands RdFranklin, NC 28734(828) 349-3215PawnbrokersMusical InstrumentsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection7. Paul Strube Piano TechnicianFranklin, NC 28744(828) 369-8288Pianos & Organ-Tuning, Repair &...Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your fun collection!Error when adding to fun collectionThis business was removed from the fun collection8. TakeLessons.com(6)Serving the Franklin Area.(888) 281-9489Musical InstrumentsWebsiteMore InfoI just love this company! I have taken singing and piano lessons in the past and I recently started taking American Sign Language lessons to get som…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection9. In Your Ear Music Emporium573 W Main StreetSylva, NC 28779(828) 586-6404Musical InstrumentsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection10. Paradise Music561 Mill StSylva, NC 28779(828) 631-3444Musical InstrumentsAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection11. Parker Music5200 US Highway 74 WWhittier, NC 28789(828) 586-1700Musical Instrument RentalAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection12. Plaza Pawn & Gun(1)BBB Rating: A+365 Jackson PlzSylva, NC 28779(828) 586-4500PawnbrokersGuns & GunsmithsWebsiteVery clean, very courteous and they pay the most!Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection13. Paradise Music325 W Main StSylva, NC 28779(828) 631-3444Musical Instrument Supplies &...WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection14. Musician's Workshop(4)Serving the Franklin Area.(828) 252-1249Musical InstrumentsWebsiteYP AdMore InfoI have shopped with Musician's Workshop for nearly 20 years and have my guitar serviced in their shop. They have always been excellent. I recently…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection15. Ward Piano Company IncServing the Franklin Area.(828) 648-4622Musical InstrumentsPianos & OrgansWebsiteMore InfoFrom Business: Family owned since 1944. One of the largest piano re-builders in the Southeast. Tuning Restoration Refinishing specialists. Restored piano showroom.Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection16. Tempo Music Ctr Inc(2)Serving the Franklin Area.(828) 693-8276Musical InstrumentsWebsiteMore InfoAlways first class service. Always available to explain about things I don't understand or need help with. Have been very pleased with the shop in…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection17. Strains Of Music IncBBB Rating: A+67 Academy StWaynesville, NC 28786(828) 456-3331Musical InstrumentsConsumer ElectronicsDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Since 1959, Strains of Music, Inc. has served Waynesville, NC and western North Carolina with guitars, drums, amps and sound equipment at discounts up to 30 percent…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection18. David Holder The Piano Man(1)BBB Rating: AServing the Franklin Area.(828) 683-4479Musical InstrumentsPianos & OrgansWebsiteMore InfoDave began tuning my piano years ago, and has always been polite, professional and a great tuner. Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection19. Case Brothers Of SpartanburgBBB Rating: A+Serving the Franklin Area.(828) 233-5876Musical InstrumentsWebsiteMore InfoFrom Business: New and Used Pianos for every budget. Case Brothers of Spartanburg, established in 1904, is a musical instrument dealership offering full service on everything we s…Sponsored LinksShowing1-19 of 19resultsAdd a New CollectionOops! There was a problem saving the new custom collection.Please try again.Collection Name cannot be emptyUpload a Photo(optional)Remaining Characters: 100Remaining Characters: 500CancelSaveMap ViewFeatured Musical Instrumentsin Franklin, North CarolinaMusician's Workshop(4)319 Merrimon Ave, Asheville, NC 28801(828) 252-1249WebsiteYP AdDirectionsMore InfoCase Brothers Of SpartanburgServing the Franklin area.(828) 233-5876WebsiteMore InfoTakeLessons.com(6)Serving the Franklin area.(888) 281-9489What Would You Like To Learn Today?WebsiteMore InfoDidn't find what you were looking for?magnifying glassPlease help others by helping us do better.Suggest a BusinessAboutAbout UsSite FeedbackContact UsAdvertise with UsCareers - We're HiringCorporate BlogEngineering BlogLegal

Zdravko Mijailović - Semantic Scholar Zorica Mladenovic, Andjelka Angelkov-Ristic, Dragan Tavčiovski, Zdravko Mijailović, Branko Lj Gligic, Zoran Ćosić This prospective study evaluated the relationship between preinfarction angina (2 months before a 1st acute myocardial infarction) and the extent of postinfarction myocardial injury, myocardial… (More) Zorica Mladenovic, Andelka Angelkov-Ristić, +5 authors Aleksandra S Jovelic BACKGROUND/AIM Prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (AIM) depends on the extent of irreversibly damaged myocardium and viable tissue due to stunning or hibernation. The aim of the study was to… (More) [Natriuretic peptides and multimarker approach to risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes]. Radomir Matunović, Aleksandar Stojanovic, Zdravko Mijailović, Zoran Ćosić NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES: Brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptides (N-proBNP) have been shown to provide important prognostic… (More) [Therapeutic and prognostic significance of cardiac biomarkers in patients with the acute coronary syndrome]. Radomir Matunović, Aleksandar Stojanovic, Zdravko Mijailović, Milorad Rabrenović Diagnostics in patients with the acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is becoming even more complex with the increase of number of available options. In addition, the number of treatment options accessible… (More) [When is "poor" left ventricular function really poor?]. Zdravko Mijailović, Vladimir Tadić [Assessment of tissue viability for improvement of the left ventricular function after revascularization]. Radomir Matunović, Aleksandar Stojanovic, Zdravko Mijailović, Branko Lj Gligic, Andelka Ristić-Angelokov INTRODUCTION Treatment of patients with heart failure following myocardial infarction is still a clinical challenge. Drug therapy in these patients is limited, and invasive revascularization is not… (More) [Personal experience in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism]. Vesna Dangubić, Ilija Tomić, +5 authors Vukojica Karlicić The 188 patients with pulmonary embolism were treated at the Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases of the M.M.A. in the period 1979-1989. Clinical symptoms and signs, diagnostic procedures and therapy of… (More) [Problems in the treatment and care of bronchogenic carcinoma]. Vesna Dangubić, N Vukov, D. Popovic, R Predragović, Zdravko Mijailović At the Military Medical Academy about 400-500 patients are hospitalised yearly due to bronchogenic carcinoma which represents about 35-40% of all hospitalized patients. Within a five-year period… (More) [Role of natriuretic peptides in the assessment of aortic stenosis severity]. Zaklina Davicević, Dragan Tavčiovski, Radomir Matunović, Snježana Vukotić, Zdravko Mijailović BACKGROUND/AIM Symptom onset is a critical point in natural course of aortic stenosis and the most important indication for aortic valve replacement. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of… (More)

Jason Douglas Reese, Reciever at Salvation army | SlideShare × × × × × × Jason Douglas Reese Work Reciever Website http://www.jasonreesemedia.com About Receive incoming donations and merchandise from warehouse. Check donations,separate donations. Sign receipts. Place merchandise throughout showroom floor. Place broken and old donations in bins to be placed on truck to send to warehouse.

Amazon.co.uk: Profile For C Scognamiglio: Reviews Profile for C Scognamiglio > Reviews Content by C Scognamiglio Top Reviewer Ranking: 917,944 Reviews Written by C Scognamiglio "Chris" (United Kindom) 5.0 out of 5 stars Imogen does it again., 31 Dec 2010 As with her last album, Imogen Heap has created something truly wonderful here. Her voice is in fine form and her songs really show it off. She has also engaged the skills of various, brilliant musicians, most notably Nitin Sawhney (one of my musical heroes) on the very excellent Canvas, in itself a marvellous mixture of folk, strings and electronica with some lovely piano and haunting vocals. As with any album, not all of these tracks are to my liking, but most of them are and stand out for me are the aforementioned Canvas, First Train Home (the opening track), Little Bird and Bad Body Double, a song about not recognising yourself in the mirror anymore (something I can relate to even as a man!). All in all, if you like female fronted electronica, you could do little better than to buy this and indeed most of Imogen's work. 5.0 out of 5 stars Handy little USB gadget, 15 July 2010 Does just what it should, with one MIDI in and one out going to a little box with LEDs to indicate when it gets a signal and when it's getting power (which it gets from the buss), this little thing has plenty of cable should you need to run it round a bedroom or project studio but is fairly compact and rugged enough to take out to gigs. If you've got an older controller keyboard that you want to attach via USB or even an old midi keyboard that you want to run from your laptop, this is definitely a viable option. 4.0 out of 5 stars A superb introduction, 1 Jun 2010 This review is from: A Concise History of Italy (Cambridge Concise Histories) (Paperback) If you're taking modern history or are just interested in Italy's past, you can't go wrong with this book. Whilst the history spanning from Roman times to the unification is less in depth as there are, afterall, numerous books already on renaissance Italy, it is concisely laid out and not lacking in essential detail. The period from the unification up to the early 90s is very in depth, including the fascist years and the war years and explains a great deal both about the political and the social state of the country then and now.I bought this becasue I knew little of the history of Italy and given that I am half Italian thought I should fill in the gaps in my knowledge, but I think this book would be perfect for anyone who is interested in Italy, or who is doing modern history and wants to understand where the italians fit into it in more depth. 5.0 out of 5 stars Slinky and toned, 1 Jun 2010 I have always used Ernie Balls, from my teens when I learnt to play (using the pink packaged Super Slinky strings) to my more recent role as a covers band player. I can highly recomend then as they are lovely to the touch and have fine tone. I've tried D'addario and Fender own brand too and still come back to the Ernies! 5.0 out of 5 stars The Magical Mr. McKee, 16 Nov 2009 This review is from: Art of Motion (Audio CD) I, like many, discovered Andy McKee on YouTube, which has been his weapon of choice (as with all Candyrat Records artists) for getting himself known, but I really wanted to buy at least one of his albums for all the most obvious reasons (to support him, I can't take YouTube in the car etc.) and I'm really glad I have. This is one of the most relaxing and uplifting albums I've heard in a whole and has been in the car pretty much since I got it. Whilst Andy McKee isn't necessarily the first guitarist to do two handed tapping, or to use the body of his guitar as a percussion instrument, he is one of the most accomplished and writes some truly lovely pieces. If you've heard Drifting or The Keys To The Hovercar on YouTube and liked them, I urge you to by this album (or his other album, or both as I will eventually do!) if only to support this "indie" section of the music industry and to spread the calm. 4.0 out of 5 stars I Love Dolby, Goodbye, 11 Sep 2009 This review is from: Astronauts and Heretics (Audio CD) I'm not so sure about Eastern Bloc. Do we really need a rehash/sequel to Europa? Other than that, this is Dolby in contemplation and it has some real gems on it such as the Cajun fiddle tinged I Love You, Goodbye or Silk Pyjamas, the soft melancholy of Cruel or the fantastic Close But No Cigar with Eddie Van Halen on guitar duty. Some may say that this isn't his best work, and it might not be, but it still stands up as far as I'm concerned. 4.0 out of 5 stars Why no film version of this?!, 11 Sep 2009 The second LOEG is set almost immediately after the first one, but is perhaps already even grittier. It takes as it's premise the plot from War Of The Worlds by HG Wells (not the Tom Cruise stamped "update"), most likely as this is one of the best known sci-fi stories of the late 19th century. The team are called upon to fight the martian invaders, but there is a traitor in their midst. He gets his come-uppance though (and how!) and the LOEG triumph in the end, although I can't help feeling that there could have been more stories placed between this and Century, which is set in 1910, on the whole, I liked this, but not as much as the first one, although, without giving the plot away, we see more of Hyde and less of Nimo in this adventure. 4.0 out of 5 stars A slab of nostalgia., 9 Mar 2009 It is truly astounding how things have changed since 1976. Watching this really does show how much too, although - as was pointed out to me - things in the south of England were perhaps already much more as they are today. However, once upon a time life in the UK was much like this (although perhaps less comical!). It's a shame that the extras are so slim here, but the original pilot is interesting to see and the episodes themselves are very funny. A real slice of nostalgia, especially at a time when there is a call to go back to older ways of doing things. Thomas tracks backpack 4.0 out of 5 stars I got this as a present., 29 Jan 2009 = Durability:3.0 out of 5 stars = Fun:2.0 out of 5 stars = Educational:1.0 out of 5 stars This review is from: Thomas tracks backpack (Toy) THis was bought as a present for my 2 year old nephew, so apart from saying that it got to me in good time and in a perfect condition, I'm not really the one who should be reviewing it! Fletch/Fletch Lives [DVD] 4.0 out of 5 stars Whatever happened to Fletch?, 22 Oct 2007 This review is from: Fletch/Fletch Lives [DVD] (DVD) I loved Fletch, from the moment I saw the first film I thought that this was a great film, and even the second one rated highly in my mind. Perhaps it is a touch of 80's nostalgia (apparently a rather typically UK thing) but I always thought these films weren't as loved as some commedians vehicles to stardom (Eddie Murphy for example). I was so happy to see that I could get these two films together, it's just a shame that there weren't any extras, not even a trailer!

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Call Now!www.calladt.comAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection1. Alamo Auto Supply5923 Gateway West BlvdEl Paso, TX 79925(915) 781-1234Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection2. Ramirez Tinting & Alarms6257 Airport RdEl Paso, TX 79925(915) 771-9619Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection3. Auto Trimmer Master6209 MontanaEl Paso, TX 79925(915) 772-6185Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?4. The Chihuahua Sound5812 Dyer StEl Paso, TX 79904(915) 564-3022Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?5. The Chihuahua Sound Inc8337 Dyer StEl Paso, TX 79904(915) 755-4407Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?6. MSD Ignitions1490 Henry Brennan DrEl Paso, TX 79936(915) 857-5200Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?7. Chihuahua Sounds619 S Stanton StEl Paso, TX 79901(915) 544-3456Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?8. M and L sound3600 Wyoming AveEl Paso, TX 79903(915) 566-8659Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?9. Eagle Sound4228 Alameda AveEl Paso, TX 79905(915) 532-2340Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?10. Asmar Bronco Disposal7713 Alameda AveEl Paso, TX 79915(915) 778-9548Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?11. Tito's Tinting & Alarm7823 Alameda AveEl Paso, TX 79915(915) 772-8899Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?12. Dyer Car Audio Video & Alarms5800 Dyer StEl Paso, TX 79904(915) 307-7545Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collection13. SSI Security Systems(1)3800 N. ZaragosaEl Paso, TX 79938(915) 594-8911Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?14. Shades & Shadows(4)9821B Montana AveEl Paso, TX 79925(915) 633-6623Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?15. Solar Eclipse79904 8600 Dyer StEl Paso, TX 79904(915) 478-8468Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?16. Shades & Shadows Tinting(4)7930 N Mesa St # A1El Paso, TX 79932(915) 584-2770Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?17. Fox Tinting & Auto Alarms7855 Alameda AveEl Paso, TX 79915(915) 778-7328Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?18. Custom Sounds(3)4021 N Mesa StEl Paso, TX 79902(915) 544-4800Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?19. Sun City Installation9961 Alameda Ave Ste ASocorro, TX 79927(915) 859-7815Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?20. A M Auto Alarm Systems7868 Doniphan DrVinton, TX 79821(915) 886-5370Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?21. SOCORRO LOCKSMITH(3)665 Rosa Blanca DrSocorro, TX 79927(915) 887-8135Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection22. Finishline Autosports821 E Amador AveLas Cruces, NM 88001(575) 201-2421Stereo, Audio & Video Equipment-DealersWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?23. Sonitrol272 W Griggs AveLas Cruces, NM 88005(575) 523-3936Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?24. Alamo Smart Start1595 W Amador Ave Ste CLas Cruces, NM 88005(575) 556-9277Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?25. Adobe Interlock400 Fred WayLas Cruces, NM 88007(575) 647-1313Automobile Alarms & Security SystemsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Sponsored LinksShowing1-25 of 25resultsIf we're missing a business and you'd like to make a suggestion, please do! Add a business.Add a New CollectionOops! There was a problem saving the new custom collection.Please try again.Collection Name cannot be emptyUpload a Photo(optional)Remaining Characters: 100Remaining Characters: 500CancelSaveMap ViewFeatured Automobile Alarms & Security Systemsin El Paso, TexasAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?Alamo Auto Supply5923 Gateway West BlvdEl Paso, TX 79925(915) 781-1234WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?Ramirez Tinting & Alarms6257 Airport RdEl Paso, TX 79925(915) 771-9619Serving El Paso & Ft. Bliss Since 1994 - All Makes...DirectionsMore InfoSponsored El Paso Automobile alarms security systemsPhoneWebsiteMoreFeatured Automobile Alarms & Security Systemsin El Paso, TexasAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collectionInaccurate Result?Finishline AutosportsServing the El Paso Area.(575) 201-2421Car AccessoriesWebsiteMore InfoAboutAbout UsSite FeedbackContact UsAdvertise with UsCareers - We're HiringEngineering BlogLegal

Whether you're a tourist or traveling on business, Nellis Suites at Main Gate Hotel is a great choice for accommodation when visiting Las Vegas (NV). From here, guests can enjoy easy access to all that the lively city has to offer. Also within easy reach are Richard Petty Driving Experience, Exotics Racing, Shadow Creek. The facilities and services provided by Nellis Suites at Main Gate Hotel ensure a pleasant stay for guests. The hotel provides free Wi-Fi in all rooms, car park, family room, safety deposit boxes, smoking area to ensure our guests the greatest comfort. Hotel accommodations have been carefully appointed to the highest degree of comfort and convenience. In some of the rooms, guests can find internet access – wireless (complimentary), air conditioning, heating, telephone, television. Besides, the hotel's host of recreational offerings ensures you have plenty to do during your stay. Nellis Suites at Main Gate Hotel is your one-stop destination for quality hotel accommodations in Las Vegas (NV). The Westin Lake Las Vegas Resort & Spa, located in Lake Las Vegas, is a popular choice for travelers. From here, guests can enjoy easy access to all that the lively city has to offer. This modern property is in the vicinity of popular city attractions such as Reflections Bay Golf Club and Clearview Health and Rehabilitation.The Westin Lake Las Vegas Resort & Spa offers impeccable service and all of the essential amenities to invigorate travelers. To enhance guests’ stay experience and comforts, the property provides free Wi-Fi in all rooms, a convenience store, a souvenir shop, facilities for disabled guests, and a car park.All guest accommodations feature thoughtful amenities to ensure an unparalleled sense of comfort. 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For sightseeing options and local attractions, one need not look far as the hotel enjoys close proximity to Reflections Bay Golf Club At, Lake Las Vegas, Clearview Health And Rehabilitation. Take advantage of a wealth of unrivaled services and amenities at this Las Vegas (NV) hotel. While lodging at this wonderful property, guests can enjoy facilities for disabled guests, car park, room service, airport transfer, restaurant. Hilton Lake Las Vegas Resort & Spa - Henderson is home to 349 bedrooms. All are tastefully furnished and many even provide such comforts as television LCD/plasma screen, air conditioning, heating, desk, alarm clock. The hotel offers fantastic facilities, including fitness center, outdoor pool, massage, to help you unwind after an action-packed day in the city. Whatever your purpose of visit, Hilton Lake Las Vegas Resort & Spa - Henderson is an excellent choice for your stay in Las Vegas (NV). Each room at this bed and breakfast is air conditioned and is fitted with a flat-screen TV. You will find a coffee machine in the room. Rooms are fitted with a shared bathroom. Extras include slippers and free toiletries. Bellagio Fountains is 14 km from Rosello Home, while Crystals Shopping Center is 14 km away. McCarran International Airport is 15 km from the property. Set 16 km from Las Vegas Convention Center and 18 km from Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas Villa 3 offers accommodation in Las Vegas. It provides free private parking. Free WiFi is featured throughout the property. There is a dining area and a kitchen complete with a dishwasher and an oven. Towels and bed linen are provided at Las Vegas Villa 3. Other facilities at Las Vegas Villa 3 include a barbecue. Bellagio Fountains is 18 km from Las Vegas Villa 3, while Crystals Shopping Center is 19 km away. The nearest airport is McCarran International Airport, 21 km from the property. Tranquil Haven is a detached holiday home with BBQ facilities located in North Las Vegas. The property is 9 km from Nellis Air Force Base and boasts mountain views. Free private parking is available on site. There is a dining area and a fully equipped kitchen complete with a dishwasher, a coffee machine and an oven. Towels and bed linen are available in this holiday home. There is a private bathroom with a bath. The Vegas Strip is 22.5 km away. Shelby Automobiles Museum and Factory Tour is 10 km from Tranquil Haven, while The Dirt Track at Las Vegas Motor Speedway is 11 km from the property. The area is popular for golfing and hiking. McCarran International Airport is 21 km away. Aviation InnBest Western Plus North Las VegasComfort Inn & Suites Las Vegas - NellisHampton Inn Las Vegas North SpeedwayHilton Lake Las Vegas Resort & Spa - Henderson Holiday Inn Express Las Vegas-NellisHoward Johnson Las Vegas HotelLa Quinta Inn Las Vegas NellisLas Vegas Villa 3Manzanita Condominium Nellis Suites at Main Gate HotelRosello HomeSiegel Slots and SuitesSpringHill Suites by Marriott Las Vegas North SpeedwaySuper 8 Las Vegas - Nellis Hotel The Westin Lake Las Vegas Resort & SpaThe Winner’s RetreatTranquil HavenValue PlaceViera Private Residence

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Patent US7900718 - Earth-boring tools having threads for affixing a body and shank together and ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsEarth-boring tools comprise a shank comprising a distal connector including a set of threads thereon and a bit body comprising a shank connector, also comprising at least one set of threads thereon. The set of threads on the distal connector and the at least one set of threads on the shank connector...http://www.google.com/patents/US7900718?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7900718 - Earth-boring tools having threads for affixing a body and shank together and methods of manufacture and use of sameAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7900718 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 12/266,282Publication dateMar 8, 2011Filing dateNov 6, 2008Priority dateNov 6, 2008Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20100108397, WO2010053906A2, WO2010053906A3Publication number12266282, 266282, US 7900718 B2, US 7900718B2, US-B2-7900718, US7900718 B2, US7900718B2InventorsNicholas J. LyonsOriginal AssigneeBaker Hughes IncorporatedExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (2), Classifications (7), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetEarth-boring tools having threads for affixing a body and shank together and methods of manufacture and use of same US 7900718 B2Abstract wherein the at least one set of threads on the distal connector and the threads on the shank connector are at least substantially bound together with a particulate material disposed on and between the at least one set of threads on the distal thread connector and the threads on the shank connector. 6. The earth-boring tool of claim 1, wherein: wherein the at least one set of threads on the distal connector and the threads on the shank connector are at least substantially bound together by galling. wherein the at least one set of threads on the distal connector and the threads on the shank connector are at least substantially bound together and wherein at least one of the at least one set of threads on the distal connector and the threads on the shank connector comprise alignment threads and locking threads. a gasket positioned at an interface between the shank and the bit body, 14. The earth-boring tool of claim 13, wherein the gasket comprises a metal material having a melting point of about 640� F. or below. 15. An earth-boring drill bit, comprising: a bit body comprising a face at one longitudinal end thereof and a shank connector at an opposing longitudinal end, the shank connector comprising threads mated with the set of threads on the distal connector, the threads at least substantially binding the shank connector to the distal connector by galling. 18. The earth-boring drill bit of claim 15, wherein at least a portion of the set of threads on the distal connector comprises at least one of a minor diameter and a major diameter which differs from at least one of a correlating minor diameter and a correlating major diameter for at least a portion of the threads on the shank connector. 22. The earth-boring drill bit of claim 15, wherein: 24. The earth-boring drill bit of claim 15, further comprising a shank alignment feature on the distal connector configured to receive a body alignment feature on the shank connector to at least substantially align a respective longitudinal axis of the shank and the bit body. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein forming the bit body comprises: 32. The method of claim 29, wherein disposing the gasket at the interface comprises: 33. The method of claim 26, further comprising disposing a particulate material on at least one of the distal connector and the shank connector prior to screwing together the distal connector of the shank and the shank connector of the bit body. 34. A method of forming an earth-boring tool, comprising: 35. The method of claim 34, wherein forming threads on the shank connector of the bit body configured to at least partially bind with the set of threads formed on the distal connector comprises forming at least a portion of the threads on the shank connector to comprise a thread pitch which differs from a thread pitch for at least a portion of the set of threads on the distal connector. 36. The method of claim 34, wherein forming threads on a shank connector of a bit body configured to at least partially bind with the set of threads formed on the distal connector comprises forming at least a portion of the threads on the shank connector to comprise at least one of a minor diameter and a major diameter which differs from at least one of a correlating minor diameter and a correlating major diameter for at least a portion of the set of threads on the distal connector. 37. The method of claim 34, wherein forming threads on the shank connector of the bit body configured to at least partially bind with the set of threads formed on the distal connector comprises forming at least a portion of the threads on the shank connector to comprise a center offset from a center of at least a portion of the set of threads on the distal connector. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein forming the threads on the shank connector of the bit body configured to at least partially bind with the set of threads formed on the distal connector comprises sintering the bit body to a final density, and at least slightly deforming the threads on the shank connector during the sintering. 42. The method of claim 34, further comprising disposing a particulate material on at least one of the distal connector and the shank connector prior to screwing together the distal connector of the shank and the shank connector of the bit body. 43. A method of securing a bit body of an earth-boring tool to a shank, the method consisting essentially of: screwing the shank connector of the bit body to the distal connector of the shank. Description Rotary drill bits are commonly used for drilling bore holes or wells in earth formations. One type of rotary drill bit is the fixed-cutter bit (often referred to as a �drag� bit), which typically includes a plurality of cutting elements secured to a face region of a bit body. The drill bit is attached to a drill string including tubular pipe and component segments coupled end-to-end between the drill bit and other drilling equipment at the surface. Equipment such as a rotary table or top drive may be used for rotating the drill string and the drill bit within the bore hole. Alternatively, the drill bit may be coupled to the drive shaft of a down-hole motor, which then may be used to rotate the drill bit, alone or in combination with rotation of the drill string from the surface. Various embodiments of the present invention are directed toward embodiments of earth-boring tools or drill bits comprising a bit body including threads configured to fixedly attach the bit body to a shank. FIG. 1 illustrates a drill bit 100 in the form of a fixed cutter or so-called �drag� bit, according to at least some embodiments of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, drill bit 100 includes a bit body 110 having a face 120 at a leading longitudinal end thereof and generally radially extending blades 130, forming fluid courses 140 therebetween. Bit body 110 may comprise a particle-matrix composite material, as well as a metal or metal alloy, such as steel, as are well known in the art. Blades 130 may also include pockets 150, which may be configured to receive cutting elements 160, for instance, superabrasive cutting elements in the form of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutting elements. Generally, such a PDC cutting element may comprise a superabrasive region that is bonded to a substrate. Rotary drag bits employing PDC cutting elements have been employed for several decades. PDC cutting elements are typically comprised of a disc-shaped diamond �table� formed on and bonded under a high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) process to a supporting substrate such as cemented tungsten carbide (WC), although other configurations are known. Drill bits carrying PDC cutting elements, which, for example, may be brazed into pockets in the bit face, pockets in blades extending from the face, or mounted to studs inserted into the bit body, are known in the art. It is also contemplated that cutting elements 160 may comprise, by way of example and not limitation, suitably mounted and exposed natural diamonds, thermally stable polycrystalline diamond compacts, cubic boron nitride compacts, or diamond grit-impregnated segments or integral portions of the bit body, as known in the art and as may be selected in consideration of the subterranean formation or formations to be drilled. Each of blades 130 may also include a gage region 170 which is configured to define the outermost radius of the drill bit 100 and, thus the radius of the wall surface of a bore hole drilled thereby. Gage regions 170 comprise longitudinally upward (as the drill bit 100 is oriented during use) extensions of blades 130, extending from the face 120 and may have wear-resistant inserts or coatings, such as cutting elements in the form of gage trimmers of natural or synthetic diamond, hardfacing material, or sintered tungsten carbide on radially outer surfaces thereof as known in the art to inhibit excessive wear thereto. The bit body 110 of drill bit 100 further includes a shank connector 180 at a trailing end thereof, longitudinally opposite from the face 120. The shank connector 180 comprises threads configured to be mated and at least substantially bound to a distal connector 210 of a shank 190. The shank 190 may comprise a proximal connector 200 at one longitudinal end thereof having an American Petroleum Institute (API) thread connection for attaching the shank 190 to a drill string (not shown). At an opposing longitudinal end of the shank 190 is a distal connector 210 comprising a set of threads configured to mate with the threads on the shank connector 180 of the bit body 110. Although the shank connector 180 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as being configured as a male connector and distal connector 210 as a female connector, such a configuration is not intended to be limiting. Instead, shank connector 180 may be configured as either a male or female connector with distal connector 210 of the shank 190 being properly configured to mate with the shank connector 180. In still other embodiments, the center of the male threads may be offset from the center of the female threads. In such embodiments, the male and female threads are non-concentric or not axially aligned. By way of example and not limitation, in some embodiments, the centers of the male and female threads may be offset a distance between about 0.005 inch (0.127 mm) and 0.100 inch (2.54 mm). In some non-limiting embodiments, the centers of the male and female threads may be offset a distance between about 0.010 inch (0.254 mm) and 0.020 inch (0.508 mm). Generally, a smaller offset may be more applicable for harder materials while a larger offset may be employed for softer, more malleable materials. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there may be additional thread combinations between the shank connector 180 and the distal connector 210 forming an interference fit exhibiting the galling necessary to at least substantially retain or affix the shank connector 180 and distal connector 210 together. In at least some embodiments, the body locking threads 260 and the shank locking threads 230 may be configured to not bind initially. In such embodiments, the portions of the body locking threads 260 and the shank locking threads 230 which initially engage may be configured to not bind, similar to the body alignment threads 250 and the shank alignment threads 220. As the bit body 110 and shank 190 are screwed together, the body locking threads 260 and shank locking threads 230 may be configured to bind. The position in which the body locking threads 260 and shank locking threads 230 begin to bind may be configured so that the bit body 110 and shank 190 may mate at interface 300, or at least substantially mate in some embodiments employing one or more gaskets 290 (FIGS. 4-6), as described below. Thus, the binding of the body locking threads 260 and shank locking threads 230 may occur near the last or final rotations of the bit body 110 and the shank 190 as the two are screwed together. As shown in FIG. 2, the body and shank alignment threads 250, 220, respectively, have a smaller diameter than the body and shank locking threads 260, 230, respectively. However, in other embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the respective body and shank alignment threads 250, 220 may comprise at least substantially the same diameter as the respective body and shank locking threads 260, 230. By way of example and not limitation, in some embodiments, the body alignment threads 250 and the body locking threads 260 may comprise the same thread configuration and may have substantially the same nominal diameter (inner diameter for a female configuration, outer diameter for a male configuration). The shank alignment threads 220 may be configured to mate with the body alignment threads 250 and the body locking threads 260 with minimal binding, much like conventional alignment threads. The shank locking threads 230, however, are configured to at least substantially bind with the body locking threads 260 as described above with reference to FIG. 1. Additional embodiments of the present invention may include one or more gaskets 290 positioned and configured to seal at least a portion of the interface 300, also referred to herein as a �mating surface,� between the bit body 110 and the shank 190 from drilling fluid and other materials. FIGS. 4-6 illustrate various embodiments of gasket configurations according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, a gasket 290 may be positioned at the interface 300 located adjacent an exterior wall of the drill bit 100, at the interface 300 located adjacent an interior wall of the drill bit 100, or both. In some embodiments, the gasket 290 may be positioned in a grooved region, such as annular groove 310, positioned in an interface surface of the bit body 110 (see FIG. 5), an interface surface of the shank 190, or both (see FIG. 6). In some embodiments, the gasket 290 may comprise a compliant material capable of deforming, such as rubber or nylon. In such embodiments, the gasket 290 may comprise a conventional O-ring positioned at the interface 300, including within the annular groove 310, when present. In other embodiments, the gasket 290 may comprise a metal material having a low melting point. By way of example and not limitation, the metal material may comprise a solder or other metal having a melting point below about 640� F. (about 338� C.). The shank 190 may be formed from a metal or metal alloy, such as steel. Some embodiments may further comprise forming a set of threads on the proximal connector 200 as well as the distal connector 210. The threads on the proximal connector 200 may be formed to comprise an API thread connection for attaching the shank 190 to a drill string. The threads on both the proximal connector 200 and the distal connector 210 may be formed according to conventional methods, including, but not limited to, machining, rolling, casting and grinding. The bit body 110 may be formed of a material such as a metal or metal alloy, such as steel, or a particle-matrix composite material. The threads on the shank connector 180 of the bit body 110 may be formed by machining, rolling, casting, grinding, or any other conventional means. In embodiments where the bit body 110 is formed of a particle-matrix composite material, the bit body 110 may be formed by conventional infiltration methods (in which hard particles (e.g., tungsten carbide) are infiltrated by a molten liquid metal matrix material (e.g., a copper based alloy) within a refractory mold), as well as by newer methods generally involving pressing a powder mixture to form a green powder compact, and sintering the green powder compact to form a bit body 110. The green powder compact may be machined as necessary or desired, prior to sintering using conventional machining techniques like those used to form steel bodies or steel plate structures. Indeed, in some embodiments, the threads on the shank connector 180 may be formed with the bit body 110 in a green powder compact state, or in a partially sintered brown body state. Furthermore, additional machining processes may be performed after sintering the green powder compact to the partially sintered brown state, or after sintering the green powder compact to a desired final density. In some embodiments, forming the bit body 110 with threads configured to at least partially bind with the set of threads on the distal connector 210 may comprise disposing a particulate material between the threads on the shank connector 180 and the set of threads on the distal connector 210. The particulate material may be disposed on the set of threads on the shank connector 180, the distal connector 210, or both prior to screwing them together. The particulate material may be disposed on threads configured to gall with each other as well as threads configured to be free from any substantial galling. Some embodiments include disposing a gasket 290 at the interface 300 between the bit body 110 and the shank 190. In embodiments which comprise an annular groove 310, the gasket 290 may be disposed at least partially within the annular groove 310. In embodiments in which the gasket 290 comprises a compliant material, the gasket 290 may be depressed at least partially within the annular groove 310 and at least substantially locked into place. In embodiments in which the gasket 290 comprises a metal having a low melting point, the material comprising the gasket 290 may be disposed in a molten or solid form on an interfacing surface and/or in a groove of the bit body 110, the shank 190, or both. The bit body 110 and shank 190 may be screwed together as described above and the assembly may be heated to a temperature greater than or equal to the melting point of the metal gasket material to reflow the metal gasket material. In other embodiments, the metal gasket material may be brazed at the interface 300. Additional embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of securing a bit body of an earth-boring tool to a shank. In at least some embodiments, the method may include providing the bit body 110 comprising a shank connector 180. The shank connector 180 comprises threads formed at a trailing end thereof. A shank 190 comprising a distal connector 210 is provided with a set of threads on the distal connector. The shank connector 180 of the bit body 110 may be coupled to the distal connector 210 of the shank 190 by screwing the shank connector 180 and the distal connector 210 together. Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS866361Mar 18, 1907Sep 17, 1907Wilber Reuben HitchcockDrill attachment.US1791186Mar 8, 1923Feb 3, 1931Black Lester CRotary drill bitUS2051525Nov 17, 1933Aug 18, 1936Globe Oil Tools CoRock drill bitUS2065743 *Mar 26, 1935Dec 29, 1936Chicago Pneumatic Tool CoRoller bitUS4567954 *Dec 2, 1983Feb 4, 1986Norton Christensen, Inc.Replaceable nozzles for insertion into a drilling bit formed by powder metallurgical techniques and a method for manufacturing the sameUS5441121Dec 22, 1993Aug 15, 1995Baker Hughes, Inc.Earth boring drill bit with shell supporting an external drilling surfaceUS5765095Aug 19, 1996Jun 9, 1998Smith International, Inc.Polycrystalline diamond bit manufacturingUS6454030Jan 25, 1999Sep 24, 2002Baker Hughes IncorporatedDrill bits and other articles of manufacture including a layer-manufactured shell integrally secured to a cast structure and methods of fabricating sameUS20070102198Nov 10, 2005May 10, 2007Oxford James AEarth-boring rotary drill bits and methods of forming earth-boring rotary drill bitsUS20070102199Nov 10, 2005May 10, 2007Smith Redd HEarth-boring rotary drill bits and methods of manufacturing earth-boring rotary drill bits having particle-matrix composite bit bodiesUS20080099243Oct 27, 2006May 1, 2008Hall David RMethod of Assembling a Drill Bit with a Jack ElementUS20080149393Oct 30, 2007Jun 26, 2008Baker Hughes IncorporatedEarth boring drill bits with casing component drill out capability and methods of useUS20080236899Mar 30, 2007Oct 2, 2008Baker Hughes IncorporatedShrink fit sleeve assembly for a drill bit, including nozzle assembly and method thereof* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2009/063088 mailed May 31, 2010, 4 pages.2International Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2009/063088 mailed May 31, 2010, 3 pages.Classifications U.S. Classification175/320, 175/331International ClassificationE21B17/04Cooperative ClassificationE21B10/42, E21B10/00European ClassificationE21B10/00, E21B10/42Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 13, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Dec 9, 2008ASAssignmentOwner name: BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED,TEXASFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LYONS, NICHOLAS J.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100513;REEL/FRAME:21949/498Effective date: 20081110Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LYONS, NICHOLAS J.;REEL/FRAME:021949/0498Owner name: BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED, TEXASRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

Curious George Makes Pancakes (Paperback) - Free Shipping On Orders Over $45 - Overstock.com - 2546587 ITEM# 2546587 ITEM#: 2546587 Every year George and the Man with the Yellow Hat attend the pancake breakfast to benefit the children’s hospital. Always curious, George finds his way to the pancake table. After making some of the most interesting pancakes the crowd has ever seen, George gets into even more monkey mischief. Activities include coloring, fun facts, and funny faces pancake recipe. Curious George Grows a Garden (Paperback) My kids love these stories so I bought several Curious George books - the price is great. Curious George Makes Pancakes (Paperback) Today:

Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest, Akranes – Updated 2018 Prices Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest (Iceland) deals Lock in a great price for Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest - rated 8.2 by recent guests. Traveller photo of Akranes In June 2018 I stayed one night in a 4-bed dorm of Akranes HI Hostel. For that night I was the only person in the dorm, so I can't complain about the size of the room. If the room is fully booked, it might get a bit cramped. The shared toilets and showers were clean and I never had any problems to find a free one. WiFi worked very well in all areas. It is important to know that the receiption is in a totally different location in town. There is a 10 to 15 minutes walk between the hostel and the receiption. Breakfast can be booked for a fee, but I prepared my own breakfast. The kitchen was clean and equipped with everything I needed. Towels can be rented for a fee. The lady at the receiption was very friendly, attentive and spoke English very well. There is a direct phone line from the hostel to the receiption. All in all this hostel is good value for money and I can recommend staying here. Álvaro, Iceland Great balcony from the room. The bed was ok but small. Þorbjörg, Iceland Nice, quiet an not very expensive place in Akranes, not too far from lighthouse and shop. Kitchen is very close to room. The staff is very lovely and there is an easy way to get in even after opening hours or when staff is no longer there. Simple and clean. Really cosy and quiet place. Super nice kitchen and house. Marine, Norway We liked this hostel.Clean, good enough kitchen for making some food. Quite place in the small city. The host answered by phone immediately.Thanks. The triple room was fine. Safe and secure. We guests were on our own, something I never experienced before. The owners' parents came and kindly let me do laundry as there is no laundry service in town. It was the 3 buses taking 3 hours from the airport and the long walk to the bus that in rain and wind would be horrible with baggage. Just a small shelter, no facilities. Other guests came in cars. This property is 12 minutes walk from the beach. Located in central Akranes, this hostel offers rooms with free WiFi access and a wardrobe. A restaurant and bar are located nearby. Akranes Bus Terminal is a 5-minute walk away. The brightly decorated guest rooms at Apotek Hostel & Guesthouse - Akranes have either private or shared bathroom facilities. All have access to shared kitchen facilities. Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest has been welcoming Booking.com guests since 8 Aug 2014. Don't miss this: Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest was booked once on our site in the last 12 hours. Faxabryggja Sea/ocean 10 “Nice staffs. Good location” 6.7 “Great location in Akranes close to the lighthouses at the point. And, the rooms we stayed in were very nice, large, and clean.” 10 “It was clean and in a good location to a nearby lovely bakery .” Facilities of Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest Great facilities! Review score, 8.3 House rules Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest takes special requests - add in the next step! Luna Apartments has a location score of 9.1 Eyvindarholt Guesthouse has a review score of 9.6 See the 5 best hotels in Akranes, based on 1,438 verified hotel reviews on Booking.com. Show reviews from: All reviewers Families (32) Couples (82) Groups of friends (30) Solo travellers (42) Business travellers (2) Show reviews from: All review scores Superb: 9+ (60) Good: 7 – 9 (99) Okay: 5 – 7 (22) Poor: 3 – 5 (5) Very poor: 1 – 3 (0) 6.2 Review score 2,039 reviews 2 people are currently looking for a place in Akranes How to get to Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest from Keflavik International Airport “In June 2018 I stayed one night in a 4-bed dorm of Akranes HI Hostel. For that night I was the only person in the dorm, so I can't complain about the size of the room. If the room is fully booked, it might get a bit cramped. The shared toilets and showers were clean and I never had any problems to find a free one. WiFi worked very well in all areas. It is important to know that the receiption is in a totally different location in town. There is a 10 to 15 minutes walk between the hostel and the receiption. Breakfast can be booked for a fee, but I prepared my own breakfast. The kitchen was clean and equipped with everything I needed. Towels can be rented for a fee. The lady at the receiption was very friendly, attentive and spoke English very well. There is a direct phone line from the hostel to the receiption. All in all this hostel is good value for money and I can recommend staying here.” “Comfotable, close to everything in Akranes. Everything ok.” “Great balcony from the room. The bed was ok but small.” “The staff is very lovely and there is an easy way to get in even after opening hours or when staff is no longer there. Simple and clean.” “Really cosy and quiet place. Super nice kitchen and house.” “We liked this hostel.Clean, good enough kitchen for making some food. Quite place in the small city. The host answered by phone immediately.Thanks.” “The triple room was fine. Safe and secure. We guests were on our own, something I never experienced before. The owners' parents came and kindly let me do laundry as there is no laundry service in town. It was the 3 buses taking 3 hours from the airport and the long walk to the bus that in rain and wind would be horrible with baggage. Just a small shelter, no facilities. Other guests came in cars.” We found properties like Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest that other travellers liked Still looking? Explore other hotels similar to Akranes HI Hostel - StayWest Accommodations in Akranes Hotels with parking in Akranes Budget hotels in Akranes Lodgings in Akranes 눇very nice hostel to stay, friendly staff 눇Nice and clean rooms with Kitchenette facilities. 눉Akranes is not a spectacular town. 눇Super clean and cozy hostel. I’ve stayed in many HI hostels throughout the world and this one was one of my favorites. Great room for our family. There were nice views of the water, and the kitchen facilities were ideal. The place seemed almost brand new. 눇Basic but nice enough hostel 눇The owner is very friendly and every space is comfy. Great location! 눉Need some fixing in the bathroom. The shower head fell down and not enough water come thru shower head. Was like this 1 year ago also 눇Room vas comfy and beds too. B “Cosy hostel in central location; good value for money” 눇In June 2018 I stayed one night in a 4-bed dorm of Akranes HI Hostel. For that night I was the only person in the dorm, so I can't complain about the size of the room. If the room is fully booked, it might get a bit cramped. The shared toilets and showers were clean and I never had any problems to find a free one. WiFi worked very well in all areas. It is important to know that the receiption is in a totally different location in town. There is a 10 to 15 minutes walk between the hostel and the receiption. Breakfast can be booked for a fee, but I prepared my own breakfast. The kitchen was clean and equipped with everything I needed. Towels can be rented for a fee. The lady at the receiption was very friendly, attentive and spoke English very well. There is a direct phone line from the hostel to the receiption. All in all this hostel is good value for money and I can recommend staying here. 눇Comfotable, close to everything in Akranes. Everything ok. 눉Too noisy, lack of privacy, no armchairs, no tv in the room, the terrible view 눉The room was not very clean. The private bathroom was very dirty, the toilet and in front of it had stains and dirt and the shower...! I could not use the shower because it looked like it had never been cleaned. 눇Great balcony from the room. The bed was ok but small. “Very nice place in Akranes” 눇Nice, quiet an not very expensive place in Akranes, not too far from lighthouse and shop. Kitchen is very close to room. 눇The staff is very lovely and there is an easy way to get in even after opening hours or when staff is no longer there. Simple and clean. 눇Really cosy and quiet place. Super nice kitchen and house. “Quite and clean budget hostel.” 눇We liked this hostel.Clean, good enough kitchen for making some food. Quite place in the small city. The host answered by phone immediately.Thanks. 눉Without knowing address it is difficult to find the hostel because there isn´t any special label. 눇Good location near the coastline and lighthouse. I appreciate the garbage policy of the hostel. Great bakery almost next to the hostel! Bus stop nearby. 583267,597127,590827,576247,561257,566947,593317,581407,579747,553677,598117,596927,565597,594487,538797,581327,557967,601147,557967|3,581907,577777,591567,581327|1,275824,587067|2,596947,588917,589387,515987,584257,586947,588337,587067,574507,577747,587067|1,586947|1,584447,537657,578107,596467,541597,595967,547047,600087,584907,585257,598497,561917,584257|1,581897,582897,577747|1,510427,566947|3,547037,565537,584137,553717,582777,491447,533337

Page 2 of 2 < Back U.S. deploying heavily armored battle tanks for first time in Afghan war This StoryU.S. deploying heavily armored battle tanks for first time in Afghan warDespite friendly rhetoric, suspicion abounds between Afghan and U.S. troopsSenators criticize performance of U.S. monitor in Afghan reconstructionImages from the Afghan war: November 13-20, 2010View All Items in This StoryView Only Top Items in This Story

conversion max solidworks Workers and Jobs | Freelancer Looking for conversion max solidworks Workers or Work? Need help with conversion max solidworks? Hire a freelancer today! Do you specialise in conversion max solidworks? Use your conversion max solidworks skills and start making money online today! Freelancer is the largest marketplace for jobs in the world. There are currently 17,764 jobs waiting for you to start work on! conversion max solidworks Jobs: Car remodelling in SolidWorks, Alias or Autocad We need to remodel existing in 3ds max car in SolidWorks, Alias or Autocad, make it more presize. The 3D Modelling, 3ds Max, AutoCAD, Automotive, Solidworks Aug 28, 2015Ends - 14h 11m I have three cams and i want to do motion analysis for each one Any charts or graphs CONVERSION OF AMIBROKER AFL TO ESIGNAL EFS - open to bidding ...aa = Close-Ref(Close,-1); uu = EMA(Max(0,aa),pds); dd= EMA((Max(0,0-aa)),pds); rf = IIf(C>2,1000...=100/(100-c1)-1; ff1 = qq1*dd-uu; ff2 = ff1/qq1; f1 = Max(ff1,ff2); UL = Close + f1*(pds-1)/2; UL = IIf(UL>C Waterline finder Macro for Solidworks We are looking for a way to automate the way we find waterline location given a certain buoyancy. ...models in AutoCAD that need to be worked on in 3d max for a realistic look This is the exact look we would SolidWorks Designer / Engineer ...design, well-versed in 3D modeling and CAD - SolidWorks preferred. Must have working knowledge of fabrication Solidworks, Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing Design ...in 3d instead. We would like you to use 3ds max for the project so that we easily can use the character ...mention that our site needs to have some major conversion optimization. Someone please give a reasonable

Kenneth Williamson, Ion Geophysical Corp: Profile & Biography - Bloomberg Kenneth "Ken" Williamson Exec VP & COO:e & P Technology, Exec VP & COO:e & P Technology Ion Geophysical Corp, 2/2015-PRESENT Exec VP & COO:Geoventures Ion Geophysical Corp, 12/2012-2/2015 Senior VP:Integrated Seismic Ion Geophysical Corp, 1/2007-12/2012 VP:Integrated Seismic Ion Geophysical Corp, 2006-1/2007 Western Geophysical, FORMER

Wood Wood Varsity Hoodie Hooded Sweatshirt Size Small S Also Stussy Nike Adidas | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hello -User-.'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hello (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsCollectionsMy eBayExpand My eBaySummaryBids/OffersWatch ListWish ListAll ListsPurchase HistorySellingMy CollectionsFollowed SearchesMessagesCollect & Spend Learn moreSellExpand SellSell an itemSeller centreInternational sellingSeller protectionSeller FeesSell for CharityCommunityExpand CommunityAnswer CentreDiscussion BoardsGroupsNewsHelp & ContactExpand Help & ContactContact Us (Phone / Chat / E-mail)FAQsDelivery & ReturnsAsk the eBay CommunityResolution Centre Back to home page Details about Wood Wood Varsity Hoodie Hooded Sweatshirt Size Small S Also Stussy Nike Adidas Wood Wood Varsity Hoodie Hooded Sweatshirt Size Small S Also Stussy Nike Adidas 21:30:14 BST eBay item number:251526752560 14 May, 2014 18:32:33 BST View all revisions CONDITION: Used. Condition 7 out of 10 BRAND: Wood Wood Varsity Zip Hoodie SIZE: Small (Fits Medium to Large) Product is in very good USED condition. Jumper has been worn about 5 times and washed twice so shows signs of wear but in extremely good condition with plenty of wear left. This style of hoodie fits large- its says small however I wear Medium (see other items) and this fits on the larger side Payment must be made within 2 days via Paypal. Item will be sent via recorded mail. International bidders please email me for shipping costs. PLEASE CHECK MY OTHER AUCTIONS. I AM HAVING A CLEAR OUT AS AM MOVING HOUSE SO SELLING A LOT OF CLOTHES- Lyle and Scott, Nike, Wood Wood, 10 DEEP, Staple, Stussy, Adidas, New Balance Stussy Sweatshirt, Stussy Hoody,

Perfect Villa - Review of Munqar, Zurrieq, Malta - TripAdvisor Zurrieq Vacation Packages Perfect Villa - Munqar MUg4XzE5XzNKVg== What a wonderful Villa, it was just lovely in a quiet location. The accommodation was furnished beautifully with everything you needed. The pool was a bit cool but did not stop us from going in. Just 10 mins from the airport and easy to find. There were a couple of little snags bit these did not spoil our stay. 3 good size bedrooms all with en-suits and walk in showers which was ideal for my mother who is 82. All in all fabulous. selbylodg... This is a very luxurious villa set in beautiful grounds with many opportunities to relax. The view from the property is lovely. A lot of detail has been paid to the facilities with all the necessary things to be at home from home. It is very clean and looks even better in real life than the pictures. It has 3 equally nice double bedrooms, a spacious open plan living & dining area. The kitchen has good equipment, sufficient to self-cater. Local shops have all that we needed to more than adequately provide for our needs. Delicious cheeses and fresh bread in the smallest of shops! Malta itself was beautiful with so much to see & do. We will definitely need to return to see more as our 5 night stay was not enough! We can happily recommend this property to anyone planning to visit Malta but make sure you hire a car to get around easily. Culture45... Everything was great. the house was very neat. Contacting the owners was quick and easy. gladly again “Fabulous home for homebase to see Malta!” We loved our stay at Villa Munqar! Janice & Charmaine at the Baldacchino Group were a pleasure to work with during the whole rental process. The villa is in a private setting but easily accessible to all of Malta. 3 large ensuite bedrooms. Wide open home and very well taken care of. Lots of natural light and there is plenty of room on the deck to enjoy the outside. Given we where there in December, the villa was a little cooler at night than expected given it's a stone building and there were constant winds coming off the ocean. Only a 6 minute drive over to the Blue Grotto area where there is a beautiful overlook and some great restaurants, specifically Cassarini Restaurant. The food and staff were absolutely delightful at Cassarini's. Repoets We stayed at Villa Munqar in early October 2017. Our party comprised 4 adults. It's less than 20 minutes from the airport, at the end of a secluded lane with little through traffic. The villa and patios are not overlooked and provide fantastic views across the valley with Valetta on the far horizon. It's an ideal location both for relaxing and as a base for sightseeing. A short walk up the lane leads to breathtaking clifftop views of the Blue Grotto bay - a perfect spot for stunning sunset photographs. The villa itself is very well equipped with high quality fixtures, fittings and furnishings. As previous reviews have mentioned the beds are a little too firm but that was our only gripe. The unheated pool was spotlessly clean and the gardens are well maintained. Security standards are high with electric sliding gates across the driveway. Janice and her team who manage villa bookings were very efficient and prompt to respond to questions and kept us updated before our stay. They offer the option to purchase a food pack in advance which was most welcome. They were also very helpful when we asked to check out late. NDRsweet

Hotel Reviews of The Phoenix Hotel Yogyakarta Yogyakarta Indonesia - Page 47 D.I. Yogyakarta Province579> Yogyakarta576> The Phoenix Hotel Yogyakarta> Jalan Jenderal Sudirman No. 9, Yogyakarta City Center, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55233 Sorry, there are no available rooms at the The Phoenix Hotel Yogyakarta for your chosen dates. 1336 reviews in English All reviews (1888) Report this review Yew H. A surprisingly comfortable hotel, not spooky Charming, Surprising, Comfortable Phoenix is an excellent hotel with great decor and charm. In contrary to the reputation it has - said as spooky, it was absolutely elegant and lovely. Report this review Cindy K. Comfortable and semi-luxurious stay Room, Atmosphere, Staff Report this review Nicola C. Fabulous hotel. Like being in another era. Lovely, lovely building and surrounds. Experienced and extremely helpful staff. Fast and attentive service We loved our stay at the Phoenix hotel. We extended by one night to a total of seven nights. I definitely would stay here again and would recommend this hotel to others. Staff are most helpful. I love the atmosphere of the Phoenix Hotel. Jogyakarta is an amazing city with a great deal to offer. Report this review Paul W. A great colonial style hotel comfort, dining and location We thoroughly enjoyed our stay for a family wedding classic colonial gem in the heart of Yogyakarta clean, well furnished, classic beauty Yes, it's pricey. Food is also pretentious and expensive. But this is the famous Phoenix. We stayed one night in the rice patties outside Borobudur, and then we shifted to the Phoenix. The moment you step in, you feel like you've traveled back in time during the days of British and Dutch explorers. But don't let the classic design of the hotel fool ya. Everything inside is well furnished and quite modern, yet it retains the colonial, exploration-theme look and feel. The rooms could be larger, but it's just perfect for some rest and relaxation after a busy day of touring the famous temples, street markets, etc. There's a convenience store across the street, but do be careful when traversing through the sometimes crazy Yogyakarta traffic. Our balcony had a beautiful view of the city and sunrise, plus the cemetary to the left. Oddly, there's only one outdoor chair. Everything about the room is what you would expect from a 5 star. The bathroom did feel a bit cramped, and there was no bathtub. All the staff are very friendly, although the restaurant staff are not as sharp and professional as I had wanted them to be. Food was expensive but were of large portions. If your stomach can handle it, I recommend you explore the local food joints around the neighborhood instead. Our room was in a wing away from the main lobby, so it required a 5 minute walk through the inside courtyard and through a few corridors. Nothing that will tire you out, but a small bit of inconvenience. Overall, a fantastic experience still. Report this review Mary L. The staff were very nice, the room was big and comfortable, the pool was great and the hotel had a nice, relaxed and quiet vibe. Report this review Nita G. Clean, Romantic, Heritage Very nice and relax and cozy I enjoy the time when I have a precious weekend Report this review Eleni L. It was better than OK for Indonesia Air Con, air con, air con.... Report this review Irvanto H. Design, luxury, good food Have a quality time sleep, great art hotel and very close to everywhere. Recomended hotel Report this review Previous page 461 - 470 of 1336 reviews

The Marcelli Princess (Marcelli Sisters): Amazon.co.uk: Susan Mallery: Books BooksAdvanced SearchBrowse GenresBest SellersNew & Future ReleasesPaperbacksSeasonal OffersStudy BooksAudiobooksSell Your Books The Marcelli Princess (Marcelli Sisters) Start reading The Marcelli Princess (Marcelli Sisters) on your Kindle in under a minute. The Marcelli Princess (Marcelli Sisters) [Mass Market Paperback] Publication Date: 18 Jun 2007 | Series: Marcelli Sisters The beloved Marcelli family's saga wouldn't be complete without Mia's story. She may be the youngest of the family, but her life is certainly not lacking in drama! When the father of Mia's son - the man she believed died years ago - suddenly turns up in her bedroom claiming he's someone else entirely, Mia is in for an even bigger surprise. It turns out their son is the heir of the Prince of Calandria and he's come back to claim what's his. But does he also want to reclaim Mia's heart? 0743443969,0743443942 Publisher: Simon & Schuster Ltd (18 Jun 2007) ISBN-10: 0743499581 ISBN-13: 978-0743499583 Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 1,052,288 in Books (See Top 100 in Books) 1409344806 A Marcelli Wedding: The Marcelli Bride & the Marcelli Princess by Susan Mallery Paperback The Seductive One (Marcelli Sisters of Pleasure Road) by Susan Mallery Mass Market Paperback The Sassy One (Marcelli Sisters of Pleasure Road) by Susan Mallery Mass Market Paperback Marcelli Princess and incredible ending to Marcelli series! Format:Mass Market Paperback so glad I was one of those readers and fan of Susan's Mallery who asked for Mia's story and I wasn't disappointed! I loved the Marcelli series and Mia's story was no exception. It was delightful, entertaining, shed a few tears. However, what I most loved about this book was it brought out Susan Mallery's charm and sense of humor!Mia plus her sisters taking on a crown Prince? If you've read the series, then one would appreciate this aspect and the family dynamics. That's the appeal of the series and this particular book.......Mia, her son, the crown prince and the Marcelli family.As for lessons, there are many to be learned like what's important in life, what does love really mean to a person? What can respect, love and determination bring into a relationship? Not to mention, family values, traditions and holding each member close and dear to each of them.The book for me was a wonderful ending. I thought Mia was strong, fierce, determined and passionate. As for Crown Prince Rafael, he was brought to his knees by Mia and her family! Loved it!Again, Susan Mallery has delivered a wonderful story and series and one I shall long remember! Thank you Susan. Format:Mass Market Paperback Dreadful. I wanted to like this book like I had liked the others in the series, but Rafael was a completely unsympathetic character and I don't understand WHAT Mia saw in him. - Published on Amazon.com Format:Mass Market Paperback I usually love Susan Mallery's books, and have loved the others in this series about the Marcellis. The best part of this one is the updates on all the characters from the previous books. I still liked Mia in this book, but Rafael was unlikeable, and his sudden change in behavior at the end did not ring true to his personality in the rest of the book.Also, I know this is nitpicking, but where was the Secret Service?? Joe is married to the President's daughter, and they live on the same property, yet this Prince broke into the house, and his bodyguards roamed freely with guns. For some reason I could not get past that, and it hindered my enjoyment of the story somewhat. Wouldn't the President's daughter have Secret Service protection?It was not a bad book, just not one of her best. - Published on Amazon.com Format:Mass Market Paperback|Verified Purchase Susan Mallery is becoming one of those hit or miss writers for me. Either she does it really well (i.e. The Sassy One, The Seductive One) or she completely throws you for a loop (Sizzling, The Marcelli Princess). I was really disappointed in The Marcelli Princess because I love this series, but the hero and heroine in this last installment are both annoying. I literally forced myself to keep reading. For an independent woman Mia relies too much on her family, lovely as they are, and Rafael's archaic sensibility makes him almost irredeemable. In my opinion, the best thing about this book is the chemistry that happens when the two are alone and the fact that we get to see how the beloved Marcellis from previous installments have fared. My recommendation: Get it from the library if you must, but don't buy it. Hugely disappointing end to a once great series - Published on Amazon.com Format:Mass Market Paperback|Verified Purchase When former CIA agent Mia Marcelli wakes up to find a stranger in her bed, she's shocked to learn that he's the lover she mourned for the last five years. Instead of being an international thief named Diego, he's actually crown prince of the tiny principality of Calandria (think Monaco), who assumed Diego's identity to trap his band of merry thieves. Mia has a surprise for Prince Rafael - in the form of their four year old son Danny. But Rafael already knows about Danny; in fact, he was sent by the King to retrieve Danny so that he can take his place in Calandrian society as heir to the throne. He is not above bribery or seduction to get his way. When Mia finds out about his true intentions, will her love for him (or is it Diego?) be strong enough to forgive his treachery?Mallery's final installment in the Marcelli family series is a major let down. Never mind the suspension of time (less than a year since the last book in the series was published, and she wasn't even an agent yet), the children that age faster than in a soap opera, and the lack of chemistry between the two main characters. The plot starts out interesting, but the execution is rather boring, the dialogue stilted, and the "hero" so unsympathetic (and his sudden change of heart unconvincing), that I'm sure more than one reader wished she got back with her teen fiance, David instead of investing further tears on her Euro-trash prince. Let's just hope there's no story for Kelly in the works to further tarnish the Marcelli name.I had pretty high expectations going in, particularly since the previous novel was so good. Rather than going out with a bang telling the most colorful of the Marcelli children's stories, Mallery instead ends the series on a sour note. I was also disappointed in another Mallery release ("Sizzling" from the Buchanan series) this year; perhaps Mallery needs to worry more about quality and less about churning out quantity. Nothing likable about a main character - Published on Amazon.com Format:Mass Market Paperback I do enjoy Mallery's books - particularly her recent ones. But this one was painful.The other reviewer was polite when referring to "Rafael's firm belief in duty above all else." I would have called him a manipulative, overgrown child who thinks the world exists to serve him and his family. For example, Rafael objects that 3-year-old Danny isn't the lead in the school play, but instead plays a tree. And he also tells Mia that she "shouldn't discourage Danny from knowing his own importance" after the boy whines that he is the best.That said, Rafael seems ultimately redeemable for the first half. Then Mia - and the reader - discover just how deceptive his plans are. And it was so truly vile that I found it impossible to get past.There's also a sub-plot involving a Marcelli-by-marriage that seems to exist solely for the purpose of having another book in the series. Two and a half stars (barely) - Published on Amazon.com Format:Mass Market Paperback I hated it!! For one reason only the lead male character had no depth, he was completely one dimensional. He didn't even do the arrogant prince role well.His feelings for Mia appeared to be completely sexual there was really zero chemistry.. I'm sure that his alter ego Diego has to have been much much more fascinating. All the other characters in the book had much much more depth. The book had such great potentiial!

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Firsthand America: A History of the United States / Edition 8 by David Burner, Virginia Bernhard, Stanley I. Kutler | | 9781933385020 | Paperback | Barnes & Noble Firsthand America: A History of the United States / Edition 8 All comprehensive United States survey textbooks, including this one, give full coverage to standard political, economic, diplomatic, and legal events. But these elements of history are largely the story of elites. This textbook also provides social history captured in the recognizable lives of ordinary people. Presidents, congressmen, and corporate executives are… Firsthand America: A History of the United States / Edition 8 available in (8th Edition, Volume 1) 8th Edition, Volume 1 15. "Been in the Storm So Long": Emancipation and Reconstruction. 16. Industrialism and Labor Strife 1865-1900.17. The West and South 1865-1900.18. City and Farm 1865-1900.19. Culture and Political Thought in an Industrializing Nation.20. The Outward Thrust 1865-1909.21. The Progressive Spirit 1900-1917.22. Progressive in Peace and War 1900-1915.23. The New Ear.24. The New Deal.25. Diplomacy and War 1933-1945.26. Postwar Politics and the Cold War.27. Consensus and Division.28. American Society and the Vietnam War.29. New Boundaries.30. The New Millennium.Appendixes.Glossary.Index.

Patent US20060183423 - Flexible Inter-Network Communication Scheduling - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsSystems and methods are provided for managing communications between two or more ad-hoc networks in a communication system. The systems and methods may have flexible communication time sharing of one or more nodes taking part in two or more ad-hoc networks. For example, the communication scheduling function...http://www.google.com/patents/US20060183423?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20060183423 - Flexible Inter-Network Communication SchedulingAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20060183423 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 11/279,686Publication dateAug 17, 2006Filing dateApr 13, 2006Priority dateDec 1, 2000Also published asUS7058050, US7450577, US20030076842, WO2002045360A2, WO2002045360A3Publication number11279686, 279686, US 2006/0183423 A1, US 2006/183423 A1, US 20060183423 A1, US 20060183423A1, US 2006183423 A1, US 2006183423A1, US-A1-20060183423, US-A1-2006183423, US2006/0183423A1, US2006/183423A1, US20060183423 A1, US20060183423A1, US2006183423 A1, US2006183423A1InventorsPer Johansson, Ulf Jonsson, Fredrik Alriksson, Niklas JohanssonOriginal AssigneePer Johansson, Ulf Jonsson, Fredrik Alriksson, Niklas JohanssonExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (29), Classifications (13), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFlexible Inter-Network Communication Scheduling DETAILED DESCRIPTION In general, the present invention is applicable to any communication system and particularly to inter-network communications. In many of the following specific embodiments, the present invention will be described in the context of Bluetooth networks and using terminology applicable to Bluetooth networks. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is equally applicable to other network technologies and particularly to ad-hoc network technologies. As such, the Bluetooth specific exemplary embodiments described herein may be generalized to other communication network technologies. The present invention includes systems and methods for flexible communication time sharing of one or more electronic devices with inter-network/piconet communication capability (herein referred to as network “nodes”) taking part in two or more distinct networks in, for example, a radio communication system. In preferred embodiments the radio communication includes ad-hoc networks which are created dynamically by two or more nodes requesting to communicate with one another using radio communications. Often time one network may wish to communication with one or more nodes in another network, this requiring inter-network communication scheduling. The systems and methods of the present invention preferably provide flexibility for providing such inter-network communications. Referring to FIG. 4, one possible functional diagram for the scheduling function for a node shared by two or more ad-hoc networks is provided. The system 400 includes an inter-piconet scheduling function (IPSF) 405 that has been provided a generic functional architecture such that it may be located in any of a number of different locations in the node's functional architecture. The system may be, for example, an electronic device with Bluetooth communication capability. As illustrated in this example, the IPSF 405 is put into context with the intra-piconet scheduler 410, the link manager 415, and the actual baseband buffering and packet processing functions 420. Noteworthy is that the IPSF is not necessarily located in the link manager, but may be located in any location of the device which provides flexibility to achieve the best execution possible dependent on the device type and system architecture. It is more important that the various information exchanges occur between the IPSF 405 and the various other function aspects of the system 400. As illustrated, the IPSF may be communicatively coupled to the intra-piconet scheduler 410 with which it exchanges active piconet and active slave information; Further, the IPSF 405 may be communicatively coupled to the link manager 415 with which link mode set-up, timing parameters, and correlation window control may be shared. Similarly, the IPSF 405 may share capacity allocation requests from applications forwarding functions IPSF allocation information between nodes via various other parts of the system 400. The intra-piconet scheduler and link manager may also be coupled to the various baseband packet processing functions 420. This flexible functional architecture may be supported by various hardware of an electronic device having communication capabilities necessary to execute coordinated communications between various networked devices. As indicated in FIG. 4, the IPSF 405 is not necessarily located in the link manager 415. As such, if the IPSF 400 is located outside the link manager 415, the IPSF 405 will not require inter-piconet specific link manager protocol messages. This provides system flexibility so that new link manager protocol messages do not need to be created for operations of the IPSF 405 operations. Further, the IPSF may be executed on a separate processor and not directly on the one running the rest of the Bluetooth baseband functions. However, the particular location of the IPSF 405 in the system 400 may raise other issues. Each networked device will likely have a host controller interface (HCI) which is an interface between the software and hardware. The software can control the hardware via the HCI. If the IPSF 405 is located above the host control interface (HCI) of the device, all the exchanges need to pass via the HCI and be based on currently support of HCI commands, such as the power save modes. Locating the IPSF 405 above HCI is particularly likely for a Bluetooth architecture. However, the IPSF 405 also needs to be able to communicate with the intra-piconet scheduler 410, which would likely be located below the HCI. In this case, the IPSF will need to use HCI message protocol or modify the HCI protocol, but this may be a vendor specific message. As an alternative, the IPSF 405 may also be divided into one information exchange part above the HCI and one actual scheduling part below the HCI. In any case, the present invention provides functional flexibility to the location of the IPSF 405 so that existing link manager 415 and other system messaging protocols require less modification to accommodate inter-piconet communication scheduling systems. For further IPSF flexibility, a unique mode (e.g., the JUMP mode) may be introduced so as to distinctly identify a node to its neighbors as being a shared node involved with multiple ad-hoc networks, e.g., a JUMP node. The new mode, e.g., the JUMP mode, may distinguish a node active in several piconets from an active node with a single piconet presence. This unique mode may manage inter-network communications between a shared node or device and its neighbors located in different networks using, for example, (1) predetermined fixed starting point and length communication windows, (2) time points with flexible starting point and length communication windows, and/or (3) random starting time and length communication windows. The time point based inter-network scheduling approach may also have multiple methods available for managing the inter-network communications and the time point(s) may be a single point in time, a single time slot, a time interval or multiple time slots and in one variation include a meeting window (e.g., a group of time slots around the time point) around which communication may, or may not, occur. As previously explained, the Bluetooth communication system is based on a master-slave architecture in which intra-piconet communication traffic flows between a master and a slave using Time Division Duplex (TDD) frames. The slaves in a piconet are synchronized with the frame and frequency hoping sequence of the master. For a single piconet the task of providing a controlled bit rate and delay of the traffic to the slaves is managed by the master alone and should be handled with a scheduler located in the master unit (e.g., intra-piconet scheduler 410). One method for intra-piconet scheduling may be a modified exhaustive polling algorithm, denoted Batched Fair Exhaustive Polling (B-FEP), is presented in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/455,172 filed Dec. 6, 1999, hereby incorporate by reference. B-FEP is believed to give high BW efficiency with a fair allocation, while still being simplistic. However, this method does not address inter-piconet scheduling. Further, Bluetooth devices may have a number of modes to establish intra-piconet communications including a “standby” mode, a “connection” mode, an “active” mode, and a “power save” mode. A standby mode is entered when a Bluetooth device is not logically connected (via Bluetooth technology) to any other Bluetooth device, i.e., is not part of any piconet. This node is then considered an idle node. A connection mode is entered when a Bluetooth device establishes a logical existence in a piconet (as either a master or a slave). Once the logical connection is established, the node may enter one of the active or power save modes. An active mode is entered when a Bluetooth device is made available for a communication session with another Bluetooth device. A power save mode is entered when a Bluetooth device is operating in a connection mode but is not in an active mode for a given piconet, i.e., the node is not available for a communication session with a given piconet (although if the node is a PMP node it might be in a power save mode with respect to one piconet while communicating with another piconet). As an example, a slave in a piconet can be addressed (e.g., polled) at any start of a frame unless a power saving mode (e.g., any of the park, sniff, or hold modes) is invoked in the slave. Once addressed, the slave enters a communication session with its master in the active mode. The power save modes are typically used to reduce the use of energy by the Bluetooth transceiver for power conservation since many Bluetooth enabled devices are battery operated. Although some previous proposals have been made for using one or more of the power save modes as a means for scheduling inter-piconet communication session coordination, the power save modes intended purpose is for establishing and operating a Bluetooth device more efficiently during intra-piconet communications. As such, there are various inefficiencies that may occur as the result of using a power save mode for inter-piconet communication coordination. For instance, the sniff mode automatically invokes an increased correlation window for the radio since it is expected to “wake up” from a low power state where the clock run more inaccurately. This is in most cases not necessary if it is used in an PMP node since the unit has been running the clock at normal power at the duration of sniff period, but in another piconet. Moreover, the sniff and hold modes requires a control signaling that is unnecessarily heavy for the purpose of inter-piconet scheduling. With the current Bluetooth modes and specification, a master always knows when it can poll a slave, regardless of which mode the link to the slave is in when only intra-piconet communications are considered or a rigid inter-piconet scheduling method is used. If the slave does not respond, after a definite number of attempts, the master can safely assume that the link is erroneous and may take appropriate actions, such as disregarding or disconnecting the link. This is a key property of Bluetooth, as it simplifies the operation of a master. The default assumption for a link in ACTIVE mode is that the slave is always present on the link, i.e., a slave must always answer a poll from the master. This means that under this system construction a slave cannot participate in several piconets if having an active link in one piconet On the other hand, the present invention is particularly concerned with providing flexible inter-piconet communication, i.e., communication between nodes belonging to different piconets. Scheduling the presence of a Bluetooth unit in different piconets in order to enable a controlled inter-piconet traffic flow adds various aspects not comprehended or easily accommodated by the presently defined Bluetooth modes. Since a single transceiver unit is assumed, a Bluetooth unit shared with two or more piconets can only be active with one piconet at a time. If the shared Bluetooth unit is a master in one piconet, then the other Bluetooth units in that piconet cannot send or receive any information to the shared node during the time it is communicating with the other piconet. In short, in one aspect, the present invention addresses the problem of scheduling time periods where both nodes of a link have their transceiver tuned in to the same piconet, while minimizing losses due to timing mismatch. A timing mismatch occurs when two units in separate piconets each have idle capacity available, but are unable to use the idle capacity because there is no simultaneously available time window for mutual inter-piconet communication. While two units are scheduled for inter-piconet traffic (one master and one slave) the slave unit becomes part of the master's piconet and should also be scheduled by the intra-piconet scheduler. Thus, inter-piconet traffic scheduling also raises issues of intra-piconet traffic scheduling. Further, since data traffic typically experiences a certain level of burstiness in its traffic patterns, the inter-piconet scheduling function 405 should allow for a dynamic allocation of time among the various nodes connected to a node shared by two or more piconets. At the same time, the use of a single transceiver unit forces a rather strict timing of the master and slave entities in nodes belonging to different piconets. The respective nodes need to become active at the same time to utilize an available time window in their common piconet efficiently. Given these complexities and other related to communication scheduling in a scatternet, the present invention introduces a new mode, the “JUMP” mode, particularly directed to the requirements of inter-piconet communication scheduling and nodes shared by two or more piconets in a scatternet. Further, the JUMP mode introduced by the present invention for implementing the IPSF helps overcome any shortcomings, inefficiencies or concerns that might result from using the current Bluetooth modes. A particularly good reason to introduce the JUMP mode is to allow a more lose definition of the inter-piconet time multiplexing than allowed with other Bluetooth modes such as the power save modes. Thus, a specific mode such as the JUMP mode that defines the behavior of a shared inter-piconet node would give a cleaner and more consistent specification and also give more freedom to define several additional operations for efficient scatternet operation. Referring now to FIG. 5, an exemplary scatternet illustrating various nodes shared by two or more piconets is provided. The scatternet 500 has four piconets, P1 (505), P2 (510), P3 (515), and P4 (520). Piconet P1 (505) has four participants, master M1 (506) and three slaves S1 (507, 508, and 509). Piconet P2 (510) has a master M2 (509) and slave S2 (511). As indicated, node 509 is a PMP shared between piconets P1 (505) and P2 (510) and thus is designated a JUMP node J1 including both M2 and an S1. JUMP node J1 may thus operate in the JUMP mode and move in and out of P1 and P2 as needed. Piconet P3 (515) has a master M3 (512) and slaves S3 (511 and 513). As indicate, node 511 is a PMP shared between piconets P2 (510) and P3 (515) and thus is designated a JUMP node J2 including both an S2 and an S3. JUMP node J2 (511) may thus operate in the JUMP mode and move in and out of P2 and P3 as needed. Piconet P4 (520) has a master M4 (514) and slave S4 (508). As indicated, node 508 is shared between piconets P1 (505) and P4 (520) and thus is designated a JUMP node J3 (508) including both an S1 and an S4. JUMP node J3 (508) may thus operate in the JUMP mode and move in and out of P1 (505) and P4 (520) as needed. Note that although the JUMP nodes J1-J3 of FIG. 5 each are shared by only two piconets, a scatternet may include JUMP nodes shared by two or more piconets. As previously indicated, the JUMP mode and JUMP node designation for nodes J1 (509), J2 (511), and J3 (508) distinguishes a participant in multiple piconet node, active in several piconets, from a node only participating in a single piconet (e.g., S1 507 or M3 512). By letting PMP nodes such as J1 (509), J2 (511), and J3 (508) establish a JUMP mode, all neighboring nodes (e.g., M1 (506), M3 (512) and M4 (514)) should be aware that the PMP node might move in and out of the piconet. By introducing a specific mode for identifying a node shared with multiple piconets, e.g., the JUMP mode, more freedom is provided when designing an inter-piconet scheduling scheme than if one or more of the power save modes are used. Further, in addition to the JUMP mode, these PMP nodes may contain the full complement of typical Bluetooth modes unencumbered by the additional IPSF aspects. A specific mode, like JUMP mode, that defines the behavior of a PMP node as a JUMP node may give a cleaner and more efficient scatternet operation. Further, in one variation of the invention, the JUMP mode may be configured to have similar features to the power save mode for avoiding void polls and extending correlation windows. Using the typical Bluetooth modes and specification, if a slave does not respond within a certain number of polls a link a failure may be assumed and the link torn down. However, the JUMP mode may include a feature that helps the master maintain the link in spite of missed polls. For example, if the JUMP node is a slave and its neighboring node is a master (e.g., J3 (508) and M1 (506)), then the master node (M1) will know that the slave (J3) may miss a poll and will not necessarily disconnect its link. In one variation, the master may have a counter which will only disconnect a link with a JUMP node when a certain number of missed polls have been reached. The threshold for the JUMP node would typically be higher then that of a typical slave. Moreover, if a slave node does not resynchronize with its master frequently enough the clock drifts between the two devices may cause the slave's correlation window to miss the transmission (TX) slot from the master. A correlation window is included in the radio layer to find the frame limits of the packets that belongs to a particular piconet. A correlator is invoked in the receiver that searches for the access code bit pattern “in the air” for that piconet. Normally the clock is relatively accurate so the guess where the frame limits are (where the packet is sent) is good, thus only a short window of, for example, 10 microseconds are necessary. However, if the node has been sleeping for a while the clock may have drifted off so that the guess ends up outside the 10 us window. In this case, the JUMP node may miss the TX slot due to error in synchronization of the correlation window which may also cause the master to disconnect the slave. To address this issue, a JUMP node that is operating as a slave may open up its correlation window large enough to counter for any clock drift of a master that might have occurred since the last communication with the master, so as to find its master's slot boundaries and re-synchronize by, for example, finding a packet with the access code somewhere. Note that it may listen to any packets sent from any master or slave in the piconet to synchronize its clock offset to the piconet again (actually to the master's clock). Managing inter-piconet communication is the main focus of the JUMP mode. And since the JUMP mode is a new mode there is more freedom to define how it may work. Therefore, as explained herein, the JUMP mode may include a number of general methods or approaches and sub-methods for managing and coordinating inter-piconet communication scheduling. The JUMP mode may have one or more general approaches to managing inter-network communications between a shared node or device and its neighbors located in different networks. For example, the JUMP mode may use: (1) predetermined fixed starting point and length communication windows, (2) time points with flexible starting point and length communication windows, and/or (3) random starting time and length communication windows, for coordinating various communications with different piconets. The time point based inter-network scheduling approach is particularly flexible and may have multiple sub-methods available for managing the inter-network communications. The time point(s) may be a single point in time, a single time slot, and/or a time interval and may have an associated meeting window (e.g., multiple time slots) around which communication may, or may not, occur. First, the three exemplary general approaches for performing IPSF using the JUMP mode will be explained. Next, the time point approach will be explained in more detail with various sub-methods of time point allocation. A simplified scatternet will be used to help explain these different approaches. Referring now to FIG. 6, another exemplary scatternet 600 is provided. A first node 605, node A, is coupled to a second node 610, node B. The second node 610 is coupled to a third node 615, node C. And the third node 615 is coupled to a fourth node 620, node D. These four nodes may be coupled in one of any number of piconet master-slave configurations sufficient to form an operable scatternet. For example, the scatternet 600 may include two piconets; a first piconet having nodes A and B, and a second piconet having nodes B, C and D. For purposes of explaining various exemplary approaches to the IPSF and JUMP mode of the present invention, we will assume the scatternet 600 is formed by three piconets. In this case, the first piconet includes node A (605) as a master and node B (610) as a slave. The second piconet includes node B (615) as a slave and node C (615) as a master. The third piconet includes node C (615) as a slave and node D (620) as a master. It is to be understood that scatternet 600 is simplified and that the following exemplary approaches to inter-piconet scheduling and JUMP mode configuration and operation is equally applicable to any size scatternet with any number of additional nodes. Although not shown, each of nodes A-D could be coupled to any number of additional nodes in a much larger scatternet. Referring now to FIGS. 7A-7C, three exemplary approaches to coordinating inter-piconet communications will be described. One general approach to inter-piconet communication coordination illustrated in FIG. 7A will be referred to herein as the “windows” approach. With the window approach a JUMP node may agree on a strict timing communication window with a defined start time 705, window size 706, and period 707 (i.e., a period for recurring communication session window, for example, every 50 milliseconds). The values for the start time 705, window size 706, and period 707 may be part of the information exchanged on a per window basis or be periodically updated to adjust for system variations such as changes in the communication traffic between the various piconets sharing a JUMP node. Although the start time, communication session window size, and period for a recurring communication window may be strictly predefined so as to properly schedule time for each of the piconets in a scatternet, the JUMP mode may add flexibility. For example, when the window method is used with the JUMP mode a temporary occurrence of bursty data communication may be accommodated by the JUMP node maintaining a communication session with a first piconet beyond the end of its preplanned communication session window time frame as illustrated by the cross-hatched portion 708 of the communication session window 704 of the C-D nodes communication. As indicated, this extension may even go into or through the scheduled communication time for a second piconet, e.g., the B-C piconet (nodes B and C), without causing a link disconnect with the second piconet. If so, the C node 615 may continue to communicate with the D node 620 and not poll slave node B 610 until a subsequent pre-scheduled poll time. On the other hand, if using the scheduled communication timing provided in FIG. 7A, the communication session window 709 between node B 610 and node C 615 was extended into the scheduled communication session 710 between node A 605 and node B 610, then node B 610 would not respond to node C 615 when polled. Further, node C 615 would not poll node D at the scheduled time. When the window approach is used with the JUMP mode a relatively lightweight protocol may be used to develop an agreed upon communication session window coordination. Another general approach to inter-piconet communication coordination is referred to herein as the “time point” approach. Referring to FIG. 7B, an exemplary timing diagram for the time point approach is provided. The time point approach provides for a more loose and flexible communication session coordination between the nodes of respective piconets by defining a single point in time, time slot, or time interval (T) where communication may start, without defining the exact length of the communication window. The data exchange of data for the time point approach is coordinated by means of the time points, Ti for piconet I, and meeting windows to reduce the complexity of scheduling. The time point is a point or interval of time in which a communication session may be initiated between the JUMP node and one of its neighbor nodes. For example, the time point may be a point in time like TB 750 or a time interval like interval 725 as illustrated in FIG. 7B. Although not clearly illustrated, the time point may also be a predefined system period of time, such as a slot in Bluetooth. The time point may be periodically repeated or timing for the next scheduled time point may be updated during information exchange between the JUMP node and one of its neighbor nodes of one or more communication session (e.g., communication session 735). The major advantage of using the time point approach is that there is no strict communication window to negotiate or schedule. Rather, there is a shorter length of time that needs to be negotiated, e.g., a single point in time (e.g., TB 750), a slot (not shown), or predefined time interval (e.g., time interval 720) typically shorter then an actual communication window. The actual communication session window length, for example communication session window 735, is not negotiated but is flexible and may be based on various factors such the number of piconets connected to a JUMP node, communication traffic through the JUMP node, etc. Without the strict and longer communication session windows to negotiate, it is easier to agree on a time to initiate a communication session. However, without allocation of the strictly defined communication session windows the capacity between nodes will be less controlled and less certain for any particular point in time. This uncertainty is offset by the time point approach's flexibility and ability to accommodate temporary bursty communication requirements by allowing time points for one piconet to be skipped to accommodate bursty traffic for another piconet The slots or time intervals adjacent to T may form a meeting window wherein the two neighboring nodes, at least one being a JUMP node, have an agreed probability of being present. For example, meeting windows 720-731 could have a time point T centrally located and probability distribution on either side as illustrated in FIG. 7B. This could for instance be an increasing double sided probability function with a peak in T. Off course, T need not be centrally located but may be to the left or right side of the meeting window. Moreover, as previously indicated a JUMP node using the JUMP mode may extend its communication session window length or data exchange in one piconet into, or beyond, the meeting window for another piconet to accommodate bursty traffic. For example, the communication session window 737 and 739 that occurs between node B 610 and node C 615 starts in meeting windows 723 and 727 and extends beyond meeting windows 721 and 724 scheduled between node A 605 and node B 610 and into meeting windows 728 and 731. In this case, the communication session between node A 605 and node B 610 scheduled to begin at meeting windows 721 and 724 will be skipped. However, the next scheduled meeting window between node A 605 and node B 610 will likely result in a communication session that starts during the next time point T meeting window. Of course, another lengthy communication session window between node B 610 and node C 615 may occur in the next scheduled meeting window between nodes A and B, and thus the next possible communication session between node A 605 and node B 610 could also be skipped. To prevent one particular piconet from consistently missing consistent successive communication session windows, it is possible that a consistently wider meeting window could be allocated (may be related to some probability as well) each successive time the meeting window is skipped. Similarly, an increased level of priority could be given to a piconet that has been skipped in one or more communication session cycles. For example, after say n missed timepoints, the two nodes may be forced to be available during the next timepoint, e.g., the probability of a meeting is set to one. This approach allows for taking care of temporary bursts of communications between the various piconets sharing a JUMP node, without renegotiate communication windows or meeting windows. Further, a JUMP node may start earlier in a scheduled meeting window when it needs to accommodate a longer communication with one piconet and there are no active communication sessions with any other piconet to which it belongs. This too may allow a JUMP node to get greater information efficiency without renegotiating meeting windows or communication sessions windows. For example, node C 615 is able to begin communication with node B 610 before TB early in meeting window 727 for communication session 739 since communication session window 741 with node D 620 is completed. Thus, by using the time point approach with the JUMP mode, there are more easily scheduled meeting times, more flexible communication session window lengths, and the ability to skip scheduled communication sessions completely without necessarily having renegotiating messages between the affected nodes. The nodes using the time point approach would exchange co-ordination information that may include the periods between successive time points T or time point distribution. As discussed further below, a number of variations in approach to the time point distribution are possible. For example, in one variation it may not be necessary to have the same period length for all the piconets of a JUMP node since Ts may be allowed to be passed over without entering an active communication session. If the periodicity is relaxed even a random pattern may be used for time point distribution. A more detailed discussion of some exemplary time point distribution schemes will be discussed a little later. However, rather than using the time point method, a random approach may be used for IPSF and the JUMP mode. As illustrated in FIG. 7C, rather then establish a communication window or a time point, the IPSF may use a random approach to establish communication sessions in the JUMP mode. In this case, no coordination needs to be carried out at all. The JUMP nodes may communicate totally random and stay in a piconet until a break in the communication occurs (e.g., number of packets available to send have been sent) or a timeout expires. For example, as for communications between node A 605 and node B 610, node A 605 may start looking for communications with node B 610 (e.g., polling node B) at time t1. However, node B 610 may be looking to establish a communication session with node A at random times and thus might not be looking to communicate with node A 605 until some time later, time t2. If at time t2 node A is still looking to establish a communication session with node B 610, then one will occur. As such, in the example provided in FIG. 7C a communication session occurs during the communication session window 762 and there is a missed data exchange 761 that occurs while node A 605 waits for node B 610 to participate in meeting window 760. When the communication session 762 between node A 605 and node B 610 is completed (e.g., when all the information available at the time has been exchanged) then each node is free to actively seek another communication session with another node or piconet. Operating in this random manner, there will be a number of missed communication data exchange opportunities 761, 764, 766, 768, 773 that may occur and may be a number of times when there is no overlap between the meeting windows for some period of time even though data needs to be communicated. However, the master nodes will not disconnect the JUMP nodes unless the master nodes have an indication that there is a problem, because the master nodes know the identity of the various nodes as JUMP nodes in JUMP mode will likely return to communication in a reasonable amount of time. For example, in one variation master nodes may disconnect the JUMP nodes if they do not respond for a predetermined relatively long period of time. Further, the random approach may include a learning algorithm which adjusts the periodicity of meeting windows and length of meeting windows based on experience with its various piconets. In one variation, if one piconet hasn't been visited for predefined time, say 200 ms, the jump node stays in that piconet there until it finds a node in that piconet to communicate with. Should set an upper limit may be set on the time a jump node revisits (and communicates with) a piconet. In various embodiments of the invention, the intra-piconet scheduling and the inter-piconet scheduling may be independent of one another or inter-dependent on one another. For example, one way of coordinating inter-piconet scheduling with intra-piconet scheduling is to let the intra-piconet scheduler know if and when a node is present in the piconet. This information can be used by the intra-piconet scheduler to poll, or not poll, a JUMP node depending on its presence. However, the JUMP node may change its behavior based on what the intra-piconet scheduler does. For example, the JUMP node may stay longer in a piconet if another member of that piconet indicates that it has a lot of packets to send to the JUMP node and/or it may skip a scheduled piconet communication with a piconet that had indicated during the last time they communicated that it has less information to send. Although the window, time point, and random approaches have been discussed separately, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that they may be used individually or in any combination (for a single node or different nodes). For example, the IPSF and JUMP mode may start with the random approach and revert to either the time point or window approach if the efficiency does not meet a desired level. In one variation, the approach could be to switch from one type of approach to another based on the amount of traffic experienced. In another variation, one JUMP node might be using the window approach while another JUMP node is using the random approach and yet another JUMP node in the scatternet is using the time point approach. The following discussion will focus on various alternatives and details regarding using the time point approach for IPSF and the JUMP mode. Five general areas related to the time point approach which are particularly important and will be described in detail includes: (1) the distribution of time points for a JUMP node; (2) information exchange for JUMP mode set-up and for adding/removing nodes; (3) indication when a data exchange shall exceed pass another time point; (4) resource control for fairness best effort and guaranteed traffic; and (5) traffic adaptivity resulting in moved time points. Further, five exemplary methods or approaches for the distribution of time points will be described. As described above, the time point approach includes agreement as to the start time, T, of an inter-piconet communication session that may be between, for example, a JUMP node and an active node or between two JUMP nodes. The time point T may be associated with a meeting window in which there is a large likelihood that the two nodes will be able to communicate. However, there are various ways in which the time points may be distributed in time so as to make an efficient IPSF and JUMP mode. In any case, the distribution of the Time points should be such that the intervals between time points generally reflects the average capacity fraction required in each piconet. A simple assumption could be to give an equal share to all the piconets coupled to a JUMP node; if there are three piconets present, simply give ⅓ of the capacity to each of the piconets. An alternative way is to let the capacity the JUMP node should get in each piconet, if they where fully utilized, reflect the allocation of time in each piconet. In any case, a number of exemplary approaches to time point distribution are provided below. A first approach is illustrated in FIG. 8A. In this approach, an overall interval TX 801 and distribute the time points Ti in the different piconets within this interval TX 801. In this exemplary case, piconet connections B-C 804, B-A 805, through B-n 806 are initially the only piconet connection with node B 610 and are each allocated a time point within the overall time interval TX 801 that occurs in a communication cycle. If node B 610 would start participating in a new piconet the IPSF and JUMP mode would need to have a time point associated with this piconet inserted in this fixed interval TX of subsequent communication cycle periods. However, the interval between two consecutive time points of the same piconet, e.g., TBC1 (802) and TBC2 (803) of piconet A-B, would remain the same. In this manner, the communication cycle time and time between time points for the same piconets would be fixed from one communication cycle to the next regardless of the addition or deletion of another piconet. Only the individual communication session length would vary. Although, the overall time interval TX is a fixed interval, it can be renegotiated from time to time. Of course, if many piconets where connected to the same JUMP node then the overall time interval TX length could be set at a long time to provide reasonable communication session window lengths for all piconets. Similarly, if only a few piconets where coupled to a JUMP node, the overall time interval TX length could be set to a shorter time to not have extensive communication session window lengths for each of the piconets. A second approach to time point distribution is illustrated in FIG. 8B. In this exemplary approach, distributing the time points may be arranged so as to keep the time interval constant between time points of different piconets. For example, the length of time from time point TBC1 812 and TBA1 813 (i.e., time interval TB-C 810) would remain the same regardless of the addition or subtraction of one or more piconets to JUMP node B 610. In this case, a newly added piconet would mean an increase of the time between successive time points of the same piconet, e.g., TBC1 to TBC2, since the new piconet is appended to the end of a communication cycle period TX 809 schedule. Similarly, the elimination of one or more piconets would result in a reduction in the time between successive time points of the same piconet. A third approach to time point distribution is illustrated in FIG. 8C. Using this approach the time points may be distributed in a manner that allows for different communication cycle periods on different links coupled to the same JUMP node. For example, the overall communication cycle period interval TX1 820 for JUMP node B 610 may be longer than the overall communication cycle period interval TX2 825 for JUMP node C 615, even though they must coordinate communication session between one another. In this case, TX1 820=c�TX2 825, where c is a constant This may introduce a risk for “collisions” between time points belonging to different piconets, but if a collision occurs the JUMP mode allows for the time point to be passed without disconnecting the link. If the collisions become excessive to the point of decreased efficiency, the constant c could be revised and the collisions thereby reduced. The occurrence of collisions depends also on the phase between the timepoints. If c is an integer there will be collisions every c�Tx2 slots if the time points have the same phase. However, if the time points are shifted a number of slots from one another they will always miss and never collide. One advantage of the varied communication cycle periods on different links approach to time point distribution is that it may prove to be more efficient and flexible to have a mix of different delay constraints within the scatternet. A fourth approach to time point distribution is illustrated in FIG. 8D. This approach spreading out the time points is to let the time interval between the time points be a random communication cycle time period. For example, a first communication cycle for JUMP node B 610 may have a relatively short period of time, TX1 830, during a first cycle time. Next, the second communication cycle for JUMP node B 610 may have a relatively long period of time, TX2 831. However, this approach may require that each of the nodes interrelated with the schedule of a JUMP node knows the random period. In one embodiment, each interrelated node may be provided with a common pseudo random sequence, e.g., similar to the frequency hopping sequence selection algorithm used by the piconet nodes for the FHSS. In one variation, the location of the various time points may be spread out randomly with a certain mean period. As with the previous way of distributing the time points, collisions of time points might occur. Although in this case, the potential collisions would in general be naturally resolved over time since the next time point is randomly picked. To minimize the risk of such collisions, the nodes might generate orthogonal random sequences. The probability for collision also depends on the mean period between time points and the number of piconets. In one variation, the various piconets of the scatternet may use different periods, since they are randomly relocated each time anyway. This approach may give better flexibility by providing a mix of different delay constraints within the scatternet. A fifth approach to time point distribution is illustrated in FIG. 8E. In this case there is no fixed or predetermined period for the communication cycles. Rather, the occurrence of the next time point for a pair of nodes is negotiated, determined, and updated during each communication session between the respective nodes. For example, time point TBC2 852 may be determined and set during the earlier communication session including time point TBC1 850 between node B 610 and node C 615. The agreed upon time may be completely independent of any particular communication cycle period TX 851 or TX 853 or length. The length of a communication cycle time period TX then is merely the result of cumulative time point coordination and agreement between the various nodes inter-communicating with a JUMP node. It is clear from the five methods for time point distribution suggested above that many variations for time point distribution are possible. Further, a scatternet may use a combination of time point distributions for the same nodes or an assortment of approaches for the various nodes so as to produce the most efficient method for coordinating communications between its various piconets. The information exchange between the various nodes involve in inter-piconet communication using the JUMP mode and the time point approach will in general be more lightweight than if a more precise window needs to be allocated and maintained. Basically the period of the time point and the time to the first time point may need to be exchanged in case periodic time points are used. Using a time point approach in which time points may also be renegotiated or randomly picked on a per exchange event basis will likely generate more overhead. Although, the random location approach described above would likely require a minimum of exchange since it may operate efficiently by exchanging only, for example, the start value of the random sequence generation. This would be similar to how the address is used to generate the hopping sequence in a piconet. In some variations of the invention, the decision to exceed data exchange beyond a time point may also need to be coordinated between the nodes that are sending data. However, this could be a piece of information that is sent in-band or a specific control packet. This raises the issue of how to manage the situation when a time point of another piconet is exceeded by the earlier communication session window of a first piconet. Ideally a method should be devised to ensure that each piconet is fairly serviced by a JUMP node if there is data to be exchanged. One approach may be to provide a simple counter that may be incremented if a time point of a piconet is exceeded so as to indicate that that piconet has not received service for what ever number of communication cycles. The counter value may then be used to give higher priority for service the piconet having a higher counter value during the following occurrence of a time points for that piconet or the following communication cycle. In order to control the overall fairness, measurements or comparisons (e.g., counter value, time laps, amount of data awaiting transfer, etc.) may be used to decide if a time point may be passed or not. Depending on the current activity levels in the piconets where a JUMP node is involved, the capacity fraction for the piconets may be updated. This means that the time points may be moved to reflect a new capacity distribution. The calculations to determine these changes may be based on measurements of both traffic load and buffer occupancy levels of the piconets the JUMP node is involved in surrounding the time points. As previously shown in FIG. 7B, the data exchange may be allowed to exceed beyond a time point for another piconet. This provides a high degree of traffic adaptivity to the time point approach. As can be seen from the previous discussion, the present invention introduces a number of benefits for scatternet communication scheduling that may be used individually or in combination. The introduction of a new mode, JUMP mode, that defines the behavior of a PMP node may provide the IPSF a clean and consistent specification and enable new features for providing efficient scatternet operation. In variations using time points, it is easy for two nodes to agree on a time to initiate communication because the time point is typically shorter then a communication session. By allowing flexibility in the beginning and ending of a communication session, including allowing a data exchange to exceed beyond the time point established a communication session related to a different piconet, it is possible to handle temporary bursts of data without revising the inter-piconet schedule. Further, little or no information needs to be exchanged between a PMP and its directly connected nodes to enable those nodes to determine the absolute timing of the PMPs time points. Finally, by moving the time points it is possible to dynamically adapt to varying traffic demands in different piconets. Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to the preferred embodiments disclosed herein and it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. For example, another approach to providing flexible inter-piconet scheduling for IPSF and/or the JUMP mode may be to adjust the communication session and/or meeting window length based on probabilities derived from a history of traffic patterns so as to allocate communication time and frequency based on need. In this case, the system could monitor the traffic of data between the various piconets and set up or calculate an historical probability that a given piconet will need or try to communicate with a shared node (i.e. a jump node). In one variation, a maximum amount of communication time may be set for a given piconet. In another variation, a maximum amount of data may be set and monitored so that the maximum amount of data is reached the node switches to another piconet. Finally, although the present invention has been describe as being introduced with a new specific mode, the JUMP mode, one skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be implemented as a sub-mode of one of the presently available operating modes of Bluetooth, e.g., as a sub-mode of one of the power save modes. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7272132 *Nov 25, 2002Sep 18, 2007Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Wireless communication apparatus and method capable of adjusting beacon periodUS7444121 *Oct 17, 2003Oct 28, 2008Alerecn, Inc,Methods and apparatuses for reducing interference using frequency division multiple accessUS7519371Feb 9, 2004Apr 14, 2009Qualcomm IncorporatedMulti-hop communications in a wireless networkUS7522933 *Nov 21, 2002Apr 21, 2009Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Bluetooth system capable of communicating on scatternet and communicating method thereofUS7660578 *Apr 8, 2004Feb 9, 2010Nokia CorporationMethod for saving power in a wireless terminal and a terminalUS7764929Oct 2, 2008Jul 27, 2010Alereon, Inc.Methods and apparatuses for reducing interference using frequency division multiple accessUS7904023Feb 2, 2009Mar 8, 2011Nokia CorporationMethod for saving power in a wireless terminal and a terminalUS7907892 *Jan 5, 2007Mar 15, 2011At&T Intellectual Property I, LpTransparent commodity trading networks and methods of facilitating transactions among buyers and sellers of products and servicesUS7944865Feb 9, 2007May 17, 2011Daita Frontier Fund, LlcWireless LAN system and control method and control program of wireless LAN systemUS7969918 *Apr 27, 2001Jun 28, 2011Daita Frontier Fund, LlcSlave communication device for use in wireless LAN system and control method and control program of slave communication deviceUS7978710 *Mar 26, 2004Jul 12, 2011Qualcomm IncorporatedSynchronous inter-piconet routingUS8018885 *Feb 4, 2008Sep 13, 2011Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AbCode keying in a power savings modeUS8019351 *Mar 10, 2009Sep 13, 2011Qualcomm, IncorporatedMulti-hop communications in a wireless networkUS8036207 *Jun 2, 2005Oct 11, 2011Intellectual Ventures I LlcAdaptive routingUS8055213 *Nov 6, 2006Nov 8, 2011Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Method for dynamic frequency selection and system supporting the same in a cognitive radio wireless communication systemUS8457097 *Apr 30, 2010Jun 4, 2013Broadcom CorporationCommunicating with two nodes with overlapping framesUS8532565 *Feb 8, 2011Sep 10, 2013At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.Transparent commodity trading networks and methods of facilitating transactions among buyers and sellers of products and servicesUS8744355 *Aug 14, 2011Jun 3, 2014Mediatek Inc.Communication method, and bluetooth device utilizing the communication methodUS8855016 *Mar 24, 2010Oct 7, 2014The Boeing CompanyMethod for maintaining links in a mobile ad hoc networkUS8913511 *Mar 31, 2011Dec 16, 2014Qualcomm IncorporatedInterference management to support peer-to-peer communication in a wide area networkUS8923324 *Aug 20, 2004Dec 30, 2014Koninklijke Philips N.V.Method for operating a wireless networkUS20070019672 *Aug 20, 2004Jan 25, 2007Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.Method for operating a wireless networkUS20100246445 *Mar 24, 2010Sep 30, 2010The Boeing CompanyMethod for Maintaining Links in a Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkUS20110131110 *Feb 8, 2011Jun 2, 2011Jonathan ReevesTransparent Commodity Trading Networks and Methods of Facilitating Transactions Among Buyers and Sellers of Products and ServicesUS20110243010 *Mar 31, 2011Oct 6, 2011Qualcomm IncorporatedInterference management to support peer-to-peer communication in a wide area networkUS20110268020 *Apr 30, 2010Nov 3, 2011Broadcom CorporationCommunicating with two nodes with overlapping framesUS20120223888 *Apr 14, 2011Sep 6, 2012Primax Electronics Ltd.Information transmission systemUS20130040575 *Aug 14, 2011Feb 14, 2013Juei-Ting SunCommunication method, and bluetooth device utilizing the communication methodUS20140268209 *Mar 13, 2014Sep 18, 2014Canon Kabushiki KaishaInformation processing apparatus, information processing terminal, and method of controlling the same* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification455/41.2International ClassificationH04B7/00, H04L12/28, H04L12/24, H04L12/56Cooperative ClassificationH04W92/02, H04W72/1257, H04L41/00, H04L12/24, H04W84/18European ClassificationH04L41/00, H04W92/02, H04L12/24Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 11, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Most superzoom compact cameras have between 30x and 60x optical zoom, although some have even further zoom, most notably the Nikon P900, which has 83x optical zoom, and weigh less than 300 grams, much less than bridge cameras and DSLRs. Most of these compact cameras use small 1/2.3" sensors, but since 2008 a few non-interchangeable compact cameras use larger sensor such as 1" and even APS-C, such as the Fujifilm X100 series, or full frame format such as the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1R series.[2] They prioritize intelligent Auto, but some high end P&S cameras have PSAM mode dial, Raw image format, and hot shoe. None have lens threads.[3] Point-and-shoot cameras are distinguished from single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs) in several respects: point-and-shoot film cameras, and many digital ones, use a viewfinder. The image that the photographer sees is not the same image that passes through the primary lens of the camera (that is, the lens that projects the image onto the film or, in the case of digital cameras, the image sensor). Rather, the image in the viewfinder passes through a separate lens.[4] SLRs, on the other hand, have only one lens, and a mirror diverts the image from the lens into the viewfinder; that mirror then retracts when the picture is taken so that the image can be recorded on the film or sensor. With this mechanism, pictures cannot be previewed on the LCD screens of most digital SLRs, although some manufacturers have found a way around this limitation. Digital cameras eliminate one advantage of the SLR design, as the camera's display image comes through the lens, not a separate viewfinder. Many smaller digital point-and-shoots of the 2010s omit the optical viewfinder. The size limitations of compact and ultra-compact cameras, including digital ones, encourage the occurrence of photographic orbs — unexpected, typically circular artifacts that occur in flash photographs — where the short distance between the lens and the built-in flash decreases the angle of light reflection to the lens, directly illuminating the aspect of the normally sub-visible particles facing the lens and increasing the camera's ability to capture the light reflected off the particles.[5] According to the NPD Group, up to end of November 2011 point-and-shoot cameras took 44 percent of photos, down from 52 percent in 2010, while camera-equipped smartphones took 27 percent of photos in 2011, up from 17 percent. Unit total sales of all types of point-and-shoot cameras declined by 17 percent year on year, but increased by 16 percent for cameras having optical zoom greater than 10x.[7] At the end of 2012, more than one brand have released point-and-shoot cameras with 24x optical superzoom[8] as compensation of sales decline and at the end of 2013 there were 30x optical point-and-shoot cameras. P&S camera sales dropped by about 40 percent in year 2013 particularly inexpensive cameras, so Fujifilm and Olympus have stopped development of low-end P&S cameras and focused to develop mid and high-end cameras with more added value.[9] Shipment dropped to 12 million units in 2016, only one-tenth of the peak reached in 2008, the year before Apple's iPhone debuted.[10] ^ Jason Schneider. "Game-Changing, Large-Sensor Point-and-Shoot Cameras". Retrieved November 7, 2016. ^ Cliff Smith. "Sony Cyber-shot HX50 review". Retrieved March 1, 2015. ^ http://www.wujimedia.com/2009/11/point-and-shoot-v-dslr-cameras-part-i/ ^ "The Truth Behind 'Orbs'". ^ Joshua Goldman. "Compact megazooms compared (roundup)". Retrieved April 29, 2014. ^ "Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos". December 22, 2011. ^ "Top 10 Best Pocket Zoom Digital Cameras". November 26, 2012. ^ Reiji Yoshida (Dec 30, 2013). "Mirrorless cameras offer glimmer of hope to makers". Retrieved December 31, 2013. ^ "Ricoh may close shutter on personal camera business". Nikkei Asian Reivew. 12 Apr 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ Martin Bailey. "What is a compact system camera?". Retrieved February 27, 2014. Wikimedia Commons has media related to compact cameras. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point-and-shoot_camera&oldid=779122204" Categories: Point-and-shoot camerasHidden categories: Commons category without a link on Wikidata Navigation menu AfrikaansBrezhonegCatalàČeštinaDeutschEspañolفارسیFrançais한국어ItalianoNederlands日本語ਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsРусскийSlovenčinaSlovenščinaSvenskaతెలుగుУкраїнська中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2017, at 03:59.

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Added on 23/02/2018 by The Frost Partnership, Feltham Three bedrooms Gas Central Heating Two reception rooms Period Features Off Street Parking Communal Gardens Sash windows Extended modern fitted kitchen/dining area Added on 12/06/2018 by Henleys Estates LTD, Isleworth Benedict Drive, Feltham ***Largely extended***Three bedroom***Semi-detached***Separate Annex's*** We are excited to offer this well presented three bedroom extended semi-detached house in the ever so desired Benedict Drive, Bedfont. Added on 14/06/2018 by Barnard Marcus, Feltham A SUBSTANTIAL THREE-BEDROOM SEMI DETACHED, WITH THE ADVANTAGE OF A LARGE CORNER PLOT, ALLOWING EXCELLENT SCOPE FOR FURTHER DOUBLE STOREY EXTENSION, TWO FULL BATHROOMS, AND AN 18'(5.5M) KITCHEN. Reduced on 17/05/2018 by Forest Estate Agents, Feltham Carlton Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex, TW14 Three Bedrooms Gas Central Heating Two reception rooms Fitted Kitchen dining area Two bathrooms Large rear garden Family bathroom Corner plot with potential to extend subject to planning Added on 25/05/2018 by Henleys Estates LTD, Isleworth Harlington Road East, Feltham , Middlesex, TW13 5BN Fantastic opportunity to purchase this three bedroom semi-detached residence, ideally located close to a number of amenities and within walking distance of transport links. The property comprises entrance hall, large open plan living/dining room and kitchen on the ground floor. On the first floor... Added on 19/07/2018 by Springbok Properties, Nationwide Shelson Avenue, Feltham, TW13 Bright and spacious throughout, this wonderful three bedroom two floored house offers an expansive reception room, well equipped eat-in kitchen and a lovely well-maintained private garden. Added on 07/07/2018 by Foxtons, Covering Hounslow An extended and updated three-bedroom semi-detached family home in a prime location backing onto Feltham Park. You can book a viewing for this property instantly! See general information section below to find out how. Having been updated with no expense spared, this three bedroom semi-detached ... Queens Road, Feltham A beautiful four bedroom, semi detached, Victorian family home situated moments from the mainline station. Within easy reach of mainline stations, shops and restaurants this is ideal for the expanding family. Shelson Avenue, Feltham A FABULOUS FOUR-BEDROOM END OF TERRACE, WITH A LARGE LOFT EXTENSION, QUIETLY SITUATED IN LOWER FELTHAM. Added on 09/05/2018 by Forest Estate Agents, Feltham COMPLETED with a 12 year new build warranty included and no onward chain. This is a fantastic opportunity to purchase this brand new family home with modern kitchen and bathrooms, spacious lounge and three double bedrooms in a popular location in Feltham. Further benefits will in... Reduced on 16/06/2018 by Townends Regents A newly built detached three bedroom bungalow with two bathrooms, off street parking and private garden. Offered in excellent condition and located in a popular residential road in Feltham. Further benefits from a 12 year warranty and no onward chain. Reduced on 15/06/2018 by Snellers, Hampton Longford Avenue, FELTHAM ***Fully renovated***Extended***Large Family Home*** Reduced on 28/06/2018 by Barnard Marcus, Feltham Reduced on 29/06/2018 by Roberts Hunt & Co, Bedfont

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9News Now at Noon : WUSA : September 20, 2010 12:00pm-12:30pm EDT : Free Streaming : Internet Archive hello, i'm jc hayward. thanks for being with us. iran's president, mahmoud ahmadinejad is in new york for the annual general is assembly being held at the united nations. this comes as two americans are held in jail in iran. their mothers are asking for a face-to-face meeting with the iranian president. 12:01 pm × >> reporter: he was smiling for the meeting in new york, but the mothers of two hikers still in prison in iran would like their turn for a meeting. >> we are mothers. we are not politicians. and we are just very, very eager, clearly to have our children returned to us. >> the family members spoke at a news conference with sara shourd, who just returned after a year in custody in iran. shourd said until the two other hikers are leigh -- released, she does not feel relieved. >> this is not the time to celebrate. my disappointment in not sharing this with shane and josh is crushing and i stand before you today only one-third free. >> reporter: a ahmadinej ad is attending conferences until the general assembly opens later in week but having him in town gives protestors a chance to send their messages on nuclear weapons and human rights. activists gathered to protest the iran defiance in building a 12:02 pm × nuclear arsenal and the abuse of human rights. but in interviews in new york, ahmadinejad pointed to his release of the hiker as a humanitarian gesture, hinting that the u.s. should release eight iranians he claims are being illegally retained. >> the u.s. government should make a humanitarian gesture. >> reporter: a ahmadinej ad said his country is seeking peace but that, quote, the future belongs to iran. randall pinkston, cbs news, the united nations. we have breaking news from flint, michigan where prosecutors filed additional charges against elias abuelazam. prosecutors in flint, michigan, charged him with four additional attempted murder charges and one more murder charge in michigan. that's four charges. and he is also charged with a string of attacks in ohio. 12:03 pm × another university of maryland student was attacked over the weekend. this happened yesterday morning in the college park shopping center parking lot. police say the victim was intoxicated when three men attacked him. students are hoping that by traveling in groups and knowing when they have had enough to drink will lessen their chance of becoming a victim. >> you always want to walk with people and that's the main thing. so don't be too intoxicated otherwise people point you out. >> a silver spring man was charged with attacks. police are looking for three suspects in yesterday's attack. the u.s. supreme court is the only chance a virginia woman has to avoid execution this week. theresa lewis was denied clemency. the 41-year-old mother and grandmother is the only woman on virginia's death row. she is also set to be the first woman executed in the state in 12:04 pm × nearly a century. lewis was convicted of conspiring with two men to carry out the 2002 murders of her husband and stepson. right now her execution is scheduled for thursday. ever since the d.c. council chairman vincent gray won last week's mayoral primary, the question on many people's mind is whether or not school chancellor michelle rhee will be staying. kristin fisher reports that we could have an answer sometime this week. >> reporter: well michelle rhee will return from vacation this week and when she does, she'll meet with vince gray about her future or lack there of as d.c. school chancellor. now her school reform was a major issue throughout the battle. supporters of michelle rhee and fenty credited them for making tough decisions to improve d.c. schools but opponents have accused her of alienating teachers and parents and 12:05 pm × critical of her firing 200 d.c. teachers for underperformance. michelle rhee said she didn't think she could work with gray. she called it devastating for d.c. students. as for gray, he hasn't said what to do with michelle rhee except that he will sit down with her at some point and that some point will likely be this wednesday. but whether or not any decisions will come from that meeting remain to be seen. here is what gray had to say during a press conference last wednesday. >> we're not going to make any personnel decisions until after the general election but i think it's important to begin the conversations now, as i promised that i would do. >> reporter: now already possible new names are being tossed around. they include two who had already been d.c. school chancellor and two of michelle rhee's current deputies are believed to be in the running. kristin fisher, 9 news now. the family of a man shot last week by capital police said he wanted to die by the 12:06 pm × hands of officers. 29-year-old john wesley wheeler was shot friday morning after he pointed a gun at officers. he survived shots to his stomach, thigh, and a bullet who grazed his head. her mother who did not want her face on camera said her son was depressed after losing his job last year. she claims he had no intention of hurting anyone but because of his religious upbringing he could not take his own life. >> wesley has been taught that if you take your own life, you go to hell. but if you get someone else to do it, even though it's a warped rationalization, that was how he was rationalizing it. >> wheeler also had a run-in with metropolitan police last month for waving a gun in public. he remains in stable condition. police have charged wheeler with assault with intent to 12:07 pm × kill. the doctor shot at the hospital last month is recovering. dr. david cohen is listed in fair and stable condition. he was shot thursday morning by 50-year-old paul warren partis. after shooting the doctor, partis shot and killed his mother who was a patient, and then himself. the bp well is finally capped and sealed. however, see how the effects of the spill could last for years to come. plus, the effects of hurricane igor could affect our shores. we'll tell you what happened when it struck bermuda. 12:08 pm × well the broken well is now capped, problems however remain if coastal areas of louisiana. mia rodriguez shows us the problems that some are still facing. >> reporter: the final kill may have permanently plugged the broken well in the gulf, but in plaquemines parish, the finality is hard to swallow. >> we sleep with one eye open wondering if we're going to have another leak. so that is great news, that we know since the well has been stopped, now every day we are making progress. but i'm going to tell you, we have to be on our toes. >> reporter: lately what is keeping the parish on its collective toes are these -- fish kill. four major ones in the last two weeks. >> millions of fish, absolutely 12:10 pm × millions. >> reporter: tj is the parish coastal zone management director, documenting the fish kill, including this one on sunday. >> we're used to seeing fish kills at this time of year but not in this number, the mass number of fish that are dying and not in the frequency occurring right now. >> reporter: the state department of wildlife and fish kills said it is due to low oxygen and not the oil spill. but on sunday representatives of the district attorney's office in plaquemines came out to one of the fish kill areas. they collected samples which could end up being used in a civil penalties case related to the oil spill. >> we're just building our case. we're coming to take samples of the fish and to scrape the fish and see if there is oil on the fish. >> reporter: beyond the uncertainty of the fish kill is the certainty that no new oil will flow into the gulf. now that the relief well is finished and sealed. but the final kill brings little comfort to people in 12:11 pm × places still getting hit by oil. here in bay jimmy oil is spill coming to shore, even though it was capped in july. >> we're losing the march. >> reporter: plaquemin es parish collected 37,000 gallons of oily-water mix and 187,000 bags of tar balls. 9 news now. the fda already has said that salmon which grows twice as fast as conventional salmon is as safe to eat as the traditional variety. a key issue is how will the fda allow the salmon to be marketed. the approval would also open the door for a variety of other genetically engineered animals. coming up next, howard and the forecast. >> jaycee, a gorgeous start to the week. but get ready, it will get hot again in a couple of days. 12:12 pm × we'll break with a look at allergy update. and some good news here. most of the guys are in the low category. a little bit of moderate there on the weeds. we'll be back with the full seven-day forecast and let you know when things will warm up when 9 news now returns. appreciate the easy days, are what keep me coming back for more. and the customer says, on the carpet." i'm thinking, what? gonna be difficult. don't tell me about a dog. an exploding crockpot, free-ranging house chickens. call a day's work. ♪ call 1-800-steemer 12:13 pm × [ female announcer ] this is a strawberry pop tart. 12:14 pm × but this is warm, fresh-baked strawberry toaster strudel. [ music ] see the difference? pillsbury toaster strudel, the one kids want to eat. than listening there'to our favorite songs. there's nothing we love more than listening to our favorite songs. but our favorite thing is eating totino's pizza rolls. but our favorite thing is eating totino's pizza rolls. ♪ we're the kids in america ♪ oh, oh, oh 12:15 pm × i'm peggy fox with your monday moms like me spotlight. today we're talking about preventing strangulation in children. last friday a 17-month-old baby got caught in a drapeery cord and then died. with us to help us make sure our home is safe is dr. jamie frystat with safe kids. thank you for coming in. >> thank you for having me. >> this is something everybody should pay attention to, not just if you have small children. >> that's exactly right. because children go different places, whether to grand parents or a friend's house and so everybody needs to be aware of strangulation in the home and prevent it from happening. >> so what do you do? >> first and foremost, the safest option is cordless options. and this makes sense because we're worried about the cords when it comes to strangulation and kids. the next thing is you want to go around to every window of 12:16 pm × your home and make sure it is child proof. we're not -- of course there is a lot of people who do not have cordless window options so go to those windows and make sure they are child proof and this means making sure that the inner and outer cord are secured that kids cannot become tangled in them. >> we have some tips to run down and make sure everyone has got this? >> that's exactly right. and i want to recommend that all parents do to an amazing website called window covers.org and there you can find how to child proof your individual window covering because there are a lot of different times and they offer free repair retrofits. >> we'll put that on moms like me. jamie, thanks for coming in. >> thanks for having me. >> and we'll see you on momslikeme.com. and we have live breaking news from new york city. a fire has shut down subway 12:17 pm × service. the scene is beneath the bridge at 138th street in harlem. trains are not leaving or entering grand central station. we're following this story. we'll bring you the latest information on our website and of course on 9 news now at 5:00 p.m. a water main replacement project is silver spring has turned into a nightmare for one family. this started with an e-mail to 9 news. we showed up on friday and a plumber was finishing replacing expensive fixtures for the third time in less than a year at betsy's house. the problem appears to be gravel and other debris from water main work coming through the pipes and ruining valves. >> this has been going on since late spring. >> all summer? >> and it's been one disaster right after the other. >> the washington suburban sanitary commission said damage 12:18 pm × to her plumbing will be paid for by the contractor duing the water main replacement. wssc adds they have been replacing at least 37 miles of water main in the region this year and a spokesperson said utility takes very seriously our role of managing contractors. for more stories from where you live, go to our website at wusa9.com, find your community in our "where you live" section and keep up with what is happening in your area. contact us and be part of the wusa9.com. and hurricane igor battered bermuda and the storm's effects could soon be felt on our shores. more than 16,000 residents are without power. and there is no word on when their electricity will be back on. the power company is waiting for the storm to subside before 12:19 pm × sending crews out to do work on downed power lines. >> if they're out already, that storm is pulling out quickly. they had wind gusts up to 90 miles per hour. it did weaken and is now going into the north atlantic. it will become a nontropical storm and head toward greenland of all places. what a gorgeous day for you. the rest of the afternoon, it is really dried out and breezy and definitely has that feel in the air. look at the next several hours. 79 by 3:00. that is our high for the day. 75 at 6:00 p.m. and then by 9:00, clear and we're down into the 60s. it is going to be a chilly night tonight. you may want to -- while the wind oars are open, put the heater on now. if you haven't put it on yet, just fire it up because there is usually dust in the system and if you turn it on now with 12:20 pm × the windows open it won't be as bad. because we're talking temperatures in spots of mid- 40s in the suburbans, mid-50s by the bay where the water temperatures keep you warm. sun set at 7:08. for tuesday, sunny and pleasant. low 80s for high. east winds at 5. we'll be a few degrees warmer on tuesday but wednesday will heat up. and the clouds will show. that's from igor. and cold front well off to the south now. 60s up in williamsport. still 83 in roanoke. so a little bit warm. but the air has really dried out. we're 75 -- this dew point at 6:00 a.m. was 61. that shows you how much this has bottomed out and the relative humidity at 31%. north winds at 11, thankfully we don't have windier conditions and too much fuel. or else we'd had a fire condition out there. but if you are going to burn 12:21 pm × anything up, please be careful. and the barometer rising at 30.09. high pressure is up here in michigan. this cool, dry air is coming up under the northerly winds and the front do you know to the north carolina border. however, what will happen is as this high comes down, we'll be cool. tonight will be coolish. and then summer is coming back. high pressure near us tomorrow so we're great. high pressure falls away. our winds by tuesday evening are turning south. and this will touch off a few showers and storms out to the west on wednesday afternoon. if we're lucky, we'll give them over here but you notice the warm air, that is noontime. we'll transition to hot by mid afternoon as temperatures wednesday will be pushing 90 in spots and then it will stay up there for the next few days. here today, high temperatures, upper 70s to around 80 across the region. a few 80s south, mid-70s to the 12:22 pm × north, an annapolis only about 73. our seven-day forecast, here is your temperatures. starting comfortable, 79 today. wednesday they'll fall to 11:09. thursday and friday near 90. a couple of showers and storms possible. and on the weekend, a chance of a couple of showers and mild on sunday. we're going to the kitchen for some good, tasty stuff for you when 9 news returns. wúçúwú 12:23 pm × i've got power pain can't mess with. (announcer) new icy hot power gel. relief that's icy to dull pain, hot to relax it away. and no mess. new icy hot power gel. don't mess around with pain. meatless mondays was 12:26 pm × launched in 2003 to help americans reduce saturated fat. my guest today is kim o'donnell and she's written a book called the meat lovers meatless cook book, fabulous cook book, and today she is fixing a very special dish for me. it is called the west indian style shanna wrap. >> that is the word for chick peas or garbanzos. if you travel to barbadoss, far west indies. and we have something caribbean and really easy to put together. >> smells good. >> i have onions, garlic and ginger. cooked in oil. we're going to do some curry paste. and this is curry powder. and then we have salt, cumin 12:27 pm × and cayenne. and then chick peas from a can. just drain them and rinse them with water. >> i like chick peas. >> they are one of my favorite. >> i like them in my salads. how much water? >> just enough to barely cover your chick peas. so that's for this -- for the recipe, it's about two cups, but it varies. >> the rescue is going to be -- the recipe is on our website, wusa9.com. this looks real simple to make. >> so we bring this up to a lively simmer and set the time for 50 minutes. and this is already going. and we're going to tuck a few into a whole wheat tortilla. >> we have about 15 seconds. >> oh, boy. >> this is very easy. >> very, very easy. >> and it's healthy eating and just once a week to become a vegetarian, it's easy to do. kim o'donnell's book, please get it. the meat lovers meatless cook 12:28 pm × book and the recipe is on our website. come back and visit us at 5:00. look at that. that was so simple. thank you. 12:29 pm × favorite tv9 News Now at NoonCBS September 20, 2010 12:00pm-12:30pm EDT News News/Business. New. TOPIC FREQUENCY Us 7, Iran 6, Michelle Rhee 6, Michigan 4, U.s. 3, New York 3, Wheeler 2, Kristin Fisher 2, Ahmadinej 2, Fda 2, United Nations 2, Kim O'donnell 2, Bermuda 2, Virginia 2, Rodriguez 1, Vince Gray 1, Vincent Gray 1, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1, Shane 1, Randall Pinkston 1Network CBSDuration 00:30:00Scanned in Annapolis, MD, USASource Comcast CableTuner Channel 79 (555 MHz)Video Codec mpeg2videoAudio Cocec ac3Pixel width 528Pixel height 480Sponsor Internet ArchiveAudio/Visual sound, color

Amazon.com: Sewing Machine Repair Manual 1-16 of 92 results for "Sewing Machine Repair Manual" BooksKindle StoreHome & KitchenTools & Home ImprovementIndustrial & ScientificArts, Crafts & SewingElectronicsEverything ElseHealth & Personal CareClothing, Shoes & JewelrySports & Outdoors The Sewing Machine Master Guide: From Basic to ExpertSep 24, 2013by Clifford L BlodgetPaperback$14.41$16.69Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$13.00used & new(22 offers) 108Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardFREE Shipping on orders over $35ExcerptBack Matter ... Manual - An adjustment and repair manual that is written by the ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsSewing Machine Repair for the Home SewerFeb 12, 2012by Reuben O. DoylePaperback$24.95Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$20.82used & new(25 offers) ... possible to write a sewing machine repair manual that applies to all ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsHow to Select, Service, Repair & Maintain your Vintage Sewing MachineJan 11, 2015by Connie McCafferyPaperback$19.82$23.13Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$16.87used & new(25 offers) 38Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardFREE Shipping on orders over $35ExcerptPage 10 ... all sorts of brands of machines. Finding a manual Having the owner's ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsThe Complete Handbook of Sewing Machine RepairApr 1980by Howard HutchisonPaperback$23.76used & new(35 offers) 7Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardBooks:See all 25 itemsThe Ultimate Serger Answer Guide: Troubleshooting for Any Overlock Brand or Model (Creative Machine Arts Series)Jan 1, 1996by Naomi Baker and Gail BrownPaperback$13.83$16.95Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$0.28used & new(92 offers) ... manuals, etc. 2. Sewing machines— Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsThe Sewing Machine Troubleshooting Book for Almost AnyoneNov 3, 2014by D. Philipp KaiserPaperback$7.99Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$5.75used & new(18 offers) ... your machine. It is not a repair manual specifically written for ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsStitch Sew Quickby Dyno Merchandise$13.00$18.99Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$11.99new(25 offers)$12.00used(6 offers) 333FREE Shipping on orders over $35Product Features... Includes sewing machine, bobbins, needles, thread spindle, needle ...Home & Kitchen:See all 13 itemsPatchwork, Please!: Colorful Zakka Projects to Stitch and GiveApr 9, 2013by Ayumi Takahashi and Takahashi AyumiPaperback$14.68$22.95Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$1.27used & new(60 offers) ... maintenance/ repair. Your sewing machine's manual should have a ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsThe First Conglomerate 145 Years of the Singer Sewing Machine CompanyJun 20, 2010by Don BissellPaperback$7.45Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$3.45used & new(34 offers) ... machine instruction and repair manuals into at least 54 languages. ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsComputerized Sewing Machine Usage and Repair Manual (Chinese Edition)Jan 1, 2012by wang wen boPaperback$100.01used & new(3 offers)Books:See all 25 itemsThreaded for Trouble (A Threadville Mystery)Jun 5, 2012by Janet BolinMass Market Paperback$7.99Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$0.01used & new(70 offers) 32FREE Shipping on orders over $35ExcerptPage 100 ... through the repair manual. “If the sewing machine's internal clock ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsSewing Doesn't Have to be a Mystery: Answers to Many Sewing and Serging Machine ChallengesAug 10, 2009by Stephnie ClarkPaperback$19.99Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$17.20used & new(15 offers)FREE Shipping on orders over $35Books:See all 25 itemsSINGER 9960 Quantum Stylist 600-Stitch Computerized Sewing Machine with Extension Table, Bonus Accessories and...May 20, 2011by Singer$359.00$699.99Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$359.00new(47 offers) 1,239FREE Shipping on orders over $35Product Features... sewing difficult areas easier and error-free. 110 volt machine ...Home & Kitchen:See all 13 itemsSix Years in Mozambique: Things I Haven't Told MomJul 18, 2014by Amy Gillespie and Zora KnaufPaperback$14.99Get it by Tuesday, Sep 8More Buying Choices$8.01used & new(20 offers) 26FREE Shipping on orders over $35ExcerptPage 124 ... building repairs and one manual sewing machine. The rest of ...See a random page in this book.Books:See all 25 itemsRepair Servicing and Fault Finding ManualNov 1, 2014by Alan WilliamsPaperback$32.95used & new(1 offer)Books:See all 25 itemsSewing Machine Repair Manual by Sew it WorksCurrently unavailable

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The “standard of care” is defined as what a reasonably prudent medical provider would or would not have done under the same... medicalattorneyny.blogspot.com Human nature makes us reluctant to admit our own mistakes. Unfortunately, this also happens during labor and delivery. When things go wrong at this time, your child may develop cerebral palsy or other birth injuries. Whether it’s because doctors assume that... Cerebral palsy is a condition sometimes caused by a birth injury. This means that either before, during, or shortly after pregnancy, the baby sustains a form of brain injury. Such brain injury may lead to several illnesses that may heal over time, while oth... Unlike personal injury, the cause of birth injury isn’t that obvious and a lot harder to prove. This is due in no small part to the high level of expertise required to testify for the victim. In a birth injury case, attorneys take note of several elements t... Your intestinal tract is home to a variety of bacteria. Don’t be alarmed though since most of the bacteria help aid digestion. In some cases, however, some can be harmful. One such example is Group B Streptococcus (strep). Group B strep is a common bacteriu... Cerebral palsy is one of the neurological disorders that can strike down a child at birth. While it isn’t always an outcome of medical negligence (which means not all cerebral palsy cases equate a medical malpractice case), several instances may cause it to... When doctors fail to perform their duties efficiently, resulting in harm or injury to their patient, the latter may file a lawsuit against the former. Determining if medical practice occurred may be identified through several malpractices: Misdiagnosis or d...

Patent US20060089199 - Method and apparatus for interactive real time distributed gaming - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe present invention relates to a method for playing an interactive real time distributed game including receiving at a scoring database a next play prediction for a sporting event from a remote terminal, determining an actual play outcome for the sporting event, transmitting an actual play outcome...http://www.google.com/patents/US20060089199?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20060089199 - Method and apparatus for interactive real time distributed gamingAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20060089199 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 11/115,976Publication dateApr 27, 2006Filing dateApr 27, 2005Priority dateNov 20, 2000Also published asUS6840861, US20020115489Publication number11115976, 115976, US 2006/0089199 A1, US 2006/089199 A1, US 20060089199 A1, US 20060089199A1, US 2006089199 A1, US 2006089199A1, US-A1-20060089199, US-A1-2006089199, US2006/0089199A1, US2006/089199A1, US20060089199 A1, US20060089199A1, US2006089199 A1, US2006089199A1InventorsKent Jordan, Jose Maria de Veigo FernandesOriginal AssigneeJordan Kent W, Fernandes Jose Maria De VeigoExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (6), Classifications (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and apparatus for interactive real time distributed gamingUS 20060089199 A1Abstract The present invention relates to a method for playing an interactive real time distributed game including receiving at a scoring database a next play prediction for a sporting event from a remote terminal, determining an actual play outcome for the sporting event, transmitting an actual play outcome representation to the remote terminal, and scoring the play prediction based on the actual play outcome and a predetermined offensive scoring ruleset. In one embodiment, the sporting event is a football game. Images(14) Claims(2) In one implementation, game-players watch the field-game passively while their field-team is in the defensive-state. The game-server then awards points to the game-player automatically according to the defensive scoring ruleset shown in Table 5: TABLE 5 defensive scoring ruleset Event Points awarded Quarterback sack 5 Tackle for yardage loss 2 Fumble recovery 3 Interception 3 Safety 2 Defensive Touchdown 6 Note, however, that in other implementations of iTrackZONE Football, the game-player may also submit defensive next play predictions according to a predetermined defensive next play ruleset. The game-server automatically updates each game-player's point total after every play during the game-session. Preferably, point total scoring leaders are displayed on a leader board on the remote terminal. At the end of the field-game a game-player's point total is recorded and ranked against all other players, for example, by team, city, region and nation. The highest ranking game-players may then be determined according to each category and point total. Furthermore, the game-server may define numerous point totals corresponding to certain prizes or awards. A game-player's point total may be exchanged for a prize, or may be allowed to accrue for more valuable prizes at a future date. With reference to competition among game-players, all game-players on all platforms may competing against each other to gain the most points. Team play will be supported. Individual players can team up and compete against other teams of the same number (e.g., up to four per side). Individual or team point leaders may, for example, be divided into team, game, city, regional, and national leader board groups. Leader boards are preferably posted after every game and season totals may also be posted with a league MVP, All-Star teams for each of the two conferences and MVPs for each team. Grand prizes (e.g., vacations, season tickets, mountain bikes, skis, and the like) may be awarded at the end of the season to the game-players with the highest point totals, and smaller prizes (e.g., T-shirts, magazine subscriptions, and the like) may be awarded, for example, to the top 1,000 finishers overall. Turning next to FIG. 2, that figure illustrates one implementation of a modular game interface console 200. The console 200 is suitable for a browser used with personal computers and interactive TV (e.g., through WebTV and AOLTV). The modular design allows certain pieces of the game interface console to be omitted for devices with less screen real estate such as wireless PDAs, web enabled cell phones, and the like. The console 200 addresses three needs: (1) facilitate playing iTrackZONE Football; (2) provide an opportune venue for sponsorship and advertising (e.g., branding for sponsors, placing ads for advertisers that are fixed and/or rotating and scheduled to appear periodically, with hyper-links for e-commerce functionality to allow the game-player to buy merchandise before, during and after the game); and (3) provide a platform for viewing streaming field-game video from broadcasters. In one embodiment, the modular design of the console 200 includes six sections: the iTrackZONE Yardage Range Selector Module 202, the iTrackZONE Field-game Scoring Selector Module 204, the iTrackZONE Game Status Module 206, the iTrackZONE Play Selection Module 208, the iTrackZONE Game Field/Yard Marker Simulator Module 210, and the iTrackZONE Football live field-game Streaming Video Module 212. As illustrated, the yardage range selector module 202 includes six yardage range buttons 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, and 224, and the scoring selector module 204 includes four field-game scoring buttons 226, 228, 230, and 232 and one submit or send button 234. The buttons 214-224 allow the game-player to select a yardage next play prediction, the buttons 226-232 allow the game-player to select a scoring next play prediction, and the button 234 allows the game-player to submit a next play prediction to the game-server. In order for the game-server to award the game-player points, the game-player must select and submit a yardage next play prediction in advance of each play, as explained above. Then, the yardage gained on the subsequent play must be within the range selected by the user (e.g., a gain of 9 yards by a player is within the range of 6-10 yards). Thus, a game-player who submitted a next play prediction of 6-10 yards would be awarded points according to the offensive scoring ruleset given above (i.e., 5 points for example). Alternatively, the game-player may score points by selecting and submitting a field-game score in advance of each play, as explained above. The field-game scoring buttons 226-232 represent four possible field-game scores that might occur during an offensive play. Because scoring does not occur on every play, selecting a scoring button 226-232 is optional. Bonus points may be scored when a game-player selects a touchdown in addition to a yardage selection button 214-224. The bonus points are, in one implementation, equal to the points awarded for a touchdown (i.e., 6 points). As noted above, however, the game-player losses points after submitting a next play prediction including a scoring prediction if the scoring prediction does not actually result on the next play. With reference again to FIG. 2, the game status module 206 includes five fields: a down field 236 (providing the current down number), a distance field 238 (providing the distance to a first down), a Ball-On field 240 (providing the yard line on the playing field where the football is currently located), a Your-Score field 242 (providing the total points awarded to the game-player for this particular game-session), and a Last-Play-Result field 244 (providing the official result of the last play). The fields 236-242 thus represent the status of every down for each series of possession for each field-game team when it has the ball. The fields 236-242 (along with the Game Field/Yard Marker Simulator Module 210) assist a game-player to select a yardage range prior to any given field-game play. The game-player scoring is displayed in the Your-Score field 242 in conjunction with the results of every play. The play selection module 208 displays the predicted yardage range (if any) and/or predicted scoring (if any) prior to every play, after the next play prediction has been submitted. Note that next play prediction is not only submitted to the game-server, but it is also stored locally in the remote terminal. The game-server may then transmit an actual play outcome representation to the remote terminals that allows each remote terminal to locally score the next play prediction. The game-server, however, also scores the next play prediction and stores the results in an official scoring database. Still with reference to FIG. 2, the yard marker simulator module 210 graphically represents the game field. The yard marker simulator module 210 preferably shows the current location of the football and the first down marker before every down. The yard marker simulator module 210 may be updated for each series of downs for every offensive possession of each field-team in the field-game. The yard marker simulator module 210 includes: a Game Field color graphic 246 horizontally representing the football playing field; a first down graphic 248 across the width of the playing field that represents the current location of the first down marker; and a location graphic 250 across the width of the playing field that represents the current location of the ball. The first down graphic 248 and the location graphic 250 move in accordance with actual movement and placement of the first down marker and game ball throughout the entire game. To this end, the game-server may transmit the location for the first down graphic 248 and the location graphic 250 to each remote terminal. In addition, the console 200 includes a video module 212. The video module 212 provides live streaming game video transmitted by the television network(s) covering the games. The streaming game video preferably runs independently of the other modules 202-210. The streaming game video also provides an important resource for watching the live game action and to see the results of any given play. Thus, the iTrackZONE Football console 200 provides, in real time (i.e., as game events happen), interaction between the game-player and the game-server based on the underlying football game. One or more console 200 modules 202-212 (e.g., the video module 212) may be omitted on hardware platforms with limited screen real estate. A link system, tab system, or scrolling functionality may be used to view these modules. Preferably, however, at least the yardage range selector module 202 and scoring selector module 204 will be retained as the minimum. Not also that additional modules may be added to the console 200 to extend its functionality. Note also that the console 200 includes an auxiliary display 252 that the console 200 may use to display transmitted auxiliary information including text, graphic, video, and audio based advertising, iTrackZONE informational messages, recaps of the last play, or any other type of information. Furthermore, a chat window 254 provides a text messaging area that the game-server may use to display transmitted text information including, for example, a text chat session between multiple remote terminals each executing an iTrackZONE console 200. With reference next to FIG. 3, that figure illustrates a flow diagram 300 of a flow diagram for selecting a yardage next play prediction using the game interface console 200. As an initial matter, note that the console 200 resets all button selections at the beginning of a new start-mode state (i.e., at the beginning of a submit-prediction state). In other words, the game-player does not need to manually deselect buttons that were set for the prior next play prediction. As described below, however, the game-player, during a single submit-prediction state, may select and deselect buttons. At step 302, the game-player clicks on a yardage button 214-224. If the same yardage button 214-224 is already selected, then the console 200 deselects 304 the yardage button 214-224 previously clicked on. Alternatively, if no yardage button 214-224 is currently selected, then the console 200 selects 306 the clicked-on yardage button 214-224 (e.g., by highlighting it, changing its color, changing its shape, and the like). Note that if other yardage selection buttons 214-224 were previously selected, the console deselects them 308. For example, yardage button 220 is selected, and the game-player selects the yardage button 218, then the console 200 deselects the yardage button 220. Similarly, if a scoring button 228-232 (i.e., other than the touchdown button 226) was previously selected, then the console 200 deselects it (step 310), because, preferably, a yardage prediction may only be submitted with a touchdown prediction. Preferably, the console 200 activates the yardage selection buttons only when the game-play is in active-mode and the game-server is in a submit-prediction-mode. With regard to FIG. 4, that figure illustrates a flow diagram 400 for selecting a scoring next play prediction using the game interface console 200. At step 402 the game-player clicks on a scoring button 228-232. If the same scoring button 228-232 is already selected, then the console 200 deselects 404 the scoring button 228-232 clicked on. Alternatively, if no scoring button 228-232 is currently selected, then the console 200 selects 406 the clicked-on yardage button 228-232 (e.g., by highlighting it, changing its color, changing its shape, and the like). Note that if other scoring selection buttons 228-232 were previously selected, the console deselects them 408. For example, if scoring button 228 is selected, and the game-player selects the yardage button 230, then the console 200 deselects the scoring button 228. FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram 500 for selecting a touchdown scoring button using the game interface console 200. At step 502 the game-player clicks on the touchdown button 226. If the touchdown button 226 is already selected, then the console 200 deselects 504 the touchdown button 226. Alternatively, if the touchdown button 226 is not currently selected, then the console 200 selects 506 the touchdown button 226. Note that if any other scoring selection button 228-232 was previously selected, the console deselects them 508. For example, scoring button 228 is selected, and the game-player selects the touchdown button 226, then the console 200 deselects the scoring button 228. Thus, the game-player may submit: (1) a single scoring prediction; (2) a single yardage prediction, or 3) a single yardage prediction with touchdown. In other implementations, however, iTrackZONE Football may allow multiple yardage predictions, scoring predictions, or additional predictions (e.g., fumble, loss of yardage, and the like). FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram 600 for submitting a next play prediction to a game-server. At step 602, the console 200 detects that the game-player has pressed the Submit button 234. If the game-player did not select a next play prediction using the buttons 220-232, then the console 200 issues 604 a warning (e.g., a sound, graphic, or text display) to the game-player. If however, a next play prediction exists on the buttons 220-232, then the console 200 retrieves the next play prediction 606 and prepares a message 608 containing the next play prediction to the game-server. In addition, the console 200 stores the next play prediction locally 610. Next, at step 612, the console 200 sends the next play prediction and other option information (e.g., game-player identification, play number, and the like) to the game server. Once the console 200 has sent the next play prediction, the console 200 changes mode to a non-submit-mode 614. In other words, preferably, the game-player can only submit a single next play prediction for any given submit-prediction-mode state. At step 616, the console 200 updates (resets) the play selection module 208 in accordance with the next play selection. With reference to FIG. 7, a timing diagram 700 provides a high level summary of operation of iTrackZONE Football. In particular, the field-game time 702 starts (e.g., with kickoff) at point A and ends (e.g., with the final whistle) at point B. Preferably, up to 30 minutes before the game starts and until the field-game ends, a game-player may interact 704 with iTrackZONE Football game-servers (e.g., by logging in and submitting predictions). Game-server activity 706 occurs before period 704, however, in order to prepare, for example, for game-players logging in. In addition, the actual iTrackZONE Football game-session 708 extends from a few minutes before the field-game starts until a few minutes after the field-game ends. Game players may request rankings, point totals, and the like at the iTrackZONE web site any time between games. Turning next to FIG. 8, that figure illustrates a state table 800 with columns labeled A-K and rows labeled 1-17. The state table 800 provides one embodiment of the way in which the iTrackZONE Football states change before, during, and after a field-game. Thus, in row 2, representing more than 30 minutes before the field-game starts, all game-players, field-teams, and iTrackZONE-referees are inactive. In row 3, representing less than 30 minutes before the field-game starts, the iTrackZONE-referee, game-player A, and game-player B log in. Game-player A selects field-team C and game-player B selects field-team D. Next, in row 4, it is assumed that team C kicks off. Thus, field-team C is in a defensive state (cell B:4), field-team D is in an offensive state (cell C:4), and the game-session (column F) is now active. The iTrackZONE-referee sends from the game-server to the remote terminals a Start signal for field-team D (cell D:4). Thus, the game-server is now in a submit-prediction state with respect to game-player B (cell J:4), while the game-server is in a default-scoring-mode for game-player A (cell 1:4). When field-team C begins its play, the iTrackZONE-referee sends a Stop signal to the remote terminals (cell D:5). In other words, play has commenced, and next play predictions may no longer be submitted for the current play. Thus, game-player B enters a non-submit-mode (cell K:5). When the current play, completes, however, the iTrackZONE-referee again sends a Start signal to the remote terminals. As a result, game-player B again enters a submit-prediction-mode (cell K:6). The flow-of-events continues in similar fashion through cell C:10 where the state table 800 assumes that field-team C obtains possession of the football. Thus, field-team C enters the offensive state (cell B:10) and field-team D enters the defensive state (cell C:10). Because the field-game is in a play stopped state (cell G:10), game-player A is in a submit-prediction mode (cell 1:10) and may submit a next play prediction. As the flow-of-events proceeds, the field-teams enter and leave defensive and offensive states, the game-players enter and leave submit-prediction-mode and non-submit-mode, with coordination by the iTrackZONE-referee (who also transmits the results of each play to the remote terminals for local scoring purposes, and to the game-server for server scoring purposes). After the final play, both game-players enter game-stop-modes in which no next play predictions are allowed (cells 1:15 and K:15), the field-teams become inactive (cells B:15 and C:15), and the game-server enters a stopped state (cell E:15). The game-players may then proceed to logout (cells H:16 and J:16), with the game-server entering an inactive state (cell E:17), for example, 30 minutes after the end of the game. Turning next to FIG. 9, this figure illustrates a connection diagram of an iTrackZONE network 900. In order to facilitate explanation, the network 900 is described with regard to information flow around the network 900, beginning with the iTrackZONE-referee 902. The iTrackZONE-referee 902 inputs field-game play results (e.g., a gain of 12 yards, field goal, sack, fumble recovery, and the like), state-changes (e.g., shown in the state table 800), and other information (e.g., trivia questions, and the like) to the game-server 904. Subsequently, the game server 904 propagates outgoing data to one or more of the exemplary remote terminals, including, without limitation, an interactive television 906, a desktop computer 908, a cell phone 910, a pager 912, and a wireless Personal Data Assistant 914 (e.g., a PalmPilot). Thus, the game-server 904 communicates the outgoing data over the network link 916 to the television transmitter system 918. As an example, the game-server 904 may communicate an actual play outcome representation (i.e., a data representation of the outcome of a field-game play that may be decoded and processed by the remote terminals 906-914). In turn, the television transmitter system 918 formats the outgoing data for transmission on a preselected television station for reception by the interactive television 906. Similarly, the game-server 904 may communicate the outgoing information through the network link 920 (e.g., over the Internet or a local network) through the intermediate gateway 922 to the desktop computer 908. The game-server 904 may also send the outgoing information through the network link 924 to a cellular base station 926 to the cellular phone 910. As another alternative, the game-server 904 may send the outgoing information through the network link 928 to the paging transmitter 930 for delivery to the pager 912. Still another option is for the game-server 904 to transmit the outgoing information over the network link 932 to the PDA transmitter 934 for delivery to the wireless PDA 914. As noted above, when the remote terminals receive an actual play outcome representation, they score the next play prediction, if any, stored locally in the remote terminal. Furthermore, the remote terminals may also display other received outgoing information, such as streamed video, auxiliary information or text information including trivia questions, advertising, announcements, and the like. It is noted that where the remote terminal provides for transmit capability (e.g., as with the desktop computer 908), the remote terminals may also send information (e.g., next play predictions, trivia question answers, merchandise purchase selections, and the like) back to the iTrackZONE answer server 936. Continuing with reference to FIG. 9, note also that the game-server-system may optionally include an iTrackZONE web server 938, iTrackZONE database manager 940. In particular, the web server 938 may communicate with the terminals 906-914 to handle username and password validation, new game-player registration, general web browsing, merchandise purchase, and the like. The answer server 936 may comprise a network connected server that receives trivia answers and next play predictions from the remote terminals 906-914. The answer server 936, the web server 938, the game-server 904, and the remote terminals 906-914 may bi-directional communicate with the game database manager 940 over the network links 942, 944, 946, 948, 950, and 951. Thus, the iTrackZONE database manager 940 may hold a central repository of field-game and game-player information, statistics, merchandise order information, and the like. As one example, the database manager 940 may store game-player point totals for subsequent retrieval (including by the remote terminals 906-914), ranking, and awards. As another example, the database manager 940 may store each next play prediction from each game-player. Thus, the game-server 904 or iTrackZONE-referee 902 may communicate actual play outcome representations to the database manager 940 through the answer server 936. The database manager 940 may then apply offensive and defensive scoring rulesets to each game-player's next play prediction and obtain an official running tally of each game-player's point total. The network links illustrated in FIG. 9 may be implemented as terrestrial wire or wireless links, satellite links, and combinations of terrestrial and satellite links. As a result, the remote terminals 906-914 may be distributed around the world. Turning next to FIG. 10, this figure illustrates a flow diagram 1000 of active mode scoring. Updating the game-player's score proceeds according to the offensive scoring ruleset in Tables 3 and 4. First, a remote terminal receives an actual play outcome representation 1002 (e.g., from the game-server 904) for the field-team on offense. If the remote terminal is in the non-submit mode, then the remote terminal proceeds 1004, as noted below, to update the game-player's score. Otherwise, the remote terminal proceeds 1006 to the Default Scoring Mode illustrated in FIG. 11. As an initial matter, note that if the game-player has not placed a next play prediction or if the result is NULL (i.e., no scoring for this offensive play is applicable to what occurred on the play-field), then processing follows branch C. Otherwise the remote terminal determines 1008 whether the result is a yardage result (i.e., including yardage and/or touchdown information) or a scoring result (i.e., including scoring information other than touchdown information). A remote terminal processes a scoring result under branch A described below. With reference first to a yardage result, if the next play prediction included a touchdown, but no touchdown was scored, then the remote terminal subtracts 1010 six points from the player's score. When the play outcome includes a touchdown, the game-player is awarded 1012 six points for example if the game-player's next play prediction included a touchdown. The result may also include a yardage result. As set forth above in Table 3, a next play prediction that matches the yardage result causes the remote terminal to add 1014 five points for example to the game-player's score. No points are subtracted for an incorrect yardage prediction (as shown by branch 1016). Processing then continues at branch B. As noted above, when the play outcome includes a scoring result other than a touchdown, then processing continues along branch A. In particular, if the result includes a point-after-touchdown, the remote terminal adds 1018 one point to the score when the next play prediction specified a point-after touchdown, and subtracts 1020 one point from the score when the next play prediction specified a point-after-touchdown, but none was scored. Similarly, if the result includes a two point conversion, the remote terminal adds 1022 two points to the score when the next play prediction specified a two point conversion, and subtracts 1024 two points from the score when the next play prediction specified a two point conversion, but none was scored. In addition, if the result includes a field goal, the remote terminal adds 1026 three points to the score when the next play prediction specified a field goal, and subtracts 1028 three points from the score when the next play prediction specified a fieldgoal, but none was scored. Branches A and B converge at the point where the remote terminal updates 1030 the Your-score field 242 on the console 200. Branches A, B, and C meet at the point where the remote terminal shows 1032 the offensive play result in the Last-Play-Result field 244 (as examples, a gain of 20 yards, field goal, or no scorable play). With regard to FIG. 11, this figure illustrates a flow diagram 1100 of passive mode scoring. First, a remote terminal receives 1102 an actual play outcome representation (e.g., from the game-server 904) for the field-team on defense. If the remote terminal is in the default-scoring-mode, then the remote terminal proceeds 1104, as discussed below, to update the player's score. Otherwise, the remote terminal proceeds 1106 to Active Scoring Mode as illustrated in FIG. 10. As noted above with regard to the defensive scoring ruleset in Table 5, if the defensive play outcome is a quarterback sack, then the remote terminal adds 1108 five points to the game-players' score. Similarly, if the defensive play outcome is a tackle for yardage loss, then the remote terminal adds 1110 two points to the game-players' score. If the defensive play outcome is a fumble recovery, then the remote terminal adds 1112 three points to the game-players' score. If the defensive play outcome is an interception, then the remote terminal adds 1114 three points to the game-players' score. When the defensive play outcome is a safety, then the remote terminal adds 1116 two points to the game-players' score. When the defensive play outcome is a defensive touchdown, then the remote terminal adds 1118 six points to the game-players' score. After determining the new total for the game-player's score, the remote terminal updates 1120 the Your-score field 242 on the console 200. In addition, the remote terminal shows 1122 the defensive play result in the Last-Play-Result field 244. As noted above, iTrackZONE Football may be played on a variety of remote terminals. Turning next to FIG. 12, this figure illustrates one embodiment of a console 1200 that provides a user interface to iTrackZONE football on an interactive TV system (e.g., a WebTV� system). The user interface 1200 overlays a television broadcast signal and provides a combined yardage range and scoring selector module 1202, a Full-Screen button 1204, a Field-map button 1206, and a Stats button 1208. The Full-screen button 1204 switches the interactive television into a picture-in-picture mode that supports conventional web browsing operations. The Field-map button 1206 toggles the presentation of the Game Field/Yard Marker Simulator module 1210. Similarly, the Stats button 1208 toggles the presentation of the Game Status Module (not shown). Detailed information on the modules is presented above with reference to FIG. 2. Note, however, that the toggle function is used to show or hide selected modules at selected times, as desired by the game-player, or in keeping with the amount of screen real estate available for the console 1200. Thus, iTrackZONE provides a user friendly, easy to understand and play, interactive realtime distributed game. Next play predictions are scored locally at each remote terminal, while being scored officially within the game-server network. The iTrackZONE network configuration further provides each remote terminal with trivia, merchandising, and other informational and retail services. iTrackZONE Glossary: Active-game-state: A state describing that the game-system is active in processing next play predictions and the like. The game-server enters the active-game-state, for example, 5-30 minutes prior to the start of the field-game. Active-mode: a mode assigned to a game-player when the preselected-team is in the offensive-state. The active-mode allows the game-player to take specific actions and makes specific options available to the game-player. Default-scoring-mode: A state that exists when the game-player's preselected-team is in a defensive-mode. Points are scored by default and attributed to the game-player when that game-player's preselected-team scores points in the field-game. Defensive-state: a state assigned to the field-team when it does not have possession of the ball in the Field-Game. This state affects the actions and options available to the game-players that have chosen that field-team to be their selected-team. Field-game: refers to the actual physical football game that is ongoing for the duration of a game session. Field-teams: the teams that are playing football in the Field-Game. Flow-of-events: The flow-of-events refers to the actions that happen through time after the commencement of the Field-Game. The Flow-of-events will dictate the actions taken by the game-server and how a game-player may interact with the iTrackZONE game at any instant in time. The Flow-of-events provides specific game states and game-player modes to the game-players, the play-action results, the start and stop of the Field-Game clock, and the like, until the end of the Field-Game and game session. Game-player: the person playing iTrackZONE using the iTrackZONE game system. Game-server: a system comprised of a server or a group of servers that handle the iTrackZONE game flow-of-events, game-players actions, and the like. Game-session: The game-session starts, preferably, 30 minutes before the actual Field-Game starts (the field-game starts at kick-off) and the game-system becomes active. The game-session lasts until the end of the Field-Game. Inactive-game-state: refers to a state of the game-server during which the game-server is considered to be inactive, i.e., prior to the commencement of the Active-game-state (e.g., prior to 30 minutes before the scheduled kick-off in the Field-Game and/or after the Field-Game and game-session have finished). iTrackZONE Referee: The Game-session official(s) for the iTrackZONE game. The iTrackZONE Referee will monitor the flow-of-events of the Field-game to determine the states of the game-server during the game session. The iTrackZONE Referee instructs the game server to transmit the play results of each play to allow processing of the next play predictions, and set the start and stop prediction states that determine the prediction modes for the game-players. Non-submit-mode: The non-submit-mode coincides with the duration of the play-action-state of a game-players preselected field team. The non-submit-mode begins when a game-player's preselected-team breaks the huddle to approach the ball to commence a play in the field-game, initiating the play-action-state. During the non-submit-mode, a game-player in active-mode cannot submit next play predictions. A game-player is also automatically placed in n a non-submit-mode when he selects and submits a next play prediction to the game-system. In one embodiment, the next play prediction submission is irrevocably submitted to the game-system and temporarily suspends that game-player's game session, placing the game-player into the non-submit mode. Thus, preferably, the game-player cannot make a different selection and submission until after the ball is blown dead by a field referee and the next submit-prediction-mode begins. Offensive-state: a state assigned to the field-team when it has possession of the ball in the Field-Game. The offensive-state affects the actions and options available to the game-players that have chosen that field-team to be their selected-team. Passive-mode: a mode assigned to a game-player when the preselected-team is in defensive-state. In passive-mode, the game-player will not be able to select or submit any predictions until his preselected-team assumes an offensive-state. Play-action-state: refers to a state of the overall game-system that corresponds with the live action football plays in the Field-Game. The play-action-state begins when the ball is snapped and ends when a Field-Game official blows the whistle to indicate a dead ball. When the game-system is in the Play-action-state a game-player is not allowed to select and submit predictions. Play-stopped-state: refers to a state of the game-system that corresponds with the live action football plays in the Field-Game. The play-stopped-state begins when a Field-Game official blows the whistle to indicate a dead ball. When the game-system is in the Play-stopped-state a game-player is allowed to select and submit predictions. Preselected-team: the Field-team a game-player selects to side with prior to the commencement of the game-session and field-game. The preselected-team will determine the flow of events in the game-session and options available to that specific game-player or any other game-player that has chosen to side with that specific field-team. Remote terminal: the game apparatus, software or a machine that communicates between the game-server and the game-player, allowing the game-player to send and receive information synchronously or asynchronously. Submit-prediction-mode: the Submit-prediction-mode is determined, preferably, by the iTrackZONE-referee and starts when the ball is dead and ends when the ball is live or snapped. In the submit-prediction-mode, a game-player in active-mode can submit next play predictions. Submit-prediction-state: The Submit-prediction-state, preferably determined by the iTrackZONE referee, starts when the ball is dead and ends when the ball is live or snapped. In the submit-prediction-state, a game-player in active-mode can submit a next play prediction. While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular step, structure, or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS8577953 *Dec 9, 2005Nov 5, 2013At&T Intellectual Property I, LpSystem and method for providing multimedia servicesUS8634943 *Aug 11, 2009Jan 21, 2014Bleacher League Entertainment Inc.Interactive sports-themed gameUS20070136459 *Dec 9, 2005Jun 14, 2007Sbc Knowledge Ventures LpSession continuity in multimedia servicesUS20090176576 *Jan 5, 2009Jul 9, 2009YoubeqbPlaybook for online gamingUS20120142428 *Dec 1, 2011Jun 7, 2012Taktak Labs, LlcSystems and methods for online, real-time, social gamingUS20120240059 *Sep 8, 2011Sep 20, 2012Nhn CorporationMethod and system for renewing screen* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification463/42International ClassificationA63F13/12, A63F9/24Cooperative ClassificationA63F2300/8011, A63F13/12European ClassificationA63F13/12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

Room was always very clean, peoples are very... - Review of Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs - TripAdvisor Room was always very clean, peoples are very... - Review of Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs “There was limited food at breakfast” “The perfect studio suite hotel.... Room was like a...” “Got into the room and the baby crib was not...” 1 review 1 helpful vote “Goooood” I stayed a month at this time. Room was always very clean, peoples are very kind, all equipped kitchen, and convenient location. It was my 2nd visiting here. And probably I come here next year again.. Thank J P Report Ask J P about Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs English first French first German first Portuguese first Spanish first Any Hamilton S 1 review 2 helpful votes “Tango Mike” The good place for pilots in training.I'll back soon to enjoy the rooms that were clean and well taken care of.The guest service agents were very polite. i'll recommend the Extended Stay America -Miami-Airport-Miami Springs to air lines pilots that came to training on boeing . Was a pleasure .The grater is the silence the we need for revew few aviation lessons and the car park security. Thank Hamilton S Report Ask Hamilton S about Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Trey32014 1 review 1 helpful vote “Good experience great staff” This has been a pleasurable experiences staying at a hotel I was a guest for 30 days. Rooms were clean and well taken care of. Although the neighbors were sometimes loud the hotel staff was helpful in getting them to quiet down. They did offer a small continental breakfast, which was ok. The rooms are equipped with electric stoves to cook on, the rooms also have nice lg tvs but the cable is very limited. The beds were ok sometimes a little stiff. The hotel always had fresh towels upon request. Lobby is very comfortable and inviting. Overall not a bad experience Thank Trey32014 Report Ask Trey32014 about Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs Level Contributor 4 reviews 4 helpful votes “Just what I needed” Thank gordon s Report Ask gordon s about Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs Thank you for your great review of our property. I'm thrilled that you enjoyed your stay and found the check in and check out process to be simple. I’m also happy to hear that you enjoyed our Grab and Go breakfast. We are constantly looking to improve our service and will work harder to improve the pick-up time to make sure our guest needs are being met in a timely manner. Thank you for choosing Extended Stay Hotels. We hope to see you again soon. Wilfredo BarreraGeneral Manager 1 helpful vote “Great hotel and staff ” Helpful? Thank Buckeyeboy656 Report Ask Buckeyeboy656 about Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs Thank adam n Report Ask adam n about Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs Thank you for taking the time to write a review of your stay. It's great to hear that you enjoy the amenities and the great location of our hotel. Thank you again for your review. We look forward to seeing you again, should your travels bring you back to our area. 12 helpful votes “One Night Stay!” I stay just for one night but it was excellent! it has a complete kitchen even with dishwasher. No room service at the hotel but many options for delivery available. At walking distance is a gas station for groceries, a Mc Donald, Chinese Restaurant, Subway and IHOP. Shuttle to and from airport available from 7am to 10pm. FREE BREAKFAST & WIFI!Cons: Waiting time for a TAXI! I almost miss my trip, it took like an hour Thank megrri Report Ask megrri about Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs Thank you for your great review of our property. I'm so pleased to hear that you found the proximity to the airport to be a convenience and the service by the staff to meet your expectations. Thank you for choosing Extended Stay America. We hope to see you again soon. #5 of 12 in Miami Springs 833 reviews #71 of 122 in Miami 406 reviews #59 of 122 in Miami 992 reviews TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Extended Stay, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Expedia, TripOnline SA, Odigeo, Priceline and Hotwire so you can book your Extended Stay America - Miami - Airport - Miami Springs reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers. Explore similar hotels BEST WESTERN PLUS Miami Airport North Hotel & Suites 795 ReviewsShow Prices 0.2 miles Sleep Inn at Miami International Airport 833 ReviewsShow Prices 0.1 miles Clarion Inn & Suites Miami Airport 406 ReviewsShow Prices 0.1 miles See all Miami Springs hotels Browse nearby

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Addicted to Ansley by Linda Kage | 9781934912539 | Paperback | Barnes & Noble Through all the years that passed,the memory of their love never faded.Motivational speaker and drug rehab counselor Ward Gemmell can hold an audience in the palm of his hand-because he knows what it's like to have everything he loved slip through his fingers. When a particularly heartfelt speech reunites him with the daughter he never knew he had, suddenly the… Addicted to Ansley available in 9781934912539 Through all the years that passed,the memory of their love never faded.Motivational speaker and drug rehab counselor Ward Gemmell can hold an audience in the palm of his hand-because he knows what it's like to have everything he loved slip through his fingers. When a particularly heartfelt speech reunites him with the daughter he never knew he had, suddenly the love of his life is back within his grasp. What could a guy like him do to earn a second chance?Good girl Ansley Marlow was heartbroken the day Ward revealed his hidden life-the kind of secret that would tear anyone apart. But so many years have passed and so much has changed that it isn't as hard now for her to believe in fate and redemption, even when those around her are unforgiving. All she needs is the strength to reach out and reclaim the beautiful life she should have had so long ago. Addicted to Ansley 4 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. I'm a total sucker for the second-chance romance trope. Addicted to Ansley is a sweet, sweet story of a couple who gets a second chance at a love that survived against all odds. Ansley Marlow is a single mom doing quite well for herself and her daughter, Brooklyn. She hasn't always had it easy - becoming a teen mom and Brooklyn's dad being completely out of the picture. But she's a good mom and has raised a smart, compassionate sixteen-year old. In the back of her mind of her mind, she holds out hope she'll one day meet the only man she's ever loved. Ward Gemmell is an ex-addict working as a counselor with troubled teens. He's worked hard to get where he is today but he's a real success story. He's been clean and works hard to be a respectable man, if only for the memory of the only girl he's ever loved. While doing a presentation at a local high school, he is approached by a lovely young girl wanting to volunteer at his center. As I said, this is a sweet story. Obviously the second chance is for Ansley and Ward. They each have some reservations over re-connecting. Not only is Brooklyn a consideration but both have hurt feelings over the past and lots of doubts. There is also tension due to Ansley's current relationship. But love will always find a way, right? Their connection to one another is palpable - even after so many hurts and so many years. Addicted to Ansley is a feel good read. Ms. Kage has a gift in telling a story and captured my attention immediately. The pacing was nicely done as well. Although I did feel things wrapped up a bit too quickly and neatly, I still really enjoyed getting to know Ansley and Ward's story. And I was delighted this couple, who'd had the odds stacked against them as youth, got their second chance.

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Japanese Landscape Pictures Japan Natural Days by Pps Tong Xin Bian Zhu - AbeBooks Japanese Landscape Pictures Japan Natural Days by Pps Tong Xin Bian Zhu Author/Artist etc.: pps tong xin bian zhu , Title: japanese landscape pictures japan natural days Japanese landscape pictures: Japan natural: days. Mountains Mori water the earth. Hai (soft hardcover) ***(Chinese Edition) PPS TONG XIN SHE BIAN ZHU About this Item: Unknown. Soft cover. Condition: New. Language:Chinese.Author:PPS TONG XIN SHE BIAN ZHU.Binding:.Publisher:Unknown. Seller Inventory # AD008360 Japanese landscape pictures: Japan natural: days mountain Sen Water earth sea (soft hardcover)(Chinese Edition) About this Item: Unknown. Soft cover. Condition: New. Language:Chinese.Author:PPS TONG XIN SHE BIAN ZHU.Binding:.Publisher:Unknown. Seller Inventory # AE042703

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StudiosDynamiteIDW PublishingKingstone ComicsMarvel ComicsSpace Goat ProductionsTop Cow ComicsValiant ComicsZenescopeDifficultyBeginnerIntermediateAdvancedMixedInstrumentBrassDrums & PercussionGuitar, Bass, and FrettedPianoStringsVocalWoodwindsGenreClassicalCountryFolkJazz & BluesMovies & MusicalsPop & RockReligious & HolidayStandardsWelcome to Scribd! Start your free trial and access books, documents and more.Find out moreINTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN A STUDENT'S GUIDEKevin Kelly M.A. B.Sc.(Eng) C.Eng. MCIBSE. MIEI. Kevin O'Connell M.A. B.Sc.(Eng) C.Eng. MCIBSE. MIEI. COLOUR RENDERING (of a light source) The ability of the source to render colours accurately. the CCT of a white fluorescent lamp is 3500 K. Interior Lighting Design . CHROMATIC ADAPTATION The eye adapting to changes in the colour of light sources. “Good colour rendering” suggests the source is rendering colours similar to the way daylight would. APPARENT COLOUR The subjective hue of a source. The apostilb is not an SI unit and is equivalent to one lumen per square metre. Ranges from 0 for neutral grey to 10 for strong colours. It is the temperature (K) of a black body which emits radiation nearest in chromaticity to the light source being considered. BLACK BODY A “Perfect” emitter and absorber of radiation.g.Definitions ADAPTATION The process of the eye adapting to brightness or colour. CHROMA An index of colour saturation. reflected light). CORRELATED COLOUR TEMPERATURE (CCT)(of a light source) This is used to define the colour appearance of a light source. APOSTILB (asb) A unit of measurement of the amount of light leaving a surface (i. COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI) (of a lamp) Is a measure of a lamp's colour rendering ability. e.e. COLOUR TEMPERATURE (of a light source) The temperature of a black body which emits radiation of the same chromaticity as the light source being considered. BRIGHTNESS The subjective measurement of luminance. CANDELA (cd) Unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to one candle power.A Student's Guide due to daylight. The axis is taken to be vertical unless stated otherwise. DISCOMFORT GLARE Glare which causes discomfort. DIFFUSE REFLECTION Reflected light from a matt surface.A Student's Guide .Definitions CYLINDRICAL ILLUMINANCE The mean illuminance on the surface of a small cylinder located at a specific point in a room. Interior Lighting Design . DISABILITY GLARE Glare which impairs vision. DIRECT LIGHTING Lighting in which most of the luminous flux reaches the working plane directly without reflection from other surfaces. (See also uniformity) DOWNLIGHTER Direct lighting luminaire which emits light only within a relatively small angle to the downward vertical. DIRECTIONAL LIGHTING Lighting on a task predominantly from one direction. as a % of the horizontal illuminance outdoors. The unit used is lumens per watt (lm/W). EFFICACY The ratio of lamp luminous flux divided by the power consumed by the lamp. none of which predominates. (Unit Lux) DAYLIGHT FACTOR The illuminance at a point indoors. DIFFUSE LIGHTING ”Soft” lighting in which the luminous flux comes from many directions. (direct sunlight is excluded from both values). DOWNWARD LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO (DLOR) The ratio of downward light of a luminaire to its total light output. Where control gear is taken into account the unit becomes lumens per circuit watt. DIVERSITY The ratio of minimum to maximum illuminance (or luminance) over a specified area. HUE The attribute of colour that enables an observer to classify it as red. and excludes white.normally taken on the working plane. Interior Lighting Design . GLARE Discomfort or disability glare occurring when parts of the visual field are excessively bright. ILLUMINATION The process of lighting. GLARE INDEX A quantification of discomfort glare in an installation. INDIRECT LIGHTING Lighting in which most of the luminous flux reaches the working plane after reflection from room surfaces. INCANDESCENT LAMP A lamp which produces light due to its filament being heated to incandescence by current flowing through it. Unit: Lux ILLUMINANCE VECTOR This is a vector representing the directional flow of light. GROUP LAMP REPLACEMENT The replacement of all lamps usually after a specified period (usually 2 years) in an installation. GENERAL LIGHTING Lighting illuminating a whole area. FLICKER The visible modulation in light output due to the cyclic variation of a. etc.A Student's Guide . It has both magnitude and direction.c. black and grey. (the shade of a colour). ILLUMINANCE (E) The level of illumination . FLUX FRACTION RATIO (FFR) The ratio of upward luminous flux to downward luminous flux.Definitions ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) A computerised system for controlling energy use. blue.. . ISOLUX DIAGRAM A diagram which shows equal illuminance contours in an installation. (See maintenance factor) LIGHT LOSS FACTOR (LLF) This term has been replaced by maintenance factor in the 1994 CIBSE Guide. per square metre of floor area. INSTALLED POWER DENSITY The power needed. LAMP LUMEN MAINTENANCE FACTOR (LLMF) The proportion of light output of a lamp. after a specified number of hours operation. over a period of time. With discharge lamps this is usually taken after 100 hours of operation.Definitions INITIAL ILLUMINANCE Average illuminance in a brand new installation Em (Maintained illuminance) Eavi = ----------------------------------------MF (Maintenance factor) INITIAL LIGHT OUTPUT The luminous flux from a new lamp. Previously LLF and MF differed in that the latter took no account of the lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF). LIGHTING DESIGN LUMENS This term is now obsolete. to achieve 100 lux on a horizontal plane with general lighting. maintenance factor takes LLMF into account. LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO (LOR) The ratio of the light output of a luminaire to the light output of the lamps without a luminaire. In the 1994 Guide. (See maintenance factor) LAMP SURVIVAL FACTOR (LSF) The % of lamps still operating in an installation after a specified number of hours operation. It was given as the lumen output of a lamp after 2000 hours use. It was used to represent the average light output of a lamp throughout its life. LOAD FACTOR The ratio of energy consumed by a controlled lighting installation to the energy which would have been consumed without controls. Interior Lighting Design . to the initial light output of the lamp. Definitions LOCAL LIGHTING . emits 4π lumens) LUMINAIRE This term supersedes the term light fitting. MAINTAINED ILLUMINANCE (Em) The average illuminance on the working plane at the end of the maintenance period. (A source of 1 candela. Brightness is a subjective term dependent on the person as well as other factors.Lighting illuminating a small area. Interior Lighting Design . MF = LSF x LLMF x LMF x RSMF MAXIMUM ILLUMINANCE (E Max) The highest illuminance at any point of the working plane. uniform intensity. (UNIT: cd/m2) LUMINOUS FLUX (Ø) The light emitted by a source or received by a surface (Unit: Lumen) LUMINOUS INTENSITY (I) Describes the light output of a source in a given direction. LUMINAIRE MAINTENANCE FACTOR (LMF) The ratio of light output after a specified period of time to initial light output of the luminaire. It is the whole unit enclosing lamps. LUMEN An SI unit of luminous flux. This takes account of dirt and dust reducing the light output of the luminaire. control gear.The SI unit of illuminance. (See maintenance factor) LUMINANCE (L) This is a measure of the objective brightness of a surface or a light source.A Student's Guide . LOCALISED LIGHTING Lighting providing a higher illuminance over a particular area of an interior. MAINTENANCE FACTOR (MF) The ratio of illuminance at the end of the maintenance period to the initial illuminance. (Unit: Candela) LUX . 1 Lux = 1 lumen per square metre. Luminance is an objective measurement performed photometrically. diffusers etc. reflectors. Definitions METAMERISM The phenomenon where coloured objects match under one light source but do not match under another. It is used to determine the Utilisation factor. where L = Length W = Width Hm = Height of luminaire above working plane. This is an important factor when designing indirect lighting installations. REFLECTANCE Ratio of light reflected from a surface to the light received on it. MINIMUM ILLUMINANCE (E Min) The lowest illuminance on the working plane. Interior Lighting Design . ROOM SURFACE MAINTENANCE FACTOR (RSMF) The proportion of illuminance at the end of the maintenance period to the initial illuminance taking account of the reduction in room reflectances because of dirt and dust.I. SCALLOPING A regular pattern of light and shade on walls. Operating efficacy = installed efficacy x load factor. This also refers to sources having the same apparent colour but do not have the same colour rendering properties.A Student's Guide . MUNSELL SYSTEM Colour classification of room surfaces taking account of hue. L x W ---------------(L + W) Hm R. OPERATING EFFICACY The efficacy of a lighting installation in use taking account of energy saving techniques. ROOM INDEX This takes account of room proportions and height of the luminaire above the working plane. (See maintenance factor) SCALAR (SPHERICAL) ILLUMINANCE (Es) The average illuminance on a very small sphere at a particular point in a room. value and chroma. It is separate to LMF and LLMF. UNIFIED GLARE RATING (UGR) SYSTEM An internationally agreed numerical rating for discomfort glare proposed by Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE ) but not yet finalised.The area where an activity takes place requiring illumination. SPECULAR REFLECTION Reflection from a mirror or similar surface with no diffuse reflection. SPACE TO HEIGHT RATIO (SHR) The ratio of: Distance between luminaire centres. divided by their height above the working plane. STROBOSCOPIC EFFECT An optical illusion where moving machinery may look stationary. or operating at a different speed to which it actually is. Direct sunlight is excluded from both values of illuminance. it is expressed as a % of the horizontal outdoor illuminance. This is caused by the flicker (modulation of light flux) of discharge lamps operating on a 50 Hz ac cycle.The ratio of light transmitted through a substance to the incident light. Interior Lighting Design .Definitions SKY COMPONENT DAYLIGHT FACTOR (Dc) The illuminance directly received indoors at a specified point from a sky of assumed luminance. (See also diversity) UPLIGHTER A luminaire used for indirect lighting which directs its light onto the ceiling or upper walls. in a regular square array of luminaires. SPOT LAMP REPLACEMENT The replacement of lamps as they fail rather than group lamp replacement after a specified period. UPWARD LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO (ULOR) Ratio of upward (above horizontal) light output to the total light output of lamps. UNIFORMITY Ratio of minimum to average illuminance. TRANSMITTANCE .A Student's Guide . normally taken on the working plane. UTILANCE (U) Ratio of light reaching working plane to light output of luminaires. TASK AREA . VECTOR/SCALAR RATIO The ratio of illuminance vector magnitude divided by scalar illuminance. It depends on room index. room reflectances and type of luminaire used.g.Definitions UTILISATION FACTOR (UF) Proportion of light reaching working plane to light output of lamps. 6/12 means the person can read at 6m what the normal sighted person can read from 12 m) VISUAL FIELD The extent of what can be seen when looking in a certain direction. WORKING PLANE The plane in which the visual task lies.A Student's Guide .8m above floor level. VISUAL TASK The visual work being performed. VISUAL ACUITY The ability to discriminate between objects placed very closely together. An optician measures acuity as the ratio of the distance a person can read a line on a chart to the standard distance which a person of normal sight can read the line. Interior Lighting Design . (e. It is normally taken as 0. Glass prism White light Source red orange yellow green blue indigo violet Fig.4.3).1. 1.up to 180 lumens per watt because its output is concentrated at the 380nm 720nm centre of the spectrum..Lighting Science. (See Fig. The constituent colours in a beam of light can be seen by passing the light through a glass prism (Fig.5) 380nm Fig. Fig. The human eye has evolved over millennia under the influence of natural light. Figure 1. etc. 1. 1.5 however. The eye therefore. It is not. has a very high efficacy . has a different mix of frequency components which produce a different colour light This is also true for indirect natural light which has been reflected or refracted and where some of the colour components have been absorbed in the process. This can be seen to follow closely the wave energy profile shown in Fig.4 A low pressure sodium vapour (SOX) lamp for example. or to use a more exact lighting term. is most sensitive to colours at the centre of the visible spectrum. The colour red for example will look brown under this lamp because there is no red in its light output. 1. 1. shows the sensitivity of the eye to different frequencies. their efficacy.1b.3 LIGHT SOURCES Light from natural sources such as the sun is known as white light and is made up from the different frequency components of the visible spectrum. Discharge lamps have concentrated outputs at or near the centre of the visible spectrum to improve their efficiency. capable of rendering colours at the periphery of the visible spectrum.A Student's Guide 1. tungsten filaments and gas discharge lamps.3 Artificial light from sources such as candles. Lighting Science.6 shows the output of an incandescent lamp. When people view objects and room interiors under these lamps they experience slightly exaggerated colours which may in fact be desirable. 1. Note that most of its output is outside the visible spectrum and because of this it is a very inefficient lamp with a typical efficacy of 12 lumens per watt. The output of an incandescent lamp is higher at the red end of the spectrum giving it a characteristically warm output. Fig. Heat output is of course high because of the high infra red output. 1.A Student's Guide . The output of a tri-phosphor fluorescent lamp is concentrated at the three primary colours of the spectrum (See Fig. Theory and Calculations 380nm Fig. Exact colour rendering is not provided by these lamps.8). 1.6 red 720nm Fig.7). This provides an efficient lamp (up to 90 lumens per watt) with good colour properties. (See Fig. Interior Lighting Design . It will have excellent colour rendering characteristics because all of the colours of the spectrum are contained in its output. 1. infra red region blue 380nm Fig. (2800 K approx. 1. These lamps have much lower efficacies and provide a characteristically cool colour similar to the natural light of an overcast day in the northern hemisphere.8 If exact colour tasks are to be performed then colour matching lamps are necessary.). The northern sky is best because there is less variation of colour and no direct sunlight. 1. 2. the level of illumination on that surface is referred to as illuminance. unit.m. (not to be confused with Illuminance which is lumens received per sq.the flow of light. Colour rendering is also related to the illuminance on the task. 1. m. Interior Lighting Design . season and weather conditions.4 LIGHTING THEORY Lighting can be considered in 4 stages. SOURCE . whereas luminance is objective.) and the unit used is “APOSTILB” which is not a S. the illuminated surface being considered a secondary light source. 1. Luminance is usually be measured in candela per square metre. source. flow.The fourth stage of this process is the light leaving the surface which has been illuminated by the source. FLOW .A Student's Guide . 1. LUMINANCE (symbol L) .the light source has a luminous intensity (symbol I) and is measured in candela. illuminance and luminance. Consider a situation where the same amount of light strikes both a “dark” surface and a ”bright” surface.I. Its luminance will therefore be much greater than that of the dark surface. The term brightness is a subjective term however. 3. or light flux (symbol φ) which is measured in lumens. A high illuminance (1000 Lux +) is recommended where exact colour rendering is necessary. ILLUMINANCE (symbol E) when light falls on a surface. The unit of measurement is lux. The illuminance is the same in each case but due to the greater reflectance of the “bright” surface it now becomes a secondary source of light. Luminance is measured in lumens emitted per sq.9 4. The luminance may be thought of as the brightness of the surface. Theory and Calculations illuminance E Fig.Lighting Science. The reflectance is 50%.10 .Lighting Science.1 The illuminance (E) on the working plane in Fig. Example 1.14 lm/m2 The luminance of a surface depends upon the amount of light arriving multiplied by the per unit reflectance R (p. 1. 1. L = E x R(p.u.10 is 500 lux. Theory and Calculations Note: 1cd/m2 = 3. 250 lumens/m2 are reflected by the surface.5 = 250 / 3.).14 Apostilb = 3. working plane Fig.) = 500 x . calculate the luminance of the working plane.14 Lightmeter A (500 lux) If the reflectance of the workin plane is 50%.u. 5 LAWS OF LIGHT 1.5 lux d2 42 I 1000 E = -.2 Inverse Square Law In Fig.= ----= 250 lux 2 2 d 2 I 1000 E = -. Fig.5.11 the area illuminated by the point light source increases in proportion to the square of the distance.5. Theory and Calculations 1.= -----= 62.2 A point light source has an intensity of 1. Example 1.000 candela and the light falls perpendicularly on a surface.000 km/S and requires no illuminated medium for propagation. I 1000 d E = -. This means that light travels in straight lines. (ii) four metres and (iii) six metres. I E = ---d2 where d = the distance between the source and the object. In the example shown the illuminance reduces to a quarter of its original value when the distance is doubled.12 2 2 d 6 Interior Lighting Design .1 Rectilinear Propagation of light. 1.11 1.8 lux Fig.Lighting Science. It follows that the average illuminance would decrease by the same ratio. area It travels at 300.A Student's Guide . 1. I Calculate the illuminance on the surface if its distance from the surface is: (i) two metres.= -----= 27. 1. Similarly the illuminance reduces to one ninth of its original value when the distance away is tripled. 1. The rays of incident light may be taken as parallel. 2000 -----.14a Interior Lighting Design .Lighting Science.5.A Student's Guide .= Cos θ BC where θ = The angle between the incident light and the normal to the surface BC.8 -----------52 Fig.= d2 2000 x 0. Fig.= 125 lux 42 I Cos θ Eb = --------. d2 Example 1. the area illuminated increases reducing the average illuminance by the same ratio. Calculate the illuminance on the surface directly underneath (Ea) and at a distance of 3 metres to the side (Eb).3 Cosine Law When light does not fall normally on a surface.000 candela in all directions and is mounted 4 metres above a surface. 1.3 A point light source has an intensity of 2. 1.13 θ AB ---.13 shows light from a distant source striking surfaces AB and BC. The total illuminance at: (i) the base of each lamp post.= --------x2 x2 Ea Cos3θ Ea Fig. Calculate the illuminance contributed by each lamp: (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) directly underneath.= ------y2 y2 multiply above and below by x2 /y2 I (x/y)3 I Cos3θ --------. (c) Sketch an illuminance profile on a straight line joining the base of each lamp post. 8 metres from the base. Theory and Calculations Note: Ea = I -x2 I Cos θ I . 16 metres from the base.4 A walkway is illuminated by Son 250W lamps each having a luminous intensity of 4750 candela in all directions below the horizontal.14b i.Lighting Science. (ii) midway between the base of each lamp post.Eb = . 32 metres from the base.e. Interior Lighting Design . Each lamp is installed at a height of 6m and the distance between them is 16 metres. x/y -------. (a) I Ea = --.= d2 θb = 4750 ------62 tan-1 (8/6) = 132 Lux 53.15b 59 lux . etc.38 o = 5.71 lux 0.83 lux Ec 145 lux Fig 1. B. Eb.44 o = 132 Cos3 79.13 o 132 Cos3 53.13 o = 28. C and D be Ea. respectively.15a Eb Ec Ed Let the illuminance at A.Lighting Science. Theory and Calculations 6m Ea 8m 16m 32m Fig 1..51 lux 132 Cos3 69. Fig 1.Lighting Science. (taking A as centre and adding the contributions from two lamps either side) (b) The total illuminance at: (ii) midway between the base of each lamp post. = = = 2Eb + 2 Ed (approx.) 57.15c (b) The total illuminance at: (i) the base of each lamp post.A Student's Guide .66 = 145.66 58.42 + 1.68 lux.08 lux. = Ea + 2Ec + 2 Ed = 132 + 11.02 + 1. = 796.16 There are 2π radians in a circle and 4π steradians in a sphere. In 1948 an international standard was adopted for light intensity. cd 4π 4π Interior Lighting Design . φ = 500 x 20 = 10000 lumens φ 10000 I = ---.5. The Steradian. Example 1. It is defined as the luminous intensity of a point source at the centre of a sphere of 1m radius which produces an illuminance of 1 lux on the inner surface of the sphere. the surface area of the sphere = 4πr2 Therefore the surface area of a 1 metre radius sphere = 4 π m2 I E = -.5 A 500 watt Tungsten Halogen lamp has an efficacy of 20 lumens per watt.A Student's Guide . Consider a sphere of radius one metre.4 The Candela. 1. Fig. This is like a three dimensional radian.= -----. Calculate its mean spherical intensity. sometimes called the unit solid angle. CONCLUSION: A lamp with an intensity of 1 candela produces 4π lumens of light flux. The steradian is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere by surface areas equal to r2.Lighting Science. with a symmetrical point light source of 1 candela intensity at its centre. The candela (pronounced “candeela”) is approximately equal to one candle power. Theory and Calculations 1.= 1 lux = 1 lm/m2 d2 If there are 4π m2 then the source must produce 4π lumens in order to produce an average illuminance of 1 lumen/m2 on the surface of the sphere. 4. Theory and Calculations Interior Lighting Design . the light intensity in a given direction is found from polar diagrams supplied by manufacturers. is negligible. Polar curve data is also supplied by lighting manufacturers in software packages to allow accurate calculation of illuminance in schemes with zero reflectance. (see Example 1. We have already seen that the light output in a given direction is called the luminous intensity. A more realistic output for a bare lamp would be as shown in the same diagram by curve B. Fig. It may also be suitable for indoor schemes where the light reflected onto the working plane from walls.18 by curve A. the output would be concentrated even more as shown by curve C.6 POINT SOURCE CALCULATIONS This method of calculation is particularly suitable for outdoor schemes. If reflectors were used. ceilings etc. then 80 cd/1000 lm would be its intensity in all directions as shown in Fig. If the light source was symmetrical in output as in example 1.4) with a small number of light sources and when it is necessary to calculate the illuminance at a small number of points. 1.Lighting Science. They are also used to provide the designer with information on light intensity in a given direction when using the point to point method of calculation. Computer programmes have allowed this method to be extended to schemes with a large number of sources and where the illuminance must be calculated at a large number of points.18 Polar diagrams allow the lighting designer to select suitable luminaires and spacing distances based on an acceptable illuminance variation along the working plane.1 POLAR DIAGRAMS Light sources are seldom symmetrical in output. 1.1. The point to point method uses the inverse square law and cosine law.A Student's Guide = 35.18 calculate the illuminance on a horizontal surface which is 2 metres beneath the source: (i) (ii) directly beneath. 1. the incident angle is 45 o. 2 metres to one side. the intensity at a 45 o angle = 200 x 2 = 400 cd. 1.707 -----------. I 400 x Cos 45o ∴ E = ---.18 must be multiplied by 2 because the output of the luminaire is 2000 lumens and the values are quoted per 1000 lumens.35 lux 8 Interior Lighting Design .Cos θ = --------------.= ------.Lighting Science. the intensity directly under the lamp = 250 x 2 = 500 cd.18).= d2 22 (ii) From Fig 1. I 500 ∴ E = ---. From the polar curve (Fig.18. 1.= d2 2.18a All values in Fig.822 400 x 0. 1.A Student's Guide . 1. (i) From Fig. Theory and Calculations Example 1.18a.6 A point light source has an output of 2000 lumens and intensity as shown by curve C in Fig. 2m Fig. Calculate: (i) (ii) The illuminance on the working plane directly under the lamp The illuminance on the working plane 2 metres to one side.19a Fig.19.828 m I Cos θ -------d2 675 x 0.707 ------------(2.7 A point source luminaire has an output as shown by the polar curve in Fig.A Student's Guide .828)2 = 60 lux 45 deg 2.19 1500 = 750 x -----------.828m 45 deg 2m Fig. It is mounted 2 metres above the working plane and is fitted with an 18 Watt compact fluorescent lamp whose output is 1500 lumens.= 1125 cd. 1.25 lux from Fig.828 = 0.1. 1. d = 2. 1. 1000 281. Theory and Calculations Example 1.Lighting Science.707 Interior Lighting Design .19a. 1. Light is transmitted through it. Heating engineers normally consider all of the lighting load as a heat gain in the room on the basis that all of the light is eventually absorbed as heat in the totality of room surfaces.Lighting Science. 1. 2. It therefore follows that: Reflected Light Reflectance = -----------------Incident Light 1.4 Indirect Lighting Schemes Indirect lighting schemes rely on reflected light from room surfaces to illuminate the working plane. This can be achieved by using low chroma (pastel) colours on the room surfaces. 1.7. are referred to as translucent. When light falls on a surface.7.2 Reflectance We have already seen that the luminance of a surface is the illuminance on it multiplied by the surface reflectance. 1. one or more of the following may occur: 1. This is the reason light coloured high reflectance clothing is preferred in summer.7. High reflectance surfaces are necessary if the scheme is to be efficient. 3.3 Absorption The light which is not transmitted or reflected is absorbed as heat. Interior Lighting Design . Light is absorbed as heat. colours of surfaces must be carefully selected so that the reflected light from these room surfaces is not colour distorted. In addition. Light is reflected from it.1 Transmittance Most surfaces will not allow light pass through them but surfaces which do.7 TRANSMITTANCE.A Student's Guide K. in 1973 for general office lighting. This recommended illuminance must be maintained throughout the life of the installation and must take account of the reduction of light reaching the working plane because of lamp ageing. 3.1 A Historical Perspective Research work on determining appropriate illuminance levels began in the 1930's. The importance of the visual task and the consequences of errors. It is therefore important to consider a lighting scheme not only in terms of quantity but quality as well. The subsequent oil crisis brought about a reduction of recommended levels in the U. at which point it levelled out. The onset of fatigue could be delayed by increasing the illuminance to levels above 400 lux. remained unchanged. Modern research has also shown that visual task performance is also related to the colour of the light and contrast.E. Visual performance was seen to improve as the illuminance was increased up to 400 lux. The CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting Design (1994) gives recommended maintained illuminances for a wide variety of installations.S.Lighting Science.8. This value was used in the U.) 1. The level of illuminance required depends on 4 factors: 1.S. Theory and Calculations 1. dust collection and deterioration of the decor. The eyesight of the user. however. etc. The difficulty of the visual task. were 1500 to 2000 lux.S. A link was established between the illuminance and the performance of visual tasks. The design illuminance (maintained illuminance) is taken as the illuminance at the end of the maintenance period (typically 2 years). (refer to vector/scalar values.K. A norm of 500 lux was recommended by the I. This is different to the method used in previous codes which used the lamp output at 2000 hours (LDL) to calculate the average illuminance over the life of the installation. 4.2 Current Practice.8 Illuminance ( E) and Visual Performance. In this regard vertical illuminance is also considered important.8. at the same time the recommended levels in the U. 1. modelling index. The duration for which the task is undertaken. but those in the U. Interior Lighting Design . 2..A Student's Guide . This reflected a difference in emphasis and a different regard for the consumption of energy. In general. Fatigue can be offset by using high illuminance levels.8. For the average person. visual performance improves as illuminance increases. reading and writing is easiest when the illuminance is about 1000 lux. however.8. Theory and Calculations 1. 1. an illuminance of 500 lux is recommended for offices where the task is mostly desk based (300 lux if screen based). Interior Lighting Design .8. 1.1 Importance of task Performing a heart operation may not prove any more difficult visually than assembling a piece of machinery.8. Notwithstanding the above.4 Eyesight of user. at very high illuminance levels glare becomes a problem and may even cause a reduction in performance. It is clear that performance improves significantly up to a certain illuminance after which there is no further significant improvement. 1.3 Duration of task The duration of the task is also important Higher task illuminances increase the optical depth of field thereby reducing the work required by the eye in adjusting focus.Lighting Science.2. The average 70 year old requires up to 3 times the task illuminance of the average 20 year old. illuminance Fig. 1. This seems a reasonable compromise between performance and energy conservation.2 Difficulty of task. in current European practice. Human eyesight deteriorates with age and so older people require a higher illuminance for a given task than younger people.2.A Student's Guide .2.2. It is clear that the importance of the task is a major consideration.20 shows the relationship between visual performance and task illuminance. Nonetheless if one were on the operating table one would hope there would be sufficient light to allow the surgeon perform the operation with maximum efficiency and without error. It is also clear that a higher illuminance is required as the task gets more demanding. . The lumen method. (φ . The following formula is used: N (n . For external applications or where the reflectance of the surfaces is unknown or may not be relied upon (emergency lighting schemes). φ) .9 This method is most suitable for interior lighting design . UF -------------------A or N = ExA ----------------Mf . a utilisation factor for zero reflectance may be used. Theory and Calculations 1. is normally used to calculate the average illuminance on working planes. UF . where a high proportion of light on the working plane is reflected by internal surfaces.Lighting Science. n) Interior Lighting Design . MF . or to calculate the number of luminaires required to provide a specified average illuminance in rooms. sometimes called the luminous flux method of calculation. Table 1. Consider an installation where lamps are to be replaced after 6000 hours use. This figure is now divided by the initial lamp lumens to get the LLMF.1 Number of Lamps / Luminaires. N is used to represent the number of luminaires and n is used to represent the number of lamps in each luminaire.9. Calculation of the maintenance factor is detailed on the following pages.200 500 750 1000 750 500 300 750 Interior Lighting Design .2 Lamp Flux (φ lumens) The initial light output (100h) is now used for calculations.9. A factor called the lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) is then applied to allow for the reduction in light output from the lamp during the maintenance period.21 6000 Note: This is a change from the 1985 code which used the output at 2000h called the lighting design lumens (LDL). 1. The lamp manufacturer's data is checked to see the lamp output after 6000 hours use (as shown in Fig 1. Theory and Calculations 1.1 Typical recommended maintained illuminances Corridors and stairs Warehouses Medium bench and machine work Fine painting spraying and finishing Printing inspection Proof reading / drawing offices General offices (desk based) General offices (screen based) Supermarkets Lux Limiting glare index initial lamp lumens (100 hrs) lumen output old LDL at 6000 hrs lumen output 100 2000 hours Fig.A Student's Guide . 1.Lighting Science.21). 1.Lighting Science. The Lamp Survival Factor (LSF) will be 1 if spot lamp replacement is carried out. hours Fig. 1. 1. Theory and Calculations luminaires cleaned after 3000 hrs 3000 hrs hours Fig. Reduced reflectances due to the accumulation of dirt and dust on room surfaces.22b 6000 4.(LLMF Fig.22c Reduced light output due to the Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor. 1. 1. Room Surface Maintenance Factor. Maintenance Factor (MF) is the term used to take account of the reduction in illuminance over the maintenance period due to: 1. Reduced light output from the luminaire due to the accumulation of dirt and dust on the luminaire.22c) Reduced light output due to lamps failing. deterioration of room surfaces as well as the hours Fig.21 and 1. which took account of the reduction in light output due to the accumulation of dirt and dust on luminaires. 100 80 (LLMF) light loss due to % (E) lamp ageing.22a MF = RSMF x LMF x LLMF x LSF Note: The CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting 1985 used the term Light Loss Factor (now obsolete).22b). (RSMF Fig. 1.9. Luminaire Maintenance Factor.22a). Manufacturer data will give the percentage lamp failures for a specific number of hours operation.(LMF Fig.3 Maintenance Factor (MF) In the 1994 guide.A Student's Guide Lighting Science.6 reproduced the Code for Interior Lighting by kind permission of the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers. Table 4. Theory and Calculations reduction in light output due to lamp depreciation.4 Interior Lighting Design .3 Table 4.2 to 1.A Student's Guide Table 4.Lighting Science.5 Table 4. . Theory and Calculations Table 4.7 1. The room reflectances are Ceiling 0. Theory and Calculations Example 1.558 (say 1.9.5 x 5. 1. 1.5) From Table 1. Calculate the minimum number of luminaires which must be installed to conform with a recommended SHR of 1. This is expressed in terms of the Uniformity Ratio (see definitions).P. Point source luminaires are suspended 1.(1.5 metres below ceiling level. 10 A factory area is 40m long. Height 3m.5 + 1) = 5.9 Calculate the Utilisation Factor for a room with the following dimensions: Length 8m.5m 8 .A Student's Guide . Ensuring that luminaires are spaced within the recommended value will mean an acceptable variation in illuminance across the working plane.24 Manufacturers will specify a recommended SHR for each of their luminaires.5 = 8. 1. Example 1.5 SPACE: HEIGHT RATIO (SHR) This is the ratio of space between luminaires (S) to their height above the working plane (Hm). Width 6m.5m 8m W.= (L + W) Hm 8x6 -----------(8 + 6)2.I.5 : 1 1.3 and Floor 0.5 : 1.25m Interior Lighting Design .8 the Utilisation factor can be read as 0.8m.2 1. Walls 0.2.0m therefore S = 1. LxW R.5. 20m wide and is 8m high. Fig. = -----------. The working plane is 1 metre high.25 SHR = 1. height of working plane 0.Lighting Science. a spacing of 0.0 4. Theory and Calculations W 20 Min.33 8.25 L 40 Min.67m.e.0 4.0 8. the actual spacing is determined as follows: W 20 Spacing between rows (S) = ----------. No of rows 3 Note: The spacing between the last row and the wall should < 0.= 6.85 (5 luminaires) This means that the minimum number to conform with SHR.67 3.Lighting Science.= 2. of rows = --.33 S to the wall may be used. i. Interior Lighting Design .= ---. no.= ---S 8. More than this number can be used if desired for reasons such as balance.A Student's Guide . Assuming that three rows of five luminaires is suitable.4 (3 rows) S 8.33m L -----------= No per row 40 -----.= ---.25 = 4. requirement is 3 rows with 5 luminaires per row.0 6. control or ease of installation.0 Note: If work is to be carried out at the perimeter of the room.0 8.< 3.26 8.= 8m 5 Layout diagram 40m 3. no. effect.67 20m 6.33 Fig. of luminaires per row = --. 1.5 S. 10 is to be illuminated using continuous rows of twin 1500mm fluorescents. it is common practice to use continuous rows of luminaires with the transverse spacing at the maximum permissible. 36 x 1.5m and the following SHR's apply.11 The factory in example 1.6m approximately. Design a suitable layout given a mounting height above the working plane of 5. i. particularly where luminaires are suspended below the ceiling.00 : 1 (spacing between rows) Axial 1.e. which is longer than the building. this would mean using 36 luminaires per row and these would not fit in the 40m available. Fig.75 : 1 (spacing in rows) (i) Spacing between rows: Hm = 5.5 x 2 = 11m Two continuous rows of fluorescents 10 metres apart and 5 metres from each side wall would conform with the SHR requirement.5m.5m tubes is 1. Theory and Calculations Linear Luminaires The relevant spacing maximum transverse and axial spacing data will be supplied by the manufacturer. therefore S = 5. installation costs will be kept to a minimum. The lighting installation must however be co-ordinated with other services and compromise with air conditioning outlets and other ceiling mounted equipment is often necessary in practice. In this way. Transverse 2.27 Example 1.Lighting Science. Calculations indicate that 72 luminaires are required. (Note: the maximum recommended transverse SHR is usually different from the axial SHR where linear luminaires are used).A Student's Guide . Where high levels of illuminance are required. 1. Interior Lighting Design .5 = 54m. The spacing is usually taken between centres. Note the actual physical dimensions of luminaires with 1. 83 3.K. Since this is less than the maximum spacing.29 Interior Lighting Design . 1. (ii) Sketch a layout of the scheme indicating the spacing between luminaires.0m 2.07 6.5 n = 4 lamps φ = 1400 lumens 500 x 128 N = ---------------------. Theory and Calculations 40 Try 3 rows of luminaires with 24 luminaires per row.= 30. the luminaires will be spaced 1. (--.12 An office area measures 16m x 8m and is 2.75 x 0.7 metres high.5 and maintenance factor is 0.e.7m Fig. 1.= 0.83 m from end walls 2 The transverse spacing is now 20m divided by 3. E x A = -------------------MF x UF x (n x φ) E = 500 lux A = 16 x 8 = 128m2 MF = 0. It is to be illuminated to an average value of 500 lux. Utilisation factor is 0. the effect will give a more uniform distribution of light.75. 0.33 6.Lighting Science.A Student's Guide Fig. each containing 4 lamps are used.) seems O. (i) Calculate the number of luminaires required. 600mm x 600mm recessed luminaires.67m.67 1. 24 0. Each lamp has an output of 1400 lumens.67 gap 0.75 UF = 0.5 luminaires.7m 0.67 ---.28 Example 1.67m apart (centre to centre) and 1. which is 6.67 i.5 x (4 x 1400) N 2.67m.= 1. (in practice tiles will normally restrict spacing to multiples of 0. An alternative layout would be 4 rows of 8 luminaires. In practice it is likely that ceiling tiles would restrict spacings to multiples of 0.A Student's Guide 16. There are no restrictions with regard to ceiling tile positions.e.7 (i. Desk height 0.6m between centres.5 : 1.6m. 8 Min. no of rows = ---3 3 rows of 10 would give a spacing of 1.0m 2.Lighting Science. Therefore max spacing = 3 metres 3.6m (the size of the ceiling tiles) Interior Lighting Design .0m Fig.0m 2.7m therefore Hm = 2 m 2. SH ratio = 1. Theory and Calculations Assumptions: 1. 1. 0.64 0.Lighting Science.59 0. The ceiling to desk height is 2 metres.54 0.57 0.A Student's Guide .3 lamp survival factor) Maintenance Factor (M.64 4.53 0. Utilisation Factors Room index 0.50 0.9.9.52 1. find the utilisation factor. Using tables 1.50 0. L x W 30 x 15 Room index = --------------.95 x 0. (a) (b) (c) Using Table 1. Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumens per watt.75 0.00 0. The top row of the table applies.68 0.67 Table 1.12 An office area measures 30m x 15m.3 0. The lamps are operated for 6000 hrs (2 years) before being replaced..48 1.64 0.7 0.66 0.65 0.00 0.69 0.636 Interior Lighting Design . The area is to be illuminated to a general level of 500 lux using twin lamp 32 watt VDT luminaires with a SHR of 1.3 lamp lumen maintenance factor) 0. U F = 0.6 room surface maintenance factor) 0.= -----------.) = LLMF x LMF x RSMF x LSF = 0.95 = 0. Calculate the number of luminaires required and design a suitable lighting scheme.00 0.87 (Table 1.9 SHR (nom) 1..5 0.62 0.1 Solution: (a) assume a bright interior with room reflectances 70% ceiling.66 5.2 0.. Theory and Calculations Example 1..67 0.57 0.57 2.= 5 (L + W) H m (30 + 15)2 from the table 1.5 Room reflectances C W F 0.69 0.63 3.F.55 1.95 (Table 1.2 to 1.25 0.61 2. Lamps and luminaires are cleaned annually and the room is cleaned every 3 years.87 x 0..5 luminaire maintenance factor) 0.67 0.00 0.81 x 0.00 0.25.60 0.81 (Table 1. 50% walls and 20% floor..6 find the maintenance factor.95 (Table 1.62 0.50 0. SHR = 1.= 1.875m.25m 30m Fig 1.= 2. allowing 16 per row 30 15 Axial spacing ----.69 x 2720 x 2 Hm = 2m.Lighting Science.636 x 0.50m 1.5m 15 Number of rows required = -------2.5 = 6 Round off number of luminaires to 96.5m 16 6 1.875m 0. Transverse spacing = ---.25 ∴ max spacing = 2.A Student's Guide φ = 85 x 32 = 2720 lumens per lamp 500 x 30 x 15 N = ---------------------------0.94m . ExA 500 x 50 x30 -------------. A general lighting scheme is to illuminate the whole area to 500 lux maintained illuminance using 1000 watt metal halide lamps with an initial efficacy of 90 lumens per watt.5 : 1 is recommended for the luminaire chosen and a mounting height of 5m over working plane is assumed.= 27. 4 rows of 7 spaced as shown is an acceptable design.7 MF x UF x φ 0. 1.000 therefore 28 lamps are required. Maintenance factor is 0. Theory and Calculations Example 1. Check space height ratios for length and width.32 Interior Lighting Design .Lighting Science. A space height ration of 1. φ = 1000 x 90 = 90. There will be a reduction in lamp output over time but this is taken account of in the maintenance factor.6 and utilisation factor is 0.= ----------------------.000 lumens per lamp initially.5.13 A factory measures 50m x 30m x 6m high.75m 7.5m Fig.5 x 90.6 x 0. 50m 3. Design a suitable lighting scheme. Lighting Science.A Student's Guide . Giving reasons for your choice. Solution 1: i Lamps . 2 Determine the utilisation factor for the factory described in question 1 using table Q2 and assuming that the surface reflectances are: Ceiling 50%.HPMV (MBI) . Walls 50% and Floor 20%. Interior Lighting Design . 3 Using the CIBSE code for interior lighting determine the most suitable maintenance period / Maintenance Factor for the factory described in question 1 Assume that the following applies: i tri-phosphor lamps are used ii The factory works a double shift six day week iii The luminaires are maintenance category C iv The environment is described as normal v The luminaire flux distribution is direct/indirect 4 Design a suitable general lighting scheme for the area described in question 1 and sketch a layout of the proposal.Metal Halide Both lamps have high efficacy and good colour rendering ii Luminaires Reflectors ensuring a high Downward Light Output Ratio (DLOR) are recommended as these luminaires are normally suspended and/or ceiling voids often have low reflectances in factories.LPMV . The factory is to be provided with general lighting to a level of 300 lux.tubular fluorescent . Theory and Calculations Sample questions 1 A Factory area measures 30m x 15m and is 5m high. specify for the above installation: i ii two suitable lamp types two suitable luminaire types. Interior Lighting Design .5) RSMF 1 yr.71 0. C = 0.85 x 1.73 0. (medium/large) (direct/indirect) = 0.00 0.0 x 0.= (30 + 15) x 4 2.58 0.85 (table 1.A Student's Guide .3 0.e.63 0.72 0.00 0.75 NA NA NA 1.25 0.89 2yr.59 1.88 = 0.69 0.85 Recommended cleaning period is 1yr.88 = 0. The number of hours of usage per year = 5000 (table 1.81 x 0. + spot lamp replace + group lamp replace every 2 year (MF = 0.68 0.61 2.81 (table 1.4) LMF 1 yr. a 20% energy saving compared with option (i). (MF = 0.69 Solution 3 Determine the Maintenance period / Maintenance Factor Using the data provided and tables 1.2 0.69 5.6) MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMF Alternative maintenance schedules: (i) (ii) (iii) Clean every year.85 x 0.85 x 0.00 0.63 0.61) Clean and group lamp replace every 1 year 3 months. (table 1.70 0.5 Table Q2 Room reflectances C W F 0.72 0.68 0. = 0.Lighting Science.56 1.64 2.68 4.00 0.63) Select option (ii) and benefit from a maintenance factor of 0. cat.65 0.81 x 0.0 x 0.89 x 1.61 (i. = 1 2yr.88 (table 1.2) LLMF 1yr.50 0.81 x 0.69 0.71 Utilization factor = 0.6. (MF = 0.88 = 0.51) Clean every year. Theory and Calculations Determine Utilisation factor.50 0.1 0. 30 x 15 --------------.60 0.4) LSF 1yr. = 0.5 0.61 0.66 3. = 0. + group lamp replace every 2 years.5 0.66 0.2 to 1. Interior Lighting Design . ExA ----------------Mf . Assume mounting height (Hm = 3.85m 30 luminaires provide an overall average maintained illuminance of 293 lux which is deemed acceptable.A Student's Guide .69 (5220 x 2) = 5220 lumens 30.P.7 (say 31) Three rows of 10 luminaires would be a possible solution.5m 5m 15m 3m 1.Lighting Science.0m 5m 3.0m 30m 2. 1.5m 1. UF . SHR of 1.5m) and a max. lamp φ = 58 x 90 assume twin tube luminaires.61 x 0. n) 300 x 30 x 15 -------------------------0.5 = 5.5 Maximum spacing = 3. Theory and Calculations Solution 4. (φ . Using linear 58W 1500mm tri-phospor fluorescents.5m W. Visual stimuli are important such as colours and textures. Conspicuous reflections such as scalloping must be avoided.A Student's Guide .10.10. This does not however. however care is necessary to ensure that undesireable shadows are not cast. Nonetheless an uplighting scheme is less efficient than standard ceiling mounted scheme by about 10% to 20%.2.1 Introduction.2 CALCULATIONS 1. The following formulae apply: ExA N = ----------------φ x n x MF x UF UF Where: = ULOR x TFCF Utilisation factor for uplighters upward light output ratio of luminaire transfer factor (see table 5. These colours should not form part of the main reflecting surfaces.10 UPLIGHTING 1. Theory and Calculations 1. .10. 1. Maximum and average ceiling luminances must also be calculated to ensure a satisfactory result (see chapter 6) Interior Lighting Design . ensure that the illuminance variation over the working plane is acceptable. A room illuminated by uplighting will appear bright and airy though perhaps a little boring. These surfaces act as secondary sources providing soft diffused lighting to the room. There will be no excessive glare from VDT screens irrespective of the viewers position provided there are no stark contrasts of room surface luminances. Uplighting may be used to enhance the architectural features of interiors.1 To Calculate number of luminaires required The lumen method of calculation may be used but there is a change to the use of UF. Ceilings and walls should be matt with high reflectance and white or pastel colours.Lighting Science. Uplighters illuminate the ceiling and upper walls.21 from CIBSE code for interior lighting) Number of luminaires Maintained average illuminance (lux) Area of room (m2) Initial bare lamp lumens (lm) Number of lamps per luminaire Maintenance factor Utilisation factor The number of luminaires required can be calculated from this formula. 4 2.7 Lamp Data Luminaire Data Typical nameplate markings Safety Classes Fire protection Ingress protection Using data to design a lighting scheme Interior Lighting Design .2 2.5 Lamp Terminology Lamp Types Environmental Effects of Light Sources New Lamp Developments Summary of Lamp Data Section 2.1.1 2.1 2.3 2.3.A Student's Guide .1.2 LUMINAIRES 2.1 LAMPS 2.3.4 2.3.1 2.3.2.2.6 2.3 2.1.4 2.1.3 2.5 2.Lamps and Luminaires 49 ________________________________________________________________________ Section 2.3.2.2 2.3.2.2.2 2.5 Luminaire Constructional Features Control of Light Output Glare Visual Display Terminals Luminaire Selection for Offices Section 2.1.3.3 MANUFACTURERS' TECHNICAL DATA (for lamps and luminaires) 2. lamps will normally be replaced in bulk (group lamp replacement) after a specified number of hours operating or after a certain percentage of lamp failures.1 LAMP TERMINOLOGY Before considering each lamp type individually and comparing characteristics it is important to become familiar with some lighting terms.Lamps and Luminaires 50 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Luminous Efficacy (lumens per watt) This is the light output of the lamp in lumens divided by the power input to the lamp in watts. For this reason. Less likelihood of electrical damage to control gear because of a faulty lamp. 3. it should be noted that the light output of a lamp declines with age. will be higher. 4. Interior Lighting Design . The number of lamp failures may be used as a condition monitoring parameter to determine the replacement period. The advantages of group lamp replacement are: 1. The alternative is to use a calendar period as an estimate of lamp usage. The control gear power loss (10% for high frequency and 20% for low frequency lamps is not included in this calculation.F. . The term Luminous Efficacy is now quoted for the initial lamp output (first 100 hrs). The maintenance period is often made to coincide with company holidays.A Student's Guide 2. Lamp Life Survival Factor (LSF) This relates to the percentage of functioning lamps in an installation after a certain period of use.the lower will be the energy usage resulting in lower energy costs and less environmental emissions. 5. Lamp disposal is more easily planned. Less lighting installed initially because the M. One planned maintenance operation resulting in less disturbance and lower maintenance cost. Lamp Replacement Many people relate lamp replacement to lamp failure. Efficacy is directly related to energy costs. Uniformity of lamp colour. Group Lamp Replacement (Planned Lighting Maintenance PLM) This normally takes place in an installation when approximately 10% of lamps have failed. The term efficiency is sometimes used but strictly speaking this is not correct because the output and input are measured in different units. The higher the efficacy .1. Colour Rendering Index (Ra) Ra = 90 90 = Ra = 80 80 = Ra = 60 60 = Ra = 40 40 = Ra = 20 Lamps from group 1A have a colour rendering index greater than 90 and would be used where accurate colour rendering is required.I.E. (See Table 2. a red car driving along a motorway illuminated by low pressure sodium vapour lamps will appear brown or grey because there is no red in the output of a LPSV lamp . Paradoxically the lower the CCT.as illustrated in Fig. Lamps from group 1B are widely used for interiors where colour is important but not critical. The most widely adopted method of indicating colour rendering performance of lamps is the CIE colour rendering index (C. The colour appearances of a surface depends upon the spectral composition of the incident light. . Lamps from group 4 are likely to produce a marked distortion of some colours.Lamps and Luminaires 51 ________________________________________________________________________ Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) This relates to the colour of the light emitted.I. 2.R. If the light output of a lamp does not contain the colour red then surfaces which are red will become colour distorted when illuminated by this lamp.3. Table 2.1B Colour rendering group 1A 1B 2 3 4 C. Lamps from group 3 will not render colours accurately but on the other hand do not produce a marked distortion of colours either. Table 2.). Generally a warm appearance is desirable where illuminances are low .1).below 300 LUX. the warmer is the CCT class. For example.1A CCT Class Warm Intermediate Cool Colour Rendering This refers to the ability of a light source to render colours accurately. but as this is at such a high frequency (35 kHz).5 Low efficacy. providing good colour performance (CRI IB) and high efficacy . Exact colour rendering however. low colour renderin Fig. In recent years lamp manufacturers have developed lamps which are very efficient and have good colour performances.5). Colour preference is a term used to refer to human reaction when seeing objects illuminated by these lamps. Discharge lamps pass through a “Dark Period’ one hundred times a second at a frequency of 50 Hz. 2. is not provided. (See Fig.up to 85 lumens/watt. the poorer was its colour rendering performance. Whilst colour rendering with these lamps is not exact they perform well with regard to “colour preference”. it does not cause danger or discomfort. High frequency lamps also flicker. green and blue). 2.3 Tri-phosphor fluorescent lamps emit light output which is concentrated in the 3 primary colours of the spectrum ( red. High efficacy. Stroboscopic Effect and Flicker Stroboscopic effect is the visual phenomenon whereby rotating machinery may appear to look stationary or rotating at a different speed or direction than it really is. good colour rendering Fig.A Student's Guide High efficacy. Primary colours appear to have a stronger hue and this is acceptable and pleasing to the people using the interior.Lamps and Luminaires 52 ________________________________________________________________________ Efficacy Vs Colour Rendering There was a general rule at one time that the more efficient a lamp was. This flicker not only causes stroboscopic effect but also causes discomfort to people in the area and may contribute to sick building syndrome. good colour renderin Fig. 2. 2. instant light.2. no control gear. normally argon. Fig. The operating temperature is limited by the melting point of the filament. 2. (e. 2.g. 2.2 LAMP TYPES Incandescent Lamps and Discharge Lamps. Applications: Domestic and short duration use in commercial and industrial installation.hence its inefficiency. good colour rendering.5 Efficacy :10-20 Lumens/Watt (Typically 13 lm/W for a 100W GLS .1. cleaner’s store).A Student's Guide . high heat output. good colour rendering Fig. (See Fig. (This increases dramatically on reduced voltage) Colour rendering: Excellent (1A) Colour Temperature: 2700 K (Warm) Control: Fully dimmable (though a shift to red occurs). The incandescent lamp emits light by reason of its temperature and the Discharge lamp emits light due to an electric current flowing in a gas 2.6) Characteristics: Low efficacy.General Lighting Service lamp) Lamp Life: 1000 hours.1 Incandescent Lamps Light is emitted from a tungsten filament operating at a very high temperature inside a glass bulb. Advantages: Simple. The temperature of the filament is around 2800K but even at this temperature only about 10% of the energy used is emitted as light in the visible region of the spectrum . vapourisation of the filament occurs as this point is approached and this reduces the life of the lamp. compact. short life. Lamps fall into the general categories of (i) incandescent or (ii) discharge.Lamps and Luminaires 53 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Disadvantage: High running cost. cheap to install.7 ________________________________________________________________________ Interior Lighting Design . The bulb usually contains an inert gas.1. very hot operation. 2. 2. 4) more precise beam control 5) Higher colour temperature than GLS. 4) significant colour shift when dimmed. Disadvantages: High running cost.2 Tungsten Halogen Incandescent Lamps These lamps have a tungsten filament and operate on the incandescent principle.H. Advantages: Instant. These lamps are particularly sensitive to a change in supply voltage which affects their operating temperature. cheap to install. Characteristics Efficacy 15-25 lumens/watt (Typically 20 lm/W for a 300W linear lamp) Lamp Life: 2000 hours Colour: Rendering: Excellent (1A) Colour Temperature: 3000 K Control: Fully dimmable (Though a shift to red occurs). excellent colour rendering. The T.g. The addition of halogen gas however. vehicle lights. are sometimes used alongside discharge lamps that require a long warm up time. Interior Lighting Design . short duration use e. 2) longer life.1.Lamps and Luminaires 54 ________________________________________________________________________ Types of Incandescent Filament Lamp: GLS.8 Applications for Tungsten Halogen Lamps: Security lighting. Reflector. lamps only operate whilst the discharge lamps warm up. Decorative. more than off-sets the ageing effects of higher temperature and as a result.A Student's Guide .H. They have a higher operating temp (3000K ) which: (i) Increases the efficacy.2. Extra Low Voltage (12V) * * These lamps are commonly referred to as Low Voltage incandescent lamps and have the following advantages: 1) more compact. (iii) Tends to shorten lamp life. 3) increased efficacy. Balanced against this are the problems of: 1) high energy cost. Strip.1. 2) heat dissipation 3) transformers often prove problematic. (ii) Improves the quality of light. Candle. Pygmy. T. the lamp life is doubled. Characteristics Efficacy: 40-105 lumens/watt Lamp Life:6. Control: The output of HF lamps is dimmable to about 1% light output though the eye may perceive this as greater.V.10 Fig 2.2 LOW PRESSURE DISCHARGE LAMPS 2. 2. radiation is produced when an electric current passes through the gas. Colour Temperature: Depends on lamp colour. good colour rendering. Applications: Commercial and industrial premises.2.000-12. The U.1. U. capacitor Choke L Interior Lighting Design .F. The inside of the tubes are coated with a combination of phosphor powders.2.V. No shift of colour occurs. long life and almost instant starting. Control gear (ballast) is necessary to initiate the gas discharge and limit circuit current. radiation strikes the phosphor powders and is re-emitted as light in the visible spectrum. Assuming a switching frequency of 8 per 24 hrs. Disadvantages: Efficacy is affected by ambient temp. Colour Rendering: Depends on lamp colour. Max efficacy occurs at 40οC but enclosed luminaires will operate at a higher temperature.Lamps and Luminaires 55 ________________________________________________________________________ 2.000 hrs. The spectral light distribution may be varied by changing the combination of phosphors. N Fig. Advantages: High efficacy.A Student's Guide starter lamp P.1 Tubular fluorescent lamps Tubular and compact fluorescent lamps contain low pressure mercury vapour. Lamps and Luminaires 56 ________________________________________________________________________ High Frequency Fluorescent Lamps The use of electronic control gear operating at 28 kHz approx. Their life cycle cost is much less than GLS lamps when operated for long periods because of the massive savings in energy costs.2.f.2.1. lamps and lamp life increases by about 25%. (compared to the normal mains frequency of 50Hz. (See Fig. Mass production of these lamps as they grow in popularity means their initial cost is reducing dramatically. 2.11 Interior Lighting Design . 2.) improves efficacy by about 10% and allows dimming. Fig.12). 2. making them even more economical.A Student's Guide .2 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL’S) CFL’s are being used widely for the replacement of GLS lamps. Flicker is virtually eliminated with h. The use of CFL’s allows greater flexibility in the design of point source luminaires. These lamps combine a mercury gas tube with a tungsten filament.Lamps and Luminaires 60 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Advantages: Few compared to SON and metal halide lamps (MBI) which are rapidly replacing them.can be dimmed to 2% of light output with a steady colour. 2. Interior Lighting Design . They are nonetheless reducing in popularity due to the higher performance of SON and metal halide lamps (MBI). Fig.2 High Pressure Mercury (MB) Lamps These lamps have been in use since the 1930’s. Characteristics: Efficacy: 40-60 Lumens/Watt Lamp Life: 14000 hrs.A Student's Guide . Colour Rendering Group: 3 Colour Temperature: 3300K 4000K Control: 5 min run up .2. Applications: Were used widely for street lighting.3. (10-20 lumens/watt).1. The older characteristically blue appearances of the MB lamp has given way to a whiter appearance with the introduction of the MBF (deluxe) lamp which has a phosphor coating. MBT lamps are used where lamp replacement is difficult and where a warm colour appearance is critical. They have a warm appearance. Disadvantage: Lower efficacy than SON or metal halide and poorer colour rendering than metal halide. long life compared to incandescent lamps but a low efficacy compared to discharge lamps. They are also suitable for use in heat sensitive applications such as food display. offices . Advantages: No specialist skill is necessary to relocate or reassemble the secondary sources.16 Use of Fibre Optic cable Compact metal halide lamps can now be used to provide a primary light source with fibre optic cabling relaying this light to secondary sources. Advantages: High efficacy combined with good colour rendering.A Student's Guide . The secondary sources may be used in place of low voltage incandescent lamps. factories. commercial interiors. Disadvantages: Warm up time makes it unsuitable for occupancy on/off control. Interior Lighting Design . Making use of a high efficacy MBI light source has obvious advantages for energy savings. 2. The addition of halides improves the colour rendering to such an extent that they are widely used for sports stadia where good colour performance is important. Characteristics: Efficacy: 70-90 Lumens/Watt Lamp Life: 6000 Hours Colour Rendering: 1A-2 Colour Temperature: 3000-6000 K Control: 2 min run up (5-15 min restarting). They can be located very close to the subject being illuminated. Sparkle is easily provided with jewellery and glass displays and artefacts are conserved because there is no ultra violet or infra red radiation. Dimming to 40% possible but a shift to blue occurs.3. They are used to light security cabinets thereby eliminating the need for relamping.mainly in uplighters. Applications: Stadia. The primary source is located so that the heat produced can be prevented from entering the space being illuminated. The ultra violet and infra red radiation content in the secondary light is negligible. Fig.3. Metal Halide (MBI) Lamps These lamps have largely replaced MBF lamps because of their improved colour rendering and higher efficacy.2.1.Lamps and Luminaires 61 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. 6. For example. Use.1. Waste Disposal An environmental study within the lighting industry considered items 3 to 6 above in detail as they related to light sources. incandescent lamps are the least efficient and are top of the league with regard to emissions. Similarly the most efficient lamps will produce least emissions in this order: 1. Low pressure sodium (SOX) High pressure sodium (SON) Tubular fluorescent High pressure mercury vapour Compact fluorescent lamps Note: Metal halide lamps were not considered. CONCLUSION The environmental effects of light sources are mainly determined by the energy consumed during the service period of the lamp. 3. Packaging.g. Production. Transformation into materials.A Student's Guide . Exploration and extraction of raw materials. Interior Lighting Design .3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF LIGHT SOURCES The life chain of a lamp includes: 1.Lamps and Luminaires 62 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. For further details see section 5. 5. colour rendering etc. 3. The study concludes that light sources will be rated in reverse order of luminous efficacy. Energy use for all steps of the life chain were calculated along with the emissions involved. 5. The lighting designer should always select the lamp with the highest efficacy consistent with the other requirements of the installation e. 4.11 of CIBSE code for interior lighting. 4. 2. 000 lumens. It is important that this very bright source is shielded from view in order to prevent glare.1 Sulphur Lamps These lamps were invented in 1990 by scientists in America working for the Department of Energy and NASA. 76 lm/W). A significant portion of the input energy is released as heat and dissipation of this heat from such a small source is a problem.e. Present developments use light pipes to spread the light over the area to be illuminated. (i. At the present state of development.4 NEW LAMP DEVELOPMENTS 2.1.A Student's Guide .1. Lamp life is expected to be 100. a 5900 watt lamp which is the size of a golf ball provides an output of 450. Colour Rendering. Correlated Colour Temperature can be varied between 4000 and 9000 K. The main difficulty is in controlling this large light output from such a small source.Lamps and Luminaires 63 ________________________________________________________________________ 2.4. Good Light quality Ultra violet light content is low and there is no flicker. Efficacy is expected to be 120 lumens/watt when fully developed.000 hours. Interior Lighting Design .5 Table 2.A Student's Guide .Lamps and Luminaires 64 ________________________________________________________________________ 1. I P stands for "Ingress Protection" The “IP” system .2.2 LUMINAIRES 2. Luminaires provide support. The designation IP 64 means that the luminaire is completely protected from dust and projections of water from all directions.2. 3. It is the latter characteristic that lighting designers are most interested in.2 Material of supporting surface. 2. protection.3 IEC Classification system for enclosures. This standard does not include luminaires for use in hazardous environments. This classification system is specified so as to protect personnel from contact with live or moving parts inside enclosures. The material of the supporting surface for which the luminaire is designed. 2.Lamps and Luminaires 65 ________________________________________________________________________ SECTION 2. Degree of protection afforded against ingress of dust and moisture. The second digit indicates the degree of protection against ingress of moisture.1 Luminaire Constructional Features.1.1. The CIBSE guide “Lighting for hostile and hazardous environments” should be consulted for further information on these luminaires. to prevent the ingress of solid foreign bodies including dust. 2. and to prevent the ingress of moisture.1Protection against shock. Degree of protection afforded against electric shock. 2. The first digit indicates the degree of protection against contact by persons with parts inside enclosures as well as that of the protection against ingress of solid foreign bodies. Interior Lighting Design . but before considering that let us first consider BS 4533.2.2. and electrical connection to the lamp as well as control of light output.is taken from IEC publication 529. In this standard luminaires are classified according to: 1.g. Materials of the supporting surface are listed in BS4533.A Student's Guide TABLE 2.4 IP CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ENCLOSURES is improved but the glare produced is relatively high. Opal Diffuser SHR 1. This type of luminaire was very popular in offices in the 1970’s before the use of visual display terminals (VDT’s). the decision facing most lighting designers is whether the luminaire to be selected should have a reflector.75 : 1 or even 2 : 1 is possible with these luminaires because of their “Batwing” light output. The widespread use of VDT’s nowadays precludes the selection of any of the above types of luminaires in modern offices because the glare produced by veiling reflections would be unacceptable. stores. a diffuser or a louvre .F.2. Applications include factories. e.75 Prismatic diffusers refract or bend the light in such a way as to allow luminaires be spaced further apart.A Student's Guide .and if so which type. Prismatic luminaires are suitable for use where there is little or no use of VDT’s and only moderate glare control is necessary. Bare batten Reflectors are used on suspended SHR 1.g. toilets. Opal white diffusers are used where the limiting glare requirements are low and installation costs are to be minimised. Where VDT’s are used.Lamps and Luminaires 67 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. 2. The light output for each type is shown on the accompanying polar diagrams. A space to height ratio of 1. special low brightness luminaires are required. warehouses etc.17 Interior Lighting Design .00 Fig. SHR 1. Bare batten fluorescent luminaires would be used where installation cost is be Transverse Axial minimised and glare is not an important factor.2 CONTROL OF LIGHT DISTRIBUTION Notwithstanding all of the above requirements for the luminaire.75 VDT Category 1 luminaire SHR 1.5 luminaires or where dark ceilings would absorb much of the upward light. Let us first consider various types of fluorescent luminaire. The U. 2. The geometry of the viewing angle is irrelevant in uplighting schemes.2 Uplighting Luminaires The light from luminaires is projected onto the room surfaces and reflected light from these surfaces then illuminates the room and working plane.2.8m Interior Lighting Design . Glare from VDT screens will be acceptable provided there are no sharp contrasts of luminance reflected in the screen.A Student's Guide .Lamps and Luminaires 68 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Nonetheless uplighting will normally be about 10% less efficient than downlighting. 1. Uplighting is unsuited for use with occupancy detectors where metal halide lamps are used because their restrike time is high (up to 15 mins).19 Uplighting results in a bright room with walls and ceilings having a non-uniform but nonetheless high luminance. it should be noted that this system allows the use of highly efficient lamps (normally metal halide) and luminaires with an extremely high light output ratio. Although indirect lighting is inherently less efficient than direct lighting. 4.3 MANUFACTURERS' TECHNICAL DATA (for lamps and luminaires) Each manufacturer will present their technical data in different ways. however.Power in watts.lamp output after 2000h Correlated Colour Temperature . calculation of the new maintenance factor (1994 code) takes account of this change.1B) p42 Colour Rendering Group. This figure is 10 to 15% higher than the Lighting Design Lumen output used in previous codes.Standard. with and without ballast. 2.Colour of lamp expressed as temperature K (See definitions).1A) p42 Physical dimensions. The following terms are commonly used in manufacturers' catalogues: 2. (see table 2. Interior Lighting Design . There is a wide variety of equipment to meet the different requirements. 1B.Lamps and Luminaires 69 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Ballast type . The length and diameter of the tube. 1A.lamp output after 100h Lighting design lumen output . The CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting (1994) recommends the use of the initial lumen output for lumen method calculations.3. Many manufacturers provide computer programs to assist in the design and selection. Information necessary to enable manual calculations is also provided. 3. Colour Rendering Index (Ra) 100 to 0 (see table 2.A Student's Guide . It may be necessary to select equipment suitable for locations which vary from offices to hazardous areas containing explosive or corrosive substances. Power rating .1 Lamp Data: i ii iii Initial lumen output . low loss or high frequency. .Lamps and Luminaires 70 ________________________________________________________________________ width and depth. flameproof etc.These include rated voltage.3. Electrical characteristics .This is used as a means of determining the amount of light which will reach the working plane.surface. temperature classification. The information is shown in the form of a polar curve or a table. fire protection.The ratio of the total light output of the luminaire to the light output of the lamp/lamps.This information shows the luminous intensity from different viewing angles in the transverse and axial planes. etc. frequency and safety class. Space Height Ratio .The ratio of the DLOR to the LOR of the luminaire. the light output ratio. Upward light output ratio (ULOR) . Downward light output ratio (DLOR) .2 Luminaire Data: i Light output ratio (LOR) . Interior Lighting Design . recessed.Lamps and Luminaires 72 ________________________________________________________________________ 2.A Student's Guide .Length. Utilisation factor .Recommended Spacing to height ratio given in the transverse and axial planes in order to achieve the required uniformity ratios in the task area.These include materials.The ratio of the total output of the luminaire below the horizontal to the light output of the lamp/lamps. air handling. the luminaire mounting height. Downward Flux Fraction . the shape of the room. Physical Dimensions . It is provided in the form of a multiplier and can be extracted from a table. Ingress Protection. Type . Mechanical characteristics .The ratio of the total light output of the luminaire above the horizontal to the light output of the lamp/lamps. the height of the working plane and surface reflectances. Luminous Intensity Distribution . It will depend on the light distribution from the luminaire. Isolux diagrams can be generated using computer programmes and this will allow the designer establish whether the illuminance variation requirement is met in a particular installation. Co-ordinated design is essential and a compromise with architectural requirements or mechanical services is normal in these situations. Fig. it is easier to meet this requirement. number and layout of the luminaires. The maximum illuminance is usually at the centre of the room and the minimum illuminance is usually in the corners.7 (ignoring the effects of daylighting). The task area may not include the corners of the room. To this end. Alternatively. in which case.A Student's Guide .Lamps and Luminaires 73 ________________________________________________________________________ Luminaires should be selected and spaced in a room so as to meet aesthetic as well as functional requirements. the final location of luminaires may be determined by ceiling tile position or location of other services such as ceiling diffusers from the air conditioning system. The illuminance variation is determined by the type. The ratio of maximum to minimum illuminance in the task area should not be less than 0. chart 5 on page 69 can be used as a guide.20 (Cymap drawing) Interior Lighting Design . 2. Lamps and Luminaires 74 ________________________________________________________________________ Lamps and Luminaires 76 ________________________________________________________________________ 2.A Student's Guide ).5 Fire Protection The fire behaviour of the mounting surfaces and of the surroundings of the luminaires must be considered when selecting luminaires. they must use luminaires marked F F (limited surface temperatures) Interior Lighting Design . wood.g. fibres from industry etc. etc.A Student's Guide . Luminaires marked with F are suitable for direct mounting on surfaces which retain their shape and remain stable at temperatures up to 180 degrees C. to collect on the luminaires.3.Lamps and Luminaires 77 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. plasterboard. (e. If it is possible for highly flammable materials such as dust . .Lamps and Luminaires 78 ________________________________________________________________________ 2.3.6 Ingress Protection. 2. initial lumen output 5400 lm. (see diagram on page 73) Interior Lighting Design .75 15. Table 2 indicates that the maximum limiting glare index is 10. design a suitable lighting scheme for an office with the following dimensions: length 10m.9 (16) 3.3.Lamps and Luminaires 79 ________________________________________________________________________ 2. length 14.8m 0.= (10 + 8) 2. which is 50% higher than the office in the example. height of working plane maintenance factor reflectances ceiling walls floors recommended illuminance 0.02 0.95 10 x 8 --------------.7 x 0. the illuminance uniformity requirement will be met. This indicates that the actual glare will be less than the reference glare.85m 2. page 75). (see table 5.4m and height 3m. colour rendering group 1B.2 x 1.9 for the reference room. CCT class intermediate. the dimensions of which are. The illuminance in the reference room is 775 lux.25.2m 1. It follows that this scheme will meet either requirement.75 (nom) 2. width 7.A Student's Guide . LxW --------------(L + W) Hm = 0. height 3m.7 x 0.2m.5m 2m The actual SHR is less than 1. It contains 32 luminaires. The recommended maximum limiting glare index is 19 for general offices and 16 for areas with VDT 's.665 (table 4. width 8m. therefore.7 70% 50% 20% 500 lux Select a 58 W triphosphor fluorescent lamp.7 Using manufacturers' data to design a lighting scheme Using a Trilux luminaire type 5401 RPH/58. page 75) 500 x 10 x 8 --------------------5400 x 0.665 = = = 2. 3 3.Lighting Controls the peak cooling load will also be reduced.A Student's Guide . The user feels in control and this is a very important psychological factor in producing user satisfaction. Modern lighting controls operate automatically but should always have a manual over-ride so that users can assert their control when necessary. manual or fully automatic light controls available. so that. to reduce lighting energy costs by 30 to 50 %. taking no account of occupancy. Interior Lighting Design . by taking account of daylight contribution and reducing the lighting load. will go un-noticed by the user because the eye is able to adapt to the changed illuminance within the dimming period. Luminaires which suddenly switch off are likely to cause annoyance. This may be a critical factor in determining whether or not there is a need for costly air-conditioning systems. improved quality of lighting scheme and the added prestige which results from a high-tech office. maintenance or cleaning. The system will then revert to automatic mode after a pre-determined period. is when all lights in a building are switched on at the start of the working period and turned off at the end. Other significant benefits are: reductions in running costs. effects of lamp ageing. A typical problem situation. The alternative of using fluorescent lamps with high frequency electronic ballasts. A good lighting control system can also be cost effective in installation terms because it does away with the need for costly rewires when alterations in layout occur.Lighting Controls 3. the simple on/off switch is not to be undervalued. It is possible. The challenge for designers is to implement modern cost saving control systems in a user friendly way so that there is no dissatisfaction generated when the controls operate automatically. It should also be noted that the time of maximum daylight contribution is usually the time of maximum direct solar heating gains.1 Introduction: The type of lighting control with which one is most familiar is the simple manual on/off switch. notwithstanding the fact that the illuminance remaining may be well in excess of the minimum recommended design figure. which gradually dim the luminaires so that their output (and power consumption) may be as low as 10% of normal. by using an efficient lighting control system. contribution from daylight. which modern lighting control systems seek to address. Although there now is a choice of remote. 3.5 sq.5 mm 2 size of MCB 6 amp 10 amp nominal power rating 500 Watts 1000 Watts number of points 10 10 Consider the reflected floor plan of a lighting installation shown in Fig.1 The luminaires used are Class 2. mm. square modular.A Student's Guide . In an open plan office. Practical considerations. mm. mm.1 ________________________________________________________________________ Interior Lighting Design .1 Size of cable 1.Lighting Controls 3. level 1 (50 % lights off) for maintenance and cleaning and level 2 (all lights on) for normal business.5 sq.) which are required in order to comply with the wiring regulations. Table 3. i. with four per circuit or 2.5 sq. They may be supplied by either. such as the size of terminals. 1. Fig. dictate that lighting circuits may not be supplied by electrical cables larger than 2.5 sq. and 2.2 Circuiting arrangements for Luminaires The luminaires must be properly grouped before they can be properly controlled.5 sq. luminaires adjacent to windows should be on the same circuit. For example. 125 Watt. The following table shows the size of cable. 600mm. the luminaires should be grouped to allow bi-level lighting. mm. suitable for use in an office using VDU's. protective device and nominal power rating of the circuits (60m. cross sectional area.e. mm with eight per circuit. run approx.5 mm 2 2. 3. The sizes normally used are 1. however. it is common to provide general lighting plus task or localised lighting. a third level of lighting may be required for security. the emergency lighting usually forms an integral part of the general lighting scheme. Interior Lighting Design . Ideally. L1 + L2 should have their own control so that they may be dimmed or turned off when daylight levels permit while at the same time. however. two switch wires) (L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8) + open plan office with daylight control on (L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15 L16) window luminaires (two circuits) It should be borne in mind that offices may be changed from open plan to partitioned.2 partitioned office with daylight control on (L1 L2) (one circuit. The foregoing paragraphs indicate that there is not a single solution that will apply successfully to all situations.A Student's Guide . In an area such as a factory. This indicates that L1 + L2 should be grouped with L9 + L10.Lighting Controls Table 3. It is now possible to provide the flexibility required by using lighting control systems in which the luminaires are wired in groups of two to a programmable local control unit which can be stand alone or part of an integrated system. being further from the window. may be left on. Note: The requirements of emergency lighting should be considered separately. Changes to the system can be accommodated by reprogramming the local control unit. Expensive switch drops can be eliminated by using hand held infra red remote units which activate ceiling mounted receivers. Expensive "rewires" were inevitable when new tenants moved into an office block before the advent of modern controls. The same considerations apply to the general lighting as apply to the office area described above. L9 + L10. sometimes with advanced central control from a building management system.3 Types of Control: The types of control can be divided into two broad categories.c.1 On /Off from single or multiple positions using fixed switches. Automatic Control: (i) Time switch (ii) Occupancy sensors (iii) Daylight sensor (vi) Dimming (v) Reduced voltage 3. This tends to result in all lighting being switched on in the morning.'s Distribution Board Main switch fuse or isolator Figure 3. left on all day and switched off again by operating the main switch in the evening. Local switches Luminaires m. the main switch/isolator for the lighting distribution board is used for switching on and off all the lighting with local switching hardly ever carried out in practice. Individually switching up to 20 circuits for a floor in an office block can be very tedious on a daily basis and very often. (iv) Multiple lighting scene control using infra red remote controller. (ii) On /Off using infra red remote controller.b. Many systems have a combination of both. Manual Control: (i) On /Off from single or multiple positions using fixed switches. manual and automatic. (iii) On /Off / dimming from fixed switch position.3.2 ________________________________________________________________________ It should be noted that emergency lighting will require a mains supply at all times in order to keep the standby batteries fully charged and also to prevent the emergency lights from turning on (they are usually triggered on by failure of the mains supply).c.'s Distribution Board Contactor Figure 3. It is therefore not possible to turn off all lights using the mains switch if emergency lights are on the same distribution board.b. cleaning / maintenance and full occupation. the operating coil of which is controlled by a remote fixed switch (fig 3.3). A typical arrangement would have three such contactors controlling illuminance levels for security lighting.3 Smaller contactors can be clipped on to the DIN rail in the Distribution Board for controlling groups of circuits. Local switches Luminaires m. R. ceiling mounted receivers and local control units. Any other changes to wiring required by alterations of layout can be easily accommodated in the false ceilings which are normal in modern offices. however.4 The Local Control Unit is programmable and usually contains automatic control functions as well as the Remote IR on/off functions. receiver false ceiling luminaire hand held transmitter Fig. 3. Interior Lighting Design . The luminaires are connected to the output terminals and the control devices are connected to the input terminals. in order to avoid the accidental operation of ceiling receivers other than those intended. 3.4 The IR transmitters are highly directional and of 12m range approx.Lighting Controls 3.3. each office being individually controlled through its own IR receiver. The system layout is as shown in fig. Structural ceiling local control unit luminaire I. and all receivers may be operated by any transmitter within range.A Student's Guide . They are not coded. This type of control does away with the need for wiring to switch positions (switch drops) on walls or partitions.2 On /Off using infra red remote controller. This system uses infra red transmitters. Several local units would normally serve a large open plan area. One local unit can serve several smaller offices. The control is essentially variable voltage control which is carried out electronically using S. fluorescent. group discussions.4 Multiple lighting scene control using infra red remote controller. Fig 3.3. For "passive control". High frequency discharge lamps can be electronically dimmed very successfully to 10% output without colour shift but mains frequency fluorescent lamps are not suitable for electronic dimming. metal halide lamps. video projection and T. viewing. A typical system would have up to 16 pre-set lighting scenes which allows sophisticated lighting effects to be selected instantly to meet specific requirements.A Student's Guide .V. showrooms.3. The different lighting scenes can be achieved by selective switching or dimming of incandescent. halogen. shop display etc. a control voltage 0 .R 's.10 V D. 3. Most high frequency ballasts have "passive" and "active" dimming control inputs. boardrooms. etc. The system can be expanded to include the control of blinds and projector screens etc.C. such as.C. This is a common arrangement which is used to control the output from luminaires. This system is designed for conference centres. from an external source is used. rotary or slide 10 K potentiometers can be connected to the inputs and for "active control". informal meetings. theatres. auditoria. Interior Lighting Design .5 shows a typical system layout.Lighting Controls 3. slide and overhead presentations. Incandescent filament lamps lend themselves most readily to dimming although a colour shift is unavoidable.3 On /Off / dimming from a fixed switch position. hour going backward and forward as the seasons change.25 minutes before turning off when no presence has been detected. This is usually provided by a three position (On/Off/Auto) switch.6 Occupancy sensors for automatic control. It can be anticipated that the running hours life of the lamp will be reduced by using occupancy sensors but this may be more than offset because the lamps will be on for fewer hours in a given period.5 Diagram courtesy of Philips Lighting 3. It can be programmed to take account of working day requirements. All of these devices should have a manual over-ride facility so that they may be turned on or off manually at any time irrespective of the position of the time switch. 3. A person emits infra red radiation at a different level to the background. Many types have a seven day cycle and a back up spring to maintain correct time during mains failure. Occupancy sensors are passive infra red (PIR) movement detectors which activate when they detect a change in the background infra red radiation. An activation produces a change in output from an on-board relay which in turn operates an input in the local control unit. The controls are arranged so that the luminaires will switch on immediately when presence is detected but will delay for a period of 10 . weekends.3.5 Time switch automatic control: The most common type of timer now used is the programmable timer.3.Lighting Controls Fig 3. Care should be taken that sufficient background lighting is available to prevent danger should the sensors fail to detect presence and turn off. Bank Holidays. The mechanical clock time switch is outdated technology. The life of a lamp is a function of the number of times it is switched on and off. a change of its position in the detection field therefore creates the conditions for an activation of the PIR. The switched outputs of a time switch can be used to control the luminaires directly (up to a certain load limit) or they may control the coil of a main contactor (Fig. in that it is likely to get out of synchronism with real time because of seasonal changes and mains failures. etc. It is important that designers are aware of the safety implications of installing lighting controls which may suddenly turn off.A Student's Guide . It has severe deficiencies.3. It is a microprocessor with a rechargeable standby battery for memory hold-up and maintaining time in the event of a mains failure.3). Fig. 180. The PIR units can be mounted on walls or ceilings depending on the application. offices. 90 or 5 degrees field of view.A Student's Guide . This can be 360. 3. Sometimes more than one detector is required in a given space to ensure adequate coverage.6 An essential part of the PIR detector is the optical lens which determines the detection field. The existing switch can be removed and replaced by the combined unit. Interior Lighting Design . The units are designed for store rooms. A PIR unit is available which combines as an ordinary switch. corridors etc. 3.Lighting Controls Ceiling mounted PIR Unit Corner mounted unit plan view Fig.3.7 Daylight sensors for automatic control Inorder to take advantage of daylight it is necessary to introduce the appropriate controls. Daylight linking requires a daylight sensor linked to a controller.7 PIR sensor Interior Lighting Design . The sensor which is located about 1. 3.8 3.5m from the window. the daylight sensor is directed to the interior and is screened from direct daylight. Contrary to expectations.A Student's Guide . senses the reflected light from the interior surfaces and modulates the light output from the luminaires accordingly thus constituting a classical closed loop control system. 3. Master / Slave dimming is also possible so that the luminaires furthest from the windows (slave luminaires) are dimmed to a lesser degree.A Student's Guide DAYLIGHT CONTROL Fig. the amount being determined during commissioning. The luminaires closest to the windows are usually controlled in this way because the greatest benefit is derived in this area (reductions in energy consumption up to 60%.).9 Interior Lighting Design .4 re maintenance factor). When a lighting installation is new. the light output can be as much as 25% higher than design requirements (See section 1.Lighting Controls 3.8 Automatic dimming control.3. It will increase immediately after periodic cleaning and gradually reduce again until the installation is relamped. This will gradually reduce as dust gathers and lamp depreciation takes place.A Student's Guide 12 features a mini control unit and local units connected by means of a two wire communication bus.A Student's Guide .4 Integrated lighting control systems: These systems are modular in concept and combine all of the control functions previously described. The reduced voltage control system reduces the applied voltage after a time delay by 10 % approximately. Fig. and the light output by 10%.15% in energy costs at a stroke. It takes a few minutes for normal fluorescents to reach full light output after being switched on.Lighting Controls illuminance at design values throughout the life of the installation thus saving 12 . This relatively inexpensive system is used in stores and warehouses which are occupied infrequently. This has the effect of reducing the energy consumption by 20% approx. Fig 3.3. Operational features are as follows: 3.11 Diagram courtesy of Philips Lighting 3. An occupancy sensor may be used to switch on to full output when presence is detected. 3.9 Reduced voltage Control. Lighting Controls (i) (ii) Centralised management of up to 300 luminaires. In addition to the features described above. (v) Manual control by push button or remote IR unit (vi) Central control from the mini control unit (vii) Programmable timer control for fixed time of day / day of year (viii) Centralised maintenance diagnosis.A Student's Guide . (iii) Daylight linking of luminaires. (iv) Occupancy control by PIR sensors. 3. Fig. Local switching pattern that is centrally re programmable to allow for changes in office layout.12 Diagram courtesy of Philips Lighting Larger units which can be expanded to manage up to 2400 luminaires. the advantages of a full Building Management System can be implemented such as: (i) (ii) Measurement of energy consumption Ability to define more than one user per system Interior Lighting Design . Interior Lighting Design . 3. If the Maintenance Factor is 0.000 x 0.= 742. 3. calculate: i The annual energy saving.00.5% Daylight contribution (15%) Total annual saving ii = 12.700 x 0. additional cost ---------------annual savings 1200 ------.000 kWh = £2.A Student's Guide .700 = 2.75 and the maintenance period is one year. Electrical load = 600 x 20 = Annual energy consumption 12 x 3000 Annual running cost = 36.5 + 405 = 742.5 1. Assume that the light output from the luminaires decreases uniformly over the maintenance period and a 15% saving acrues from daylight contribution.6 years Interior Lighting Design .5 = 2. Automatic dimming control is used to take account of the Maintenance Factor and daylight contribution.15 = 405 337.12 end Illuminance with automatic controls i The annual energy saving. The lighting runs for 3000 hours per year and the cost of electricity is 7. The additional cost of installing the dimming controls is £1200.125 = 337.Lighting Controls Example 3.000 Watts = 36. ii The simple payback period.1 A building has a floor area of 600m2 and a lighting load of 20 W/m2.700 x 0.075 Average reduction over full period is 12. 100% 75% 50% 25% 0 start maintenance period Fig.5 pence per kWh. 1 Introduction Section 4.2 Visual Comfort Section 4.8 Overall Design Section 4.6 Control of Artificial Lighting Section 4.11 Calculation of daylight at a point.SECTION 4 CONTENTS: Section 4.9 Depth of a room Section 4.7 Daylight Control Section 4.4 Energy Cost Section 4.5 Daylight Factor Section 4. .10 Calculations of average Daylight Factor Section 4.3 Daylight Quantified Section 4. with supplementary artificial lighting being automatically controlled but with local override facilities provided for staff.A Student's Guide . Research shows that people value the variety of daylight. Until the 1950’s. DAYLIGHT IN INTERIORS 4. There are 3 reasons to provide daylight: 1. air and noise pollution made it necessary to keep windows closed and provide air conditioning. Sick building syndrome (SBS) was another factor which moved designers away from wholly artificial indoor environments. enjoy the presence of sunlight in a building and want some view of the outside world. 2. Healthier and more satisfactory indoor environment. 3.2 Visual Comfort Daylight is the natural light to which the human eye has become adapted over millions of years. Conserves earth’s resources and improves company's “Green Image”.1 Introduction: No modern analysis of interior lighting would be complete without considering the penetration of daylight into interiors. Economic advantage in energy savings. buildings were designed to allow natural light reach virtually all parts of the building interior. Buildings of the 21st century are likely to rely more on natural daylight. taller deeper plan buildings grew in popularity particularly in city centres where land was extremely expensive. Interior Lighting Design . In particular colour rendering by daylight is the subjective standard by which we normally measure the colour performance of an electric lamp. 4. Daylight deprivation is a significant factor in people's dissatisfaction with buildings and hence SBS. In addition. The energy crisis of the 1970’s made designers think again.Daylight in Interiors 4. With fluorescent lamp development and cheap energy. In the 1990's public awareness of environmental issues has made engineers even more aware of the importance of conserving energy. season. this provides psychological benefit and allows our metabolic rhythms to synchronise with the time of day. will provide very good colour rendering.). there are no obstructions (inside or outside) and the window sill is not significantly higher than the working plane. which is approximately the latitude of the British Isles The amount of daylight received within a building depends on its orientation. the variation of daylight may cause difficulties. is likely to cause problems of glare. good modelling is provided by the cross vector of daylight. The natural variation of daylight in intensity and colour over time provides variety and interest in interiors.provided glass is clear. Where exact colour rendering of a colour critical task is necessary however. 4. A minimum of 10 kilolux will be provided for about 70% of the working day at a latitude of 52% N.3 Daylight Quantified Current work on a European daylighting design guide suggests that there will be a necessity for about 30 daylighting design zones for Europe. trees etc. The colour critical task is normally carried out in a test room.Daylight in a building. When side windows are used. coastal or inland location. (Clear glass in high windows however. An outside view provides information on the external climate. climate and air quality. The Building Research Establishment in Britain (BRE) provide information on illuminance due to daylight in London.) It is important to remember that "daylight" is considered to be diffuse light provided by the sky as a whole and not direct sunlight. Daylight varies with latitude. the presence of obstructions and the reflectance of adjacent structures. . even though it is constantly changing in intensity and colour. It is common practice in the UK and Ireland for lighting designers to use a figure of 10 kilolux for external illuminance when calculating the level of illuminance due to daylight. This shows that mean horizontal diffuse illuminance varies from 35 kilolux at midday in summer to about 10 kilolux at midday in winter . The area in a room to which daylight will be considered to contribute significantly to task illuminance extends to about twice the window height . The term "skylight" is often used instead of "daylight"..assuming an unobstructed sky (buildings. colour matching lamps are used in this case and daylight is excluded. For this reason. 4. Typically. there is a reduction in the mechanical cooling load for the building as well as the electrical load. Care must be taken however. The substitution of daylight for artificial light can produce savings of 30% 70%* if artificial light is well controlled. 5% of 10. Due to the constant variation of daylight. 4. Calculate the illuminance at each of these points assuming an external horizontal illuminance of 10.000 lux. calculations are normally based on a percentage daylight factor. When lighting levels are reduced.4 Energy Cost. automatic control of artificial lighting combined with good daylight penetration may even tilt the balance between the need for air conditioning or natural ventilation for some buildings.000 lux = 300 lux 2% of 10.A Student's Guide . B and C in an office are 5%.000 lux = 200 lux Fig. to shield occupants from direct effects of sunlight by providing blinds or other shading devices which can be controlled by occupants. light energy would be between 20% and 50% of the total energy bill. The cost of energy for artificial lighting is a substantial part of the total energy for most buildings.Daylight in Interiors 4. the air conditioning load is nearly always a cooling load. as part of The Thermie Action Programme.000 lux = 500 lux 3% of 10. Heat generated by artificial lighting contributes to this cooling load.1 The daylight factor at 3 points A.5 Daylight Factor. Daylight factor is the amount of daylight reaching an interior as a percentage of the external illuminance.1 Interior Lighting Design . In some cases. *Source: “Daylighting in Buildings” issued by the European Commission Directorate-General for energy. 3% and 2% respectively. Example 4. In HI-TECH air conditioned offices with widespread use of computers. Example 4. there is likely to be complaints from staff. 4.2 . Nonetheless in Northern Europe. their tolerance for illuminance and luminance variation is likely to increase. Dimming should operate very slowly in response to increasing daylight. manual switching by staff in the area is acceptable however. 4. because they feel they have control. Automatic switching of lights as daylight levels increase is likely to be annoying to staff. the lighting over point B to 50% output and the lighting over point C to 60% output calculate the total illuminance at A. daylight will normally be supplemented with artificial light for most of the day. If artificial lighting is switched off when the contribution from daylight is less than twice the illuminance provided by artificial lighting. 300 lux at point B and 200 lux at point C. Shadows in the interior and high contrast areas around windows are created which may lead to irritation of staff in that area. 300 B Floor Fig. The lighting over point A is dimmed to 20% output. B and C.Studies have shown that staff react negatively to sudden interruption of artificial lighting. If artificial lighting is reduced to 20% output when daylight levels are high then occupants will have the impression that artificial lighting is “on” and they will not feel any sense of deprivation.6 Control of Artificial Lighting The ideal control system will modulate artificial light levels in each area with the level of daylight.2 Artificial lighting in an office provides an average of 500 lux on the working plane. Daylight provides 500 lux at point A. In this way transient variations in daylight are ignored and people working in the area will not notice the artificial light level decrease. As people become more accustomed to increased daylight in buildings however. 000 per annum.000 x 40% = £2. The installed lighting load is 20 Watts per m2 and operates for 3000 hours per annum. because a 1% improvement in productivity will pay for even a top quality lighting scheme in a short time.a.000 x 100 = £ 1.500.000 x 10p = £6. It is clear from this that any annoyance to staff must be eliminated for a control system to be of benefit to a company.4% of the salary bill. Interior Lighting Design . because the total light energy bill is 0. 20 Watts/m2 x 1000 = 20 kW = 60. The annual salary bill for the company.Daylight in Interiors Example 4. Energy costs 10p per kWh.A Student's Guide .400 per annum.000 p.a. Calculate: (a) (b) (c) (a) The annual light energy bill.000 kWh Energy consumed per annum = 20 kW x 3000 hrs Cost = 60.000 The benefit of introducing energy control is significant at £2. (c) Salary Bill = £15. The saving if artificial light is reduced to an average of 60% output throughout the year.3 An office area is 1000 m2. It caters for 100 personnel at an average salary of £15. It is equally clear that it is good value to provide a good quality lighting scheme which staff will appreciate. People have become more “green” in their attitude to the use of energy and in general staff do not like wasteful lighting systems. (b) Average Output = 60% Average Saving = 40% Cost benefit = £6.400 p. The benefit must be kept in perspective however. Usually they want a good quality scheme and automatic control with override facilities. The lightshelf also provides shading from direct sunlight to people close to the window.7 Daylight Control It is necessary to reach a reasonable compromise between ensuring good daylight penetration and reducing the negative aspects of sunlight. How successful it will be will depend on its orientation. One of the aims with an atrium is to reduce space heating load whilst improving daylight penetration into the building. darkened or reflected glass are all useful aids to control daylight. In cities it may be possible to open a window onto an atrium where it would not be possible to open one onto a street because of noise and/or air pollution.7. shades.4. 4. lightducts and transparent insulation are all used to enable daylight to penetrate deeply into buildings. overhangs. Lightwells. High daylight factors enable reductions in light energy costs but glare must be controlled and people must not be subjected to direct sunlight to the extent that their thermal comfort is affected. roof lights.3 . lightpipes.2 Light Shelves Light shelves are increasing in popularity in modern buildings. Incoming daylight is redirected onto the ceiling improving daylight factor at the inner part of the room.7. An atrium acts as a thermal buffer and windows facing into it may be larger than they may otherwise have been. geometry. roof monitors.1 Atria These are used in modern buildings as inhabited lightwells. lightshelves. Lightshelves are placed at the window above eye level. 4. (See Fig. Blinds. 4. Special consideration of the selection and positioning of display screen equipment is necessary in buildings with large arteas of fenestration (windows) (see chapter 6) 4. internal reflectances and the nature of the roof and glazing.3) Floor Fig. Fig.4 Lightpipes and Lightducts Sunlight is collected by heliostats (mirrors controlled by tracking devices). Recent development of thermo hydraulic tracking systems powered by solar cells should improve the viability of these devices in the future. light is cast in a more uniform way. 4.M.A Student's Guide .3 Roof lights Roof lights are best for daylight penetration whilst minimising heat loss. Light transmission varies from 45% to 80% and it costs about three times the price of double glazing.Daylight in Interiors 4. Horizontal rooflights admit 3 times more daylight than vertical windows of a similar size.5 T. In addition.7. vertical or near vertical roof lights as well as roof monitors or clerestorys are often used instead of horizontal roof lights. The disadvantage of roof lights is that they admit more light and heat in summer than in winter. They are cost effective only in regions where blue skies are guaranteed for most of the year. 4.7. 4. Energy efficient back up lamps may be substituted for sunlight during overcast conditions. 4.5 Transparent Insulation Materials (TIM) These materials are translucent rather than transparent and are used mainly as insulating materials for wall structures. concentrated by means of mirrors or lenses and then directed to the core of the building through shafts or acrylic rods or fibre optic cables.6 Interior Lighting Design . They reduce heat loss from the building whilst permitting solar radiation to reach a heat storing inner leaf. Fig 4.I. For this reason. and cost less to maintain. size and positioning of any shading device will depend on latitude. A well established rule of thumb for assessing the area in a room which will have acceptable daylight is to determine the "No Skyline Point". however. whilst increasing daylight penetration into the inner parts of the building. All points further from the window are not considered to have acceptable daylight Desks A and B are OK but desk C does not have adequate dayight Section View Fig. this ensures protection of people near windows from direct sunlight. Internal surfaces absorb the sunlight thus increasing the demand on the cooling system. 4. building orientation and climate. These blinds provide control locally to occupants and they are the most popular choice in Northern Europe.6 Daylight Controlling Devices The type.9 . 4. 4. Adjustable horizontal louvres (venetian blinds) with a specular finish on the upper surface. A building which allows high daylight penetration will also have high solar gains. 4.4.9 Depth of a Room. A saving in artificial lighting energy may be negated by an increase in air conditioning cooling load.7. Interior shades only protect the occupant from direct sunlight and glare. can be angled to redirect sunlight in the same manner as light shelves.9).8 Overall Design Daylight and artificial light must not be considered in isolation to the other energy using aspects of a building. The Architect. External shades are the most effective in reducing heat gains. Internal shades are cheaper. Electrical and heating/ventilating engineers and the rest of the design team must operate as an integrated team producing a comfortable low energy building in which occupants feel they have adequate control of their environment. This is the point at which the skyline is no longer visible (see Fig. and windows). 4. ceiling.Rb) = = = = Depth of a room Width of a room Height of the window head above the floor Area weighted average reflectance in back half of room (typically 0.+ --W H Where 2 ---------( 1 .7 W Tθ ---. walls. the depth of a room should be limited to meet the following condition: L L -. ceiling. Interior Lighting Design . and windows). walls.R2) Average daylight factor Window area in m2 (use table to correct for framing) Area of all surfaces in the room in m2 (floor.---------A (1 .A Student's Guide Fig.5 for an office) 4.Daylight in Interiors As a general rule of thumb. Glass transmittance (from table) Visible sky angle in degrees average reflectance of (floor. 2 Correction factor for Glass transmission Type of glass Ct Clear 6mm single glazing 0.66 Strongly reflecting 0.small pane 0.46 Tinted Grey 0.large pane 0.18 Table 4.6 Table 4. Cd = Correction factor for dirt on windows. Ct = Correction factor for glazing materials other than clear glazing. Di = Internally reflected component.65 Tinted bronze 0. De = Externally reflected component.6 4.7 Wood frame . Cr = Correction factor for dirt on internal surfaces.large pane 0.8 Wood frame .8 Clear 6mm double glazing 0.9 Metal frame . Computer programmes can calculate daylight factors at various points in a given room with great ease and speed.1 Correction factor for type of frame Type of frame Cg Metal patent glazing 0.11 Calculation of Daylight Factor at a point.7 0. A sample point is normally selected in a room and a calculation is made of the daylight factor at that point. Isolux diagrams of the illuminance throughout the room can be produced once a value of external daylight illuminance is input along with room and window data.3 Location Clean Industrial Very dirty Correction factor for Dirt on Glass Cd 0.9 0. . Daylight factor (D) is calculated as follows: D = Cg Ct Cd (Dc + De + Cr Di) Where Dc = Direct sky component.Table 4. Cg = Correction factor for glazing bars which reduce glass area. Daylight factor is quoted as a percentage of the outside illuminance.39 Tinted Green 0. 11.5. Using table 4.4 metres wide.2m Distance from window = 2m Width of window to one side Width of window to other side .5 An office has a row of desks at cill height 2 metres from a window which is 1. h d W1 W2 = = = = Height of window = 1. (b) On the desk opposite the side of the window. 4.16 of CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting). calculate the direct sky component: (a) On the desk opposite the centre of the window.in Britain) provide a sky component table which is reproduced in the CIBSE code for Interior Lighting (Table 5.16 Example 4.1 Sky Component (Dc) This is the light reaching a point in a room directly from the sky. Interior Lighting Design .4m Fig.Daylight in Interiors 4. The BRE (building research establishment .2 metres high and 2. 1.2 --2 0.2 --.= 0.= ---.9% Example 4.4 ---2 = 1.6% h 1.6 d 2 W --d 2.= d 1.9% = 190 lux . Total Direct Component = 1.2 ----.4 when the external horizontal illuminance is 10. (a) (b) 10.000 x 2.000 x 1.= 0.2 Therefore Dc = 1.000 lux.= d W1 ---.6 Calculate the illuminance due to the direct sky component at points A and B in Example 4.3%) This is the percentage daylight factor from one side of window only.6% = 260 lux 10.3% x 2 = 2.(a) h --. The benefit from the other side is the same therefore.6 (From Table 2 Dc = 1. 2m. 4.5 d 3 W1 6 --. B and C.2 --.95% + 0.54% = E due to direct sky component at point C = 10.5.7 Calculate the direct sky component and the illuminance due to Dc if external illuminance is 10 kilolux for points A. in Fig 4.000 x 12.5 --.9 B At point A h = 1. The window is 1.A Student's Guide .= --. d = 1m.= 2 d 3 Dc = 0.5m h 1. W1 = W2 = 3m h 1. 3.0m A 6.2m high.2 d 1 Dc = 6.95% due to benefit from one side h 1. W1 = 6m.5 d 3 1. W2 = 1.= --.4 d 3 Dc = 0.0m 4.5m 1.96% = 96 lux At Point C h = 1.2m.7.4% = 1240 lux At Point B h = 1.= 0.2 --.= 0.2 --.= --. W1 = 4.2m.2 --.= 1. W2 = W 3 ---.Daylight in Interiors Example 4.= 0.000 x 0. d = 3m.= 0. d = 3m.5m Plan view Fig.= 1.= ----.= ---.5 --.4 d 3 W2 1.= 3 d 1 0 h 1.= --.2% x 2 = 12.= ---.49% = 149 lux Interior Lighting Design .= --.000 x 1.0m C 1.4% E due to direct sky component at point A = 10.96% E due to direct sky component at point B = 10.4 d 3 W1 4.49% Dc total at point C = 0. RS + R 1.1% .2m P 0.4m The examples considered so far have calculated the sky component at cill height opposite some part of the window.2m 1.8 1.6m. PR h = 1.6 d 1 h 1.= 0.6 --. 4.= 3.8m.= --.2 h = 0.8 d 1 Therefore Dc = 9.8 --. 2. 4.8m 2.8 --. 3.6 --.= 3. d = 1m .10 S 1. Treat these wall areas as though they were windows as follows: 1.6 --.6m Fig.6 d 1 Therefore Dc = 2. Calculate Dc for PQRS Calculate and subtract Dc for PR Calculate and subtract Dc for RS Calculate and add Dc for R Q = PQRS .= ---.Example 4.8 d 1 Therefore Dc = 7.8 m. PQRS h = 1.= ---. W = 1. W1 = 3. Consider point P in Fig.6m Q R 1.= 1.2 ----1 h 1. W 3.6 1 W 3. RS h --d 1.2m W ---d 1. R and S.= 1. 4.0m 3.8% 3.PR .6m. W = 3. d = 1m. d = 1m. it is necessary to also consider wall areas P.4% 2.8. In order to calculate the direct sky component at point P from window Q.6m.= --. 0. 4.7. W = 1.2 1 h = 0. W --d 1.6m.8 .Daylight in Interiors 4. It is only necessary to calculate De if direct daylight is severely limited by an external structure.4% .6 d 1 Therefore Dc Dc at P = 1.1 + 1. d = 1m.2% 10 Interior Lighting Design .2 ---.2 Externally Reflected Component (De) This is the reflected daylight reaching a point in a room from external structures and surfaces.= 1. 1 Then De = 2% x --.9% = 9.11.= 0. 4.2m.9 that the external structure is restricting the amount of daylight entering the window W.= --.4 .= 0.6 --. In this case it will be necessary to calculate De. It is seen from Fig.9 = 1.11 . (tables 4.85 AW Di = ------------(CRfw + 5 Rcw) A(1-R) Where: W = area of windows.3 Internally reflected component (Di) This is the light reaching a point after reflection from surfaces within a room.11. Angle of obstruction No obstruction 10 degrees 20 degrees 30 degrees 40 degrees 50 degrees 60 degrees 70 degrees 80 degrees Coefficient C 39 35 31 25 20 14 10 7 5 Formulae and Tables supplied courtesy of BRE 4. floors and walls (inc windows) Rfw = average reflectance of floor and walls below the plane of mid height of the window (excluding window wall). the Externally Reflected and the Internally Reflected components and can be calculated as follows: D = Cg Ct Cd (Dc + De + Cr Di) For most buildings. A = area of ceiling.3 page 105) 4.5 Daylight Factor (D) This is the aggregate of the Direct Sky. floor and walls (inc windows) R = average reflectance of ceiling. depending on the obstruction outside (39 is used when there is no obstruction).1. 4.2 and 4. Rcw = average reflectance of ceiling and these parts of the wall above mid height of window (exc window wall) C = coefficient dependent on the obstruction outside the window. Values for C vary between 0 and 39.11. The amount of inter reflected light varies with the distance from the window but the average internally reflected component for side lit rooms is: 0. the direct sky component Dc is the most significant aspect of daylight penetration.4 Correction Factor The same correction factors apply as for the calculation of average daylight factor.11. ------------.5 Calculate: (a) (b) The average daylight factor in the room The daylight factor and the daylight illuminance at a point in the room located 5m normal to the centreline of the window at cill height.52) 3.---------A (1 .7m high.6 Overall average 0.59 % 0.5m x 4m x and is 2.= -----.= 0.4 Upper surfaces 0. Room reflectances are: Lower surfaces 0.8.5m wide located at the centre of the 4m wall.16 Dc = 0.4 d 5 W 1. The cill height is 0.9.000 lux and there are no external obstructions. W Tθ ---.8W Di = ------------(CRfw + 5 Rcw) A(1-R) Interior Lighting Design .25 A room measures 6.92% h 2 Dc = --.= d 5 0. The average daylight illuminance in the room Comment on the above results in relation to the design of the artificial lighting as well as its control.R2) 5 0.7 (1 .0.295 x 2 = 0.8 x 80 -----.= 108. It contains one window measuring 2m high by 2. The minimum external horizontal illuminance due to daylight may be taken as 10.= --. The window glass is clear with a transmittance factor of 0.Daylight in Interiors Example 4.25 --.A Student's Guide 4 + 5 x 0.59 + 1.8 x 5 Di = ----------------(39 x 0.36% 1.7(1-0. 1.000 = = 1.6) = 108. When daylight levels are high.5) Total Df at point X = (c) Eav = E point x 0. automatic switching off of artificial lighting would not be recommended for a room where the average daylight factor is less than 5%. Automatic dimming could provide gradual control down to 20% output.95% of 10. Modulation of artificial light will be desirable to reduce energy costs.95% 392 lux = 195 lux 3.92% of 10.0. 8 Section 5.9 Section 5.3 Section 5.A Student's Guide .6 Section 5.7 Section 5.10 Section 5.Integrated Lighting Design Section 5.4 Section 5.11 Interior Lighting Design .1 Section 5.2 Section 5.5 Section 5. Interior Lighting Design . The code should not be thought of as simply a reference to check the recommended illuminances for installations but as a code of good practice in the design of lighting schemes. The design of lighting for a factory will concentrate on the task. Enhance the visual environment. whereas the design of lighting for a reception area in a building will concentrate on visual appearance. To ensure the safety of people using the building. design was based on an average horizontal illuminance with no thought given to vertical illuminance or the quality of the lighting scheme.1 Introduction When designing any interior lighting scheme reference should be made to the “Code for Interior Lighting” issued by the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) 1994. Mood or atmosphere should be considered in all designs. Emergency lighting must be provided in case of power failure in most buildings. The lighting of any interior should fulfil three functions: 1. Safety is paramount.A Student's Guide . but most well lit interiors will have sufficient light to ensure safety. Too often in the past. Whether the emphasis will be task oriented or the enhancement of the interior will very much depend on the type of premises considered. 2. the duration of the task and the consequences of any error. Good lighting design involves incorporating all of the above objectives into the design of the scheme. even if it is of less importance than the other criteria. To facilitate the performance of the variety of visual tasks required.Integrated Lighting Design 5. Allowance must be made for age and poor eyesight. 3. 2 Daylight The incorporation of daylight into interior lighting design is desirable for the following reasons: 1.3. 3. will be considered unsatisfactory to most building occupants. Energy costs are reduced if good control of artificial lighting is provided. The natural variation of daylight provides information about the weather and time of day which occupants will deem desirable. account must be taken of the changing spectral composition of daylight with time of day and change of season. Note: Modern lighting controls allow the simulation of external conditions in interiors where daylight is excluded. Nonetheless these artificial schemes are never as satisfactory to building occupants as a real view of the outside. prevent panic and illuminate hazards which may be dangerous to personnel. 4. If exact colour rendering is necessary however. Not only is illuminance varied with the time of day but so also is the colour appearance of the lamps used.1 Lighting for Safety Hazards must be made visible. 5. Daylight from a window provides a cross vector of light which will improve modelling and provide a desirable vector/scalar ratio. A room which does not provide a view of the outside where one could have been reasonably expected. 2.3 LIGHTING LEVELS 5.A Student's Guide Interior Lighting Design . In the event of power failure sufficient light must be provided to allow safe escape from the building. Some discharge lamps have a natural colour shift when dimmed and this effect is used to advantage in these schemes. Colour rendering will be improved in most interiors with good daylight penetration. To enhance an interior. Note: For further information see Section 5.Integrated Lighting Design 5.3 Lighting for Performance of Task The task should be provided with adequate illuminance taking account of age of operatives.3 Mean Cylindrical Illuminance This is the average illuminance over a very small cylinder at a point. Variations of illuminance and accentuation of certain areas or objects may be desirable.3. Experience and judgement will replace calculation and science in this type of design. small areas of strong colour are often necessary to provide visual stimulation in indirect lighting schemes.A Student's Guide .3. The selection of strong colours for large parts of the interior would be better suited to a direct lighting scheme than an indirect one.3. Indirect lighting reflected from bright coloured interiors would become colour distorted. Interior Lighting Design . These areas should not be used to reflect light to the interior.2 of the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting (1994) 5. 5.3. 5.1 Vertical Illuminance The illuminance on a vertical surface can be calculated using the point to point method or for a regular array of symmetrical luminaires: Average wall illuminance = average horizontal illuminance X wall to task illuminance ratio. 5. Notwithstanding this.3. light will normally be varied in colour.2 Scalar Illuminance This is the average illuminance over the surface of a very small sphere at a given point in a room. It is normally closely related to scalar illuminance but it ignores floor reflectance.3.3.3. task difficulty and duration as well as the consequences of error.2 Lighting to Enhance Visual Environment This will depend on the quantity and quality of light as well as surface characteristics and reflection factors. It takes account of all room surface reflectances. Co-ordination with the architect or interior designer is very important here. It should be remembered that the task is not always on the horizontal. level and source. 5. 5.e.200 = 800 lux at an angle of about 30 degrees. The direction of the axis of the sphere which also passes through the source represents the direction of the illuminance vector because there will be a maximum difference of illuminance at opposite ends of this axis.4 Modelling This is the ability of light to reveal shape in three dimensions.A Student's Guide In the example shown. flow of light predominantly from above and to one side as shown in Fig. 5.2.4.2 In a downlighting scheme the vector will be vertical with the magnitude largely dependent on room reflectances. The best effects are produced by a number of sources. Fig. See Fig 1.). The magnitude and direction of light can be described in terms of an illuminance vector.1 Vector Illuminance light source E max. Light from a predominantly vertical direction will create contrasts and shadow.4.33 Fig. The magnitude of the illuminance vector is the difference in illuminance (E max. The vector scalor ratio is 800/600 = 1. 5. Interior Lighting Design . .17 CIBSE code for interior lighting.E min. 5.Integrated Lighting Design 5. Imagine a sphere which is illuminated from one side. E min. Contrast with the background is also a significant factor. say the scalar illuminance is 600 lux The vector illuminance is 1000 . Strong modelling is achieved by directing light of different intensities from different directions on a subject. 1 Time Variation. It is of course desirable that the general illuminance throughout the interior would be varied to provide variation and interest.3 An average illuminance of 500 lux.7 E max. 5. requiring the eye to adjust. 5.7) Early interior lighting designers felt that a large number of ceiling luminaires providing a uniform illuminance over the working plane would be the most acceptable lighting design in working interiors. Long term variation occurs as a result of light loss due to lamps ageing or dirt accumulating on luminaires or room surfaces. Transient adaptation occurs when a person's field of view changes from one level of luminance to another. The term “shadow free” lighting was introduced. This last factor has already been discussed under “maintenance factor” in section 1.2 to 1.5 Illuminance Variation (space or time) 5. (for recommended ratios.A Student's Guide . In the short term before adaptation occurs.4.8. E min. Fig.5. 5. otherwise transient adaptation problems may cause discomfort and affect visual performance. The problem with this theory was that it produced a bland Interior Lighting Design .1 Spatial Variation: Spatial variation means variation of illuminance over a task area or throughout an interior.8 for general lighting schemes where the perception of faces is important. a maximum illuminance of 600 lux directly under luminaires and a minimum illuminance of 400 lux at the mid point between luminaires would be quite acceptable. should be avoided. a discomfort situation may arise. There may be short term variation in illuminance occurring naturally as a result of changing daylight or occurring either manually or automatically by the operation of lighting controls on the supplementary lighting. Variation of illuminance at the task will normally be acceptable provided the spacing between luminaires comply with the manufacturer's recommended Space : Height ratios. > 0. Nonetheless the task should be of a higher illuminance than the immediate surround but there should not be a sharp contrast.5. > 0.8 E Ave.Integrated Lighting Design The preferred ratio depends on the direction of the vector as well as the purpose and character of the interior. see section 5. As a rule of thumb the preferred range would be from 1. Excessive variation of room surface luminances however. With internal lighting design care must be taken to ensure there are no excessively bright sources within the normal field of vision of people using the installation.a ratio of 1. The eye however. the human eye can adapt well and provide a reasonable performance at 0. 5.7 Glare The human eye can adjust from 100. Chaper 6) Interior Lighting Design . It takes about 90 seconds for the first 70% of that adjustment to occur and a further 15 minutes for the remainder. When moving from a bright exterior to a dark interior. Present thinking suggests that the careful introduction of shadow and sparkle will enhance the appearance of a lighting scheme greatly without affecting task illuminance unduly. Further information on illuminance / luminance variation is contained in section 2. For example. However. Providing a bright reference point in a dark room can lead to glare.1 lux the approximate illuminance provided by moonlight. 5. it takes time to adapt fully from from one lighting level to another. This accounts for the difficulty the human eye experiences when simultaneously coping with different surface luminances . If a bright source is visible to the eye. Most problems with glare in interiors is caused by windows or luminaires either directly or indirectly. Glare from luminaires is reduced by decreasing the luminance of the source. the lens of the eye will close in proportion to the brightness of the source. needs time to adjust to these changes.6 Adaptation It is possible for the eye to adapt to widely varying levels of illumination.000 to 1. ( see special category luminaires.1 lux under moonlight . Special low glare luminaires utilise louvres to shield the lamp from direct view. The source can be direct as in the case of a luminaire or window or indirect. A bright source in an otherwise bright interior may not present difficulty but a bright source in an otherwise dimly lit interior will certainly present problems. Glare can also be caused by excessive contrast such as a dark background coupled with a bright foreground.4 of CIBSE code for interior lighting. With opal and prismatic diffusers the source luminance is reduced by increasing the area of the source.Integrated Lighting Design uninteresting lighting scheme. a bright day may provide an illuminance of 100.4.000 lux in bright sunlight to 0.the phenomenon known as glare.000.A Student's Guide . reflected from a working surface such as a display screen. the eye can cope well with a ratio of 200:1. Care must be taken by lighting designers to ensure that bright light sources are not placed in the field of vision.000 lux whilst at night. 4 of the CIBSE guide provides limiting glare indices for most building interiors.2 Discomfort Glare often occurs. Interior Lighting Design .1 Disability Glare occurs when vision is actually impaired.A Student's Guide . It can cause eye fatigue. Section 2. 5. It can be the cause of accidents and a serious reduction of visual performance. headaches and other symptoms related to "Sick Building Syndrome".7.3 Glare Index of discomfort The CIBSE code for interior lighting uses a glare index system. Glare can be subdivided into disability and discomfort glare. Glossy magazines and visual display terminals (VDT’s) are common causes of indirect disability glare because of their reflective surfaces.7. after continuous exposure to high background contrast or high source luminance either directly or indirectly from say VDT’s.Integrated Lighting Design Glare occurs whenever one part of an interior in the field of vision is much brighter than the general interior. 5.7. The most common causes of glare indoors are windows and electric light sources which are seen either directly or indirectly by reflection. 5.6. A task to immediate background ratio of 3:1 and task to general background ratio of 10:1 is recommended by the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting. This is a numerical index which may be calculated for lighting schemes. This is a more extreme form of glare and is most likely to occur when there is an area close to the line of sight which has a very high luminance. each containing two lamps with a luminous flux per lamp of 5.18 where H = height of luminaires above eye level (1.2 Total lamp luminous flux correction factor: = 6 log 10(nF) .2 24m Fig 5.1. Using the uncorrected glare index table and the correction factors provided.2m Luminaires are installed at 2m centres as shown in the diagram.500 1m. determine the glare index for the installation for: (i) long view (ii) short view Height correction factor: = 4 log 10H .A Student's Guide .7 Wall reflectance = 0.5 Floor reflectance = 0.Integrated Lighting Design Interior Lighting Design .1 A room has the following dimensions: length = 24m width = 16m height = 3.2m) n = number of lamps per luminaire F = luminous flux per lamp Ceiling reflectance = 0. table 4.A Student's Guide .11 cibse code 11 = Height correction factor (from (1)) = Total lamp luminous flux factor(from (2)) = Glare index = 15.2 ------21. Interior Lighting Design . Discomfort glare for specific installations will be prescribed in a unified glare limit rating.3 0 6. discomfort glare is ranked numerically in order of severity.2 ---------= 20.4 Note: If luminaires are turned the other way.Integrated Lighting Design (i) long view (refer to CIBSE code) x = 8H y = 12H Viewed end-wise.2 Typical limiting glare indices are: Drawing offices (16) General offices (19) Supermarkets (22) Therefore this lighting scheme would only be suitable for a supermarket. 5.2 0 6. the glare index rises to 22. Like the glare index system. the uncorrected glare index from Table 4.A Student's Guide .5 14.7.11 = Height correction factor (from (1)) = Total lamp luminous flux factor (from (2)) = Glare Index (ii) short view (refer to CIBSE code) x = 12H y = 8H Viewed cross-wise. the uncorrected glare index from Table 4.4 Unified Glare Rating (UGR) System The “Commission Internationale de l’Eclairge” (CIE) have proposed this system to provide an internationally agreed numerical rating. 5. say in a surgery or clinic. These lamps sometimes exaggerate slightly the primary colours but this is welcomed by most people.A Student's Guide . In addition. people moving from an area illuminated by SON lamps to one illuminated by fluorescent lamps may suffer “colour shift” problems. Reception areas in offices and hotels are examples of this. Where a cool appearance is required.8. The room must have a minimum task illuminance of 500 lux. Where there is a high level of daylight penetrating the interior an intermediate correlated colour temperature (CCT) source should be used. In areas where good colour rendering is necessary and the appearance of the interior is important lamps of group 1B should be used.2 in Section 2) Lamps such as High Pressure Sodium (SON) which has an Ra of 65 may distort some colours. a high CCT source should be used. Note: The higher the correlated colour temperature the cooler the source Table 2. Some interiors require a warm appearance. Interior Lighting Design . Where the illuminance is less than 300 lux a warm colour is normally preferred.1 Colour Appearance This relates to the colour temperature of the lamp. 2.8 COLOUR PERFORMANCE 5. Note: Lamps in colour rendering group 1A have a CIE colour rendering index (Ra) > 90 Lamps in group 1B have an Ra between 80 and 90 (See Table 2. The inspector or operator must be given time to adapt to the room before carrying out colour critical tasks. Areas surrounding the task must be of weak chroma and medium reflectance. In addition: 1.2 Colour Rendering When exact colour rendering is necessary lamps of group 1 A should be used in a test room which excludes daylight.8.Integrated Lighting Design Fig. A regular array of luminaires provide an average maintained illuminance on the working plane (see Fig.9. This type of system will normally provide a rather bland “shadow free” lighting installation but great flexibility of work stations is possible as tasks can be moved around.6). Some of the bland effect can be reduced by introducing some sparkle and contrast into the design. Point sources provide sparkle whilst directional or indirect lighting provide contrast.Integrated Lighting Design 5. Localised lighting tends to provide a more interesting design with emphasis placed on the work station. Localised lighting is more efficient with regard to energy costs because of the more efficient use of light.2 Localised Lighting If the location of a particular work area is known then localised lighting can be used to raise the illuminance on this area whilst maintaining general illuminance at a lower level.7 Interior Lighting Design . The main disadvantage of general lighting schemes is their high energy costs because the whole area is illuminated to the highest level of illumination required for the single most difficult task.A Student's Guide .1 General Lighting 500 lux general Fig.9.9 CHOICE OF SYSTEM This is probably the most commonly used artificial lighting system. The average general illuminance should be at lease one third of the task illuminance where localised lighting is provided. 5. 5. 5. 5. good maintenance of these schemes is essential. . Local lighting ensures efficient use of light energy. The light should be positioned to minimise shadows.10 LIGHTING GUIDES Apart from the CIBSE code for interior lighting the student's attention is drawn to the following guides . 5. The eye should be protected from the lamp itself by the use of a “shade”. A desk would typically be illuminated from the left hand side (for a right handed person) so that there are no local task distracting shadows or veiling reflections. but consideration will be given to the choice of lighting scheme for a modern office in the next chapter. Disadvantages are that low wattage lamps are normally less efficient and Fig. Local individual control should be provided. veiling reflections and glare.3 Local /Task Lighting This is the term used for lighting which illuminates a specific individual workstation. 5.Integrated Lighting Design Interior Lighting Design .8 maintenance costs are generally higher with local lighting. General illuminance should be at least onethird of the local illuminance.all of which are available from the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.9. It is not possible. with the limitation of space available here. to detail designs for all of the above installations. .3 of CIBSE code for interior lighting See table 3.3 Table 2.Section 2.3 of CIBSE code for interior lighting See table 3.3 of CIBSE code for interior lighting 3000-4000 1-2 min run-up with 5-15 min restart 5 min run-up and more than 1 min.3 of CIBSE code for interior lighting 1B Interior Lighting Design Students Guide by Kaokie I. Ling98 viewsEmbedDownloadRead on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentMore informationShow less RelatedInterior Lighting.pdfby Ayman YassinCIBSE Guide Energy Efficiency in Buildingsby Art JamesTraining Lightingby nst_siddiquiCIBSE Concise Handbook.pdfby cem_kamalLED_Posterby jecuzensCIBSE How to Design a Heating Systemby Abdul Wahab HashmiLIGHTING SYSTEM COURSEby ahmed s. 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NosyargKcid comments on I went to the dentist today, and they gave me this free sample.jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | sports-nottheonion-AskReddit-GetMotivated-photoshopbattles-movies-nosleep-television-tifu-Fitness-science-TwoXChromosomes-funny-worldnews-videos-IAmA-gadgets-personalfinance-pics-todayilearned-food-explainlikeimfive-Showerthoughts-Documentaries-news-EarthPorn-Music-WritingPrompts-gifs-DIY-askscience-Jokes-books-UpliftingNews-InternetIsBeautiful-mildlyinteresting-dataisbeautiful-Futurology-Art-aww-gaming-history-space-creepy-listentothis-OldSchoolCool-philosophy-LifeProTipsmore » WTFcommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/WTFuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 25 Sep 2012973 points (89% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkWTFsubscribeunsubscribe4,448,519 readers5,922 users here now If you have any questions, comments, or concerns about /r/WTF you can contact us by clicking the 'message the moderators' link, located on the lower right hand side of the page. However, before you do that please check and make sure that your questions or concerns haven't already been answered here. a community for 6 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSmastaani625BritishEnglishPoliceKyldethegrammarunicornWTFGESTAPOBitterDivorcedDadAnti-KerenskyJack_Shidwtf_mod...and 1 more »972973974Inappropriate contentI went to the dentist today, and they gave me this free sample. (i.imgur.com)submitted 2 years ago by Jacksondee67 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]NosyargKcid 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onThe family from the Rugrats made a toothpaste? permalink[–]billlampley -3 points-2 points-1 points 2 years ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onYou beat me to it. username:try anotheravailable!account recovery email: (optional)we only send email at your requestpassword:verify password:remember mecreate accountis it really that easy? only one way to find out...loginalready have an account and just want to login?username:password:remember merecover passwordloginclose this windowinterface languageEnglish [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is] (*)italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 2575 on app-36 at 2014-10-26 06:26:53.458253+00:00 running d911df0 country code: US.

Corporate Screw by Danity O'Shae | NOOK Book (eBook) | Barnes & Noble® B&N's Biggest Books Book Awards Book Graph Books by Author Books by Series Collectible Editions Coming Soon Coupons & Deals Discover Categories New Releases NY Times Bestsellers The Paperback Store Signed Books Francesca Delaney is used to getting what she wants from who she wants. But when her boss tries to teach her a lesson, Francesca realizes that she’s royally screwed. There only two ways to handle it: Get Mad or Get Even. 2940014203586

2 bedroom flat for sale in Aithernie Road, Leven, KY8, KY8 www.rightmove.co.uk/property/68535769 Aithernie Road, Leven, KY8 Access to the property is via attractive panelled UPVC external door with opaque glazed insert . Stairs rise to the upper level. Fresh neutral decor. A further wood and opaque glazed door leads to the hallway The hall offers access to lounge, bathroom, kitchen and bedroom one. Fresh neutral decor. 4.62m x 3.68m (15' 2" x 12' 1") A well proportioned public room. Double window formation overlooks open grassed and wooded areas to the front of the property. A central feature for the room is an attractive living flame electric fire set within marble hearth, surround and moulded timber mantels. Built-in press style cupboard offers shelf storage and also houses the electric meters and fuse boxes. 3.41m x 1.82m (11' 2" x 6' ) Located to the front of the property. A modern kitchen with ample supply of oak finished floor and wall storage units, patterned, brass handles, granite effect wipe clean work surfaces with inset stainless steel sink, drainer and mixer taps. Co-ordinated splash backs. Belling slot in gas cooker. Space for upright fridge/freezer. Plumbing for automatic washing machine. Window formation overlooks the front of the property. 4.06m x 3.47m (13' 4" x 11' 5") Located to the rear of the property with window formation overlooking the rear garden areas. Large walk-in cupboard houses Worcester gas central heating boiler and offers additional storage. Fresh neutral decor. 4.05m x 2.79m (13' 3" x 9' 2") A second double bedroom located to the rear of the property with window formation overlooking the rear garden area. Built-in press cupboard offers shelf storage. 2.41m x 1.51m (7' 11" x 4' 11") The bathroom has been recently modernised. White three piece suite comprising low flush WC, pedestal wash hand basin and full size panel bath. Tiling to wet areas. Vanity shelving and vanity mirror. Tile effect flooring. Opaque glazed window attracts natural light. Garden ground is located to the rear, mainly laid to grass and drying green. To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-68535769.html?premiumA=true Markinch (5.0 mi) Disclaimer - Property reference 12789408. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Delmor Estate & Lettings Agents, Leven. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.

Patent US7030957 - Monitoring apparatus and method particularly useful in photolithographically ... - Google Patents Apparatus for processing substrates according to a predetermined photolithography process includes a loading station in which the substrates are loaded, a coating station in which the substrates are coated with a photoresist material, an exposing station in which the photoresist coating is exposed to...http://www.google.com/patents/US7030957?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7030957 - Monitoring apparatus and method particularly useful in photolithographically processing substrates Publication number US7030957 B2 Application number US 10/763,383 Also published as EP0973069A2, EP0973069A3, US6603529, US6842220, US7289190, US7525634, US7821614, US8482715, US8780320, US9291911, US20040191652, US20060193630, US20080043229, US20090231558, US20110037957, US20130293872, US20140320837 Publication number 10763383, 763383, US 7030957 B2, US 7030957B2, US-B2-7030957, US7030957 B2, US7030957B2 Inventors Giora Dishon, Moshe Finarov, Zvi Nirel, Yoel Cohen Patent Citations (54), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (14), Classifications (41), Legal Events (6) US 7030957 B2 US4308586 May 2, 1980 Dec 29, 1981 Nanometrics, Incorporated Method for the precise determination of photoresist exposure time US4815856 Jun 5, 1986 Mar 28, 1989 Storage Technology Partners Ii Method and apparatus for measuring the absolute thickness of dust defocus layers US4826321 Mar 14, 1988 May 2, 1989 Nanometrics, Incorporated Thin dielectric film measuring system US4842410 Apr 7, 1987 Jun 27, 1989 Geo-Centers, Inc. Apparatus and method utilizing interference fringes to determine the thermal stability of a liquid US4910549 Aug 26, 1988 Mar 20, 1990 Tokyo Electron Limited Exposure method and apparatus therefor US5274575 Apr 30, 1991 Dec 28, 1993 Tokyo Electron Limited Method of probing test US5438209 Feb 2, 1993 Aug 1, 1995 Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Inc. Apparatus for detecting position of a notch in a semiconductor wafer US5826129 Jun 29, 1995 Oct 20, 1998 Tokyo Electron Limited Substrate processing system US6266125 May 24, 1999 Jul 24, 2001 Tokyo Electron Limited Resist processing method and apparatus EP0558781B1 Mar 5, 1992 Aug 5, 1998 Micronic Laser Systems Ab Method and apparatus for exposure of substrates JPS6454207A Title not available JPS59125009A Title not available 1 Ausschnitt C.P. et al., "Seeing the Forest of Trees: A New Approach to CD Control", SPIE. 1998, vol. 3332, 212-220. US7289190 * Apr 12, 2006 Oct 30, 2007 Nova Measuring Instruments Ltd. Monitoring apparatus and method particularly useful in photolithographically US7292959 * Jan 30, 2006 Nov 6, 2007 Advanced Mirco Devices, Inc. Total tool control for semiconductor manufacturing US7566181 * Sep 1, 2004 Jul 28, 2009 Tokyo Electron Limited Controlling critical dimensions of structures formed on a wafer in semiconductor processing WO2006028951A2 * Aug 31, 2005 Mar 16, 2006 Tokyo Electron Limited Controlling critical dimensions of structures formed on a wafer in semiconductor processing WO2006028951A3 * Aug 31, 2005 Apr 30, 2009 Alan Nolet Controlling critical dimensions of structures formed on a wafer in semiconductor processing U.S. Classification 355/27, 396/611, 356/237.5, 356/237.4, 356/73, 356/400 International Classification G03F7/26, B82B1/00, H01L21/027, G03F7/30, G03F7/20, G03B27/32, G03D5/00, G01N21/00, G01B11/00 Cooperative Classification G03F7/70675, G03F7/70991, G03F7/70616, G03F7/70525, G01N21/956, G03F7/7065, G01N21/9501, G03F7/70625, G01N2021/8867, G03F7/7075, G03F7/70633, H01L21/67155, G01N21/88, G03F7/70058, G01B11/14, G03F7/3028 European Classification G03F7/70L10D, G03F7/70L10N, G03F7/70N6D, G03F7/30C2, H01L21/67S2Z, G03F7/70L10B, G03F7/70L2H, G03F7/70P16, G03F7/70L10H, G03F7/70L10

Patent US4864142 - Method and apparatus for the noninvasive interrogation of objects - Google Patents Neutron elastic scatter resonance is employed for the noninvasive interrogation of objects as for example to detect explosives and narcotics in closed containers. A resonant scattering spectrum of the object is obtained by projecting a collimated, monoenergetic beam of neutrons onto the object, varying...http://www.google.com/patents/US4864142?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4864142 - Method and apparatus for the noninvasive interrogation of objects Publication number US4864142 A Application number US 07/142,810 Publication number 07142810, 142810, US 4864142 A, US 4864142A, US-A-4864142, US4864142 A, US4864142A Inventors Henry J. Gomberg Original Assignee Penetron, Inc. Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (177), Classifications (11), Legal Events (7) US 4864142 A US2567057 * Aug 2, 1948 Sep 4, 1951 Texas Co Chemical analysis using neutrons GB2150737A * Title not available GB2151837A * Title not available 1 Schrack et al., "Nuclear Fuel Assay Using Resonance Neutrons", Dimensions NBS, vol. 64, No. 4, May/Jun. 1980, pp. 21-23. 2 * Schrack et al., Nuclear Fuel Assay Using Resonance Neutrons , Dimensions NBS, vol. 64, No. 4, May/Jun. 1980, pp. 21 23. US5142153 * May 13, 1991 Aug 25, 1992 Penetron, Inc. Energy discriminating, resonant, neutron detector US5239906 * Feb 24, 1992 Aug 31, 1993 Black & Decker, Inc. Circular saw arrangement US6735279 * Jan 21, 2003 May 11, 2004 University Of Florida Snapshot backscatter radiography system and protocol US7027555 * Jan 10, 2004 Apr 11, 2006 Proctor Raymond J Mineral matter analyzer apparatus and method US7405409 Feb 17, 2006 Jul 29, 2008 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Neutron irradiative methods and systems US9255899 * Oct 13, 2010 Feb 9, 2016 Ihi Corporation Non-destructive inspection method and device US20040141585 * Jan 10, 2004 Jul 22, 2004 Proctor Raymond J. Mineral matter analyzer apparatus and method US20050018802 * Dec 16, 2003 Jan 27, 2005 Craig Richard A. Method and apparatus for the detection of hydrogenous materials US20070172030 * Aug 6, 2004 Jul 26, 2007 Melnychuk Stephan T Diamond based proton beam target for use in contraband detection systems US20080156997 * Feb 17, 2006 Jul 3, 2008 Regents Of The University Of Michigan Neutron irradiative methods and systems US20090168958 * Oct 27, 2008 Jul 2, 2009 Cristina Francesca Cozzini Apparatus and method for identifying components in a container US20120199746 * Oct 13, 2010 Aug 9, 2012 Ihi Corporation Non-destructive inspection method and device EP0917650A1 * Feb 21, 1997 May 26, 1999 Northrop Grumman Corporation Two-dimensional imaging backscatter probe EP0917650A4 * Feb 21, 1997 Nov 6, 2002 Northrop Grumman Corp Two-dimensional imaging backscatter probe WO1990013811A1 * May 8, 1990 Nov 15, 1990 Scientific Innovations, Inc. Nuclear resonances in activation analysis, and particularly, its application to detection of nitrogen based explosives in luggage WO1992021043A1 * May 8, 1992 Nov 26, 1992 Penetron, Inc. Energy discriminating, resonant, neutron detector WO2006085997A3 * Jul 20, 2005 Dec 7, 2006 Univ Florida Radiography by selective detection of scatter field velocity components U.S. Classification 250/390.04, 250/390.07, 376/159, 378/57, 250/390.02 International Classification G01V5/00, G01N23/204 Cooperative Classification G01N23/204, G01V5/0025 European Classification G01V5/00D2A, G01N23/204 Owner name: PENETRON, INC., ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, A CORP. OF MI Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GOMBERG, HENRY J.;REEL/FRAME:004857/0290 Owner name: PENETRON, INC., A CORP. OF MI, MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GOMBERG, HENRY J.;REEL/FRAME:004857/0290

Amazon.co.uk: Customer Reviews: Skydyes: A Visual Guide to Fabric Painting 5.0 out of 5 stars A beautifully illustrated and inspiring book., 12 Feb 2001 This review is from: Skydyes: A Visual Guide to Fabric Painting (Paperback) Skydyes is a beautifully illustrated book that makes you want to start painting your own fabric immediately. The instructions are clear and simple, making it easy to achieve results as good as those illustrated. The gallery of quilts gives plenty of ideas for using the fabrics that you create. It is a pleasure to browse through the pages even if you don't get around to trying any of the projects. 5.0 out of 5 stars Must have book, 21 Oct 2010 By Cakemad - See all my reviews I can't tell you how much I love this book. The most fun I have had in crafting projects for a long time, just like being a kid again. The projects make it easy to follow. I recommend making the mixing chart first as this helps get familiar with what the paints can do. It's a great buzz to paint your own fabric, it adds such a personal touch to any project. When all the projects are cut up and put together they really look profesional. I was'nt dissapointed and I don't think you will be either, if making something unique is your bag this book will rock your boat. If you buy this book and love it I recommend the DVD of the same name, the author is a brilliant lady. Have fun. 4.0 out of 5 stars Good basic book, 9 May 2011 By A. H. Ford "petiteamour" (England) - See all my reviews As a long time crafter I wanted to have a go at fabric painting. There is something very scary about that vast expanse of white fabric but this book really makes you feel you can have a go and that nothing you do is wrong or wasted.I would say that this book is suitable for a novice like me. Although I have experience of painting and colour mixing I wasn't sure about fabric paints. The author gives you details of how she mixes paints, how she achieves specific colours and she gives you simple colour photos showing the colours achieved by mixing specific paints. All of the instructions are very simple and come with photos. She explains things simply in a down to earth manner.Theres no jargon but the lady is American so expect US spelling and references to places in the US.She gives information on fabrics to use and how they will take paint. The main chapters are Getting started - paints, fabrics, applicators etc. The Sky - how to paint different types of sky. Beneath The Sky - painting the earth, sea, gardens, landscapes and how to achieve sunprints. Beyond the Sky chapter is a miscellany of how other artists have used the authors painted fabric in their work.There is a list of where to get resources but as this is an American book they are all in the US. I don't see this is a problem since you can get almost anything on line now.This is the personal tale of how this artist works from her fabric and paint preferences to how she dries her work. 5.0 out of 5 stars Skydyes, 23 Mar 2014 By Denise Maguire (Bedfordshire england) - See all my reviews This review is from: Skydyes: A Visual Guide to Fabric Painting (Kindle Edition) I was recommended this book by a professional silk painter, it's a brilliant book for either silk painting of to complement fabric painting with quilting 4.0 out of 5 stars Good guideline to use of dyes in art, 2 May 2013 By P. Nightingale "Paula Nightingale" (Lowestoft UK) - See all my reviews Useful guide for me as a beginner with fabric dyes! It is very technically and inspiring to experiment with dyes Skydyes: A Visual Guide to Fabric Painting by Mickey Lawler

Patriots Mike ReissSetting the schedule for Day 1 of New England Patriots training camp Story Tom Brady: Phones, footballs and a lawsuit Patriots' Tom Brady, Robert Kraft get taste of justice system LeGarrette Blount, Alan Branch open camp on non-football injury list Mike Leach doesn't know what the big deal is about Deflategate Patriots Blog » GordonEdes Gordon EdesJohn Farrell admits Pablo Sandoval's weight needs addressing http://t.co/uFUTisQuMj4 minutes ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesRick Porcello's start was one for the ages ... the dark ages http://t.co/lLLx2CL3P64 minutes ago MikeReiss Mike Reiss#Patriots hold first training camp practice this morning. Setting the schedule. http://t.co/Kf2FLsP9kJabout an hour ago MikeReiss Mike ReissRoster note: Veteran CB Tarell Brown will wear No. 9 for the start of training camp. #Patriotsabout 2 hours ago MikeReiss Mike ReissRecapping Wednesday's developments with Tom Brady's suspension, as NFLPA files suit in Minnesota. http://t.co/Ig7tMSuQwnabout 2 hours ago ESPNBostonHS ESPNBoston HSNortheast 7v7: Billerica takes New England title http://t.co/ddOvKwksnyabout 7 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesRapid Reaction: White Sox 9, Red Sox 2 http://t.co/xQhHUC8FuRabout 8 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesThinking the same thing https://t.co/sPErc2Yb3zabout 9 hours ago Gordon Edes retweetedjonmorosi Jon Morosi#Rangers prospects Nick Williams, Jorge Alfaro, and Jerad Eickhoff are in package going to #Phillies, source confirms. Others involved.about 9 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesEven if they are proven right, the Sox should have been too embarrassed to challenge that playabout 9 hours ago Gordon Edes retweetedmlbtraderumors MLB Trade RumorsRangers “Getting Close” On Hamels Trade http://t.co/zmtCDS7ldmabout 10 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesUm, somebody has embarrassed himself tonght, but it sure as hell isn't me. https://t.co/iXYrvl8oOnabout 10 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesSandoval out due to dehydration. This is not a joke. This was announced in pressboxabout 10 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesFirst "Let's go, Red Sox" chant of night starts up. Bogie bounces into DP. We return to regular programmingabout 10 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesNah, I can't maintain that pace https://t.co/OjbJvElQ6Xabout 10 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesThis close to trade deadline, a player coming out of game in 6th like Pablo typically means a trade. Let me know when you stop laughingabout 10 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesNewcomer Josh Rutledge in for Sandoval at third baseabout 10 hours ago MikeReiss Mike ReissRB LeGarrette Blount and DT Alan Branch open #Patriots training camp on active/non-football injury list. http://t.co/SITWLyuKlXabout 10 hours ago GordonEdes Gordon EdesThree hitless innings of relief from Craig Breslow. Sox plan pregame ceremony to honor him tomorrow nightabout 11 hours ago MikeReiss Mike ReissSome notable #Patriots stats as team prepares for first training camp practice Thursday. http://t.co/Z4R8r0OOBU (via @ESPNStatsInfo)about 11 hours ago Follow @ESPNBoston » Do you think the Patriots are completely innocent in Deflategate and are being railroaded by the NFL? 80% Yes ... otherwise, Robert Kraft and Tom Brady would not have come out as strong as they did Wednesday. 20% No ... there's a lot of circumstantial evidence here that shows they tampered with the footballs. (Total votes: 8,932)More Polls » Sandoval gets winded rounding bases Rick Porcello's start was one for the ages ... the dark ages John Farrell admits Pablo Sandoval's weight needs addressing Rapid Reaction: White Sox 9, Red Sox 2 White Sox crush Red Sox Full Schedule »Red Sox Blog »

Arpaio seeks investigation of his defeat in 2016 election | Daily Mail Online Published: 18:32 EDT, 21 June 2018 | Updated: 19:57 EDT, 21 June 2018 PHOENIX (AP) - Joe Arpaio is seeking an investigation into his claim that the U.S. Justice Department meddled in his unsuccessful 2016 campaign for sheriff in metro Phoenix. FILE - In this May 22, 2018, file photo, former Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio arrives at the Arizona Secretary of State's office in Phoenix, to turn in petition signatures in his bid to appear on the ballot in the race to succeed retiring U.S. Sen. Jeff Flake. Arpaio is seeking an investigation into his claim that the U.S. Justice Department meddled in his unsuccessful 2016 campaign for sheriff in metro Phoenix. Arpaio alleges the agency tried to sway voters against him by agreeing to prosecute a criminal case against him just weeks before the election. (AP Photo/Matt York, File) "It's unfortunate that Joe Arpaio is focused on re-litigating his unsuccessful 2016 election - as an Arizonan, I can tell you he lost because he doesn't have command of the issues affecting our state," said Shawn Dow, campaign manager for former state Sen. Kelli Ward, one of Arpaio's GOP primary opponents in the Senate race.

handmade oak furniture | eBay Refine your search for handmade oak furniture 10,632 results for handmade oak furniture Save handmade oak furniture to get e-mail alerts and updates on your eBay Feed. Unfollow handmade oak furniture to stop getting updates on your eBay feed. handmade oak furniture: New listing 100% Solid oak without veneer nest of 3 tables rustic solid oak nest of tables 36" White Marble Oak Table Top Handmade Turquoise Pietra Dura Lapis Lazuli Decor Vanity Unit-Bespoke-Rustic-Handmade-Washstand Solid Oak F&B Bathroom furniture See more like thisHandmade Custom Rustic British Colonial Pine Red Oak Stain Wood Wall Cabinet New listing Non Typical 3 Legged Log Side Table, End Table, Deck or Patio Furniture, Red Oak Antique Dollhouse Miniature Furniture OAK Wood HANDMADE German DINING HUTCH New listing 🍏10 Wood Slices Slabs 12-14" Placemat Farm Table Decor Kitchen White Oak Rustic Roll Top Desk Solid Oak 1/5 Scale Handmade Handcrafted Doll Furniture Oak Bow Back Youth Booster High Chair Child Toddler USA Handmade Wood Furniture Wonderful Early/Old Hand Made Oak Chair 1902 A AD DILLINGHAM SHOP HANDMADE SECRETAIRE OAK QUARTER SAWN FURNITURE 18" Doll or Small Bear Solid Oak Wooden School Desk Chair Furniture Toy Handmade Solid Shelf Rustic Wood Dark OaK Hand Made 60cm x 10cm, 24" x 4", String Mounted Antique Dollhouse Miniature Furniture OAK Wood HAND MADE DINING TRESTLE TABLE 60" Urbano Media Console Iron Oak Waxed Black Fawn Modern Handmade Contemporary Was: Previous price £1,332.67 Was: Previous price £1,884.44 + £188.52 postage Was: Previous price £120.96 DOLL CHAIR Classic Hump Back Handmade Oak Wood Furniture 18" Dolls Was: Previous price £604.64 Was: Previous price £2,066.79 Was: Previous price £3,164.99 + £316.50 postage 25" Long Arianna Bookcase Cabinet Solid Oak Wood Light Burnt Finish Handmade 603 Was: Previous price £1,555.67 + £155.57 postage £1,423.56 Was: Previous price £1,581.73 £1,927.04 Was: Previous price £2,141.16 Country Cotswold Oak Sideboard Handmade By Craftsmen New Modern Leather Chesterfield Handmade 3 Seater Sofa Settee Shelly Burnt Oak Miniature Oak Side Board, Modern, From Hudson Falls New York, Small Furniture Was: Previous price £696.61 Was: Previous price £1,379.42 £173.02 to £220.21 + £79.88 postage 50" W Benjamin Coffee Table Antique Brass Clad Rustic Black Sandy Oak Hand Made Was: Previous price £1,226.15 £7,684.88 + £768.49 postage 31" L Hailey occassional chair hand made light brown linen oak wood nailheads Was: Previous price £898.92 Handmade White Oak Whiskey Barrel Table £5,471.68 + £547.17 postage Was: Previous price £1,708.18 110" W Jose Dining Table Bleached Oak Bleached Pine Handmade Was: Previous price £2,340.30 70.75" Fernando Sideboard Oak Reclaimed Pine Light Brown Modern Handmade Contem Was: Previous price £2,374.89 55" Long Pio Coffee Table Black Burnt Solid Oak Wood Top Handmade 882 £1,035.25 Was: Previous price £1,150.28 78" w Joshua Bench american oak beige linen hand made spectacular quality Was: Previous price £804.66 £9,653.84 Was: Previous price £10,726.49 + £1,072.65 postage Home, Furniture & DIY (10,607) Bookcases, Shelving & Storage Furniture (4,197) Cabinets & Cupboards (2,198) Furniture (10,545) Fireplace Mantelpieces & Surrounds (1,279) Chests of Drawers (750) Coffee Tables (669) TV & Entertainment Stands (528) Wardrobes (448) This page was last updated: 19-Jul 12:14. Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. See each listing for international postage options and costs.

Designing Innovations - Angola, IN, US 46703 https://www.houzz.com/pro/rogerk2003/ copied to clipboard Roger Krueckeberg 610 S. Darling Asphalt Shingle Roofing, Attic Restoration, Baseboard Installation, Basement Remodeling, Bathroom Remodeling, Cedar Siding, Composition Roofing, Countertop Installation, Crown Molding Installation, Custom Cabinets, Custom Home Bars, Custom Homes, Deck Building, Deck Repair, Door Installation, Door Repair, Energy-Efficient Homes, Exterior Door Installation, Fireplace Installation, Foundation Construction, Garage Building, Gas Fireplace Installation, Home Additions, Home Extensions, Home Remodeling, House Framing, Kitchen Remodeling, Metal Roofing, New Home Construction, Outdoor Kitchen Construction, Porch Design & Construction, Roof Repair, Roof Replacement, Shed Design & Construction, Siding Installation, Siding Repair, Skylight Installation, Sliding Door Installation, Soffit Installation, Stair Installation, Subfloor Installation, Trim Work, Wainscoting, Wheelchair Ramp Installation, Wi Angola, Clear Lake, Fremont, Hamilton, Orland, Pleasant Lake, Coldwater Michigan 2001 & 2007 Parade of Homes winner 14 Projects for Designing Innovations Curlass New Home Martin Exterior Renovation Curlass Guest House 4 Reviews for Designing Innovations ansattic We completely remodlied a lake home built in 1939. Roger had a lot of good ideas for the project. His knowledge and expertise made the completed project a sucess. JohnandShirley Wojtczak Roger gave our simple lake cottage a new look with stone and cedar and added an attached garage to complete the build. He has a great eye for detail and is very easy to work with. We would highly recommend! Designing Innovations built our custom home. We love the unique design and finish of our home. The features of the home are creative and innovative. Our home includes custom solid oak beams (from trees on the property), travertine tile, a custom kitchen, deck and brick patio, a unique "castle" themed childrens bedroom, custom built book cases, and great landscaping. Designing Innovations craftsmanship and quality are at a level of perfection. They pay attention to the smallest detail, and always want to get it right. One of Designing Innovations strengths is the ability to provide unique and cost effective ideas to their clients. The ability to find the best solution to difficult situations is something that is hard to find these days. We would not hesitate to recommend Designing Innovations for any type of project, large to small. tomdanford The quality of the work was excellent. While the project is just over a year old it held up well over the first year which was a very harsh winter. The materials were not traditional deck materials yet the installation was well done and time was taken to properly learn how to install it. 3 Ideabooks for Designing Innovations Awsome Exteriors Commented: Can you give me information about the roof and what company to contactWho makes the roof and what color is it? Angola General Contractors · Bronson General Contractors · Fremont General Contractors · Edgerton General Contractors · Hamilton General Contractors · Reading General Contractors · Ashley General Contractors · Edon General Contractors · Hudson General Contractors · Camden General Contractors Angola Garage Door Sales · Angola Glass & Shower Door Dealers · Angola Handyman · Angola Hardwood Flooring Dealers · Angola Hot Tub & Spa Dealers · Angola Kitchen & Bath Fixtures · Angola Lighting · Angola Paint & Wall Coverings · Angola Siding & Exteriors · Angola Solar Energy Systems

Within La Tavola's butter-hued walls, decorative partitions and flowing red curtains subdivide the dining room. Amid these stately accents, owners Jill and Steve Sullivan present an elegant menu of contemporary Italian fare. Chicken and seafood arrive pan-seared or roasted with basil pesto and lemon-caper butter, whereas gamey meats such as rabbit complement traditional spiral and straight pastas. Diners may also requisition the sconce-laden space for private parties of up to 150 guests or 300 acrobats willing to stand atop one another's shoulders. Tips

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Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure... - PubMed - NCBI Display Settings: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend to:Choose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 21119711FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mail"SPAM" filtering software noticeAdd to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File See comment in PubMed Commons belowEur J Hum Genet. 2011 Mar;19(3):334-40. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. Epub 2010 Dec 1.Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon.Haber M1, Platt DE, Badro DA, Xue Y, El-Sibai M, Bonab MA, Youhanna SC, Saade S, Soria-Hernanz DF, Royyuru A, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PA; Genographic Consortium.Collaborators (38)Adhikarla S, Adler CJ, Balanovska E, Balanovsky O, Bertranpetit J, Clarke AC, Comas D, Cooper A, Der Sarkissian CS, Dulik MC, Erasmus CJ, Gaieski JB, GaneshPrasad A, Haak W, Hobbs A, Javed A, Jin L, Kaplan ME, Li S, Martínez-Cruz B, Matisoo-Smith EA, Melé M, Merchant NC, Mitchell RJ, Owings AC, Parida L, Pitchappan R, Quintana-Murci L, Renfrew C, Lacerda DR, Santos FR, Schurr TG, Soodyall H, Swamikrishnan P, John KV, Santhakumari AV, Vieira PP, Ziegle JS.Author information 1The Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon.AbstractCultural expansions, including of religions, frequently leave genetic traces of differentiation and in-migration. These expansions may be driven by complex doctrinal differentiation, together with major population migrations and gene flow. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic signature of the establishment of religious communities in a region where some of the most influential religions originated, using the Y chromosome as an informative male-lineage marker. A total of 3139 samples were analyzed, including 647 Lebanese and Iranian samples newly genotyped for 28 binary markers and 19 short tandem repeats on the non-recombinant segment of the Y chromosome. Genetic organization was identified by geography and religion across Lebanon in the context of surrounding populations important in the expansions of the major sects of Lebanon, including Italy, Turkey, the Balkans, Syria, and Iran by employing principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, and AMOVA. Timing of population differentiations was estimated using BATWING, in comparison with dates of historical religious events to determine if these differentiations could be caused by religious conversion, or rather, whether religious conversion was facilitated within already differentiated populations. Our analysis shows that the great religions in Lebanon were adopted within already distinguishable communities. Once religious affiliations were established, subsequent genetic signatures of the older differentiations were reinforced. Post-establishment differentiations are most plausibly explained by migrations of peoples seeking refuge to avoid the turmoil of major historical events.© 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1018-4813/11PMID: 21119711 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC3062011 Free PMC ArticleShareImages from this publication.See all images (4)Free textFigure 1Locations of samples analyzed. The blue dots on the map show the location of the samples used in this study. Highlighted on the map in pink is the extent of the seventh century Byzantine Empire. The inset shows the geographic subdivision of Lebanon with the current distribution of Maronites, dark blue being the highest frequencies of Maronites presence. The scale shows (absolute numbers) the Maronite population size. Geographic subdivisions of Lebanon, Syria, Iran, and Turkey are detailed in the Materials and methods. The color reproduction of this figure is available on the html full text version of the manuscript.Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in LebanonEur J Hum Genet. 2011 March;19(3):334-340.Figure 2Population genetic structure vs geography. (a) Scatter plot of populations indexed by the two leading principal components derived from Y-chromosomal haplogroup frequencies in Supplementary Table S3, and (b) MDS plot of Φ distances between populations derived from Y-STR data.Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in LebanonEur J Hum Genet. 2011 March;19(3):334-340.Figure 3Reduced median networks of J-M172, J-M267, and E-M35 showing STR haplotype distributions among populations; area is proportional to haplotype frequency, and color indicates populations. Connecting lines represent putative phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes.Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in LebanonEur J Hum Genet. 2011 March;19(3):334-340.Figure 4Composite BATWING population splitting tree representing larger populations in Lebanon compiled from two BATWING computations summarized in Supplementary Table S4. Numbers indicate branch lengths measured in years (see text for details).Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in LebanonEur J Hum Genet. 2011 March;19(3):334-340.Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Grant SupportPublication TypesResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tMeSH TermsChromosomes, Human, Y*Emigration and ImmigrationGene FlowGenetics, Population*GenotypeGeographyHumansIranItalyLebanonMaleMicrosatellite RepeatsPopulation Groups*SyriaTurkeyGrant SupportWellcome Trust/United KingdomLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesNature Publishing GroupEBSCOEurope PubMed CentralProQuestPubMed CentralPubMed Central CanadaOther Literature SourcesAccess more work from the authors - ResearchGatePubMed Commons home

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The price of ignoring migration concerns | Daily Mail Online The price of ignoring migration concerns Updated: 23:01 EDT, 22 August 2010 A survey by a Left-wing think-tank finally confirms what the country has known since the day Gordon Brown dismissed Gillian Duffy as a 'bigoted woman' for expressing her worries about unrestricted immigration. Voters' concerns over the issue, say the researchers for Demos, were a 'significant' reason for Labour's election defeat, with more than a third of those who deserted the party demanding tougher curbs. Few will be surprised, either, by the finding that the poorest worry most. Downfall: Gordon Brown dismissed Gillian Duffy over her concerns on immigration but it appears many in the country share her fears After all, they are the ones who have to compete hardest with migrants for housing, school places, hospital beds and low-paid jobs - while the rich in their privileged enclaves can enjoy the benefits of cheap labour from overseas. Indeed, of the poorest working-class voters, Demos finds almost half believe economic migrants 'on balance, damage the economy and society'. But when will their message get through to the election victors? Yes, the Mail understands that many businesses oppose tougher curbs on immigration, which would restrict their choice of employees. We realise, too, that many are concerned - as yesterday's depressing survey of 600 firms suggests - about falling standards of literacy and numeracy among homegrown school-leavers and graduates. But isn't it the politics of despair to abandon British workers to the dole, instead of training them properly to fill the available jobs? Surely the Coalition has an unshirkable duty to consider the wider interests of society - not to mention the clearly expressed feelings of the British people. Yet under pressure from the Lib Dems, the Tories are already said to be examining ways of easing next year's long-promised cap on numbers. Let today's findings be a warning to them: like Labour, the Coalition will ignore voters' concerns at its peril. Apparently with official clearance, the Home Office pathologist who examined Dr David Kelly's body breaks his seven-year silence to declare that the Iraq weapons inspector's death was a 'classic case of self-inflicted injury'. Nicholas Hunt goes on to offer point-bypoint answers to the doubts raised by eminent doctors, who have argued that Dr Kelly could not have died in the way described by the Hutton Inquiry. One question: what possible justification can there be for allowing Mr Hunt to share his recollections with a Sunday newspaper, while keeping his official post-mortem report secret for 70 years? Last week, Attorney General Dominic Grieve said he would consider ordering an inquest into Dr Kelly's death if new evidence was presented to him. Meanwhile, the pathologist himself says he would welcome a full public hearing to help lay to rest the doubts of the majority who question the suicide verdict. Dressed in baseball cap, trainers, T-shirt and trendy sunglasses, Foreign Secretary William Hague is pictured walking in London with the 25-year-old fellow Yorkshireman he has just employed as yet another special adviser. Granted, the photograph was taken before the former Tory leader, 50 next year, was appointed to uphold Britain's interests abroad. But in a world in which appearances count for so much, won't traditionalist toes curl at his choice of casual wear? The Mail has a high regard for Mr Hague. But for the sake of the dignity of his office, we recommend that he consigns his boy-band outfit to the charity shop.

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The Secrets of the Notebook: A Woman's Quest to Uncover Her Royal Family Secret by Eve Haas, Hardcover | Barnes & Noble Eve HaasEve Haas “The beautiful owner of this book is dearer to me than my life – August your protector.” This one sentence was the key to a mystery involving some of the greatest and most infamous figures in European history, from Frederick the Great to Napoleon and Hitler—and solved by the author of this book.Eve Haas is the daughter of a German Jewish family that took refuge in London after Hitler came to power. Following a terrifying air raid in the blitz, her father revealed the family secret, that her great-great grandmother Emilie was married to a Prussian prince. He then showed her the treasured leather-bound notebook inscribed to Emilie by the prince. Her parents were reluctant to learn more, but later in life, when Eve was married and inherited the diary, she became obsessed with proving this birthright. The Secrets of the Notebook tells how she follows the clues, from experts on European royalty in London to archives in West Germany and then, under threat of being arrested as a spy by the Communist regime, to an archive in East Germany that had never before opened its doors to the West. What she unearths is a love story set against the upheaval of the Napoleonic wars and the antiSemitism of the Prussian court, and a ruse that both protected Emilie’s daughter and probably condemned her granddaughter—Eve’s beloved grandmother, Anna—to death in the Nazi camps.When first published in the UK, The Secrets of the Notebook was an Irish Times bestseller. A movie based on the book is in production. Read More

Roll & Hill opens it first showroom in SoHo on May 14th.CreditCreditJeffrey Schad, courtesy of Roll & Hill

Patent US20040131075 - Method and system for a multicast service initiation in a communication system - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsMethod and a system for multicast service notification in cellular telephone system to enable the cellular telephone systems to provide both multicast and point-to-point services are disclosed. Several embodiments describe the signaling interaction between an access network and subscriber stations belonging...http://www.google.com/patents/US20040131075?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20040131075 - Method and system for a multicast service initiation in a communication systemAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS20040131075 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/192,132Publication dateJul 8, 2004Filing dateJul 9, 2002Priority dateJul 9, 2002Also published asCN1675955A, CN100508651C, CN101136686A, CN101136686B, EP1522203A1, EP1522203B1, EP1793642A2, EP1793642A3, EP1793642B1, US7796631, WO2004006614A2Publication number10192132, 192132, US 2004/0131075 A1, US 2004/131075 A1, US 20040131075 A1, US 20040131075A1, US 2004131075 A1, US 2004131075A1, US-A1-20040131075, US-A1-2004131075, US2004/0131075A1, US2004/131075A1, US20040131075 A1, US20040131075A1, US2004131075 A1, US2004131075A1InventorsRagulan Sinnarajah, Jun Wang, Nikolai Leung, Tao ChenOriginal AssigneeRagulan Sinnarajah, Jun Wang, Leung Nikolai K.N., Tao ChenExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Referenced by (52), Classifications (13), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and system for a multicast service initiation in a communication system US 20040131075 A1Abstract Method and a system for multicast service notification in cellular telephone system to enable the cellular telephone systems to provide both multicast and point-to-point services are disclosed. Several embodiments describe the signaling interaction between an access network and subscriber stations belonging to a multicast group to allow the access network to assign a channel conveying the multicast service between the access network and the subscriber stations. Images(19) Claims(148) What is claimed is: 1. A method for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: including a channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message; and transmitting the periodically repeated message on a first channel. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said including a channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message comprises: including a channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message; said message further comprising a multicast service notification. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said including a channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message comprises: including a shared channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message. 4. A method for a multicast service channel assignment to a subscriber station in a communication system, comprising: monitoring a periodically repeated message on a channel; and decoding the periodically repeated message to determine if a multicast service notification and a channel assignment information was included in the periodically repeated message. 5. A method for a channel assignment for a multicast service in a communication system, comprising: including a channel assignment information and a multicast service notification into a message; and transmitting the message at least once on a first channel. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein said including a channel assignment information into a message comprises: including a shared channel assignment information into the message. 7. A method for a channel assignment for a multicast service in a communication system, comprising: monitoring a slot of a channel; and decoding a message conveyed in the slot to determine if a channel assignment information and a multicast service notification was included in the message. 8. A method for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: broadcasting a multicast service notification; receiving at least one response to said broadcasted multicast service notification; and assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said received at least one response. 9. The method as claimed in claim 8 wherein said assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response comprises: assigning a shared multicast service channel if the number of responses exceeds a pre-determined threshold. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein said assigning a shared multicast service channel comprises: including the shared multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: transmitting the message in any slot of a first channel. 12. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: including an indicator into a pre-determined slot on a first channel; and including the message into a slot on a second channel, the slot corresponding to the pre-determined slot on the first channel, if a channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12 wherein said including the indicator into a pre-determined slot comprises: determining a broadcast paging cycle; and including the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13 wherein said including the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle comprises: including the indicator into the first slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 15. The method as claimed in claim 12 wherein said including a message into a slot on a second channel comprises: including the message into the slot on the second channel, the slot being offset from the pre-determined slot on the first channel by a pre-determined interval. 16. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: including an indicator into a first slot on a first channel; and including the message into a second slot on a second channel, the second slot corresponding to the first slot, if a channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 17. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein said including an indicator into a first slot comprises: determining a multicast paging cycle; and determining the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier. 18. The method as claimed in claim 17 wherein said determining the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier comprises: inputting the multicast paging cycle and the multicast group identifier into a hashing function; and setting the first slot to a value outputted by the hashing function. 19. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein said including a message into a second slot on a second channel comprises: including the message into the second slot on the second channel, the second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval. 20. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein said second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval comprises: second slot being offset from the first slot by 100 milliseconds. 21. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said broadcasting a multicast service notification comprises: broadcasting a multicast service notification and a slot indicator. 22. The method as claimed in claim 21 wherein said assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response comprises: including a shared multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and transmitting the message in a slot indicated by the slot indicator on a first channel. 23. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprising: determining the at least one slot on the at least one channel in accordance with said received at least one response; and transmitting the message in said determined at least one slot of the at least one channel. 24. The method as claimed in claim 8 wherein said assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response comprises: assigning a dedicated multicast service channels if the number of responses is below the pre-determined threshold. 25. The method as claimed in claim 24 wherein said assigning a dedicated multicast service channels comprises: including the dedicated multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel. 26. The method as claimed in claim 25 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: determining the at least one slot on the at least one channel in accordance with said received at least one response; and transmitting the message in said determined at least one slot of the at least one channel. 27. The method as claimed in claim 25 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: transmitting the message in any slot of the first channel. 28. The method as claimed in claim 25 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: including an indicator into a pre-determined slot on a first channel; and including the message into a slot on a second channel, the slot corresponding to the pre-determined slot on the first channel, if a channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 29. The method as claimed in claim 28 wherein said including the indicator into a pre-determined slot comprises: determining a broadcast paging cycle; and including the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 30. The method as claimed in claim 29 wherein said including the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle comprises: including the indicator into the first slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 31. The method as claimed in claim 28 wherein said including a message into a slot on a second channel comprises: including the message into the slot on the second channel, the slot being offset from the pre-determined slot on the first channel by a pre-determined interval. 32. The method as claimed in claim 25 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: including an indicator into a first slot on a first channel; and including the message into a second slot on a second channel, the second slot corresponding to the first slot, if a channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 33. The method as claimed in claim 32 wherein said including an indicator into a first slot comprises: determining a multicast paging cycle; and determining the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier. 34. The method as claimed in claim 33 wherein said determining the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier comprises: inputting the multicast paging cycle and the multicast group identifier into a hashing function; and setting the first slot to a value outputted by the hashing function. 35. The method as claimed in claim 32 wherein said including a message into a second slot on a second channel comprises: including the message into the second slot on the second channel, the second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval. 36. The method as claimed in claim 35 wherein said second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval comprises: second slot being offset from the first slot by 100 milliseconds. 37. The method as claimed in claim 24 wherein said broadcasting a multicast service notification comprises: broadcasting a multicast service notification and a slot indicator. 38. The method as claimed in claim 25 wherein said assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response comprises: including a dedicated multicast service channels assignment information into a message; and transmitting the message in a slot indicated by the slot indicator on a first channel. 39. A method for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: including a channel assignment information into a plurality of messages; and transmitting the plurality of messages on a first channel. 40. The method as claimed in claim 39 wherein said including a channel assignment information into a plurality of messages comprises: including a channel assignment information into a plurality of messages; said message comprising a multicast service notification. 41. The method as claimed in claim 40 wherein said including a channel assignment information into a plurality of messages comprises: including a shared channel assignment information into the plurality of messages. 42. A method for a multicast service channel assignment to a subscriber station in a communication system, comprising: monitoring a periodically repeated message on a channel; and decoding the periodically repeated message to determine if a multicast service notification and a channel assignment information was included in the periodically repeated message. 43. The method as claimed in claim 40 wherein said including a channel assignment information into a plurality of messages comprises: including a dedicated channel assignment information into a message of the plurality of messages. 44. A method for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: including a multicast service notification into a plurality of messages; transmitting the plurality of messages on a first channel. receiving at least one response to said plurality of messages; and assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said received at least one response. 45. The method as claimed in claim 44 wherein said assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response comprises: assigning a shared multicast service channel if the number of responses exceeds a pre-determined threshold. 46. The method as claimed in claim 45 wherein said assigning a shared multicast service channel comprises: including the shared multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and transmitting the message at least once on a first channel. 47. The method as claimed in claim 46 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on a first channel comprises: transmitting the message in any slot of the first channel. 48. The method as claimed in claim 46 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: including an indicator into a pre-determined slot on a first channel; and including the message into a slot on a second channel, the slot corresponding to the pre-determined slot on the first channel, if a channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 49. The method as claimed in claim 48 wherein said including the indicator into a pre-determined slot comprises: determining a broadcast paging cycle; and including the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 50. The method as claimed in claim 49 wherein said including the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle comprises: including the indicator into the first slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 51. The method as claimed in claim 48 wherein said including a message into a slot on a second channel comprises: including the message into the slot on the second channel, the slot being offset from the pre-determined slot on the first channel by a pre-determined interval. 52. The method as claimed in claim 46 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: including an indicator into a first slot on a first channel; and including the message into a second slot on a second channel, the second slot corresponding to the first slot, if a channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 53. The method as claimed in claim 52 wherein said including an indicator into a first slot comprises: determining a multicast paging cycle; and determining the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier. 54. The method as claimed in claim 53 wherein said determining the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier comprises: inputting the multicast paging cycle and the multicast group identifier into a hashing function; and setting the first slot to a value outputted by the hashing function. 55. The method as claimed in claim 52 wherein said including a message into a second slot on a second channel comprises: including the message into the second slot on the second channel, the second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval. 56. The method as claimed in claim 55 wherein said second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval comprises: second slot being offset from the first slot by 100 milliseconds. 57. The method as claimed in claim 46 wherein said including a multicast service notification into a plurality of messages comprises: including a multicast service notification and a slot indicator into a plurality of messages. 58. The method as claimed in claim 57 wherein said assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response comprises: including a shared multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and transmitting the message in a slot indicated by the slot indicator on a first channel. 59. The method as claimed in claim 46 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprising: determining the at least one slot on the at least one channel in accordance with said received at least one response; and transmitting the message in said determined at least one slot of the at least one channel. 60. The method as claimed in claim 44 wherein said assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response comprises: assigning a dedicated multicast service channels if the number of responses is below the pre-determined threshold. 61. The method as claimed in claim 60 wherein said assigning a dedicated multicast service channels comprises: including the dedicated multicast service channels assignment information into a message; and transmitting the message at least once on a first channel. 62. The method as claimed in claim 61 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on a first channel comprises: determining at least one slot in accordance with said received at least one response; and transmitting the message in said determined at least one slot of the first channel. 63. The method as claimed in claim 61 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on a first channel comprises: transmitting the message in any slot of the first channel. 64. The method as claimed in claim 61 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: including an indicator into a pre-determined slot on a first channel; and including the message into a slot on a second channel, the slot corresponding to the pre-determined slot on the first channel, if a channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 65. The method as claimed in claim 64 wherein said including the indicator into a pre-determined slot comprises: determining a broadcast paging cycle; and including the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 66. The method as claimed in claim 65 wherein said including the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle comprises: including the indicator into the first slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 67. The method as claimed in claim 64 wherein said including a message into a slot on a second channel comprises: including the message into the slot on the second channel, the slot being offset from the pre-determined slot on the first channel by a pre-determined interval. 68. The method as claimed in claim 61 wherein said transmitting the message at least once on at least one channel comprises: including an indicator into a first slot on a first channel; and including the message into a second slot on a second channel, the second slot corresponding to the first slot, if a channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 69. The method as claimed in claim 68 wherein said including an indicator into a first slot comprises: determining a multicast paging cycle; and determining the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier. 70. The method as claimed in claim 69 wherein said determining the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier comprises: inputting the multicast paging cycle and the multicast group identifier into a hashing function; and setting the first slot to a value outputted by the hashing function. 71. The method as claimed in claim 70 wherein said including a message into a second slot on a second channel comprises: including the message into the second slot on the second channel, the second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval. 72. The method as claimed in claim 68 wherein said second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval comprises: second slot being offset from the first slot by 100 milliseconds. 73. The method as claimed in claim 61 wherein said including a multicast service notification into a plurality of messages comprises: including a multicast service notification and a slot indicator into a plurality of messages. 74. The method as claimed in claim 73 wherein said assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response comprises: including a dedicated multicast service channels assignment information into a message; and transmitting the message in a slot indicated by the slot indicator on a first channel. 75. An apparatus for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: a transmitter; a processor coupled to the transmitter; and a storage medium coupled to the processor and containing a set of instructions executable by the processor to: include a channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message; and cause the transmitter to transmit the periodically repeated message on a first channel. 76. The apparatus as claimed in claim 75 wherein said processor includes channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message by executing a set of instructions to: include channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message; said message further comprising a multicast service notification. 77. The apparatus as claimed in claim 75 wherein said processor includes channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message by executing a set of instructions to: include a shared channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message. 78. An apparatus for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: a subscriber station configured to: monitor a periodically repeated message on a channel; and decode the periodically repeated message to determine if a multicast service notification and channel assignment information was included in the periodically repeated message. 79. An apparatus for a channel assignment for a multicast service in a communication system, comprising: a transmitter; a processor coupled to the transmitter; and a storage medium coupled to the processor and containing a set of instructions executable by the processor to: include channel assignment information and a multicast service notification into a message; and cause the transmitter to transmit the message at least once on a first channel. 80. The apparatus as claimed in claim 79 wherein said processor includes channel assignment information into a message by executing a set of instructions to: include a shared channel assignment information into the message. 81. An apparatus for a channel assignment for a multicast service in a communication system, comprising: a subscriber station configure to: monitor a slot of a channel; and decode a message conveyed in the slot to determine if channel assignment information and a multicast service notification was included in the message. 82. An apparatus for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: a processor; and a storage medium coupled to the processor and containing a set of instructions executable by the processor to: broadcast a multicast service notification; receive at least one response to said broadcasted multicast service notification; and assign the multicast service channel in accordance with said received at least one response. 83. The apparatus as claimed in claim 82 wherein said processor assigns the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response by executing a set of instructions to: assign a shared multicast service channel if the number of responses exceeds a pre-determined threshold. 84. The apparatus as claimed in claim 83 further comprising: a transmitter coupled to said processor, wherein said processor assigns a shared multicast service channel by executing a set of instructions to: include the shared multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel. 85. The apparatus as claimed in claim 84 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel by executing a set of instructions to: cause said transmitter to transmit the message in any slot of a first channel. 86. The apparatus as claimed in claim 84 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel by executing a set of instructions to: include an indicator into a pre-determined slot on a first channel; and include the message into a slot on a second channel, the slot corresponding to the pre-determined slot on the first channel, if channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 87. The apparatus as claimed in claim 86 wherein said processor includes the indicator into a pre-determined slot by executing a set of instructions to: determine a broadcast paging cycle; and include the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 88. The apparatus as claimed in claim 87 wherein said processor includes the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle by executing a set of instructions to: include the indicator into the first slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 89. The apparatus as claimed in claim 86 wherein said processor includes a message into a slot on a second channel by executing a set of instructions to: include the message into the slot on the second channel, the slot being offset from the pre-determined slot on the first channel by a pre-determined interval. 90. The apparatus as claimed in claim 84 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel by executing a set of instructions to: include an indicator into a first slot on a first channel; and include the message into a second slot on a second channel, the second slot corresponding to the first slot, if channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 91. The apparatus as claimed in claim 90 wherein said processor includes an indicator into a first slot by executing a set of instructions to: determine a multicast paging cycle; and determine the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier. 92. The apparatus as claimed in claim 91 wherein said processor determines the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier by executing a set of instructions to: input the multicast paging cycle and the multicast group identifier into a hashing function; and set the first slot to a value outputted by the hashing function. 93. The apparatus as claimed in claim 90 wherein said processor includes a message into a second slot on a second channel by executing a set of instructions to: include the message into the second slot on the second channel, the second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval. 94. The apparatus as claimed in claim 93 wherein said processor offsets the second slot from the first slot by a pre-determined interval by executing a set of instructions to: offset the second slot from the first slot by 100 milliseconds. 95. The apparatus as claimed in claim 84 wherein said processor broadcasts a multicast service notification processing a set of instructions to: broadcast a multicast service notification and a slot indicator. 96. The apparatus as claimed in claim 95 wherein said processor assigns the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response processing a set of instructions to: include a shared multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message in a slot indicated by the slot indicator on a first channel. 97. The apparatus as claimed in claim 84 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel processing a set of instructions to: determine the at least one slot on the at least one channel in accordance with said received at least one response; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message in said determined at least one slot of the at least one channel. 98. The apparatus as claimed in claim 82 wherein said processor assigns the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response processing a set of instructions to: assign a dedicated multicast service channels if the number of responses is below the pre-determined threshold. 99. The apparatus as claimed in claim 98 wherein said processor assigns a dedicated multicast service channels processing a set of instructions to: include the dedicated multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel. 100. The apparatus as claimed in claim 99 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel processing a set of instructions to: determine the at least one slot on the at least one channel in accordance with said received at least one response; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message in said determined at least one slot of the at least one channel. 101. The apparatus as claimed in claim 99 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel processing a set of instructions to: cause said transmitter to transmit the message in any slot of the first channel. 102. The apparatus as claimed in claim 99 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel processing a set of instructions to: include an indicator into a pre-determined slot on a first channel; and include the message into a slot on a second channel, the slot corresponding to the pre-determined slot on the first channel, if channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 103. The apparatus as claimed in claim 102 wherein said processor includes the indicator into a pre-determined slot processing a set of instructions to: determine a broadcast paging cycle; and include the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 104. The apparatus as claimed in claim 103 wherein said processor includes the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle processing a set of instructions to: include the indicator into the first slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 105. The apparatus as claimed in claim 102 wherein said processor includes a message into a slot on a second channel processing a set of instructions to: include the message into the slot on the second channel, the slot being offset from the pre-determined slot on the first channel by a pre-determined interval. 106. The apparatus as claimed in claim 99 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel processing a set of instructions to: include an indicator into a first slot on a first channel; and include the message into a second slot on a second channel, the second slot corresponding to the first slot, if channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 107. The apparatus as claimed in claim 106 wherein said processor includes an indicator into a first slot processing a set of instructions to: determine a multicast paging cycle; and determine the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier. 108. The apparatus as claimed in claim 107 wherein said processor determines the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier processing a set of instructions to: input the multicast paging cycle and the multicast group identifier into a hashing function; and set the first slot to a value outputted by the hashing function. 109. The apparatus as claimed in claim 106 wherein said processor includes a message into a second slot on a second channel processing a set of instructions to: include the message into the second slot on the second channel, the second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval. 110. The apparatus as claimed in claim 109 wherein said processor offsets the second slot from the first slot by a pre-determined interval processing a set of instructions to: offset the second slot from the first slot by 100 milliseconds. 111. The apparatus as claimed in claim 98 wherein said processor broadcasts a multicast service notification processing a set of instructions to: broadcast a multicast service notification and a slot indicator. 112. The apparatus as claimed in claim 99 wherein said processor assigns the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response processing a set of instructions to: include a dedicated multicast service channels assignment information into a message; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message in a slot indicated by the slot indicator on a first channel. 113. An apparatus for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: a transmitter; a processor coupled to the transmitter; and a storage medium coupled to the processor and containing a set of instructions executable by the processor to: include channel assignment information into a plurality of messages; and cause said transmitter to transmit the plurality of messages on a first channel. 114. The apparatus as claimed in claim 113 wherein said processor includes channel assignment information into a plurality of messages by executing a set of instructions to: include channel assignment information into a plurality of messages; said message comprising a multicast service notification. 115. The apparatus as claimed in claim 114 wherein said processor includes channel assignment information into a plurality of messages by executing a set of instructions to: include a shared channel assignment information into the plurality of messages. 116. An apparatus for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: a subscriber station configured to: monitor a periodically repeated message on a channel; and decode the periodically repeated message to determine if a multicast service notification and channel assignment information was included in the periodically repeated message. 117. The apparatus as claimed in claim 114 wherein said processor includes channel assignment information into a plurality of messages by executing a set of instructions to: include a dedicated channel assignment information into a message of the plurality of messages. 118. An apparatus for a multicast service channel assignment in a communication system, comprising: a transmitter; a receiver; a processor coupled to said transmitter and said receiver; and a storage medium coupled to the processor and containing a set of instructions executable by the processor to: include a multicast service notification into a plurality of messages; cause said transmitter to transmit the plurality of messages on a first channel. cause said receiver to receive at least one response to said plurality of messages; and assign the multicast service channel in accordance with said received at least one response. 119. The apparatus as claimed in claim 118 wherein said processor assigns the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response by executing a set of instructions to: assign a shared multicast service channel if the number of responses exceeds a pre-determined threshold. 120. The apparatus as claimed in claim 119 wherein said processor assigns a shared multicast service channel by executing a set of instructions to: include the shared multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on a first channel. 121. The apparatus as claimed in claim 120 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on a first channel by executing a set of instructions to: cause said transmitter to transmit the message in any slot of the first channel. 122. The apparatus as claimed in claim 120 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel by executing a set of instructions to: include an indicator into a pre-determined slot on a first channel; and include the message into a slot on a second channel, the slot corresponding to the pre-determined slot on the first channel, if channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 123. The apparatus as claimed in claim 122 wherein said processor includes the indicator into a pre-determined slot by executing a set of instructions to: determine a broadcast paging cycle; and include the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 124. The apparatus as claimed in claim 123 wherein said processor includes the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle by executing a set of instructions to: include the indicator into the first slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 125. The apparatus as claimed in claim 122 wherein said processor includes a message into a slot on a second channel by executing a set of instructions to: include the message into the slot on the second channel, the slot being offset from the pre-determined slot on the first channel by a pre-determined interval. 126. The apparatus as claimed in claim 120 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel by executing a set of instructions to: include an indicator into a first slot on a first channel; and include the message into a second slot on a second channel, the second slot corresponding to the first slot, if channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 127. The apparatus as claimed in claim 126 wherein said processor includes an indicator into a first slot by executing a set of instructions to: determine a multicast paging cycle; and determine the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier. 128. The apparatus as claimed in claim 127 wherein said processor determines the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier by executing a set of instructions to: input the multicast paging cycle and the multicast group identifier into a hashing function; and set the first slot to a value outputted by the hashing function. 129. The apparatus as claimed in claim 126 wherein said processor includes a message into a second slot on a second channel by executing a set of instructions to: include the message into the second slot on the second channel, the second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval. 130. The apparatus as claimed in claim 129 wherein said processor offsets the second slot from the first slot by a pre-determined interval by executing a set of instructions to: offset the second slot from the first slot by 100 milliseconds. 131. The apparatus as claimed in claim 120 wherein said processor includes a multicast service notification into a plurality of messages by executing a set of instructions to: include a multicast service notification and a slot indicator into a plurality of messages. 132. The apparatus as claimed in claim 131 wherein said processor assigns the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response by executing a set of instructions to: include a shared multicast service channel assignment information into a message; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message in a slot indicated by the slot indicator on a first channel. 133. The apparatus as claimed in claim 120 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel by executing a set of instructions to: determine the at least one slot on the at least one channel in accordance with said received at least one response; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message in said determined at least one slot of the at least one channel. 134. The apparatus as claimed in claim 118 wherein said processor assigns the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response by executing a set of instructions to: assign a dedicated multicast service channels if the number of responses is below the pre-determined threshold. 135. The apparatus as claimed in claim 134 wherein said processor assigns a dedicated multicast service channels by executing a set of instructions to: include the dedicated multicast service channels assignment information into a message; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on a first channel. 136. The apparatus as claimed in claim 135 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on a first channel by executing a set of instructions to: determine at least one slot in accordance with said received at least one response; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message in said determined at least one slot of the first channel. 137. The apparatus as claimed in claim 135 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on a first channel by executing a set of instructions to: cause said transmitter to transmit the message in any slot of the first channel. 138. The apparatus as claimed in claim 135 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel by executing a set of instructions to: include an indicator into a pre-determined slot on a first channel; and include the message into a slot on a second channel, the slot corresponding to the pre-determined slot on the first channel, if channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 139. The apparatus as claimed in claim 138 wherein said processor includes the indicator into a pre-determined slot by executing a set of instructions to: determine a broadcast paging cycle; and include the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 140. The apparatus as claimed in claim 139 wherein said processor includes the indicator into an n-th slot of each broadcast paging cycle by executing a set of instructions to: include the indicator into the first slot of each broadcast paging cycle. 141. The apparatus as claimed in claim 138 wherein said processor includes a message into a slot on a second channel by executing a set of instructions to: include the message into the slot on the second channel, the slot being offset from the pre-determined slot on the first channel by a pre-determined interval. 142. The apparatus as claimed in claim 135 wherein said processor causes said transmitter to transmit the message at least once on at least one channel by executing a set of instructions to: include an indicator into a first slot on a first channel; and include the message into a second slot on a second channel, the second slot corresponding to the first slot, if channel assignment information was indicated by the indicator. 143. The apparatus as claimed in claim 142 wherein said processor includes an indicator into a first slot by executing a set of instructions to: determine a multicast paging cycle; and determine the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier. 144. The apparatus as claimed in claim 143 wherein said processor determines the first slot in accordance with the multicast paging cycle and a multicast group identifier by executing a set of instructions to: input the multicast paging cycle and the multicast group identifier into a hashing function; and set the first slot to a value outputted by the hashing function. 145. The apparatus as claimed in claim 144 wherein said processor includes a message into a second slot on a second channel by executing a set of instructions to: include the message into the second slot on the second channel, the second slot being offset from the first slot by a pre-determined interval. 146. The apparatus as claimed in claim 142 wherein said processor offsets the second slot from the first slot by a pre-determined interval by executing a set of instructions to: offset the second slot from the first slot by 100 milliseconds. 147. The apparatus as claimed in claim 135 wherein said processor includes a multicast service notification into a plurality of messages by executing a set of instructions to: include a multicast service notification and a slot indicator into a plurality of messages. 148. The apparatus as claimed in claim 147 wherein said processor assigns the multicast service channel in accordance with said receiving at least one response by executing a set of instructions to: include a dedicated multicast service channels assignment information into a message; and cause said transmitter to transmit the message in a slot indicated by the slot indicator on a first channel. BACKGROUND [0001] 1. Field [0002] The present invention relates to multicast communications, in a wireline or a wireless communication system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for a multicast service initiation in such a communication system. [0003] 2. Background [0004] Communication systems have been developed to allow transmission of information signals from an origination station to a physically distinct destination station. In transmitting an information signal from the origination station over a communication channel, the information signal is first converted into a form suitable for efficient transmission over the communication channel. Conversion, or modulation, of the information signal involves varying a parameter of a carrier wave in accordance with the information signal in such a way that the spectrum of the resulting modulated carrier wave is confined within the communication channel bandwidth. At the destination station, the original information signal is reconstructed from the modulated carrier wave received over the communication channel. In general, such a reconstruction is achieved by using an inverse of the modulation process employed by the origination station. [0005] Modulation also facilitates multiple-access, i.e., simultaneous transmission and/or reception, of several signals over a common communication channel. Multiple-access communication systems often include a plurality of remote subscriber units requiring intermittent access of relatively short duration rather than continuous access to the common communication channel. Several multiple-access techniques are known in the art, such as time division multiple-access (TDMA), and frequency division multiple-access (FDMA). Another type of a multiple-access technique is a code division multiple-access (CDMA) spread spectrum system that conforms to the “TIA/EIA/IS-95 Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wide-Band Spread Spectrum Cellular System,” hereinafter referred to as the IS-95 standard. The use of CDMA techniques in a multiple-access communication system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307, entitled “SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE-ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS,” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM,” both assigned to the assignee of the present invention. [0006] A multiple-access communication system may be a wireless or wire-line and may carry voice traffic and/or data traffic. An example of a communication system carrying both voice and data traffic is a system in accordance with the IS-95 standard, which specifies transmitting voice and data traffic over the communication channel. A method for transmitting data in code channel frames of fixed size is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,773, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE FORMATTING OF DATA FOR TRANSMISSION”, assigned to the assignee of the present invention. In accordance with the IS-95 standard, the data traffic or voice traffic is partitioned into code channel frames that are 20 milliseconds wide with data rates as high as 14.4 Kbps. Additional examples of communication systems carrying both voice and data traffic comprise communication systems conforming to the “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP), embodied in a set of documents including Document Nos. 3G TS 25.211, 3G TS 25.212, 3G TS 25.213, and 3G TS 25.214 (the W-CDMA standard), or “TR-45.5 Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems” (the IS-2000 standard). [0007] In a multiple-access wireless communication system, communications between users are conducted through one or more base stations. The term user refers to both animate and inanimate entities. A first user on one wireless subscriber station communicates to a second user on a second wireless subscriber station by conveying information signal on a reverse link to a base station. The base station receives the information signal and conveys the information signal on a forward link to the second subscriber station. If the second subscriber station is not in the area served by the base station, the base station routs the data to another base station, in whose service area the area the second subscriber station is. The second base station then conveys the information signal on a forward link to the second subscriber station. The forward link refers to transmission from a base station to a wireless subscriber station and the reverse link refers to transmission from a wireless subscriber station to a base station. Likewise, the communication can be conducted between a first user on a wireless subscriber station and a second user on a landline station. A base station receives the data from the first user on the wireless subscriber station on a reverse link, and routes the data through a public switched telephone network (PSTN) to the second user on a landline station. In many communication systems, e.g., IS-95, W-CDMA, IS-2000, the forward link and the reverse link are allocated separate frequencies. [0008] The above described wireless communication system is an example of a point-to-point service, where information from the first user is intended for the second user only. In contrast, a multicast service is a service where the information provided by a source, a user or a content server, is intended for a subset of all users. A model of a multicast system comprises a selected group of users, defined by the user's group membership. The group membership comprises users of subscriber stations subscribed to a particular multicast content. For brevity, the term “member subscriber station” is used to mean “user on a subscriber station” unless stated otherwise. [0009] In one such a model the member subscriber stations are provided information with a certain content, e.g., news, movies, sports events and the like by one or more content servers via an assess network. The term access network is used herein to mean a collection of base stations and one or more base stations' controllers. Each member subscriber station monitors a forward link channel, over which the information is conveyed. The forward link channel may be shared among the member subscriber stations or may be established between each member subscriber station and the access network's station, e.g., a base station serving the member subscriber station. Because the content server fixedly determines the content, the member subscriber stations are generally not communicating back to the access network. [0010] Alternatively, the source of information is a user, a member of the selected group; the user providing information intended for the remaining members of the selected group. If the user wishes to provide information, the user notifies the communication system, e.g., by pressing a push-to-talk (PTT) button. Typically, the user provided information is routed from the subscriber station to a base station on a dedicated reverse link. The base station then conveys the user provided information over a multicast forward link. As in case of the point-to-point communication system, the multicast communication system allows both landline and wireless subscriber station to access the system. The above-described service is also referred to as a group service. Examples of group service communication systems include dispatch services, such as local police radio systems, taxicab dispatch systems, Federal Bureau of Intelligence and Secret Service operations, and general military communication systems. [0011] The above-mentioned multicast service communication systems are generally highly specialized purpose-build communication systems. With recent advancements in wireless cellular telephone systems there has been an interest in utilizing the existing infrastructure of the (mainly point-to-point) cellular telephone systems for multicast services. (As used herein, the term “cellular” systems encompasses both cellular and PCS frequencies.) [0012] Introduction of a multicast services to cellular telephone systems requires integration of multicast services with the point-to-point services provided by the current cellular telephone systems. Specifically, both the access network and the subscriber station need to be able support functions allowing both the multicast mode and point-to-point communication mode. Because the point-to-point cellular telephone systems do not support multicast services, there is a need in the art for a method and a system for a multicast service procedures, specifically a multicast service initiation. SUMMARY [0013] Embodiments disclosed herein address the above stated needs by including a channel assignment information into at least one periodically repeated message; and transmitting the periodically repeated message on a first channel. The subscriber station monitors the periodically repeated message on the channel; and decodes the periodically repeated message to determine if a multicast service notification and a channel assignment information was included in the periodically repeated message. [0014] In another embodiment the above stated needs are addressed by including a channel assignment information and a multicast service notification into a message; and transmitting the message at least once on a first channel. The subscriber station monitors a slot of a channel; and decodes a message conveyed in the slot to determine if a channel assignment information and a multicast service notification was included in the message. [0015] In another embodiment the above stated needs are addressed by broadcasting a multicast service notification; receiving at least one response to said broadcasted multicast service notification; and assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said received at least one response. [0016] In another embodiment the above stated needs are addressed by including a multicast service notification into a plurality of messages; transmitting the plurality of messages on a first channel; receiving at least one response to said plurality of messages; and assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said received at least one response. [0017] In another embodiment the above stated needs are addressed by including a multicast service notification into a plurality of messages; transmitting the plurality of messages on a first channel; receiving at least one response to said plurality of messages; and assigning the multicast service channel in accordance with said received at least one response. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0018] [0018]FIG. 1 illustrates a conceptual block diagram of a communication system capable of providing multicast services in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; [0019] [0019]FIG. 2 illustrates a message flow in accordance with one embodiment of notification; [0020] [0020]FIG. 3 illustrates conceptual diagram of a page message; [0021] [0021]FIG. 4 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of notification; [0022] [0022]FIG. 5 illustrates a relationship between signaling conveyed over a Forward Quick paging channel and signaling conveyed over a Forward Common Control Channel or a Forward Paging Channel in one embodiment; [0023] [0023]FIG. 6 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of notification; [0024] [0024]FIG. 7 illustrates a relationship between signaling conveyed over a Forward Quick paging channel and a Forward Common Control Channel or a Forward Paging Channel in accordance with another embodiment; and [0025] [0025]FIG. 8 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of notification; [0026] [0026]FIG. 9 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0027] [0027]FIG. 10 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0028] [0028]FIG. 11 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0029] [0029]FIG. 12 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0030] [0030]FIG. 13 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0031] [0031]FIG. 14 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0032] [0032]FIG. 15 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0033] [0033]FIG. 16 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0034] [0034]FIG. 17 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; [0035] [0035]FIG. 18 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment; and [0036] [0036]FIG. 19 illustrates a message flow in accordance with another embodiment of response/channel assignment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions [0037] The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. [0038] The terms point-to-point communication is used herein to mean a communication between two subscriber stations over a dedicated communication channel. [0039] The terms group service, point-to-multipoint communication, push-to-talk, or dispatch service are used herein to mean a communication wherein a plurality of subscriber stations are receiving communication from—typically—one subscriber station. [0040] The term access network is used herein to mean a collection of base stations (BS) and one or more base stations' controllers. The access network transports data packets between multiple subscriber stations. The access network may be further connected to additional networks outside the access network, such as a corporate intranet or the Internet, and may transport data packets between each access terminal and such outside networks. [0041] The term base station is used herein to mean the hardware with which subscriber stations communicate. Cell refers to the hardware or a geographic coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. A sector is a partition of a cell. Because a sector has the attributes of a cell, the teachings described in terms of cells are readily extended to sectors. [0042] The term subscriber station is used herein to mean the hardware with which an access network communicates. A subscriber station may be mobile or stationary. A subscriber station may be any data device that communicates through a wireless channel or through a wired channel, for example using fiber optic or coaxial cables. A subscriber station may further be any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to PC card, compact flash, external or internal modem, or wireless or wireline phone. A subscriber station that is in the process of establishing an active traffic channel connection with a base station is said to be in a connection setup state. A subscriber station that has established an active traffic channel connection with a base station is called an active subscriber station, and is said to be in a traffic state. [0043] The term physical channel is used herein to mean a communication route over which a signal propagates described in terms of modulation characteristics and coding. [0044] The term logical channel is used herein to mean a communication route within the protocol layers of either the base station or the subscriber station. [0045] The term communication channel/link is used herein to mean a physical channel or a logical channel in accordance with the context. [0046] The term reverse channel/link is used herein to mean a communication channel/link through which the subscriber station sends signals to the base station. [0047] A forward channel/link is used herein to mean a communication channel/link through which a base station sends signals to a subscriber station. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0048] As discussed, a model of a multicast system comprises a selected group of users, defined by the user's group membership. The group membership comprises users of subscriber stations subscribed to a particular multicast content. One or more content servers or another user provides the multicast content. FIG. 1 illustrates a conceptual diagram of a communication system 100 capable of providing multicast services (also referred to as a multicast call), in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. [0049] As discussed, the multicast content may originate at a content server (CS). The content server may be located within the network, CS1 102(1), or outside Internet (IP) 104, CS2 102(2). The content may be delivered in a form of packets to a multicast packet data-serving node (MPDSN) 106. The term MPSDN is used because although the MPDSN may be physically co-located or provide functionality identical to the regular PDSN (not shown), the MPSDN may be logically different from a regular PDSN. According to the packet's destination, the MPDSN 106 delivers the packets to a packet control function (PCF) 108. The PCF is a control entity controlling function of base stations 110 for any packet data services including the multicast packet data services like a base station controller is for regular voice traffic and data traffic services. To illustrate the connection of the high level concept of the multicast packet data services with the physical access network, FIG. 1 shows that the PCF is physically co-located, but logically different from a base station controller (BSC). One of ordinary skills in the art understands that this is for, pedagogical purposes only. The BSC 108 provides the packets to base stations 110. Although the term base station is used, one of ordinary skills in the art recognizes that the embodiments are equally applicable to sectors. [0050] Similarly, if the content originates in the CS 102(1), the content may be delivered to a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 112. According to the content destination, the PSTN 112 delivers the content to base station controller BSC 108. The BSC 108 provides the content to base stations 110. [0051] In yet another embodiment, the content, originating in the CS 102(1) may be delivered in the form of packets via an interworking function 120 to the PSTN 112. According to the content destination, the PSTN 112 delivers the content to base station controller BSC 108. The BSC 108 provides the content to base stations 110. [0052] The base station 110 provides the content over a forward channel 114 to the member subscriber stations. As discussed, the forward channel may be shared among the member subscriber stations or established between each member subscriber station and the base station, serving the member subscriber station. A use of a shared forward channel is disclosed in a co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/113,257, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Point-to-Multipoint Services Provided in Communication Systems”, filed Mar. 28, 2002. The use of common and dedicated channels for information broadcast is disclosed in a co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/113,098, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Channel Management for Point-to-Multipoint Services in a Communication System”, filed Mar. 28, 2002, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. However, one of ordinary skills in the art understands that recited applications are for tutorial purposes only, and other communication systems utilize channels performing similar function, therefore, the teaching is applicable to other communication systems. [0053] Alternatively, a member subscriber station, e.g., member subscriber station 116(1), communicates multicast content to other member subscriber stations, e.g., a member subscriber station 116(2), via an access network. The member subscriber station 116(1), communicates the multicast content to the group over a reverse link channel 118, assigned to the subscriber station 116(1) by the access network. Reverse link channel assignment is well known in the art, refer e.g., to the above mentioned application Ser. Nos. 10/113,257 and 10/113,098. The base station 110(1) routes the received information to the base station 110(2), and the base station 110(2) then transmit the routed information over the forward channel 114(2) to the member subscriber station 116(2). [0054] When a multicast service is to be provided, a procedure enabling a multicast call commencement must be followed. Such a procedure may be separated into several stages. During the first stage, member subscriber stations for whom the multicast service is to be provided must be notified. During the next (optional) stage, the interested member subscriber stations respond to the notification. During the next stage, a channel over which the content will be conveyed is selected and assigned. Notification of Multicast Call Commencement [0055] As discussed above, when a multicast call is to be initiated, the subscriber stations that are members of the multicast group must be notified. [0056] In one embodiment, the access network initiates the multicast call by broadcasting the notification information to the subscriber stations via a periodically transmitted message, e.g., an overhead message. The term overhead message is used herein to mean a message pertaining to system parameters, periodically transmitted by each sector. The overhead message, containing the multicast call notification is transmitted by the sectors, whose coverage area contains member subscriber stations, on a forward channel that is monitored by all subscriber stations not engaged in another call. An example of such an arrangement in a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard is an overhead message transmitted on a forward paging channel (F-PCH) or a forward broadcast control channel (F-BCCH). [0057] The multicast call is advertised by including an identifier of the multicast group (GROUP_ID), for whose member subscriber stations the multicast call is intended, into the overhead message. If more than one multicast call is being initiated, the overhead message contains the identifiers of all the multicast groups, for which the multicast calls are intended. The identifier may be sent in one overhead message; several overhead messages, or be included in all overhead messages for the duration of the multicast call. The last option allows subscriber stations to join already pending multicast call. If the identifier is included in the overhead message for the duration of the multicast call, upon termination of a multicast call for a specific multicast group, the specific multicast group identifier is removed from the message. In addition to the identifier, the overhead message may provide further information relevant to the advertised multicast call, e.g., the type of traffic channel assignments, type of bearer transport used, and other relevant information known to one of ordinary skills in the art. Of course, the remaining parts of the overhead message comprise system related information as discussed above. [0058] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDx is to start. The indication may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. Alternatively, the sector S receives identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. The sector S then determines the identifier of the multicast group GROUP_IDx comprising the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. As discussed, the source of information may comprise, e.g., a server, another subscriber station, or any other source known to one skilled in the art. The sector S includes the identifier in the overhead message, which in one embodiment comprises a broadcast system parameters message BSPM(GROUP_IDx), and broadcasts the BSPM(GROUP_IDx) at time t2. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the BSPM(GROUP_IDx) and take an appropriate action, e.g., start monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted, to transmit a response to the access network, to notify the user, and other actions in accordance with design of a specific communication system. FIG. 2 shows an embodiment, in which the identifier is included in the overhead message for the duration of the multicast call. Because the overhead message BSPM repeats periodically, the identifier is, likewise, transmitted in the next instance(s) of the overhead message BSPM. Only one instance at time t3 is shown. [0059] At an instant t4, the sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDy from a source of information (not shown) that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDy is to start. The sector S includes the identifier into the overhead message, e.g., the BSPM. Because two groups are being notified about the multicast call, the broadcasted overhead message transmitted at an instant t5 contains both identifiers BSPM(GROUP_IDx, GROUP_IDy). Subscriber station MS_3 that is a member of the group with the identifier GROUP_IDy receives the overhead message BSPM(GROUP_IDx, GROUP_IDy), and takes an appropriate action as described above. [0060] At an instant t6, the sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx ends from the source of information (not shown) that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDx is to terminate. The sector S removes the identifier from the overhead message, e.g., the BSPM, and broadcasts the overhead message, containing only the identifier GROUP_IDy, BSPM(GROUP_IDy), at an instant t7. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier GROUP_IDx receive the overhead message BSPM(GROUP_IDy), and take an appropriate action, e.g., to terminate monitoring the physical channel on which the multicast call corresponding to the identifier GROUP_IDy is being transmitted. The multicast call BSPM(GROUP_IDy) is unaffected and continues until terminated. Upon termination, the identifier GROUP_IDy is removed from the BSPM. [0061] Because the broadcast message is repeated periodically, subscriber stations can join the call anytime after the start of the call. To prevent the broadcast message from affecting the paging channel capacity, it is desirable to limit the broadcast message length. Consequently, the number of groups that may be included in the broadcast message is limited. Additionally, because the broadcast message changes with each call start and termination, the subscriber stations must monitor every update of the broadcast message. In another embodiment, each subscriber station that is a member of a multicast group is notified about a start of a multicast call by an individual message addressed to the subscriber station. In one embodiment, the individual message comprises an individual multicast page (MCP). The concept of an individual MCP is explained in the context of a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard. As conceptually illustrated in FIG. 3, a page message 300 may carry many pages 302, each destined for a different subscriber station or group of subscriber stations. The page message 300 may comprise, e.g., a general page message (GPM) or universal page message (UPM) because either the GPM or the UPM can carry different page record types. The page message is conveyed over the F-PCH or a forward common control channel (F-CCCH). The individual pages 302 carried in a page message are referred to as page record types, each page record type comprising an address of the destined subscriber station(s) 306, a type of the page 308 (i.e., individual or broadcast), a content 310 (i.e., the service option of the call), and other information, e.g., sequence number 304. The addressing is specified in a page address type (ADDR_TYPE), e.g., a Temporary Mobile Station Identifier (TMSI), an international mobile station identifier (IMSI), for individually addressing a subscriber station, or an address type for addressing all subscriber stations. Upon receiving the page message 300, the subscriber station decodes address 306 to determine whether the page 302 is intended for the subscriber station or not. If the address 306 indicates that the page 302 is intended for the subscriber station, the subscriber station decodes the type 308 to determine the type of call, and the content 310, to determine the details of the call. Each type of a call, i.e., a voice call, a data call, an S033 call in a point-to-point communication system has a corresponding page record. Because, as discussed, the multicast call is a new type of a call, the individual MCP must be defined as a new page record type. [0062] The multicast call is advertised by including an identifier of the multicast group (GROUP_ID) into the individual MCP. The individual MCP is included in a page message and sent over a forward channel, e.g., the F-PCH or the F-CCCH, to the member subscriber stations, using the member subscriber stations' specific address. Additionally, the MCP may provide further information relevant to the advertised call, e.g., the type of traffic channel assignments, type of bearer transport used, and other relevant information known to one of ordinary skills in the art. [0063] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 4. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDx is to start. The indication may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. The sector S then determines the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. Alternatively, the sector S receives identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. The sector S then creates an individual MCP containing the identifier GROUP_IDx for subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. [0064] One of ordinary skills in the art appreciates that a paging channel may operate in a slotted or non-slotted paging mode because such modes are described in documents known to ordinarily-skilled artisans. As an example, such modes are described in the IS-95 standard, U.S. Pat. No. 5,392,287, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REDUCING POWER CONSUMPTION IN A MOBILE COMMUNICATION RECEIVER,” issued Feb. 21, 1995, assigned to the assignee of the present invention. For tutorial purposes FIG. 4 illustrates a configuration communication system, in which the subscriber stations monitor the F-PCH or the F-CCCH in a slotted mode; however, one of ordinary skills in the art would understand that a non-slotted mode may be used. As one of ordinary skills in the art understands, the term slot refers to a partition of a physical channel with a length expressed in time, number of chips or other appropriate unit. [0065] The sector S waits until time t2 for the paging slot assigned to the subscriber station MS_1, and then conveys the individual MCP for MS_1 as part of a page message, e.g., the GPM, as shown. The subscriber station MS_1 then may take an appropriate action, e.g., to initiate monitoring the physical channel on which the multicast call corresponding to the identifier GROUP_IDx is being transmitted, to transmit a response, to notify the user, and other actions in accordance with design of a specific communication system. The sector S then waits until time t3 for the paging slot assigned to the subscriber station MS_2, and then conveys the MCP for MS_2 as part of a page message, e.g., the GPM, as shown. The subscriber station MS_2 then may take an appropriate action, as described above. [0066] In another embodiment, each member subscriber station is notified about a start of a multicast call by a common message addressed to the subscriber stations belonging to the group. In one embodiment, the common message comprises a common multicast page (MCP). As explained above, because the common MCP is intended for a multiple, but not all, subscriber stations, and because the multicast call is a new type of a call, the common MCP must be defined as a new page record type. Referring to the structure of a page message 300 in FIG. 3 the new page record type 302 comprises a new page address, multicast address (MC_ADDRESS) 304, specifying that the page record type 302 is intended for a multiple subscriber stations, as well as the type 308, the content 310, and other information, e.g., sequence number 304. [0067] The start of a new multicast call is advertised by including an identifier of the multicast group GROUP_ID, into the MCP for the member subscriber stations, belonging to the multicast group identified by the GROUP_ID. The common MCP is included in a page message and sent over a forward channel, e.g., the F-PCH or the F-CCCH, to the subscriber stations for which the common MCP is intended, using the MC_ADDRESS. Additionally, the MCP may provide further information relevant to the advertised call, e.g., the type of traffic channel assignments, type of bearer transport used, and other relevant information known to one of ordinary skills in the art. However, as explained above, in current communication systems, a subscriber station is assigned to monitor a paging channel slot in which a page for the subscriber station is to be sent. However, the subscriber stations belonging to the group identified by the GROUP_ID are not necessarily assigned the same slot on the paging channel. Furthermore, the entity, responsible for paging, e.g., a base station controller (BSC) may not know which subscriber stations are members of a particular multicast group, consequently, the BSC cannot perform the mapping between an individual subscriber station and the MC_ADDRESS. Such a scenario occurs e.g., when multicast service is provided over Internet protocol (IP) because the MCP is triggered due to receiving an IP packet over a multicast IP address. Therefore, a method enabling efficient method for delivering the multicast call initiation information is required. [0068] Consequently, in accordance with one embodiment, the common MCP is sent in the first slot of a broadcast paging cycle (BPC). The concept of BPC is explained in terms of a paging channel as implemented in a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the F-PCH and the F-CCCH are divided into slots. To enable periodic broadcast paging, a broadcast paging cycle is defined in terms of duration (in number of F-PCH/F-CCCH slots) given as follows: BPC=B+X (1) [0069] where B is given as follows: B=2i×16, where 1≦i≦7 for F-PCH and 2≦i≦8 for F-CCCH. (2) [0070] and X is a fixed offset. For example in a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard, the values are 3 on the F-PCH and 7 on F-CCCH. [0071] The value of a broadcast index i (BCAST_INDEX) is transmitted by the sector in the Extended System Parameters Message (ESPM) for F-PCH and Multicarrier Radio Resource Parameters Message (MCRR) for F-CCCH. [0072] A subscriber station in a slotted mode monitors a slot, is determined in accordance with the following equation: B=2j×16, where 1≦j≦7 for F-PCH and 2≦j≦8 for F-CCCH (3) [0073] where the value of a slot index j (BCAST_INDEX) is transmitted by the sector in the Extended System Parameters Message (ESPM) for F-PCH and Multicarrier Radio Resource Parameters Message (MCRR) for F-CCCH. [0074] As a consequence, for any combination of the broadcast index i and a slot index j, there would be a collision between a broadcast slot, which the subscriber station monitors for broadcast in accordance with the Equation (2), and a slot monitored by the subscriber station for individually addressed messages in slotted mode in accordance with the Equation (3). The collision would be repeated in the same slot; consequently, the subscriber station monitoring the particular slot would always encounter a collision between the multicast page and the individual page. Introduction of the offset X into Equation (2) resulting in Equation (1) does not completely eliminate the collision, but prevents the collision to occur in periodically in the same slot, therefore, the collision is spread among all the subscriber stations. Thus, each subscriber station can decode either message in a non-affected slot. [0075] The first slot of each BPC is an F-PCH/F-CCCH slot, for which the following Equation holds: t/4 mod(BPC)=t/4 mod(B+X)=0, (3) [0076] where t represents system time expressed in frames; and [0077] mod means a modulo arithmetic. [0078] Such an arrangement would require each subscriber station to wake up and monitor not only a slot individually assigned to the mobile for other types of messages, but also every first slot of the BPC of the F-PCH/F-CCCH, thus, increasing power consumption. To avoid such power consumption, slots of a forward quick paging channel (F-QPCH), associated with a F-PCH/F-CCCH, contain Broadcast Indicator (BI) bits that are used to inform subscriber stations monitoring the F-QPCH about occurrence or nonoccurrence of the common MPC on the first slot of the BPC of the corresponding F-PCH/F-CCCH. If there is a common MPC on the first slot of the BPC of the F-PCH/F-CCCH, the BI bits of the corresponding F-QPCH slot are turned ON, resulting in subscriber stations starting to monitor the first slot of the BPC on the F-PCH/F-CCCH. Although a subscriber station is required to wake up and monitor the BI bits of the first F-QPCH slot of the BPC, because the duration of the BI is much shorter than the duration of the slot of a F-PCH/F-CCCH, the wake up interval is shorter, therefore, battery consumption is achieved. [0079] A disadvantage of the above-described embodiment is that because the MCP for all multicast calls are sent on the first slot of the BPC on the F-PCH/F-CCCH, the BI bits on the corresponding F-QPCH are set to ON, when the MCP is present. Consequently, each subscriber station monitoring the BI indicator must wake up and monitor the first slot on the F-PCH/F-CCCH to determine, whether the MCP is intended to the subscriber station. Therefore, the subscriber stations not belonging to the multicast group for which the MCP is intended still increase power consumption. As illustrated in FIG. 5, a GPM, containing a common MCP for subscriber stations MS1 and MS2 belonging to a multicast group (GC_1), is transmitted in the first slot of a BPC on the F-PCH/F-CCCH (Slot 0_p). However, because the BI bits in the corresponding slot of the F-QPCH (Slot 0_q) is set ON, all subscriber stations MS1-MS4, must wake up and monitor the Slot 0_p of the F-PCH/F-CCCH. Similarly, a GPM, containing a common MCP for subscriber stations MS3 belonging to a multicast group (GC_2) is transmitted in the first slot of the next BPC of the F-PCH/F-CCCH (Slot 4_p). Therefore, the BI bits in the corresponding slot of the F-QPCH (Slot 4_q) is set ON and all subscriber stations MS1-MS4, must wake up and monitor the Slot 4_p of the F-PCH/F-CCCH, although the GPM contains only a common MCP intended for a subscriber station MS3. [0080] One of ordinary skills in the art recognizes that the above-described embodiment utilized the first slot of the BPC as a concession to an existing standard. Consequently, such a limitation is unnecessary in general, and any slot of the BPC pre-agreed upon by the access network and the subscriber stations can be used. Consequently, in accordance with another embodiment, the limitation that the MPC may be sent in only the first slot of a BPC on the F-PCH/F-CCCH is removed. For terminology consistency reasons, the term BPC is replaced by a term multicast paging cycle (MPCY). One of ordinary skills in the art understands that the concepts of BPC and MPCY are identical. Because it is still desired that a subscriber station does not wake up to monitor every slot of the F-PCH/F-CCCH, it is necessary to establish a procedure, allowing the sector to determine, in which slot to send a message to a particular multicast group, and allowing subscriber station(s) belonging to the multicast group to determine, which slot to monitor. The procedure is defined by a mapping function, e.g., a hash function, accepting input parameters, e.g., the total number of slots in the MPCY, and a GROUP_ID, and outputting a number, which identifies the slot, in which a paging message, containing common MPC for subscriber stations belonging to the multicast group identified by that GROUP_ID, will be transmitted. Alternatively, the mapping can be implemented as a table or any other algorithm mapping the GROUP_ID to a slot number. Because a subscriber station is given a GROUP_ID of each group, to which the subscriber station belong, e.g., upon subscription to the group; the subscriber station may use the hash function to determine the F-QPCH slot to monitor to read the BI indicator. This reduces the probability of false alarm, i.e., the subscriber station waking up for a MCP for a Multicast Group to which the subscriber station does not belong. One of ordinary skills in the art understands that a hash function has been used only as an example, and any other mapping function, allowing both the access network and the subscriber station arrive at the same slot given the same input parameters, is acceptable. [0081] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 6. At an instant t1 a sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx from a source of information (not shown) that a multicast call intended for group with GROUP_IDx, comprising subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 is to start. As discussed, such a source of information may comprise e.g., a server, another subscriber station, or another source. The sector S creates the common MCP containing the GROUP_IDx for subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, and enters the GROUP_IDx together with the number of slots of the MPCY into a mapping function. Referring to FIG. 7, the hash function returns an indication that the MCP for the GROUP_IDx is to be sent in Slot 0_p. At an instant t2, indicating beginning of slot (Slot 0_q) of F-QPCH corresponding to Slot 0_p of F-CCCH, the sector S sets BI bit to ON. The subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, that used the same hashing function to determine which slot of F-QPCH to monitor, detect that the BI bit in the Slot 0_q is set to ON. The subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 then wake up for monitoring of Slot 0_p at instant t3. At the instant t3, indicating beginning of Slot 0_p the sector S transmits the MCP as a part of the page message, e.g., the GPM. [0082] As indicated in FIG. 5, MS_3 is a member of a multicast group different from the multicast group indicated by GROUP_IDx. Because no request for multicast call for the multicast group to which MS_3 belong has been received, no notification is needed in Slot 1_p of the F_CCCH, and the BI bits in a slot of F-QPCH corresponding to Slot 1_q of F_CCCH, are set to OFF. [0083] In another embodiment, the subscriber stations are informed about a multicast call over protocol layers higher than an air interface signaling layer. As is known in the art, layering is a method for organizing communication protocols in well-defined encapsulated data units between otherwise de-coupled processing entities, i.e., layers. The protocol layers are implemented in both base stations 110 and remote stations 116. In accordance with the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, protocol layer L1 provides for the transmission and reception of radio signals between the base station and remote station, layer L2 provides for the correct transmission and reception of signaling messages, and layer L3 provides for the control messaging for the communication system. Layer L3 originates and terminates signaling messages according to the semantics and timing of the communication protocol between a base station 110 and a remote station 116. In a cdma2000 system, the air interface signaling layer L1 is referred to as the Physical Layer, L2 is referred to as the Link Access Control (LAC) Layer or the Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer, and L3 is referred to as the Signaling Layer. Above the Signaling Layer are layers, which in accordance with the OSI model are numbered L4-L7 and referred to as Transportation, Session, Presentation and Application Layers. [0084] In accordance with the embodiment, a link layer session is established between the source of information and a subscriber station using an existing communication system interface. Such a link layer protocol can comprise, e.g., a point-to-point protocol (PPP), a Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), or other link layer protocol known to one of ordinary skills in the art may be utilized without departing from the scope of the present invention. Link layer protocols are described in documents known to ordinarily skilled artisans, e.g., IS-707 standard. The multicast call notification message is then sent via Internet protocol (IP) connection of the link layer session. FIG. 8 illustrates an example of message flow in accordance with one embodiment. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an indication Page(MS_1) from a source of information via a Packet Service Data Node (PSDN) that a multicast call intended for group comprising subscriber station MS_1 is to start. The sector S generates a page record intended for the subscriber station MS_1 for a call set-up requesting a PPP (DP). Because the requested call is a point-to-point type of a call, the page record is an individual for each member subscriber station. In accordance with an IS-707, such a service option is SO33. As discussed above, the service option is included in the content part of a page record. The sector S then generates an appropriate page message, e.g., a GPM, and waits until time t2 for the paging slot assigned to the subscriber station MS_1. At time t2, the page message is transmitted as a part of a GPM(DP:SO33) to MS_1. In one embodiment, the subscriber station MS_1 acknowledges receipt of the MCP at time t3. As illustrated in FIG. 8, in a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard, the response comprises page response message (PRM(SO33)), which is modulated on a reverse channel, e.g. an access channel. At time t4, the sector S sends a notification which channel is the multicast call to use. In a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard such a notification is sent in an extended channel assignment message (ECAM). Consequently, an SO33 call is established on the channel assigned by the ECAM. Once the SO33 call is established, the PPP between the source PDSN and the subscriber station MS_1 is established at time t5. The MS_1 is then notified about the multicast call commencement over the PPP. The remaining subscriber stations belonging to the multicast group and interested in the multicast call follow the above described procedure. (Only one additional subscriber station MS_2 is shown for simplicity.) [0085] In accordance with another embodiment, upon receiving a notification about a multicast call to a group identified by a GROUP_ID from a source, the sector transmits a multicast addressed page record to all subscriber station in the group, for which the multicast call is intended, requesting establishment of a link layer protocol. As discussed above, the subscriber stations belonging to the group identified by the GROUP_ID are not necessarily assigned the same slot on the paging channel. Consequently, any of the solutions described above to properly deliver the multicast addressed page are applicable. [0086] Once a subscriber station belonging to the group responds to the multicast addressed page by sending a PRM, the sector sets up the link layer protocol, e.g., a SO33 call with the subscriber station as described above, and notifies the subscriber station are about the multicast call commencement over the link layer protocol. The link layer protocol call set up and the notification is then repeated for each remaining subscriber station. Such an individual link layer protocol set up is possible because although the access network did not necessarily know the identities of the individual subscriber station upon sending the multicast addressed page, upon receiving the responses from subscriber stations the identities were revealed. Response to Notification of Multicast Call Commencement [0087] As discussed above, when a multicast call is to be initiated, the subscriber stations that are members of the multicast group must be notified. Once a subscriber station receives a notification that a multicast call is commencing, there are several alternatives for whether and how the subscriber station responds to the notification. [0088] According to one alternative, the subscriber station is not required to respond even if the subscriber station is interested in participation in the multicast service. Such an alternative is acceptable for example in the case of multicast services, which are of general interest and delivery of which to each subscriber station is not critical, e.g., stock market information updates, streaming video, and other information of similar nature. [0089] According to another alternative, the subscriber station is always required to respond if the subscriber station is interested in participation in the multicast service. The response comprises e.g., a message send on a reverse channel to the access network. An example of such a message in a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard is a Page Response Message transmitted on a reverse access channel (R-ACH), reverse enhanced access channel (R-EACH), and reverse common control channel (R-CCCH). Such a response must contain information useful for the next action taken by the access network. Depending on design features of a communication system, such information may indicate whether the subscriber station is interested in joining the multicast service; whether the subscriber station is not interested in joining the multicast service; whether the subscriber station is interested but cannot participate due to not supporting the required configuration, e.g., a data rate. [0090] The access network waits for response from member subscriber stations before channel assignment. Such an alternative is required for services, requiring the access network to know whether each subscriber station participates. Additionally, the response allows the access network to decide, whether to assign a shared channel or a dedicated channel for the multicast content. When a decision to assign a dedicated channel to each subscriber station is made, the response prevents the access network from assigning a dedicated traffic channel to a non-participating subscriber station. [0091] As explained above, in one embodiment, each subscriber station that is a member of a multicast group is notified about a start of a multicast call intended for the group by a common message addressed to the member subscriber stations. When a subscriber station that is not a member of the group identified in the common message receives a notification, the subscriber station may ignore the notification and not respond. However, if an AdHoc multicast group formation is supported, all the subscriber station receiving the notification may be required to respond. The term AdHoc multicast group is used herein to mean a multicast group that is not predetermined, but is created upon initiation of the multicast call. Whether an AdHoc multicast group formation is supported or not, the requirement of response to the common message notification elicits responses from the subscriber stations that received the notification. Because numerous subscriber stations may respond, a method for staggering the response message, e.g., a Page Response Message from the subscriber stations in the group, may be implemented to avoid a collision from a burst of responses. [0092] According to another alternative, the subscriber station is always required to respond, even if the subscriber station is not interested in participation in the multicast service. Such an alternative is required for services, requiring the access network to know with certainty whether each subscriber station pariticipats. Unlike the previous alternative, the present alternative allows the access network to differentiate with certainty between subscriber stations that do not respond due to no interest in the multicast service, and subscriber stations that do not respond due to failure to receive a notification. Thus, the access network may take appropriate action, e.g., repeat the notification. The remaining consideration as described with regards to the previous alternative are applicable. [0093] It will be understood by one of ordinary skills in the art that the above-described alternatives were treated separately for tutorial purposes only. A communication system will use any alternative appropriate for a multicast service. For example, when a multicast call, delivery of which to each subscriber station is not critical, is to commence, no response may be required from the member subscriber stations. When the same member subscriber stations need to participate in a subsequent multicast call, a response may be required. The indication whether and what response is required by the access network can be indicated to the subscriber stations, e.g., by a signaling contained in the notification message. However, any other means of response indication is contemplated. Channel Assignment for a Multicast Call Commencement [0094] As alluded to above, the communication system 100 provides the content over a forward link channel 114 to the member subscriber stations. Consequently, the forward link channel, whether shared among the member subscriber stations or established individually between each member subscriber station and a base station, must be assigned by an entity of the communication system 100 before the multicast service may commence. [0095] As described above, there are several methods of notification, several methods of response, and several methods of channel assignments. Consequently, several possible combinations of notification, response, and channel assignments are possible as described in the embodiments below. [0096] As discussed, in one embodiment, the member subscriber stations are notified about the multicast service via a common overhead message or a common page message. Because the multicast service notification is broadcasted in a common message to multiple subscriber station, and not to an individual subscriber station, the entity generating the common message does not need to know the identities of individual member subscriber stations of the multicast group. [0097] If the member subscriber stations are not required to respond, the channel assignment information for the multicast service traffic channel, e.g., channel identification (Walsh Code in case of a communication system in accordance with IS-2000 standard), data rate, and other assignment information known to one of ordinary skills in the art may be included as part of the notification. Consequently, in case of notification via a common overhead message, the channel assignment information would be part of the overhead message; in case of notification via a common page message, the channel assignment information is part of the MCP. Because the channel assignment information is multicasted and no response is required, the type of channel assigned must be a shared channel. Alternatively, the channel assignment information may be conveyed to the subscriber stations separate from the notification. [0098] Once the subscriber station processes the message, the interested subscriber station(s) start to monitor the assigned channel to receive multicast service traffic. [0099] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 9. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDx is to start. The indication may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. Alternatively, the sector S receives identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. The sector S then determines the identifier of the multicast group GROUP_IDx comprising the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. As discussed, the source of information may comprise, e.g., a server, another subscriber station, or any other source known to one skilled in the art. [0100] The sector S includes the identifier and the channel assignment information into the overhead message, which in one embodiment comprises a broadcast system parameters message BSPM. The sector S broadcasts the BSPM(GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Information) at time t2 o. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the BSPM(GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Information), process the BSPM and take an appropriate action at time t3, e.g., tune to and start monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted. At time t4 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the traffic channel (Traffic for Group_IDx). As discussed, the overhead message BSPM repeats itself periodically, consequently, if the identifier and the channel assignment information is included in each message, likewise, the identifier and the channel assignment information will be transmitted in the next instance(s) of the overhead message BSPM. Only one instance at time t2 o is shown. [0101] Alternatively, the sector S includes the identifier and the channel assignment information into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). The sector S determines the slot on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations using any of the above-described embodiment. The section then transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Information) in the slot at time t2 p. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Information), process the GPM and take an appropriate action at time t3, e.g., tune to and start monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted. At time t4 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the traffic channel (Traffic for Group_IDx). [0102] If the member subscriber stations are required to respond prior to channel assignment, upon receiving the multicast service notification in the common message, the interested subscriber stations send a response. Such a response may comprise e.g., a signaling message (a new type of message, e.g., a Multicast Service Join Message as a response to the common overhead message or a Page Response Message as a response to the common page message), indicating the interested subscriber stations' desire to participate in the multicast service. [0103] Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment may take the number of responses into account in determining the type of channel to assign. In one embodiment, the access network compares the number of responses to a threshold, and assigns the type of channel in accordance with the result of the comparison. If the entity decides to assign a shared channel, the access network sends a common channel assignment message, e.g., a Multicast Channel Assignment Message (MCAM), containing information for the shared multicast service traffic channel. Thus, the MCAM uses a multicast address to assign the shared channel to the interested subscriber stations. [0104] As has been explained above, the subscriber stations belonging to the group identified by the GROUP_ID are not necessarily assigned the same slot on the paging channel. Consequently, a method enabling efficient method for delivering the multicast call initiation information is required. [0105] In one embodiment, upon receiving the notification, the subscriber stations are required to monitor the paging channel in a non-slotted mode; consequently, the MCAM may be sent in any paging channel slot. [0106] In another embodiment, the MCAM is sent on a slot using the same method employed for determining a slot to send a multicast-addressed notification. [0107] In another embodiment, the common overhead message or the common page message indicates the paging channel slot number, which the subscriber stations are required to monitor for the MCAM. [0108] In another embodiment, the MCAM is sent on each of the slots monitored by the subscriber stations. [0109] It will be understood by one of ordinary skills in the art, that the embodiments described were treated separately for tutorial purposes only. A communication system will use an embodiment appropriate for a multicast service. The selection of the embodiment may be specified e.g., in the notification. [0110] Once the subscriber station processes the message, the subscriber station(s) interested start to monitor the assigned channel to receive multicast service traffic. [0111] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 10. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDx is to start. The indication may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. Alternatively, the sector S receives identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. The sector S then determines the identifier of the multicast group GROUP_IDx comprising the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. As discussed, the source of information may comprise, e.g., a server, another subscriber station, or any other source known to one skilled in the art. [0112] The sector S includes the identifier into the overhead message, which in one embodiment comprises a broadcast system parameters message BSPM. The sector S broadcasts the BSPM(GROUP_IDx) at time t2 o. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the BSPM(GROUP_IDx), process the BSPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., send a response message. As discussed, the overhead message BSPM repeats itself periodically, consequently, if the identifier is included in each message, the identifier will be transmitted in the next instance(s) of the overhead message BSPM. Only one instance at time t2 o is shown. [0113] Alternatively, the sector S includes the identifier into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). The sector S then determines the slot on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations, and transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx) in the slot at time t2 p. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx), process the GPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., send a response message. [0114] Regardless of what common message was used for notification, the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 send response at time t3, respective t4. Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment determines to assign a shared channel. The sector S determines the method of sending the common channel assignment message, e.g., the MCAM, and sends the MCAM containing information for the shared multicast service traffic channel MCAM(Channel Assignment Information) at time t5. The subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 process the MCAM and take an appropriate action, e.g., tune to and start monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted at time t6. At time t7 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the traffic channel (Traffic for Group_IDx). [0115] In another embodiment, if the entity decides to assign a shared channel, the access network sends an Individual Channel Assignment Message (ICAM), containing information for the shared multicast service traffic channel to each responding member subscriber station. In the context of a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard, the ICAM can comprise, e.g., an Extended Channel Assignment Message. [0116] Such an individual assignment is possible because, although the access network did not necessarily know the identities of the individual subscriber station when sending the notification, upon receiving the responses from subscriber stations the identities were revealed. [0117] It is noted that because the shared multicast service traffic channel is assigned individually as in a point-to-point call, any method known for a point-to-point traffic channel assignment can be used. Consequently, the issue of when to send the ICAM for each subscriber station is not present because the access network knows when each of the interested subscriber stations will be monitoring the paging channel. [0118] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 11. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDx is to start. The indication may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. Alternatively, the sector S receives identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. The sector S then determines the identifier of the multicast group GROUP_IDx comprising the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g. by querying a database. As discussed, the source of information may comprise, e.g., a server, another subscriber station, or any other source known to one skilled in the art. [0119] The sector S includes the identifier into the overhead message, which in one embodiment comprises a broadcast system parameters message BSPM. The sector S broadcasts the BSPM(GROUP_IDx) at time t2 o. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the BSPM(GROUP_IDx), process the BSPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., send a response message. As discussed, the overhead message BSPM repeats itself periodically, consequently, if the identifier is included in each message, the identifier will be transmitted in the next instance(s) of the overhead message BSPM. Only one instance at time t2 o is shown. [0120] Alternatively, the sector S includes the identifier into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). The sector S then determines the slot on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations, and transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx) in the slot at time t2 p. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx), process the GPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., send a response message. [0121] Regardless of what common message was used for notification, the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 send response at time t3, respective t4. Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment determines to assign dedicated channels. Because the sector S knows the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 from the responses received, the sector S determines the slot in which the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 will be monitoring the paging channel in accordance with the response. The sector S waits until time t5 for the paging slot monitored by the subscriber station MS_1, and then conveys the individual ICAM(Channel Assignment Information) to the subscriber station MS_1. Similarly, the sector S waits until time t6 for the paging slot monitored by the subscriber station MS_2, and then conveys the individual ICAM(Channel Assignment Information) subscriber station MS_2. The subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 process the ICAM and take an appropriate action, e.g., tune to and start monitoring the physical channel on which the identified mulitcast call is being transmitted at time t5 respective t6. At time t7 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the traffic channel (Traffic for Group_IDx). [0122] In another embodiment, if the entity decides to assign a dedicated channel for each responding member subscriber station, the access network sends an individual channel assignment message, containing information for the dedicated multicast service traffic channels to each responding member subscriber station. [0123] Such an individual assignment is possible because although the access network did not necessarily know the identities of the individual subscriber station when sending the notification, upon receiving the responses from subscriber stations the identities were revealed. [0124] Because the multicast service traffic channel is assigned individually as in a point-to-point call, any method known for a point-to-point traffic channel assignment can be used. Specifically, the access network knows when each of the interested subscriber stations will be monitoring the paging channel. [0125] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 12. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDx is to start. The indication may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. Alternatively, the sector S receives identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. The sector S then determines the identifier of the multicast group GROUP_IDx comprising the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. As discussed, the source of information may comprise, e.g., a server, another subscriber station, or any other source known to one skilled in the art. [0126] The sector S includes the identifier into the overhead message, which in one embodiment comprises a broadcast system parameters message BSPM. The sector S broadcasts the BSPM(GROUP_IDx) at time t2 o. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the BSPM(GROUP_IDx), process the BSPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., send a response message. As discussed, the overhead message BSPM repeats itself periodically, consequently, if the identifier is included in each message, the identifier will be transmitted in the next instance(s) of the overhead message BSPM. Only one instance at time t2 o is shown. [0127] Alternatively, the sector S includes the identifier into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). The sector S then determines the slot on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations, and transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx) in the slot at time t2 p. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx), process the GPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., send a response message. [0128] Regardless of what common message was used for notification, the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 send response at time t3, respective t4. Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment determines to assign dedicated channels. Because the sector S knows the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 from the responses received, the sector S determines the slot in which the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 will be monitoring the paging channel in accordance with the response. [0129] The sector S waits until time t5 for the paging slot monitored by the subscriber station MS_1, and then conveys the individual ICAM(Channel Assignment Information) to the subscriber station MS_1. The subscriber station MS_1 processes the ICAM and take an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted at time t5. [0130] Similarly, the sector S waits until time t7 for the paging slot monitored by the subscriber station MS_2, and then conveys the individual ICAM(Channel Assignment Information) subscriber station MS_2. The subscriber station MS_2 processes the ICAM and takes an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted at time t6. [0131] At time t7 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the dedicated traffic channels (Traffic for Group_IDx). [0132] In another embodiment, if the entity decides to assign a dedicated channel for each responding member subscriber station, the access network sends a common channel assignment message, Multicast Channel Assignment Message (MCAM), containing information for each of the individual multicast service traffic channel. Thus, one MCAM utilizing a multicast address assigns for each interested subscriber stations a dedicated multicast service traffic channel. [0133] As has been explained above, the subscriber stations belonging to the group identified by the GROUP_ID are not necessarily assigned the same slot on the paging channel. Consequently, a method enabling efficient method for delivering the multicast call initiation information is required. [0134] In one embodiment, upon receiving the notification, the subscriber stations are required to monitor the paging channel in a non-slotted mode; consequently, the MCAM may be sent in any paging channel slot. [0135] In another embodiment, the MCAM is sent on a slot using the same method employed for determining a slot to send a multicast-addressed notification. [0136] In another embodiment, the common overhead message or the common page message indicates the paging channel slot number, which the subscriber stations are required to monitor for the MCAM. [0137] In another embodiment, the MCAM is sent on each of the slots monitored by the subscriber stations. [0138] It will be understood by one of ordinary skills in the art, that the embodiments described were treated separately for tutorial purposes only. A communication system will use an embodiment appropriate for a multicast service. The selection of the embodiment may be specified e.g., in the notification. [0139] Once the subscriber station processes the message, the subscriber station(s) interested start to monitor the assigned channel to receive multicast service traffic. [0140] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 11. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an indication GROUP_IDx that a multicast call intended for group with an identifier GROUP_IDx is to start. The indication may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), and other entities. Alternatively, the sector S receives identity of the subscriber sations MS_1 and MS_2. The sector S then determines the identifier of the multicast group GROUP_IDx comprising the subscriber stations MS_1 nd MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. As discussed, the source information may comprise, e.g., a server, another subscriber station, or any other source known to one skilled in the art. [0141] The sector S includes the identifier into the overhead message, which in one embodiment comprises a broadcast system parameters message BSPM. The sector S broadcasts the BSPM(GROUP_IDx) at time t2 o. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the BSPM(GROUP_IDx), process the BSPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., send a response message. As discussed, the overhead message BSPM repeats itself periodically, consequently, if the identifier is included in each message, the identifier will be transmitted in the next instance(s) of the overhead message BSPM. Only one instance at time t2 o is shown. [0142] Alternatively, the sector S includes the identifier into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). The sector S then determines the slot on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations, and transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx) in the slot at time t2 p. Subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 that are members of the group with the identifier receive the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx), process the GPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., send a response message. [0143] Regardless of what common message was used for notification, the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 send response at time t3, respective t4. Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment determines to assign a dedicated channel. The sector S determines the method of sending the common channel assignment message, e.g., the MCAM, and sends the MCAM containing information for the dedicated multicast service traffic channel MCAM(Channel Assignment Information) at time t5. [0144] The subscriber station MS_1 processes the MCAM and take an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified mulitcast call is being transmitted at time t6. [0145] Similarly, the subscriber station MS_2 processes the ICAM and takes an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted at time t6. [0146] At time t7 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the dedicated traffic channels (Traffic for Group_IDx). [0147] In one embodiment, each member subscriber station is notified about the multicast service via an individual page message. Because the multicast service notification is transmitted via a multiple of individual page messages to multiple subscriber stations, the entity generating the individual page messages needs to know the identities of individual member subscriber stations. [0148] If the member subscriber stations are not required to respond, the channel assignment information for the multicast service traffic channel, e.g., channel identification (Walsh Code in case of a communication system in accordance with IS-2000 standard), data rate, and other assignment information known to one of ordinary skills in the art may be included as part of the notification. Consequently, in case of notification via the individual page message, the channel assignment information would be part of the individual page message. Because the channel assignment information is provided in the individual page message, the type of channel assigned may be both a shared channel and a dedicated channel. [0149] Because the member subscriber stations are not required to respond to the multicast service notification, in case that the entity generating the individual page messages decides to assign a dedicated channel to each member subscriber station, the entity may be allocating dedicated resources for member subscriber station that may not be interested in participating in the multicast service. Therefore, it is desirable to determine, whether a member subscriber station that was assigned a dedicated channel is or is not interested in participating in the multicast service, so that the dedicated channel for the non-participating member subscriber station may be reclaimed, and reused for other service, e.g., a regular point-to-point call. In one embodiment, the access network, after the dedicated channels has been assigned and the multicast service has commenced, determines whether the member subscriber stations are active on the assigned reverse link channel. [0150] Once the subscriber station processes the message, the subscriber station(s) interested start to monitor the assigned channel to receive multicast service traffic. [0151] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment, in which a shared channel is assigned, is illustrated in FIG. 14. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 GROUP_IDx, comprising a group with an identifier GROUP_IDx, for which a multicast call is to start. Alternatively, the sector S receives a group identifier GROUP_IDx. The information may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. The sector S then determines the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. The sector S then creates an individual MCP containing the identifier GROUP_IDx and a channel assignment information for each subscriber station MS_1 and MS_2, and includes the MCP into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). [0152] The sector S then determines the slots on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. At time t2, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Info). Subscriber station MS_1 receives the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Info), processes the GPM and takes an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted. [0153] At time t2, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_2, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Info). Subscriber station MS_2 receives the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Info), processes the GPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted. [0154] At time t4 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the shared traffic channel (Traffic for Group_IDx). [0155] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment, in which dedicated channels are assigned, is illustrated in FIG. 15. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 GROUP ID_x comprising a group with an identifier GROUP_IDx, for which a multicast call is to start. Alternatively, the sector S receives a group identifier GROUP_IDx. The information may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. The sector S then determines the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. The sector S then creates an individual MCP containing the identifier GROUP_IDx and a channel assignment information for each subscriber station MS_1 and MS_2, and includes the MCP into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). [0156] The sector S then determines the slots on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. At time t2, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Info for MS_1). Subscriber station MS_1 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Info for MS_1), processes the GPM and takes an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call for the subscriber station MS_1 is being transmitted (Traffic for MS_1) at time t3. [0157] At time t4, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_2, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Info for MS_2). Subscriber station MS_2 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx, Channel Assignment Info for MS_2), processes the GPM and take an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call for the subscriber station MS_2 is being transmitted (Traffic for MS_2) at time t3. [0158] If the member subscriber stations are required to respond prior to channel assignment, upon receiving the multicast service notification in the individual page messages, the interested subscriber stations sent a response, e.g., a signaling message like a Page Response Message, indicating the interested subscriber stations' desire to participate in the multicast service. [0159] Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment may take the number of responses into account in determining the type of channel to assign. In one embodiment, the access network compares the number of responses to a threshold, and assigns the type of channel in accordance with the result of the comparison. If the entity decides to assign a shared channel, the access network sends a common channel assignment message, e.g., a Multicast Channel Assignment Message (MCAM), containing information for the shared multicast service traffic channel. Thus, the MCAM uses a multicast address to assign the shared channel to the interested subscriber stations. [0160] As has been explained above, the subscriber stations belonging to the group identified by the GROUP_ID are not necessarily assigned the same slot on the paging channel. Consequently, a method enabling efficient method for delivering the multicast call initiation information is required. [0161] In one embodiment, upon receiving the notification, the subscriber stations are required to monitor the paging channel in a non-slotted mode; consequently, the MCAM may be sent in any paging channel slot. [0162] In another embodiment, the MCAM is sent on a slot using the same method employed for determining a slot to send a multicast-addressed notification. [0163] In another embodiment, the common overhead message or the common page message indicates the paging channel slot number, which the subscriber stations are required to monitor for the MCAM. [0164] In another embodiment, the MCAM is sent on each of the slots monitored by the subscriber stations. [0165] It will be understood by one of ordinary skills in the art, that the embodiments described were treated separately for tutorial purposes only. A communication system will use an embodiment appropriate for a multicast service. The selection of the embodiment may be specified e.g., in the notification. [0166] Once the subscriber station processes the message, the subscriber station(s) interested start to monitor the assigned channel to receive multicast service traffic. [0167] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 16. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 GROUP_IDx, comprising a group with an identifier GROUP_IDx, for which a multicast call is to start. Alternatively, the sector S receives a group identifier GROUP_IDx. The information may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. The sector S then determines the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. The sector S then creates an individual MCP containing the identifier GROUP_IDx for each subscriber station MS_1 and MS_2, and includes the MCP into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). [0168] The sector S then determines the slots on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. At time t2, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx). Subscriber station MS_1 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx), and sends a response at time t3. [0169] At time t4, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_2, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx). Subscriber station MS_2 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx) and sends a response at time t5. [0170] Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment determines to assign shared channel. The sector S waits until time t6 for the paging slot monitored by the subscriber station MS_1, and then conveys the individual ICAM(Channel Assignment Information) to the subscriber station MS_1. The subscriber station MS_1 processes the ICAM and takes an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted. [0171] Similarly, the sector S waits until time t7 for the paging slot monitored by the subscriber station MS_2, and then conveys the individual ICAM(Channel Assignment Information) subscriber station MS_2. The subscriber station MS_2 processes the ICAM and takes an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted. [0172] At time t8 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the traffic channel (Traffic for Group_IDx). [0173] In another embodiment, if the entity decides to assign a shared channel, the access network sends an Individual Channel Assignment Message (ICAM), containing information for the shared multicast service traffic channel to each responding member subscriber station. In the context of a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard, the ICAM can comprise, e.g., an Extended Channel Assignment Message. [0174] Such an individual assignment is possible because, although the access network did not necessarily know the identities of the individual subscriber station when sending the notification, upon receiving the responses from subscriber stations the identities were revealed. [0175] It is noted that because the shared multicast service traffic channel is assigned individually as in a point-to-point call, any method known for a point-to-point traffic channel assignment can be used. Consequently, the issue of when to send the ICAM for each subscriber station is not present because the access network knows when each of the interested subscriber stations will be monitoring the paging channel. [0176] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 17. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 GROUP_IDx, comprising a group with an identifier GROUP_IDx, for which a multicast call is to start. Alternatively, the sector S receives a group identifier GROUP_IDx. The information may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. The sector S then determines the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. The sector S then creates an individual MCP containing the identifier GROUP_IDx for each subscriber station MS_1 and MS_2, and includes the MCP into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). [0177] The sector S then determines the slots on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. At time t2, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx). Subscriber station MS_1 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx), and sends a response at time t3. [0178] At time t4, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_2, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx). Subscriber station MS_2 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx) and sends a response at time t5. [0179] Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment determines to assign shared channels. The sector S determines the method of sending the individual channel assignment message, e.g., the ICAM, to each subscriber station MS_1 and MS_2, and sends the ICAMs containing information for the shared multicast service traffic channel ICAM(Channel Assignment Information) at time t6, respective t7. The subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 process the ICAMs and take an appropriate action, e.g., tune to and start monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted at time t7. At time t7 the content of the multicast service starts to be transmitted on the traffic channel (Traffic for Group_IDx). [0180] In another embodiment, if the entity decides to assign a dedicated channels, the access network sends a common channel assignment message, Multicast Channel Assignment Message (MCAM), containing information for the dedicated multicast service traffic channel. Thus, the MCAM uses a multicast address to assign the shared channel to the interested subscriber stations. [0181] As has been explained above, the subscriber stations belonging to the group identified by the GROUP_ID are not necessarily assigned the same slot on the paging channel. Consequently, a method enabling efficient method for delivering the multicast call initiation information is required. [0182] In one embodiment, upon receiving the notification, the subscriber stations are required to monitor the paging channel in a non-slotted mode; consequently, the MCAM may be sent in any paging channel slot. [0183] In another embodiment, the MCAM is sent on a slot using the same method employed for determining a slot to send a multicast-addressed notification. [0184] In another embodiment, the common overhead message or the common page message indicates the paging channel slot number, which the subscriber stations are required to monitor for the MCAM. [0185] In another embodiment, the MCAM is sent on each of the slots monitored by the subscriber stations. [0186] It will be understood by one of ordinary skills in the art, that the embodiments described were treated separately for tutorial purposes only. A communication system will use an embodiment appropriate for a multicast service. The selection of the embodiment may be specified e.g., in the notification. [0187] Once the subscriber station processes the message, the subscriber station(s) interested start to monitor the assigned channel to receive multicast service traffic. [0188] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 18. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 GROUP_IDx, comprising a group with an identifier GROUP_IDx, for which a multicast call is to start. Alternatively, the sector S receives a group identifier GROUP_IDx. The information may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. The sector S then determines the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. The sector S then creates an individual MCP containing the identifier GROUP_IDx for each subscriber station MS_1 and MS_2, and includes the MCP into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). [0189] The sector S then determines the slots on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. At time t2, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx). Subscriber station MS_1 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx), and sends a response at time t3. [0190] At time t4, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_2, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx). Subscriber station MS_2 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx) and sends a response at time t5. [0191] Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment determines to assign dedicated channels. The sector S determines the method of sending the common channel assignment message, e.g., the MCAM, and sends the MCAM containing information for the dedicated multicast service traffic channel MCAM(Channel Assignment Information for MS_1, Channel Assignment Information for MS_2) at time t6. The subscriber station MS_1 and MS_2 process the MCAM and take an appropriate action, e.g., tune to and start monitoring the dedicated physical channels Traffic for MS_1 respective Traffic for MS_2, on which the identified multicast call is being transmitted at time t7 respective t8. [0192] In another embodiment, if the entity decides to assign dedicated channels, the access network sends an individual channel assignment message (Individual Channel Assignment Message—ICAM), containing information for the shared multicast service traffic channel to each responding member subscriber station. In the context of a communication system in accordance with the IS-2000 standard, the ICAM can comprise, e.g., the Extended Channel Assignment Message could be used. [0193] It is noted that because the shared multicast service traffic channel is assigned individually as in a point-to-point call, any method known for a point-to-point traffic channel assignment can be used. Consequently, the issue of when to send the ICAM for each subscriber station is not present because the access network knows when each of the interested subscriber stations will be monitoring the paging channel. [0194] An example of message flow in accordance with the above-described embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 19. At an instant t1, a sector S receives an identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2 GROUP_ID_x, comprising a group with an identifier GROUP_IDx, for which a multicast call is to start. Alternatively, the sector S receives a group identifier GROUP_IDx. The information may be provided by another entity of the communication system, e.g., a base station controller, a PSTN, a source of information (not shown), an other entities. The sector S then determines the identity of the subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2, e.g., by querying a database. The sector S then creates an individual MCP containing the identifier GROUP_IDx for each subscriber station MS_1 and MS_2, and includes the MCP into a page message, e.g. a general page message (GPM). [0195] The sector S then determines the slots on a paging channel monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1 and MS_2. At time t2, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_1, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx). Subscriber station MS_1 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx), and sends a response at time t3. [0196] At time t4, in a slot monitored by the member subscriber stations MS_2, the sector S transmits the GPM(MCP:GROUP_IDx). Subscriber station MS_2 receives the GPM(GROUP_IDx) and sends a response at time t5. [0197] Upon receiving the responses, the entity of the access network responsible for the channel assignment determines to assign dedicated channel. The sector S waits until time t6 for the paging slot monitored by the subscriber station MS_1, and then conveys the individual ICAM(Channel Assignment Information for MS_1) to the subscriber station MS_1. The subscriber station MS_1 processes the ICAM and takes an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call for the subscriber station MS_1 is being transmitted (Traffic for MS_1) at time t7. [0198] Similarly, the sector S waits until time t8 for the paging slot monitored by the subscriber station MS_2, and then conveys the individual ICAM(Channel Assignment Information for MS_2) to the subscriber station MS_2. The subscriber station MS_2 processes the ICAM and takes an appropriate action, e.g., tunes to and starts monitoring the physical channel on which the identified multicast call for the subscriber station MS_2 is being transmitted (Traffic for MS_2) at time t9. [0199] It will be understood by one of ordinary skills in the art that the above-described embodiments were treated separately for tutorial purposes only. A communication system will use any embodiment appropriate for a multicast service. For example, for a multicast call to be delivered to a multicast group whose members are in a coverage area of different sectors, each sector may use different embodiment. Thus, one sector may use multicast notification, require a response, and assign dedicated channel. Another sector may use individual notification, require a response, and assign shared channel. Yet another sector may use multicast notification, require a response, and assign a shared channel to some subscriber stations and a dedicated channel to remaining subscriber stations. [0200] One skilled in the art will appreciate that although the flowchart diagrams are drawn in sequential order for comprehension, certain steps can be carried out in parallel in an actual implementation. [0201] Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. [0202] Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention. [0203] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. [0204] The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. [0205] The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. [0206] A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 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wireless communications systems* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification370/431, 370/329International ClassificationH04B7/26, H04W76/02, H04W4/06Cooperative ClassificationH04W4/06, H04W76/02, H04W76/002, H04W76/041, H04W72/005European ClassificationH04W76/00B, H04W72/00B, H04W4/06Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 21, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SINNARAJAH, RAGULAN;WANG, JUN;LEUNG, NIKOLAI K.N.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:013397/0518;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020924 TO 20020926Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SINNARAJAH, RAGULAN;WANG, JUN;LEUNG, NIKOLAI K.N.;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020924 TO 20020926;REEL/FRAME:013397/0518Jun 21, 2011CCCertificate of correctionFeb 25, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service 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Patent US7331271 - Variable stroke/clearance mechanism - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsAn assembly includes a cylinder (232) and a piston assembly (212) housed within the cylinder and configured for reciprocal motion relative to the cylinder. The piston assembly and cylinder include a magnet (230) and coil (234) configured to undergo relative motion of the piston assembly and cylinder....http://www.google.com/patents/US7331271?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7331271 - Variable stroke/clearance mechanismAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7331271 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/509,115PCT numberPCT/US2003/009702Publication dateFeb 19, 2008Filing dateMar 31, 2003Priority dateFeb 8, 2001Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20060008361Publication number10509115, 509115, PCT/2003/9702, PCT/US/2003/009702, PCT/US/2003/09702, PCT/US/3/009702, PCT/US/3/09702, PCT/US2003/009702, PCT/US2003/09702, PCT/US2003009702, PCT/US200309702, PCT/US3/009702, PCT/US3/09702, PCT/US3009702, PCT/US309702, US 7331271 B2, US 7331271B2, US-B2-7331271, US7331271 B2, US7331271B2InventorsAlbert E. Sanderson, John DieckmannOriginal AssigneeR. Sanderson Management, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (99), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (5), Classifications (10), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetVariable stroke/clearance mechanismUS 7331271 B2Abstract An assembly includes a cylinder (232) and a piston assembly (212) housed within the cylinder and configured for reciprocal motion relative to the cylinder. The piston assembly and cylinder include a magnet (230) and coil (234) configured to undergo relative motion of the piston assembly and cylinder. The assembly includes a transition arm (214) and a rotating member (222) coupled to the piston assembly by the transition arm. The reciprocal motion is linear in space and sinusoidal in time. 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MorsellInternal combustion enginesUS3528317Apr 14, 1969Sep 15, 1970Clessie L CumminsInternal combustion engineUS3590188Sep 1, 1966Jun 29, 1971Westinghouse Electric CorpFluid-blast circuit interrupter with piston assembly and electromagnetic driving meansUS3654906May 7, 1970Apr 11, 1972Airas TAxial cylinder rotary engineUS3842440Sep 1, 1972Oct 22, 1974Karlson EImplantable linear motor prosthetic heart and control system thereforUS3847124Mar 30, 1973Nov 12, 1974Kramer LInternal combustion engineUS3861829Apr 4, 1973Jan 21, 1975Borg WarnerVariable capacity wobble plate compressorUS3877839Oct 3, 1973Apr 15, 1975Ifield Richard JTorque limiting means for variable displacement pumpsUS3906841Aug 6, 1973Sep 23, 1975Linde AgAxial-piston machineUS3939809Oct 11, 1974Feb 24, 1976Ulrich RohsAxial-piston combustion engineUS3945359Nov 27, 1973Mar 23, 1976Ryuzi AsagaRotor engineUS3956942Mar 19, 1974May 18, 1976Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.Mechanism producing a linear reciprocating output motion with a low speed interval near the center of the strokeUS3959983Nov 5, 1974Jun 1, 1976Borg-Warner CorporationVariable capacity wobble plate compressorUS3968699Jun 6, 1974Jul 13, 1976U.S. Philips CorporationDrive systemUS3969046Jul 12, 1974Jul 13, 1976Wynn James MMetering pump systemUS3974714Nov 21, 1974Aug 17, 1976Lewa Herbert Ott KommanditgesellschaftPump driving mechanism with adjustable strokeUS4011842Sep 8, 1975Mar 15, 1977Francis William DaviesPiston machineUS4060178Aug 18, 1975Nov 29, 1977Miller Mfg. 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A. IndustriesPiston metering pumpUS4342544Mar 28, 1980Aug 3, 1982Creusot-LoireReciprocating pumpUS4345174Jun 1, 1981Aug 17, 1982Angus Motor CorporationElectromagnetic engineUS4349130Mar 3, 1980Sep 14, 1982Woolfolk Chemical Works, Inc.Liquid metering pumpUS4418586May 20, 1981Dec 6, 1983General Motors CorporationSwash plate drive mechanismUSRE15442Sep 17, 1917Sep 5, 1922 almenNon-Patent CitationsReference1Advanced diaphragm metering pump technology for lower pressure applications, LEWAecodos(R).2Bloomfield, Louis A., "How Things Work: Electric Motors," howthingswork.Virginia.edu, Oct. 25, 2001, http://rabi.phys.virginia.edu/HTW/electric<SUB>-</SUB>motors.html.3D M Clucas, PhD and J K Raine, PhD, "Development of a Hermetically Sealed Stirling Engine Battery Charger," Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Part C: Journal of Mech Eng Science, vol. 208, pp. 357-366.4Den Hartog, J.P. (Jacob Pieter), "Problem 144" 1956 New York.5DM Clucas, PhD and J K Raine, PhD, "A new wobble drive with particular application in a Stirling engine," Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Part C: Journal of Mech Eng Science, vol. 208, pp. 337-346.6ECycle Inc. schematic.7Freudenstein, "Development of an Optimum Variable-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engine Mechanism from the Viewpoint . . . ," Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design, vol. 105, pp. 259-266, 1984.8Freudenstein, "Kinematic Structure of Mechanisms for Fixed and Variable-Stroke Axial-Piston Reciprocating Machines," Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design, VI. 106, pp. 355-363, 1984.9Metering Pumps, LEWA modular(R), American Lewa, The Technology Advantage.10Olson, John R., "Speed Varying Loads Affect the Stability of Hydrostatic Transmissions", www.nfpa.com, 1970.11Red Barn Engineering Presents, "Internal Combustion Motor with Integral Electric Generator For Use In Electric Vehicles," The MOGEN-Motor Generator-Hybrid Vehicles, http://www.mogen.net/index.shtml, copyright 1998.12Redlich, Robert, "A Summary of Twenty Years Experience with Linear Motors and Alternators," Sunpower, Inc., Athens, Ohio, U.S.A., 1996, http://www.sunpower.com/tech<SUB>-</SUB>papers/pub64/linmot.html.13Sunpower, Inc., "High Efficiency, Oil-Free Compressor: Better Machines for A Better World," http://www.sunpower.com/compressors/compressor/index.html.14The MOGEN-Motor Generator-Hybrid Vehicles, Red Barn Engineering Presents, "Internal Combustion Motor with Integral Electric Generator For Use In Electric Vehicles," http://www.mogen.net/index.shtml.Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7451687Dec 29, 2005Nov 18, 2008Thomas Industries, Inc.Hybrid nutating pumpUS7649286Mar 8, 2006Jan 19, 2010Ldg Enterprises, LlcElectric motor starting deviceUS8035259Jan 19, 2010Oct 11, 2011Ldg Enterprises, LlcElectric motor starting deviceUS8317490 *Mar 8, 2006Nov 27, 2012Ldg Enterprises, LlcTorque drive mechanism for gas compressorUS20100093491 *Sep 25, 2007Apr 15, 2010Societe Robert, Jean-ChristianDevice for converting linear motion into a rotational motion in an adjustable way* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification92/12.2International ClassificationF16B3/02Cooperative ClassificationF04B1/146, F04B49/12, F04B27/1054, F01B3/106European ClassificationF04B1/14C7, F04B27/10C4, F01B3/10B4, F04B49/12Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 18, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Aug 24, 2009ASAssignmentOwner name: SANDERSON ENGINE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LLC, MASSACHFree format text: TERMINATION OF PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:ANDLINGER CAPITAL XIX LLC;REEL/FRAME:023134/0019Effective date: 20090811Feb 25, 2008ASAssignmentOwner name: ANDLINGER CAPITAL XIX LLC, NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:SANDERSON ENGINE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LLC;REEL/FRAME:020555/0052Effective date: 20070731Dec 19, 2006ASAssignmentOwner name: R. SANDERSON MANAGEMENT, INC., TEXASFree format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE;ASSIGNORS:SANDERSON, ALBERT E.;DIECKMANN, JOHN;REEL/FRAME:018653/0554;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050411 TO 20050721Oct 4, 2006ASAssignmentOwner name: SANDERSON ENGINE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LLC, MASSACHFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SANDERSON, ALBERT E.;DIECKMANN, JOHN;REEL/FRAME:018345/0668;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050411 TO 20050721RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

The guqin (simplified/traditional: 古琴; pinyin: gǔqín; Wade–Giles ku-ch'in; pronounced [kùtɕʰǐn] ( listen); literally "ancient stringed instrument") is a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family. It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favoured by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement, as highlighted by the quote "a gentleman does not part with his qin or se without good reason,"[1] as well as being associated with the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is sometimes referred to by the Chinese as "the father of Chinese music" or "the instrument of the sages". The guqin is not to be confused with the guzheng, another Chinese long zither also without frets, but with moveable bridges under each string. The tones of qin can be categorized as three characteristic "sounds." The first type is san yin (散音), which literally means "scattered sound".It's the ground frequency produced by plucking a free string with right hand fingers. Listen (help·info). Plunking a string with right hand and gently tapping specific note positions on the string with left hand will create a crisp and mellifluous sound Listen (help·info)named "fan yin" (泛音), or overtune harmonics. The impor

_.nj=function(){this.H=[];this.R=[]};_.g=_.nj.prototype;_.g.Ff=function(){return this.H.length+this.R.length};_.g.se=function(){return _.zb(this.H)&&_.zb(this.R)};_.g.clear=function(){this.H=[];this.R=[]};_.g.contains=function(a){return _.yb(this.H,a)||_.yb(this.R,a)};_.g.remove=function(a){var b=this.H;var c=(0,_.nba)(b,a);0<=c?(_.Bb(b,c),b=!0):b=!1;return b||_.Cb(this.R,a)}; _.g.Ie=function(){for(var a=[],b=this.H.length-1;0<=b;--b)a.push(this.H[b]);var c=this.R.length;for(b=0;bMis dibujos,tus dibujos,nuestros dibujos :D - Google+Press question mark to see available shortcut keysSign inSearchSign in6 members - PublicMis dibujos,tus dibujos,nuestros dibujos :DAsk to joinSearch CommunityAbout CommunityUna comunidad donde podras expresar tu arte o sentimientos a partir de dibujos y charlar con gente :DFilterAll postsDebateDibujos :DCharlaMis dibujos,tus dibujos,nuestros dibujos :DAsk to join6 members - PublicMis dibujos,tus dibujos,nuestros dibujos :DAsk to joinAbout CommunityUna comunidad donde podras expresar tu arte o sentimientos a partir de dibujos y charlar con gente :DAll postsLooks like you've reached the endLooks like you've reached the endUnable to load more. RetryWait while more posts are being loadedDrag photos anywhere to start a new post

Consumer behavior for mc donald's h... Simple Agency Online Video Advertis... I made this presentation as part of my Advertising and Promotion module at university. It was my role to act as Nokia seeking the help of an advertising agency to come up with a campaign to help re-launch one of Nokias handsets. ... Nokia Mission Statement is simple, Connecting people! Plus peoples names Rodrigue Nokia began its journey in 1865 with Fredrick Idestam, in 1968 it integrated into the telecommunications market, to later become one of the worlds leaders in innovative mobile phones targeting business communications.. 2002 marked Nokia’s release of the first 3G handset which would soon set new standards for mobile phone makers. Today Nokia has found this success very hard to merge with the Smartphone market as they are failing to compete with the likes of Samsung. Natasha http://0-academic.mintel.com.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&amp;/display/id=545199/display/id=563172/display/id=563181#atom3http://www.nokia.com/about-nokia/company/story-of-nokiahttp://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/financialinformation/earningsrelease/downloads/2010/20104Q_Earnings_Announcement.pdfNokia prides itself as the most popular mobile brand, owned by approximately one in three mobile usersEnjoying a 31% market share. Nokia’s net value is 36.7 million compared to Samsung’s 6.6.However as of yet Nokiahas not been ableto fully transfer this success to the Smartphone sector, Compared to their rivals Samsung,. Natasha As we can see from the PLC the Smartphone industry is still in its growth stage, however with recent sales figures Nokia are finding themselves slowly approaching maturity stage with the lack of handset sales. Political - Patent laws surrounding the Smartphone industry Economical - Recession has forced the closure of its plants around the world, however according to Mintel reports there has been a slight increase in personal disposable income. Socio-cultural – Nokia has a strong penetration in the market. Smartphone’s are also continuously rising in sales due to young people seeking technologically savvy mobiles looking for pocket PC type devices. Technological – Nokia has integrated its with Microsoft software&apos;s. Technological advances in introducing 4G into smart phones. Ummaima Strength – The strength of Nokia lies in its brand power and its spread in the global market, this is also evident In its market share. Weakness - Nokia’s weaknesses is caused by its failure to compete with the likes of the Samsung Glalaxy S, Nokia cost cutting plans in a bid to save the company resulted a weak infiltration into the smartphone market. Opportunities – The development of 4G and Nokia’s partnership with Microsoft poses 2 of its biggest opportunities..Threats – Nokia’s late entry into the Smartphone market, made it unpopular amongst other smart phones. Causing an 18% slump in share. Ummaima http://www.carphonewarehouse.comBoth phones offer customers more or less the same thing, however Saumsung does give a little extra but that is shown in the extra premium that you have to pay for it. Nokia handsets are more reasonably priced for the specifications provided.Natasha As you can see Nokia has a distribution channel in around 50 countries selling in major shops such as the carphonewarehouse, and even online on websites such as Amazon.comNatasha ATL – this is generally described as mass paid mediaTTL – this is marketing communications which span both ATL and BTL communications together to get synergy where 2 + 2 = 5 BTL – This is marketing that is not commission paying media. This slide is about ATL promotion, we will first look at adverts both Samsung and Nokia have implemented. As you can see the advert Samsung have made show off their phone more of a handy tool which is necessary for every day life and also for everyone to use by relating it to this man organising a breakfast for his girlfriend, which appeals to the majority of people. Whereas the Nokia advert has a blind man using the camera on a Nokia N8 to take a photo of a rollercoaster as well as getting his picture taken with two girls, this appeals to the minority of people as not many will be able to relate to how the phone can also help them in their day to day life. The Samsung advert is more useful showing off various functions and uses for the phone where as we feel that the Nokia advert fails to deliver that. Rodrigue Again as we can see from these outdoor adverts, Samsung are stronger in communicating their message more effectively to its consumers managing to highlight more than one of it features and capturing their attention with this. As the saying goes a picture tells a million stories and with the Samsung we genuinely believe that they accomplish this. Whereas in Nokias case we feel that the miss is by miles, there is no thorough message communicated to its audience, the phone is not even in sight for the consumer so that they can specifically tell that it is the Nokia N8 model. It also does not show the features of the phone. The way the Samsung is photographed is very effective as it shows the users hands as if to say this could be you using the phone where as with the Nokia there is no interaction with its potential users at all. Rodrigue http://0-academic.mintel.com.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&amp;/display/id=545199/display/id=563179?select_section=563180 Marcomms theory needs to be applied based on historical methods last year Nokia spent 9.3 million pound on advertising, bearing in mind its financial state and cost cuts we will be reducing the budget to 5 Million pounds Transcript of "Advertising and prom" • 1865 – The Beginning• 1968 – The move to Tele-Communication• 1992 – Strategically repositioned to Business Communications• 2002 – The launch of the first 3G phone• 2011 - Nokia today 2. • Nokia net value is £36.7 million (Nokia, 2011)compared to Samsung’s £6.6 billion(Samsung, 2011) Market share•Mobile Communication Vs. Smartphone 9% 4% 31% Nokia 6% Samsung Sony Ericsson 6% Apple LG 8% Blackberry Motorola Others 15% Source: 21% Mintel, 2011 3. Smartphone industry is still in its growth stages Projected Life cycle Nokia is currently at its growth / maturity stage as its rapidly loosing market shareIntroduction Growth Maturity Decline 4. Political EconomicalLicensing of technology Recession PDI has slightly increased (Mintel, 2010) Socio-cultural TechnologicalStrong brand penetration The integration of Microsoft(Mintel, 2011) into the Nokia handsetsTechnology savvy mobile Advent of 4G 5. Strength Weaknesses Brand power Lack of styling Global market Cost cuts Market share Weak transfer into smartphone market Threats Opportunities Popularity of other smartphonesInnovations into 4G market Late in the game Partnership with Microsoft 18% slump in shares Source: Mintel, 2011 6. From From£519.00 Galaxy S2 Nokia N8 £419.95 Source: Carphonewarehouse, 2011 7. Mobile devices Tech.Networks Technology Brazil, China, Finland, GB, China Finland Hungary, India, Mexico, R Germany omania, South Korea India Penetration into 50 countries worldwide 8. ATL (Picktion & TV Radio Outdoor cinema postersBroderick 2005)NokiaSamsung Through the Line BTL (Picktion & PR WOM E-WOM E-Marketing sponsorship Broderick 2005) Nokia Samsung 9. Samsung Galaxy 2 (TV Advert) Nokia N8 (TV Advert) 10. • A product which caters to individual needs• Price and features of the phone• High bargaining power 11. Targeting Positioning• Mainstreamers • Trust / Loyalty• Aspirers • Brand power• Succeeders Segmentation • Geographical •Demographical •Psychographical •Behavioural 12. Source: Mintel, 2011 13.  Increase awareness of the Nokia N8 handset Refresh and create a lasting impression in the minds of existing and potential buyers Reposition Nokia as a more cool stylish and fun brand as well as trusted Increase sales figures from -0.7% (Mintell, 2011) to 0.5% 14.  The improved campaign will run across 6 months starting from late November 2011 in time for Christmas Budget = £5 Million with a 2% extension if needed Agency fee = 7% with 3% bonus if the campaign is successful 15. Let’s get Connecting! Feel free to ask any questions? 16. Carphone Warehouse, 2011. Carphone Warehouse. [Online] Available at:http://www.carphonewarehouse.com [Accessed 29 October 2011]Mintel, 2011. Companies and Products. [Online] Available at: http://0-academic.mintel.com.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=545199/display/id=563179?select_section=563180 [Accessed 29 October 2011]Mintel, 2011. Mobile Phones and Network Providers - UK - January 2011. [Online] Available at:http://0-academic.mintel.com.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=545199/display/id=563172/display/id=563181#atom3 [Accessed 29 October 2011]Nokia, 2011. Story of Nokia. [Online] Available at: http://www.nokia.com/about-nokia/company/story-of-nokia [Accessed 29 October 2011] Samsung, 2011. Samsung Electronics Announces Fourth Quarter & FY 2010 Results. [Online] Availableat:http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/financialinformation/earningsrelease/downloads/2010/20104Q_Earnings_Announcement.pdf[Accessed 29 October 2011] Recommended Guru Nanak Institute of Management 9,373 Consumer behavior for mc donald's happy meal

Patent US7003638 - Memory bus interface for use in a peripheral device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA peripheral device may include an interface configured to interface to a memory bus and a functional unit coupled to the interface and configured to perform a peripheral device function on data accessed by the interface. The interface may be configured to perform a data access in response to memory...http://www.google.com/patents/US7003638?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7003638 - Memory bus interface for use in a peripheral deviceAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS7003638 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/316,363Publication dateFeb 21, 2006Filing dateDec 11, 2002Priority dateDec 11, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20040117565Publication number10316363, 316363, US 7003638 B2, US 7003638B2, US-B2-7003638, US7003638 B2, US7003638B2InventorsPaul M. Brant, John E. Stone, IIIOriginal AssigneeStandard Microsystems CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (8), Classifications (8), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMemory bus interface for use in a peripheral device US 7003638 B2Abstract A peripheral device may include an interface configured to interface to a memory bus and a functional unit coupled to the interface and configured to perform a peripheral device function on data accessed by the interface. The interface may be configured to perform a data access in response to memory control, address, and data signals on the memory bus. The functional unit may be configured to perform various peripheral device functions such as data communication functions, video functions, printing functions, mass storage functions, and human interface controller functions. This invention relates to computer systems and, more particularly, to transferring data to a peripheral device within a computer system. FIG. 1 illustrates a typical configuration of a computer system 10 that includes an embedded controller 12, several memory modules 22A–22B, a memory bus 20, a PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus 30, an Ethernet MAC (Media Access Control) 32 and associated PHY (PHYsical Layer) device 34, and another PCI device 36. The embedded controller 12 includes a processor 14 and a bus bridge that includes a memory system controller 16 and an I/O system controller 18. The memory controller 16 allows the processor to communicate with memory modules 22A–22B via transfers over memory bus 20. I/O system controller 18 allows the processor 14 to communicate with the Ethernet MAC 34 and PCI device 36 via the PCI bus 30. Various embodiments of systems and methods for interfacing a peripheral device to a memory bus are disclosed. In one embodiment, an interface for use with a peripheral device may include a memory bus interface and a device interface. The memory bus interface is configured to receive memory control, address, and data signals on a memory bus. The device interface is configured to communicate data to a functional unit in the peripheral device in response to the memory bus interface receiving the memory control, address, and data signals. For example, in response to the memory bus interface receiving memory control signals indicating a memory write command and address signals indicating an address of a memory mapped structure within the functional unit, the device interface may write data received by the memory bus interface from the memory bus to the memory mapped structure in the functional unit. FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a computer system 100 that includes a peripheral device 32A configured to interface to a memory bus 20, according to one embodiment. In FIG. 2, an embedded controller 12 is coupled to a memory bus 20 and a PCI bus 30. Embedded controller 12 includes a processor 14, a memory system controller 16, and an I/O system controller 18. Memory bus 20 is coupled to two memory modules 22A and 22B and a peripheral device 32A. PCI bus 30 is coupled to a PCI device 36. PCI bus 36 is illustrated as an exemplary peripheral or I/O bus. Other peripheral bus technologies such as ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) and USB (Universal Serial Bus) may be used in other embodiments. In some embodiments, the memory system controller 16 may be configured to transmit standard SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) control and address signals to SDRAM memory modules 22A and 22B via memory bus 20. In one such embodiment, memory modules 22A and 22B may be DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM memory modules and the memory system controller 16 may be configured to transmit DDR SDRAM control and address signals. In other embodiments, the memory system controller 18 and memory modules 22A and 22B may be configured according to other DRAM standards. In one embodiment, the memory bus 20 may be a standard 32-bit SDRAM bus that conveys standard chip selects to enable a targeted device and standard SDRAM control signals, such as RAS, CAS, WE, CKE, CLK, DQMx, BA[2:0], CS[2:0], as well as standard 11-bit Row/Column Address signals. As used herein, “memory control signals” are signals generated by a memory system controller that initiate an access to a memory module. Such signals may also be used to initiate an access to a peripheral device, as described below. The peripheral device 32A may have several modes of operation in some embodiments. In one mode, the peripheral device 32A may simply act as a memory-mapped device by responding to read and write commands initiated by memory system controller 16 that target addresses mapped to peripheral device 32A. For example, in one embodiment, the peripheral device 32A may respond to memory read and write commands initiated by memory system controller 16 exactly like a 32-, 16-, or 8-bit SDRAM device. In another mode, the peripheral device 32A may act as a slave device on the memory bus 20 (e.g., using a DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller included in embedded controller 12). In yet another mode, the peripheral device 32A may behave as a bus master on the memory bus 20. For example, some systems may support multiple memory bus “masters” by allowing one master to “hold off” another via a “Hold,” “Hold Acknowledge” handshake protocol. In such an embodiment, the peripheral device 32A may be configured to generate a “Hold” cycle of command and/or address signals on the memory bus. In response, the embedded controller 12 and/or its internal memory system controller 16 may respond with a “Hold Acknowledge” cycle. Upon completion of the handshake, the peripheral device 32A may use an internal memory controller (not shown) to move data to the appropriate memory location(s) without the intervention of processor 14 or the memory system controller 16. In some embodiments, peripheral device 32A may also support a master configuration in which the peripheral device 32A performs autonomous scatter/gather bus master operations. Note that in some embodiments, peripheral device 32A may support only a single mode of operation. In other embodiments, peripheral device 32A may support several user-selectable modes of operation. FIG. 3 illustrates how the peripheral device 32A that includes an interface 200 may be memory mapped to an address range within system memory address space. In the illustrated embodiment, three memory modules 22A–22C are each logically mapped to a distinct 64 Kbyte address range. Another distinct 64 Kbyte address range is mapped to the Ethernet MAC 32A. Note that in other embodiments, different sizes of address ranges may be mapped to each physical device, and that different numbers and types of physical devices may be included in the mapping. For example, several peripheral devices, which include interfaces 200 that allow those peripheral devices to access memory bus 20, may be included in the mapping. 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III;REEL/FRAME:013573/0090Effective date: 20021210Jul 17, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Mar 14, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

Gone in 23 SECONDS! Moment thieves use hi-tech relay device to steal BMW on owner's driveway | Daily Mail Online Thieves stole a car parked on the owner's driveway in a raid that took 23 seconds The duo trick the vehicle's keyless entry system using a high-tech relay device The shocking footage, captured in Billericay, Essex, happened at 12.40am It comes amid a surge in vehicle related thefts blamed on keyless technology Published: 11:25 EDT, 18 May 2018 | Updated: 11:32 EDT, 18 May 2018 Thieves steal a car parked on the owner's driveway in just 23 seconds by tricking the vehicle's keyless entry system. The rapid raid in Billericay, Essex, was captured on CCTV and showed the brazen crooks pinching the BMW just yards from a front door. The shocking footage, taken early yesterday morning at 12.40am, shows one man holding a device that looks like a set-top box up to the wall of the house. As he moves it around, it picks up signals from the car's keyfob inside in seconds, and it then transmits it to his accomplice waiting next to the driver's door. One man in a black hooded jacket approaches the house in Billericay, Essex at 12.40am yesterday The man then waves the device at the wall, and picks up a signal from the key inside in seconds The car's systems are then tricked into thinking the key was present, and in less than 30 seconds, the two men climb inside and drive away. Victim Danny Talbot shared the footage online after discovering his motor had been taken. He said: 'Anyone got keyless go and make sure you double click the lock button or put keys in a metal box, apparently this deactivates the key. 'The funny thing was I walked the dog this morning and didn't even notice it had been stolen. After it transmits the signal to a device held by another man he runs to the vehicle and climbs inside The two men then drive away into the night without disturbing the homeowner Britain's keyless car crime epidemic: Thefts triple in the... Amazon and eBay accused by police of fuelling a car crime... 'Had shower and walked outside thinking I had memory loss again leaving car down pub, but then realised I never went out last night.' The raid comes amid a surge in the number of vehicle thefts, which have jumped by more than half last year, which have been blamed on keyless technology. In a damning indictment of how easy it has become for criminals to steal cars, the ONS said in almost half of thefts, they are 'entering the vehicle through an unlocked door'. Motoring campaigners and police said this showed hacking into keyless cars had become the new modus operandi of 'digitally savvy thieves'. 'Vehicle-related theft' – which also includes items stolen from vehicles and attempted thefts – rose by almost a fifth from 796,000 in 2016 to 929,000 last year. Of the 44 police forces in England and Wales, all but two saw an increase in vehicle crime. Gone in 23 SECONDS! Moment thieves use hi-tech relay device to steal BMW on owner's driveway 'The Minimalists' on their theories: 'A rich life with less stuff' ARCHIVE: Aisleyne Horgan-Wallace in happier times Students 'voluntarily' smash their phones in class in China Abandoned sanatorium cemetery lies buried in forgotten bushland Government will not deport Adelaide family with disabled daughter Hardworking man begs government not to deport him and his family Man adopted by U.S. family at age 3 faces deportation Dramatic moment moped robber tackled by member of the public

Patent US5820488 - Golf ball and method of making same - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA non-wound golf ball, comprising a central core, a cover having a thickness of at least about 30 mils and comprising a member selected from the group consisting of ionomers, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and polyethylene surrounding the core, and a moisture barrier surrounding the core and being located...http://www.google.com/patents/US5820488?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5820488 - Golf ball and method of making sameAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5820488 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/873,820Publication dateOct 13, 1998Filing dateJun 12, 1997Priority dateJul 29, 1993Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2116399A1, CA2116399CPublication number08873820, 873820, US 5820488 A, US 5820488A, US-A-5820488, US5820488 A, US5820488AInventorsMichael J. Sullivan, Thomas J. Kennedy, Mark BinetteOriginal AssigneeSullivan; Michael J., Kennedy; Thomas J., Binette; MarkExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (21), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (227), Classifications (13), Legal Events (8) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetGolf ball and method of making same Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS2730159 *Jan 17, 1951Jan 10, 1956Goodrich Co B FMethod of making golf ballsUS2741480 *Feb 4, 1953Apr 10, 1956Worthington Ball CompanyGolf ballUS2973800 *Sep 2, 1958Mar 7, 1961 Methods of covering golf ballsUS3053539 *Jun 3, 1959Sep 11, 1962Brass Ram CorpGame ballUS3989568 *Nov 21, 1974Nov 2, 1976Acushnet CompanyPolyurethane covered golf ballsUS4272079 *Sep 25, 1979Jun 9, 1981Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.Thread wound golf ballUS4483537 *Jun 24, 1982Nov 20, 1984Hayakawa Rubber Co., Ltd.Golf ballUS4561657 *Feb 3, 1984Dec 31, 1985Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.Golf ballUS4679794 *Nov 5, 1985Jul 14, 1987Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.Golf ballUS4858924 *Mar 11, 1988Aug 22, 1989Bridgestone CorporationSolid golf ballUS4919434 *Jul 25, 1988Apr 24, 1990Bridgestone CorporationGolf ballUS4955966 *Jun 9, 1988Sep 11, 1990Asics CorporationRubber composition and golf ball comprising itUS4998734 *Nov 30, 1989Mar 12, 1991Universal Golf Supply, Inc.Golf ballUS5029870 *Sep 19, 1989Jul 9, 1991Acushnet CompanyPainted golf ballUS5072944 *Apr 4, 1990Dec 17, 1991Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.Three-piece solid golf ballUS5187013 *Mar 24, 1992Feb 16, 1993Lisco, Inc.Golf ball compositionsUS5439227 *Aug 25, 1993Aug 8, 1995Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd.Multi-piece solid golf ballGB494031A * Title not availableGB2245580A * Title not availableGB2248067A * Title not availableJPH04109970A * Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1"Ionomer", Robert J. 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Du Pont De Nemours And CompanyGolf balls with cores or intermediate layers prepared from highly-neutralized ethylene terpolymers and organic acidsUS20110023774 *Oct 14, 2010Feb 3, 2011Hogge Matthew FMethod of providing a moisture vapor barrier layer to a core of a golf ballUS20110124438 *May 26, 2011Morgan William EGolf ball having visually enhanced non-uniform thickness intermediate layerUS20110143863 *Jun 16, 2011Sullivan Michael JGolf balls having dual cores made of polybutadiene rubber / ionomer blendsUS20110143864 *Jun 16, 2011Sullivan Michael JPolybutadiene rubber / ionomer blends for golf balls having dual cores and coversUS20110165967 *Jul 7, 2011Acushnet CompanyCastable golf ball components using acrylate functional resinsUS20110190076 *Aug 4, 2011Christopher CavallaroMultilayer golf ball containing at least three core layers, at least one intermediate barrier layer, and at least one cover layerUS20140187352 *Mar 6, 2013Jul 3, 2014Taylor Made Golf Company, Inc.Golf ball compositions* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification473/374, 473/378, 473/377International ClassificationA63B45/00, A63B37/12, A63B37/04, A63B37/00Cooperative ClassificationA63B37/0045, A63B37/0033, A63B37/0041, A63B37/0093, A63B37/0003European ClassificationA63B37/00GLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 20, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: BANK OF AMERICA NATIONAL TRUST & SAVINGS ASSOCIATIFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:EVENFLO & SPALDING HOLDINGS CORPORATION;SPALDING & EVENFLO COMPANIES, INC.;EVENFLO COMPANY, INC.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009342/0379Effective date: 19980330May 22, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: BANK OF AMERICA NATIONAL TRUST & SAVINGS ASSOCIATIFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:EVENFLO & SPALDING HOLDINGS CORPORATION;SPALDING & EVENFLO COMPANIES, INC.;EVENFLO COMPANY, INC.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009516/0369Effective date: 19980330Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA NATIONAL TRUST & SAVINGS ASSOCIATIFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:EVENFLO & SPALDING HOLDINGS CORPORATION;SPALDING & EVENFLO COMPANIES, INC.;EVENFLO COMPANY, INC.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009227/0574Effective date: 19980331Feb 8, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: SPALDING SPORTS WORLDWIDE, INC., MASSACHUSETTSFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SULLIVAN, MICHAEL J.;KENNEDY, THOMAS J.;BINETTE, MARK;REEL/FRAME:009748/0271Effective date: 19990202Apr 2, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jun 2, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: TOP-FLITE GOLF COMPANY, THE, A DELAWARE CORPORATIOFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:SPALDING SPORTS WORLDWIDE, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013712/0219Effective date: 20030528Sep 26, 2003ASAssignmentApr 13, 2006FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Apr 13, 2010FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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3265 Verified Hotel Reviews of Tryp Barcelona Aeropuerto Hotel | Booking.com Reviews of Tryp Barcelona Aeropuerto Hotel 4 stars #4 of 10 hotels in El Prat de Llobregat “I stayed at this airport hotel after my flight got cancelled...” 눇I stayed at this airport hotel after my flight got cancelled, it was easy to find and had a free shuttle the next morning which made life easier. Food from the resturant is actually very nice and everyone was very helpful. “the bed is comfortable and staffs are helpful” 눉first when I entered the room, the air con doesn't work and feel so hot and it's summer hence it's hotter due to the air con didn't work and the room was smelly. Good thing, after I complained, they fixed it hence I returned to the room again, it was okay. 눇the bed is comfortable and staffs are helpful 눉The fact that the staff lied to me about getting me a crib. For our little one who had to sleep on the floor. I get if you do dot have a crib. But don’t lie to the customer and say one will be brought up and whe it was not. They simply said they did not have one. Not looking into why one was not delivered. “If convenience is your only ask ” 눉Room smelled damp and moldy, especially in the bathroom. Bathroom could use a update- very dated and uncomfortable to use 눇Convenient location to airport, free shuttle bus, helpful staff, great buffet breakfast. Overall it was fine as a one night stay in transit “Friendly staff and convenient for getting to the airport” 눉The free shuttle from the airport (which was our main reason for booking, as there was a taxi strike on in Barcelona) was not easy to find at the airport, there was no info prior to arrival from the hotel exactly where in the large waiting area the bus would pull up, or what type/colour bus to look out for. On entering the room it smelt of stale smoke even though it was a non-smoking room and the bathroom wasn't 100% clean - someone elses hairs were still there. We didn´t make a fuss as it had been a long day and was almost midnight by the time we were checked in, we just wanted a few hours sleep before getting up at 4am to get back to the airport but for the amount we paid, the room and the arrival experience was disappointing. 눇The staff were very friendly and helpful. Very conveniently located for getting to and from the airport 24 hours. Free airport shuttle, easy to manage from the hotel to airport journey. Food in the terrace bar was fine. 눉Bathroom was not very clean. Room itself not for four stars hotel. Three stars — yes, not four. Very simple and old furniture, no minibar, no slippers. Not friendly night shift staff. 눇Convenient location. Close to the airport. Free shuttle. “OK for the busy traveller.” 눉A big "hotel machine" and impossible to cool-down the room due to inefficient air con system. Staff was confused and pretty arrogant during check in. 눇Easy access to and from the airport. “We will stay again. Both stays were extremely comfortable and staff efficient and friendly.” 눉Airport transfer on second stay was poor. Waiting 90 minutes to get picked up from the airport. However first stay the pick up was quick. 눇Very comfy bed. Cool temperature in the room. Staff friendly. Very very clean room. Delighted with both my bookings. “Comfy hotel close to airport with 24 h free airport shuttle.” 눉All the stuff was good except the shuttle driver. I think they would really need a better training or change their job. When I arrived in the night after having lost my connection flight, I was standing 15 min in front of the bus and the drivers were just chatting with each other. Then they told me that I had to tell them that I would go to tryp hotel. I was standing in front of the entrance door of the tryp bus. The driver started his journey and stopped again just to chat with a colleague. Next day another driver was quite rude and he didn’t help me at all with my suitcase. He was just standing beside watching me having difficulties in lifting it in the bus. I don’t understand people doing jobs they hate. Especially in the service business it’s not possible to have that negative attitude. Please make a better selection of your drivers. They can be trained to understand that the client comes from a long journey and just wants to be treated like a human being. Thanks for listening 눇Comfy hotel close to airport with 24 h free airport shuttle. 눉We paid for a room w breakfast, but we left too early the next morning to actually attend. There were complimentary coffee and pastries available, but I wish I would have been given the choice of a refund for the breakfast. 눇Shuttle service from airport. Room cool and comfortable. We arrived for one day during a taxi strike so our plans to go into Barcelona were altered, but the staff was helpful with directions to the nearest bus stop so we could venture to a beach south of the city. “Clean, comfortable room, kind staff.” 눉I thought the hotel was closer to the airport. Information on where to find the transfer at the airport was not clear, I was in a hurry so I had to take a taxi to get to the hotel. 눇Clean, comfortable room, kind staff. “The hotel was conveniently located for our needs.” 눉Please make sure that you get a clean room, our hotel was fully booked. Our room smelled like smelly socks. The bed also did not smell good. Since we checked in late night and had a early morning flight to catch we just bore the room and managed to make the room less smelly. 눇The hotel was conveniently located for our needs. The shuttle service was good. The hotel was modern and the family enjoyed the pizza delivery service they provide at the hotel. “Airport convenience with excellent service” 눉The room service through an external pizza delivery service wasn't great - the food was average and the pizza delivery man who came to the door hadn't spoken to the front desk (we'd left card details with them to pay) so he was very angry with us and only spoke Spanish. Aside from that, it was a really smooth stay. 눇We chose this accommodation as an airport hotel so that we could get to our early flight with ease, but they exceeded our expectations. The hotel was very well maintained/presented. Our room was spacious, clean and had a TV with many channels so we could check the news. The bathroom was great! It was so nice to have a good shower before going into transit the next day. We did order room service through an external pizza delivery service which was a bit tricky, but the front desk sorted everything out for us. Our wake-up call and shuttle to the airport was really well organised and made everything so much easier. Definitely recommend if you need to be near the airport. “Good but for a 4 star hotel it could be better ” 눉A bit stuffy air in the room when we came, air-conditioning was not working properly, stuff in the room is fine but some of the equipment is a bit old. 눇Breakfast was nice, definitely a recommendation. Stuff is very nice, they also organize free transport to the airport with a minivan. “The room was quite spacious (junior suite), the bed was...” 눉A pool would have been nice as we were just chilling at the hotel waiting for a flight the next day. 눇The room was quite spacious (junior suite), the bed was enormous and comfortable, my son slept on a sofa bed in the lounge area which gave us a little more privacy. The staff were amazing, really friendly, professional and helpful. The location to the airport was perfect for us and the shuttle bus was a real bonus as there was a taxi strike on when we visited. “An very quick overnight stay but very pleasant. Lovely hotel.” 눉That the reception staff tried to charge us for 2 extra people. It was in our booking form that we booked for 4 people but this information had not been sent on the the hotel so check in took way longer than it should have! 눇Very clean, modern and great for the children. “Pedro in the restaurant treated us like royalty.. And the check in process was very professional! ” 눇Our flight from Barcelona to nyc was cancelled (after spending 3 hours in the plane on the runway) and most hotels were full. I was able to find the last room (for 3 people) at the tryp and their shuttle picked us up and took us back to the airport the next day!! The taxis were all on strike. “Very good hotel for those who need to stay close to the airport.” 눉Delay in restaurant attendance. 눇Good localization. Very close to airport. Free shuttle service. Comfortable room and bathroom, which contains a bath tube. “Nice room, big enough for a family of 4.” 눉Didn’t like the food at the restaurant, asked for takeaway breakfast got white bred with cheese and some drink. Didn’t get what I thought for that amount of money that I paid. 눇Nice room, big enough for a family of 4. “Bar lady was very k8nd and friendly and having arrived at...” 눉Airport shuttle took over an hour and it wasn't clear where to ge5 it from t2. Would be clearer next time 눇Bar lady was very k8nd and friendly and having arrived at 1130pm more than happy to satisfy the hunger and thirst of 2 weary travellers 눉No pool, and the restaurant for dinner was not good. 눇Close to the Aeroport,shuttle to airport There was a very nice breakfast buffet with fresh fruit and many choices for every taste and nationality. Our kids had taken side trips all over Europe so it was a good meeting place the evening before our flt back to the states. Staff was so helpful with printed directions to Barcelona on public transportation 눉so when we checked out we left our baggage behind the desk went to barcelona for the day. We came back in the evening as we had a shuttle booked. sat in reception for about 3 hours while we waited which was fine. the lady behind the counter wouldn't order us any pizza while we waited as we had already checked out and the security guard was rude to us and tried to make us leave because we have already checked out. He tried telling us it was not possible to sit and wait and was following us everywhere we went. This was not friendly and after paying £300 for 2 nights it was very poor value for money and unfriendly staff I would not stay here again after this previous experience. “Excellent staff and most helpful” 눉No soap in bath dispenser Room key not working waited outside had to ring from my telephone as it was a long walk to reception again. Breakfast was cold / Luke warm food that should have been hot Coffee and tea machines difficult to understand for use Plates left cluttering very small tables not cleared regularly and very expensive for what was provided 눇Room very good and lovely comfy bed and a kettle for hot drinks. “It’s let cation for the transit passenger” 눉The room good Ben to us was not up to the standard the wash if commode was defective when we asked for a change of the room the authorities refused 눇It’s let cation for the transit passenger 눉The only thing that was poor, were the mosquito's in the room. It was a rough night with many unwanted bug guests. 눇Nice hotel and close to airport “The lobby looks beautiful.” 눉I choose this hotel because of the location and airport shuttle. But I had to wait the bus more than 1 hour. That’s obviously not expecting for airport hotels 눇The lobby looks beautiful. 눉A cash machine would have been handy. 눇Close to the airport. We arrived at 02:00 and managed to catch the free shuttle service directly to the hotel. Very efficient and easy to find the departure point. 눉At check-in, they insisted that they could only give us a room with two beds when we had explicitely requested one large bed. Thankfully, later in the day, they changed our room and gave us a room with a single bed. 눇The location is good. However, for the services provided, the property is expensive. “Close to airport (after long overnight flight) ” 눉Can be difficult to get to / from (need to know exactly where you are going and not rely entirely on the car GPS) 눇Close to airport (after long overnight flight) Staff very helpful Rooms / facilities clean “Great value, location, and close to airport and cruise port...” 눇Wonderful hotel, very friendly and helpful staff, near bus stop to the city, great FREE breakfast buffet...Would recommend this hotel and would stay again!!! “Only for an overnight sleep. Arrive in the evening and leave in the morning” 눉I spent an overnight with my mother as our plane departed early and the idea was to be close to the airport. The hotel is in the middle of an industrial park: nowhere to go to eat or drink, everything is extremely far away. The hotel didn't even have a terrace so we could only sit inside the hotel or in the room. Nothing to do there. 4* hotel without a terrace or a small swimming pool to relax. It was a huge disappointment we had to spend our day between walls as there is nothing in the neighborhood and there's no terrace or balcony or something. 눇Only positive I can tell is that the airport was close and the transport took appr 5-7 minutes. (receptionist told it takes 20 mins...) “Good transit stay.” 눇Great hotel near the airport, very nice staff, rooms are clean, not very big but well suited. A good breakfast was included in the price. If you are in transit at El Prat this hotel is a good choice to stay at. “staff in the restaurant was very friendly - the only good...” 눉Shuttle Service from Airport - you have to call the hotel in front - didn't find a bus so took the taxi - guess what: 20 eur minimum out of airport (for 3 minutes ride) - would be nive to have all this info on the homepage - room was noisy as close to the highway - not sure if the right part of the bed was cleaned, so I slept on the second bed - next time take a bus to the center as it runs every 10 minutes and stay in a hotel in the city - expectation was that the shuttle works perfectly for an airport hotel - that was not the case ... 눇staff in the restaurant was very friendly - the only good thing I can say about this stay 눉It was a wonderful hotel, you won't go wrong going there. 눇This was my second stay here. Convenient to airport. Reception great, Great room, buffet breakfast fantastic, free shuttle to airport. Just a bit pricey, but worth the money. “Very convenient location to BCN airport with free shuttle...” 눉A bit far from town if you’re planning to visit the city. 눇Very convenient location to BCN airport with free shuttle service to and from the airport. Great for a short stay. The staff was also very helpful and the breakfast was amazing! “stayed for one night. Good Hotel which is so close to Airport with all the basic things.” 눉rooms do not have even the coffee machine. 눇location is fantastic. very close to airport. hotel also has regular shuttles every 30 minutes or so. very clean, business-like hotel. professional staff. very clean rooms. Taxi is the best option to go to city centre from here. if you want to explore Barcelona a lot and you are not flying early in the morning or in a hurry, choose a Hotel inside city. if your need is to be close to Airport and being far from city is OK, then this is the best choice. 눉All good ☺ 눇The staff were great. Lovely room and very comfy bed. Had shampoo and tooth brushes and shavers all ready to use and replaced daily if used. Airport shuttle was so simple and extremely helpful. Would go again “Wish last night in beautiful Spain had been more comfortable.” 눉Told parking and not to worry. Got there, no parking - had to find place on busy street. Gave me and husband room with two single beds, when I asked if we could possibly have a queen or King, it was very apparent they were not pleased with me. Did not feel welcome. Fold out couches not comfortable. Construction due to upgrading rooms (nice that they are making changes, though), loud until 7 pm and mess left all over carpets between our two rooms. Not overly clean - shower moldy, floors dirty. Breakfast was plentiful, but did not taste good. Same with bar food - unable to eat it. Both rooms provided were at ground-level by a parking lot. People yelling in the lot at 3 AM and past 4 AM. Construction going on right outside of hotel started at 7 AM. Hotel says not their workers and not aware of any work, although happening right against their walls. No sleep. 눇The bartender was friendly and attentive. The rooms have some newer laminate floors. Decorations simple and nice. Jr. Suite was great for 3 people. Robes provided. King beds comfortable. Convenient to airport. “Excellent service and comfortable rooms.” 눇It is a little pricey, but runs a free regular shuttle to and from the airport terminals 24 hours a day, takes about 15 to 20 minutes. Taxi would charge you 20 Euro. Rooms are spacious and the Breakfast is excellent. Staff are freindly and helpful. “Very nice and convenient hotel with unfortunately some typical Spanish 'manyana' irresponsibility” 눉My plane has arrived at 1;30 AM, the driver of the transfer bus with the label of the hotel told me in Spanish something like 'si si aeropuerto hotel' so I got in and he.. has driven me to some other place which apparently was the other hotel. I had to go by feet to search for my destination point which was about 1 km away. Deep in the night, in the completely unknown industrial area, with the luggage and thank god with working navi on the mobile. “free airport shuttle with spacious rooms and delicious breakfast!” 눇free airport shuttle, spacious rooms, excellent breakfast. the whole hotel is modern and clean, staffs speaks very good english, perfect for one night or transit or anything related to flying to/from el prat airport “Excellent hotel near the airport with free shuttle service to the airport from 3.20 am” 눇This is an excellent hotel with free shuttles to the airport from 3.20am in the morning, which was excellent for me as I took of at 6.30am! Really nice staff! Really confortable rooms. “The decor, the lifts, breakfast layout in room and selection...” 눇The decor, the lifts, breakfast layout in room and selection of foods and plenty of space to put suitcases on bench. Airport transport excellent. Very thoughtful layout and building design made our stay comfortable 눇We needed a hotel close to the airport and were meeting our bike group there the next day for pick-up. The room is as expected - smallish, but very clean and comfortable. Quiet. 눉It’s a good hotel for the reason of my trip. I would not recommend the hotel for a true tourist. The hotel was farther than I thought I would be from the city. However seeing as this wasn’t the reason behind my trip it isn’t a true negative for the hotel. 눇The staff was very nice, friendly, welcoming and helpful in how to get about the city. 눉4* not. Towels were worn. Room needs renovation. Bed too hard. Restaurant like a canteen. They offered buffet which didnt look very fresh. 눇Location excellent for airport. Clean room and very quiet. “Good level of services and consumables made stay easy.” 눉We only stayed for several hours between flights. A offering of a block of hours (say 6) as they do at Singapore Airport would be helpful and more cost effective. We effectively paid A$100 per hour. 눇Good level of services and consumables made stay easy. “the place to stay if transiting through Barcelona airport” 눉Air-conditioning would need attention in hot weather as our room was overly warm in May. 눇Best thing was proximity to Barcelona airport and free shuttle service. This is functional hotel for the business or overnight leisure traveler transiting through Barcelona airport. Property and room clean and good size. good breakfast with good selection range. 눇The staff was helpful. The room was very nice. The bed was comfortable. Everything was clean. Breakfast was great. I only stayed one night to catch a flight the next morning, but would recommend it for someone staying multiple nights as well. Very nice hotel. “Beautiful Stay Brilliant Staff” 눇The rooms were cosy and comfortable. Starting right at the reception, everybody was so cordial and friendly and fun. The greeting and service at there restaurant for breakfast was wonderful. The person at the front of the restaurant was immensely helpful and kind with everything I needed. In addition, the welcoming touch on the mirror with the "Bienvenida a Barcelona" was a nice photo worthy moment. 눉Low experience in customer service . some rooms overlooking to main road so you can hear cars noise. Forgot my new shoes in my room after checking out , no one was interested to solve the issue . Completely ignored 눇close to metro station , 10 mins walking . breakfast was v,good . let me check in earlier for free. free shuttle to airport. help to print Barcelona vs Real Madrid ticket for free. “A good place for airport connections” 눉The breakfast selections were unappealing and taste less. The quality of the food could be much better. 눇The hotel is close to the airport. The shuttle service made it easy to arrive on time for check in. “Adequate but inconvenient for travel both to airport and Barcelona” 눉The hotel is not situated on the airport as suggested and travel to and from the airport terminal 2 was circuitous to say the least. It would be easier to stay near the railway station in Barcelona and travel to the airport than stay here in the middle of nowhere. The rooms are very basic even though we had a 'premium' room and the staff were fairly disinterested. “Great location. We had a family room which was perfect and will recommend.” 눉The shuttle took forever to arrive. Waited about 42 minutes trying to find/wait for the shuttle. 눇A mammoth task trying to find the shuttle service, took forever to arrive but apart from that, great service, staff and hotel. Breakfast was great. 눉traveling to the hotel directions could have been clearer, as I wasn't travelling from the airport to arrive at the hotel wasted time on wrong metro station 눇excellent reception and bar staff, great breakfast. Airport transfer seamlessAirport tr “Location to the airport and free transfer.” 눉Room was located on the busy road side and the traffic noise was non-stop all night. Bed was uncomfortable, the bar was closed and the restaurant showed a menu of the day but when requested it was unavailable. 눇Location to the airport and free transfer. The reception staff were helpful and the transfer to airport was arranged and on time. 눉A bit too noisy due to the near motorway. a 4 star hotel should have at least some water. A kettle for morning coffee / tea is missing. 눇Big room with comfortable bed. Excellent breakfast Shuttle bus to the airport every 20/40 minutes. 눉In our confirmation email, it would have been helpful if there had been some information on how to get to the shuttle bus. 눇This is an airport hotel. We only stayed a total of 5 hours late at night. We were checked in by Ruth who was lovely and friendly. “Conveniently located close to BCN.” 눉The hotel is located at the side of the three lane wide highway to the airport. Expect quite a bit of traffic noise. 눇Conveniently located close to BCN. Free shuttle service running every 20 minutes. Make sure to book a place as early as possible, as the shuttle fills up pretty quickly. “Badly equipped and maintained” 눉Requires major renovation. Unpleasant smell and bad ventilation in the bathroom. Very basic equipment. This hotel never deserved 4 stars, but in its current state it should be rather 2 stars. 눇I'm coming to this hotel since several years and I see that the only think which had improved is the quality of breakfasts, currently very good choice, also for vegetarians. All the rest is worse than it was. “There was just no air conditioning in my room, it must have...” 눉There was just no air conditioning in my room, it must have been 24 degrees C. I spent and hour trying to bring the temp down then gave up. Probably slept 30 minutes all night. “Clean and friendly hotel near airport” 눇This modern sleek hotel has a great location 5 minutes from Barcelona airport. Professional and friendly staff go out of tier way to accommodate guest request like keeping restaurant open for some early diners. Excellent breakfast buffet. Very clean and comfortable rooms and close to bus routes for trips to Barcelona center. 눇Very close to the airport. Free shuttle service, very convenient and frequent. They have a new very smart service, when you have to leave too early they give you a picnic breakfast! 눉First hotel I have stayed in with no tea/coffee making facility or fridge. That was annoying. Worse, our friends in next room woke up with an intruder in their room during the night. Very un-nerving. Hotel management did not take it seriously enough. 눇Close to airport. Comfortable enough. “It is an elegant and at the same time modern hotel with...” 눉The driver of the shuttle bus doesn’t speak English which caused me huge frustration since I almost lost my flight after he drove and left me at the wrong terminal. No one ever asked me which my flight was and the driver finally asked me at the drop off in Spanish. I even showed him the boarding pass and he just left me there. So be careful, you may sleep well but you may have to do it for more time than the expected if you miss your flight. 눇It is an elegant and at the same time modern hotel with clean and nice environment. The people at the reception were kind and polite and very helpful. 눉It appears like it is located near the metro station but after midnight that station is not on service. And also you can't walk from the airport station so the only option to go to hotel is taxi after midnight. The bathroom was not good. The furniture is so old that is remind me my dormitory years 눇There is airport shuttle if you want to go to airport. But I don't know if they have shuttle service from airport to the hotel. “normally OK to stay here but this time somewhat frustrating” 눉...this time they had a bad day because: - room service did not work (room service reservation not answering calls) - shower not working == very cold and very warm water occurred suddenly and unexpected == without me changing the setting the last issue was the worst as "escaping" a shower is not that easy i hope next time i stay here, these issues will have been fixed 눇normally this hotel is pretty OK ... but ... 눇Close to airport! Easy shuttle. Perfect when you have an early morning flight. This was our fourth time at this hotel and we would definitely stay again! 눉No in room central cooling system; fortunately windows open to alleviate stuffy room. This was the case in 2 different stays over a 3 week span. 눇Friendly and helpful staff, ample room size. Good variety in breakfast buffet. Very convenient to airport with regular shuttle service. “Ok for airport stay, but make sure to get a room away from the highway ” 눉Room facing the highway and very noisy as a result. Maybe Romsey facing the other side would be ok, but my experience was bad 눇Conviniently close to the airport “Usually prefer staying near the Plaça de Catalunya in Barcelona but this was lovely at airport.” 눇The only negative about the Tryp was that our stay was so very short. Got in late on train from Sevilla and out extremely early the next morning. Still it was a breeze checking in. Lovely to have coffee and a box lunch at 0 dark 30, a pleasant shower, and good sleep. The van to the airport was a huge plus, especially at 5:00 am. 눉Awful food at the buffet for dinner like most airport hotels in Spain. The a la carte was so-so. Crab salad for €10 was nasty pink gloop of surimi and mayo and thankfully very small. Guacamole was bought from Mercadona. Scandalous price for Spain or anywhere “OK for business tavellers for one night. Close to the airport, if you can find the shuttle bus.” 눉Restaurant for dinner is very basic. Glasses were dirty, had to wait long before we were seated. No atmosphere at all, looks like a fast food restaurant. Breakfast was OK, but they opened later than 06:30, and they started to bring out fresh fruits half an hour later. Coffee is very basic. Shuttle to the airport was good, but from the airport - it was impossible to find. 눇NIce, clean room. Waiter at dinner (Pablo, if I remember well) was nice. 눉They should keep more attention to cleaness and for a 4 star they just provided tea and coffee for one day. Phone also doesn't work properly “Good location near El Prat airport, good shuttle service...” 눉Unfortunately there were no slippery in my room. The restaurant was good but I ordered Pappardelle (noodles) with mushroom and instead of the cream sauce there was an horrible cream-soup! There were the only 2 (minor) flaws of the whole stay. 눇Good location near El Prat airport, good shuttle service from the airport, great stuff, fitness center 24/7 open 587067,598117,587067|1,595967,601637,581907,581897,587067|2,600087,578107,533337,576247

Product Reviews: The Shadow of Your Wings: Hymns and Sacred Songs CD Rudolf le Roux All the other reviews are true. I just wanted to add my voice. It is one of my favorite CD's and I think it is Fernando Ortega's best so far. This CD is an instrument of God's love and healing for each of us. Fernando's arrangements are beautiful. Fernando's use of a string quartet enriches the acoustic splendor. I play this CD at least once a day. I've been a fan of Ortega's for quite a few years. THE SHADOW OF YOUR WINGS is easily his best yet, something I haven't said since his 1998 CD THE BREAKING OF THE DAWN. Ortega is amazingly skillful at interpreting long-known hymns, finding depth previously unknown. He's just as skilled at crafting new hymns to compliment the old. Just beautiful. "Let The Words Of My Mouth" and "Oh God You Are My God" especially caught my ear on this CD, but it's best listened to as one piece, not fourteen separate tracks. THE SHADOW OF YOUR WINGS is Fernando Ortega's Mona Lisa. Take my advice: Find a quiet corner, put on your headphones, and let the music wash over you. Simple truths presented in a way that stick with you through out the day!....worshipful...not hyped up music but simple, scriptural, soft, and beautiful. "The Shadow of Your Wings" may very well be Fernando Ortega's best CD ever. The moment the first measure is heard, it is as though a soothing balm of peace has been poured over the listener. Beautifully embroidered with original songs, familiar hymns, and even reworked standards, this masterful collection of music inspires the listener to listen, relax, and ultimately, to worship.

Bill Elliott 11: Hats | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop bycategoryEnter your search keywordAll Categories Advanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hi, #USER#!'.replace(/#USER#/,a))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hi, (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsSellCustomer SupportMy eBayExpand My eBayNotifications Promoted item:Bill Elliott #11 Budweiser 1993 Racing Champions Premier Edition 1:43 Diecast Bill Elliott #11 Budweiser 1993 Racing Champions Premier Edition 1:43 Diecast Racing Champions Adult Collectable. Lots of NASCAR items are available and more are added all of the time. Limited Edition. *Item is New in Box - Box has shelf wear. Be sure to add me to yourfavorites... Seller id peacock_treasurebox Seller feedback score 100% Positive Feedback peacock_treasurebox (66 1992 BILL ELLIOTT #11 BUDWEISER "2 #11 SHOW OFFS - LIMITED" SHOW CARS POSTCARD! This is a 1992 BILL ELLIOTT #11 BUDWEISER "(2) #11 BUDWEISER FORD THUNDERBIRDS - SHOW OFFS LIMITED SHOW CARS" PRINTED BACK NASCAR WINSTON SERIES POSTCARD ! 3h 56m left Nice Brickyard 400 Inagural Race Nascar 1994 Bill Elliott #11 Snapback Hat w/Tag. One Size Fits All. Made by Logo 7 Winross 1:64 scale Nascar #11 Bill Elliott Budweiser car hauler truck I have many more cars and truck. Check my other auctions. If you are looking for a specific one, let me know. I might have it. Good condition. No Box. Buy It Now #11 BILL ELLIOTT - AMOCO FORD - Racing Champions 1992 1:64 - PREMIER EDITION - Black Box - Premier Series - Limited Edition of 40,000. Racing Champions 1992 1:64 Nascar replica. Car in its original never opened box. Box does have some age with some storage dings but overall cond... Up for auction is a hood from Bill Elliott's #11 Junior Johnson Racing Ford Thunderbird. Not exactly sure, but it is from somewhere around 1992 to 1994. This is not a replica! 6d 3h 20m left Bill Elliott #11 1:24 Scale Die-Cast Pit Stop Missing Tire man rest in great shape. Buy It Now BILL ELLIOTT #11 VINTAGE SNAPBACK HAT MENS MADE EXCLUSIVELY FOR WINSTON You are bidding on a vintage #11 BILL ELLIOTT snapback hat MENS (OSFM) made by MOTORSPORTS TRADITIONS. This hat features the #11 sewn on the front and ELLIOTT on the back. 28d 19h 13m left BILL ELLIOTT #11 BUDWEISER Pit Stop Show Case, 1992 1/43 Diecast. Buy It Now American Muscle 1/18 Scale Bill Elliott #11 Thunderbird Diecast Race Car, 1993 Budweiser T-Bird of Bill Elliott. *High quality detailed diecast. *1993 collectible by Ertl, # 7358. *Detailed 600+ HP 358 C.I. V8 engine. *Steerable front wheels. *Opening hood. 1h 12m left Racing Champions Diecast Metal Airplane Bank---Bill Elliott #11 Limited Edition Diecast Metal Airplane Bank Manufactured by Liberty Classics Exclusively for Racing Champions, Item # 00368. 1h 59m left Buy It Now RACING CHAMPIONS ~ BILL ELLIOTT ~ #11 MILKHOUSE CHEESE ~ 1/64 MILKHOUSE CHEESE on the trunk. Diecast, 1/64 scale, 3" long. Includes a collector card. Red with. Still sealed in the original package. Vintage 1/64 Die-cast Bill Elliott #11 Ford Taurus by Racing Champions = NIB 1/64 Scale Die-cast. Therefore, I will refund excessive shipping charges to your PayPal account. All purchases must be paid on one invoice to qualify for discounted shipping. 2h 17m left Buy It Now 1/18 Ertl Bill Elliot #11 Budweiser T-Bird Buy It Now MATCHBOX 1992 BILL ELLIOTT #11 JUNIOR JOHNSON RACING CONVOY RACING SET You are bidding on a matchbox racing convoy. #11 junior johnson team racing. Nice set for being 20 years old. Nr-mint clean condition. Nascar Racing Champions Diecast 1/24 Racing Car #11 Bill Elliott 1992 Amoco New in box. Die cast NASCAR # 11. 1992 model. ERTL American Muscle #11 Bill Elliott Budweiser Thunderbird 1/18th Scale New in box, and box is in excellent shape - never taken out of package. Buy It Now Bill Elliott #11 Generic Budweiser Amoco 1992 Ford Thunderbird Trackside Funstuf You are considering a Rare #11 Bill Elliott Generic Budweiser / Amoco Ford Thunderbird . Funstuf / Trackside put these out in 1992 with no production run listed. Very sharp looking car and would make ... Matchbox Bill Elliott Super Star 3 Piece Team Convoy #11 Nascar Car 1992 Matchbox Bill Elliott Super Star 3 Piece Team Convoy #11 Nascar Car 1992. item for auction includes the original collectible box. This would make a great gift for that DIE HARD Fan. Buy It Now 1993 Racing Champions, #11, Bill Elliott , Amoco, 1:64. Diecast 1993 Racing Champions, 1/64 scale, diecast car.Amoco , #11, Bill Elliott, Unopened. Package in Good condition. Buy It Now NASCAR BILL ELLIOTT FANNY PACK MCDONALD'S #94 FORD BRAND NEW - 11 INCHES LONG You are bidding the NASCAR BILL ELLIOTT FANNY PACK MCDONALD'S #94 FORD in BRAND NEW Condition. The fanny pack measures 11 inches long. Subscribe to my store and come back to view all new items. Buy It Now BILL ELLIOTT & JEREMY MAYFIELD POSTCARD 8 1/2" x 11" 2003 SEASON DODGE EVERNHAM Dodge evernham motorsports. Bill elliott #9 jeremy mayfield #19. Two-sided postcard. Simple. If you purchase multiple items, please wait for a combined invoice to be sent or request one from me. 23d 19h 45m left ERTL American Muscle #11 Budweiser Bill Elliott Thunderbird - 1:18 Car has never been removed from box so it's an excellent condition. Box is in very good condition. 1993. Buy It Now 1992 Racing Champions Bill Elliott Stock Car # 11 1992 racing champions stock car Bill Elliott # 11 you get collectors card and display stand. Diecast chassis. Great for a collector. Buy It Now BILL ELLIOT #11 NASCAR T-Shirt LARGE NEW w/ TAG This is a BILL ELLIOT #11 NASCAR T-shirt. It is a size LARGE and it is NEW with the tag. It is 22 inches from armpit to armpit and 31 3/4 inches in length. It is an official CHASE AUTHENTICS Shirt. 22d 15h 49m left 3 Bill Elliott Collectables, 2 - #94 Cars (1:24) and #11 Budweiser Phone 1992 #11 Budweiser Bill-Elliott-Fone (has never been out of the box) You are bidding on 3 Bill Elliott Collectables. This auction includes the following:1:24 Scale #94 Gold Mac Tonight Ford. 2d 5h 30m left Bill Elliott #11 BUDWEISER RC 1993 Premier 1/64 FORD TRANSPORTER RARE MIB Bill Elliott #11 Team Ford Transporter. The transporter is in mint condition and box is in excellent condition. 2d 8h 57m left NASCAR BILL ELLIOTT 11 TIMES - ALL TIME MOST POPULAR DRIVER HAT / LAPEL PIN You are bidding on the NASCAR BILL ELLIOTT 11 TIMES - ALL TIME MOST POPULAR DRIVER HAT / LAPEL PIN in ORIGINAL BOX. This BILL ELLIOTT 11 TIMES - ALL TIME MOST POPULAR DRIVER PIN is a LIMITED EDITION 7... BILL ELLIOTT #11 FORD THUNDERBIRD 1/64 RACING CHAMPIONS Package shows wear. Free! Buy It Now Bill Elliott #11 1993 Racing Champions Premier Edition 1:43 scale diecast Racing Champions Adult Collectable. Lots of NASCAR items are available and more are added all of the time. Limited Edition. Be sure to add me to your favorites list !